identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A387CCDB16271BFE8BAC03B03EE7DC.text	03A387CCDB16271BFE8BAC03B03EE7DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina Macquart	<div><p>Key to species of Brachygasterina Macquart</p><p>(males are unknown for B. andina, B. fulvohumeralis, B. stuebeli and B. valdiviensis)</p><p>1. General colour metallic violet­blue; humeral callus and prothoracic spiracle orangeyellow, notopleura dull reddish­yellow; calypters dark brown (Chile)........................... .................................................................................. B. fulvohumeralis (Malloch, 1922)</p><p>­ General colour subshining dark metallic violet­blue, including humeral callus and notopleura; prothoracic spiracle black; calypters brownish with dark brown margins 2</p><p>2. Base of R4+5 on wing with cilia on both surfaces; hind tibia on anterodorsal and anteroventral surfaces with at least 4 and 3 setae respectively; prealar seta absent (male) or weak (female), shorter than anterior notopleural seta; sternite 1 setulose. Male: hind femur on posteroventral surface bare on apical half and with longer setae on basal half. Female: fore tibia on anterodorsal surface with 4 short setae on apical half (Chile, Argentina) .............................................................. B. major Malloch, 1934</p><p>­ Base of R4+5 on wing bare on both surfaces; hind tibia on anterodorsal and anteroventral surfaces with at most 3 setae (frequently 2); prealar seta subequal to or much longer than anterior notopleural seta; sternite 1 bare. Male: hind femur not as above. 3</p><p>3. Eye with long and dense hairs (Fig. 3); facial ridge with setulae reaching almost to level of aristal insertion (Fig. 8); wing with crossvein dm­cu very sinuous, about 1/3 of the distance to r­m; vein M slightly upcurved toward R4+5 (Ecuador, Colombia)........... ................................................................................................. B. stuebeli (Röder, 1886)</p><p>­ Eye with short and sparse hairs (Figs 1, 4, 5); facial ridge bare or at most with a few setulae reaching only to mid­level of first flagellomere; wing with crossvein dm­cu less sinuous, at most 1/5 of the distance to r­m; vein M straight, parallel with R4+5 .... 4</p><p>4. Facial ridge bare (Fig. 6). Male unknown. Female: parafacial narrow, in lateral view at narrowest point 0.2 of width of first flagellomere (Fig. 6) (Ecuador) ............................ ............................................................................................................ B. andina sp. nov.</p><p>­ Facial ridge with a few setulae, reaching only to mid­level of first flagellomere (Figs 9, 10). Female: parafacial very narrow, in lateral view at narrowest point less than 0.2 of width of first flagellomere (Figs 9, 10) ................................................................... 5</p><p>5. Male: hind femur on posteroventral surface with long setae on apical half, shorter on basal half. Female: fore tibia on dorsal surface without a preapical seta; length of sternite 6 about half the length of the segment; 3 spermathecae (Chile, Argentina) ........... ................................................................................... B. violaceiventris Macquart, 1851</p><p>­ Male unknown. Female: fore tibia on dorsal surface with a preapical seta; length of sternite 6 about 1/3 the length of the segment; 2 spermathecae (Chile) ......................... ...................................................................... B. valdiviensis (Pamplona &amp; Couri, 2000)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB16271BFE8BAC03B03EE7DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
03A387CCDB11271EFE8BAC04B4B4E05E.text	03A387CCDB11271EFE8BAC04B4B4E05E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina andina Carvalho & Pont	<div><p>Brachygasterina andina Carvalho &amp; Pont, sp. nov. (Figs 1, 6, 15)</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is similar in its generally dark metallic violet­blue body colour to most species of Brachygasterina but can be distinguished by the narrow parafacial, in lateral view at narrowest point 0.2 of the width of first flagellomere (male not known) (Fig. 6); from B. violaceiventris and B. valdiviensis, which also have a narrow parafacial, it differs by the absence of setulae on the facial ridge.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female. Head: frons broad, at narrowest point 0.37–0.39 of head width (Fig. 1). Eye with short and sparse hairs (Fig. 6). Fronto­orbital plate matt, black with brownish­grey pruinosity; parafacial, face and gena brownish­grey pruinose; occiput metallic blue to violet. 7–8 pairs of frontal setae; 2 reclinate orbital setae, the anterior weak. Facial ridge without setulae. Parafacial narrow, in lateral view at narrowest point 0.2 of first flagellomere width (Fig. 6). Proboscis mainly shining, dusted behind. Palpus black.</p><p>Thorax. Ground­colour subshining dark metallic violet­blue, dulled by pruinescence in posterior view. Mesonotum with 4 stripes, 2 median and 2 lateral. 3+3 developed acrostichals; 3 posterior intra­alars, the anterior weaker; prealar strong, subequal to anterior notopleural seta; notopleuron with sparse setulae, mostly around second notopleural seta. Scutellum laterally setulose; with strong apical, basal and lateral setae, and corresponding setae on disc. One strong proepisternal seta and 3–4 long setulae; 3 strong proepimeral setae and many long setulae. Katepisternals 1+3. Katatergite distinctly setulose.</p><p>Legs. Dark brown. Fore tibia without posterior seta. Mid femur with 1 short anterior and 3 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 3 posterior setae, without anterodorsal or ventrals. Hind femur with a row of strong anteroventral setae, and with strong posteroventrals in basal half; 2 anterodorsal and 4 anteroventral setae; dorsal preapical strong, anterodorsal preapical weak, without posteroventral apical.</p><p>Wing. Smoky, veins dark brown. Veins bare, except costa. Crossvein dm­cu weakly sinuous. Vein M straight, parallel with R4+5. Calypters dark brown, lower one 1.5 times length of upper one. Knob of haltere dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Subshining metallic violet ­blue. Sternite 1 bare.</p><p>Ovipositor: see Fig. 15.</p><p>Measurements (n=2): Body length, 7.4–8.2 mm. Wing length, 7.8–8.6 mm.</p><p>Type material examined</p><p>Holotype, female, ECUADOR: Pichincha, 72 Km NW Quito, 6800’ [feet], 24–29.viii.1976 (J. Cohen) (FMNH).</p><p>Paratype, ECUADOR: 1 female, same data as holotype (DZUP).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>According to the labels, these specimens were collected in carrion traps.</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Ecuador.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB11271EFE8BAC04B4B4E05E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
03A387CCDB122711FE8BAB16B46BE05E.text	03A387CCDB122711FE8BAB16B46BE05E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina fulvohumeralis (Malloch 1922) Malloch 1922	<div><p>Brachygasterina fulvohumeralis (Malloch, 1922)</p><p>Euphaonia fulvohumeralis Malloch, 1922: 271 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is very characteristic among the species of Brachygasterina because of the striking orange­yellow colour of humeral callus and prothoracic spiracle, and notopleuron dull orange. No obvious dusting on thorax or abdomen. Fore tibia with a strong posterior median seta.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female. Head missing in the holotype, which is still the only known specimen. The following characters are taken from Malloch’s (1922) original description of his Euphaonia fulvohumeralis n.gen., n.sp.: head black, opaque, fronto­orbital plates and face with whitish pruinosity; eyes short­haired; frons one­third of head­width; two orbital setae, one directed backwards and outwards, one directed inwards, without proclinate orbitals; interfrontal setae present, crossed; arista short pubescent, the hairs not longer than its basal diameter; parafacial linear; gena as high as half width of first flagellomere, the latter 1.5 times as long as pedicel.</p><p>Thorax. Ground­colour subshining dark metallic blue, hardly dulled by pruinescence in posterior view; humeral callus and prothoracic spiracle orange­yellow, notopleuron dull orange. Mesonotum with a single median white presutural vitta running over the acrostichal rows as far as suture, otherwise undusted. 2+3 developed acrostichals; 2 strong posterior intra­alars; prealar very strong, longer than anterior notopleural seta; notopleuron bare apart from the setae. Scutellum laterally setulose; with strong apical and basal setae, two weaker laterals placed more on disc, and a weaker basal. One strong proepisternal seta and 3–4 setulae; 2 strong proepimeral setae and many long setulae. Katepisternals 1+2. Katatergite pilose.</p><p>Legs. Only three legs remaining on holotype, all three detached and gummed to mount (left fore leg, right mid leg, right hind leg). Black. Fore tibia with a posterior seta. Mid femur with 1 short anterior and 2 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 4 posterior setae, without anterodorsal or ventrals. Hind femur with 3 strong anteroventral setae in apical third, bare on posteroventral surface; 3 well spaced anterodorsal and 4 short anteroventral setae; dorsal and anterodorsal preapicals strong, without posteroventral apicals.</p><p>Wing. Clear, somewhat smoky towards base, veins brown. Veins bare, except costa. Crossvein dm­cu straight. Vein M running straight to wing­margin. Calypters brown, lower one slightly longer than upper one. Knob of haltere dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Subshining metallic blue, without dust. Sternite 1 bare.</p><p>Measurements (n=1): Wing length, 7.0 mm.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The holotype is in poor condition (see also Malloch, 1934): head, right fore leg, left mid leg and left hind leg missing; the other legs glued to the staging mount; abdomen loosely attached to thorax. The holotype is labelled with an old handwritten label “Pt. Fam.”; a printed label “Port Famine, / T. del Fuego. / C. Darwin.”; a further label “1863–44. [handwritten] / Darwin Coll. [printed]”; it is also labelled as Type by Malloch, and with the combination in Brachygasterina by Carvalho.</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Chile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB122711FE8BAB16B46BE05E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
03A387CCDB1C2712FE8BACA4B716E52E.text	03A387CCDB1C2712FE8BACA4B716E52E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina major Malloch 1934	<div><p>Brachygasterina major Malloch, 1934 (Figs 2, 7, 11, 13)</p><p>Brachygasterina major Malloch, 1934: 339 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This is the only species of Brachygasterina that can be identified by a wing character, as base of R4+5 has setulae on both surfaces; prealar absent in males but very short in females.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Head: Frons of male narrow, at narrowest point hardly wider than diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 13); frons of female broad, at narrowest point 0.37–0.41 of head width (Fig. 2). Eye with a few scattered short hairs (Figs 7, 11). Fronto­orbital plate of male white pruinose, of female white pruinose on lower 1/3 and matt black on upper 2/3; parafacial and gena whitish, parafacial with a small (male) or large (female) matt patch at level of antennal insertion; occiput grey dusted. Male with numerous fine frontal setae and setulae, reaching from lunula to anterior ocellus; female with 12–13 pairs of frontal setae and 2 pairs of weak reclinate orbitals. Facial ridge with setulae not reaching even to mid­level of first flagellomere (Figs 7, 11). Parafacial and gena broad, in lateral view the former 0.5 (male) or 0.7 (female) of first flagellomere width. Proboscis thinly dusted. Palpus black.</p><p>Thorax. Ground­colour subshining dark metallic violet­blue, dusted light grey as in violaceiventris in posterior view. 2–3+3–4 developed acrostichals; 2 strong posterior intraalars; prealar absent in male, strong and subequal to second notopleural seta in female; notopleuron with a few setulae around base of each seta. Scutellum greyish dusted, laterally setulose; with strong apical, basal and lateral setae, and several stronger setae on disc. Prothoracic spiracle dark brown. One strong proepisternal seta and several setulae; 1 strong proepimeral seta and numerous long setulae. Katepisternals 1+1–2. Katatergite long pilose.</p><p>Legs. Dark brown. Fore tibia without posterior seta, without (male) or with 2–3 short (female) anterodorsal setae. Mid femur in male with rather long, dense, fine anteroventral and posteroventral setae along most of its length; 1 short anterior and 3–4 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 4–5 posterior setae, without anterodorsal or ventrals. Hind femur with a row of strong anteroventral setae, and with strong posteroventrals in basal half; 5–6 anterodorsal and 4–5 anteroventral setae; dorsal preapical strong, anterodorsal preapical weak, without posteroventral apical.</p><p>Wing. Weakly smoky, veins dark brown. Node at base of vein R4+5 with setulae dorsally and ventrally, otherwise veins bare except costa. Crossvein dm­cu very sinuous.</p><p>Vein M running straight to wing­margin. Calypters dark brown, lower one slightly longer than upper one. Knob of haltere dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Subshining metallic blue­violet, dulled by grey to light grey dust when viewed from behind. Sternite 1 setulose.</p><p>Measurements (n=4): Body length, 8.5–10 mm. Wing length, 9.5–11.5 mm.</p><p>Type material examined</p><p>Holotype, male, ARGENTINA: Rio Negro, Bariloche, xi.1926 (R.&amp; E. Shannon) (BMNH).</p><p>Paratypes, 15 males and females, ARGENTINA, CHILE (BMNH).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE. Nuble: Termas (Tolhuaca), 20.i.1950 (L.E. Peña), 3 females (MZSP); Lago Galletue (Cord. Lonquimay), i.1962 (L.E. Pena), 1 male (MZSP). Remarks. Holotype in fair condition: right fore leg, left fore tibia and tarsi, middle right leg and left tibia and tarsi are missing. Paratypes in fair condition, 1 male without head. This species was also well described by Malloch (1934) and Carvalho (1989b), and was keyed by Carvalho and Couri (2002a). It was attracted to cooked meat (F.W. Edwards in Malloch, 1934).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Chile, Argentina.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB1C2712FE8BACA4B716E52E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
03A387CCDB1F2714FE8BA994B4B4E52E.text	03A387CCDB1F2714FE8BA994B4B4E52E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina stuebeli (Röder 1886) Roder 1886	<div><p>Brachygasterina stuebeli (Röder, 1886) (Figs 3, 8, 16)</p><p>Hydrotaea stuebeli Röder, 1886: 269 .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female. Head: frons broad, at narrowest point 0.34–0.36 of head width (Fig. 3). Eye with long and dense hairs (Fig. 8); when the head is viewed from the front, the hairs are about as long as width of fronto­orbital plate (Fig. 3). Fronto­orbital plate matt, blackish; parafacial, face and gena brownish­grey pruinose; occiput metallic blue to violet. 7–8 pairs of frontal setae; 1 strong and 1–2 weak reclinate orbital setae. Facial ridge with setulae reaching almost to level of aristal insertion. Parafacial and gena broad, in lateral view the former at least 0.5 of first flagellomere width (Fig. 8). Proboscis mainly shining, dusted behind. Palpus black.</p><p>Thorax. Ground­colour subshining dark metallic violet­blue, dulled by pruinescence in posterior view. Mesonotum with 2 stripes (very indistinct in lectotype). 2+3 developed acrostichals (3+ 3 in lectotype); 2 strong posterior intra­alar, first weaker; prealar strong, subequal to anterior notopleural seta; notopleuron with dense setulae, mostly around second notopleural seta. Scutellum laterally setulose; with strong apical, basal and lateral setae, and corresponding setae on disc. One strong proepisternal seta and 3–4 hairs; 2 strong proepimeral setae and many long hairs. Katepisternals 2+3. Meron bare. Katatergite distinctly setulose.</p><p>Legs. Dark brown. Fore tibia without posterior seta. Mid femur with 2 short anterior and 4 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 3 posterior setae, without anterodorsal or ventrals. Hind femur with a row of strong anteroventral setae, and with strong posteroventrals in basal half; 2–3 anterodorsal and 3 anteroventral setae; dorsal preapical strong, anterodorsal preapical weak, without posteroventral apical.</p><p>Wing. Smoky, veins dark brown. Veins bare, except costa. Crossvein dm­cu very sinuous. Vein M slightly upcurved towards R4+5. Calypters dark brown, lower one slightly longer than upper one. Knob of haltere dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Subshining metallic blue­violet, matt in posterior view. Sternite 1 bare.</p><p>Ovipositor: see Fig. 16.</p><p>Measurements (n=2): Body length, 8.0– 8.7 mm. Wing length, 7.8–8.3 mm. Lectotype: body 10 mm, wing 9 mm.</p><p>Type material examined</p><p>Lectotype, female (see notes on type locality below), in MLUH, by present designation and labelled accordingly; it is the only surviving syntype. Old white handwritten label: “Paramo / 3600 Met. / Columbia ” [the “ Columbia ” in a different hand from the rest, and neither in Von Röder’s handwriting]; Von Röder’s handwritten white label: “Hydrotae­ / a / Stübeli / n. sp.”. Labelled (printed) by ACP: “ LECTOTYPE female / Hydrotaea / stuebeli / Von Röder, 1886 / des. A. C. Pont 2004 ” (see also Pont 2004).</p><p>Other material examined. ECUADOR. Pichincha, 35 km Tandopi, 24–29.vi.1975 (S. Peck), 1 female (FMNH); Napo, 42 km NW Baeza, 3300’ [feet], 2–6.iii.1976 (S. Peck), 1 female (DZUP).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The body of the lectotype is rather dirty and right fore leg is missing, otherwise it is well preserved. According to the labels, the other specimens were collected in carrion traps and on bamboo shrubs between 1100 and 3600 metres, the latter on páramo.</p><p>Notes on the type­locality: The Diptera collected by Alphons Stübel, one of greatest of the early collectors in South America, were identified and published by Röder (1886). Stübel spent nine years in this region after arriving in Santa Marta, Colombia, in 1868. He subsequently visited several other countries, mainly studying geology and especially vulcanology but also collecting flies (see Papavero 1973). Compared with the present time, Colombia was a very different country when Stübel collected the female of B. stuebeli at an altitude of 3600 metres, embracing the whole north­west part of the South American continent. The lectotype label mentions Páramo in Colombia as the typelocality. However, “Páramo” is a type of vegetation, subdivided into subpáramo, páramo and super páramo (Hammer 1974), and is characteristic of the South American tropical highlands, being found above 3000 metres in northern Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It seems probable that the “Páramo” of the lectotype label refers to the vegetation type and is not the name of town or city in Colombia.</p><p>According to Papavero (1973: 310), Stübel made an excursion to Quito (Ecuador) and its neighbourhood from April to June 1871, and in May, June, October to December 1873 to several localities in Ecuador, including Páramo de Calacali at 3600 metres. This is the only locality where “Páramo at 3600 metres” is clearly stated (see Papavero 1973), although there were other localities at or above 3600 metres during this entire journey. It is difficult, if not impossible, to establish the type­locality of B. stuebeli with certainty, but on the basis of Stübel’s 1873 itinerary we propose to fix Páramo de Calacali in Ecuador as the type­locality of B. stuebeli (map, Fig. 19). Other localities in Ecuador for B. stuebeli are known to us (see the material listed above).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Ecuador.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB1F2714FE8BA994B4B4E52E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
03A387CCDB192715FE8BA994B46BE761.text	03A387CCDB192715FE8BA994B46BE761.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina valdiviensis (Pamplona & Couri 2000) Pamplona & Couri 2000	<div><p>Brachygasterina valdiviensis (Pamplona &amp; Couri, 2000) (Figs 4, 9)</p><p>Palpibracus valdiviensis Pamplona &amp; Couri, 2000: 1 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is similar in its generally dark metallic violet­blue body colour to most species of Brachygasterina but the parafacial in the female at its narrowest point is less than 0.2 of width of first flagellomere, which is the narrowest among the species of the genus (Fig. 9). It is closely related to B. violaceiventris but can be distinguished by the presence of a dorsal preapical seta on fore tibia and by the number of spermathecae: two in B. valdiviensis and three in B. violaceiventris (Soares &amp; Carvalho 2004) .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female. Head: frons broad, at narrowest point 0.36 of head width (Fig. 4). Eye with short and sparse hairs; when the head is viewed from the front, the hairs are about as long as width of arista at base. Fronto­orbital plate matt, blackish; parafacial, face and gena brownish­grey pruinose; occiput metallic blue to violet. Seven pairs of frontal setae; 2 reclinate orbital setae. Facial ridge with setulae reaching almost to level of tip of first flagellomere. Parafacial at narrowest point less than 0.2 of width of first flagellomere.</p><p>Gena broad, in lateral view at least 0.9 of first flagellomere width. Proboscis mainly shining, dusted behind. Palpus black.</p><p>Thorax. Ground­colour subshining dark metallic violet­blue, dulled by pruinescence in posterior view. Mesonotum with 4 stripes. 2+3–4 well­developed acrostichals; 2 strong posterior intra­alars, 1 weaker; prealar strong, subequal to anterior notopleural seta; notopleuron with sparse setulae. Scutellum laterally setulose; with strong apical, basal and lateral setae, and corresponding weak setae on disc. One strong proepisternal seta and 3 setulae; 3 strong proepimeral setae and many long setulae. Katepisternals 2+3. Katatergite distinctly setulose.</p><p>Legs. Dark brown. Fore tibia without posterior seta. Mid femur with 1 short anterior and 3 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 3 posterior setae, without anterodorsal or ventrals. Hind femur with a row of strong anteroventral setae, the last 4 stronger; a row of strong posteroventral setae in basal half; 2 anterodorsal and 3 anteroventral setae; dorsal preapical strong, anterodorsal preapical weak, without posteroventral apical.</p><p>Wing. Smoky, veins dark brown. Veins bare, except costa. Cross­vein dm­cu very sinuous. Vein M running straight to wing margin. Calypters dark brown, lower one slightly longer than upper one. Knob of haltere dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Subshining metallic blue­violet, matt from some points of view. Sternite 1 bare.</p><p>Ovipositor: see Pamplona and Couri, 2000: figs 1–2. Two spermathecae (Pamplona &amp; Couri 2000: fig. 3).</p><p>Measurements (n=1): Body length, 9 mm. Wing length, 7.9 mm.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>We examined only one paratype. The holotype female is in MNRJ, and six other paratypes are in MNRJ and CFUA. The type specimens were collected in traps in a rural area, using a dead rat as bait (Pamplona &amp; Couri 2000).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Chile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB192715FE8BA994B46BE761	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
03A387CCDB182717FE8BABA7B716E23E.text	03A387CCDB182717FE8BABA7B716E23E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachygasterina violaceiventris Macquart 1851	<div><p>Brachygasterina violaceiventris Macquart, 1851 (Figs 5, 10, 12, 14)</p><p>Brachygasterina violaceiventris Macquart, 1851: 232 . Diagnosis</p><p>This species is closely related to B. valdiviensis but can be distinguished by the absence of a dorsal preapical seta on fore tibia and by the other characters given in the key. In the female terminalia, sternite 6 is divided in two parts, the distance between these two parts being less in B. violaceiventris than in B. valdiviensis (Soares &amp; Carvalho 2004) .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Head: Frons of male narrow, at narrowest point equal to twice diameter of anterior ocellus (Fig. 14); frons of female broad, at narrowest point 0.33–0.37 of head width (Fig. 5). Eye with sparse but distinct hairs (Figs 10, 12). Fronto­orbital plate of male dull grey, subshining in upper half, of female matt, blackish; parafacial, face and gena dull grey (male) or brownish­grey (female) pruinose, parafacial with a large, conspicuous, matt patch at level of antennal insertion; occiput metallic blue to violet. Male with numerous fine frontal setae and setulae, reaching from lunula to anterior ocellus; female with 7 pairs of frontal setae and 2 weak reclinate orbital setae. Facial ridge with setulae hardly reaching to mid­level of first flagellomere. Parafacial narrow, hardly 1/3 width of first flagellomere; gena broad. Proboscis thinly dusted. Palpus black.</p><p>Thorax. Ground­colour subshining dark metallic violet­blue, with 3 broad grey to brownish­grey vittae, merging into a dusted area behind suture; with an additional pair of vittae through posterior intra­alar setae, a patch over humeral, notopleural and humeral area, and a transverse line along suture. 3+4 developed acrostichals; 2 strong posterior intra­alars; prealar strong, longer than anterior notopleural seta; notopleuron with 1–2 setulae next to each seta. Scutellum coloured as mesonotum, dulled by thin dust; laterally setulose; with strong apical, basal and lateral setae, and several stronger setulae on disc. Prothoracic spiracle dark brown. One strong proepisternal seta and several setulae; 1 strong proepimeral seta and numerous long setulae. Katepisternals (1–)2+3. Katatergite long pilose.</p><p>Legs. Dark brown. Fore tibia without posterior or anterodorsal setae. Mid femur in male with rather dense fine anteroventral and posteroventral setae on over basal half, in female the posteroventrals not as long as femoral depth and the anteroventrals shorter, sparser; 1 short anterior and 3 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 3 posterior setae, without anterodorsal or ventrals. Hind femur with complete rows of strong anteroventral and posteroventral setae, shorter and sparser in female than in male; 2 anterodorsal and 3 anteroventral setae; dorsal preapical strong, anterodorsal preapical weak, without posteroventral apical.</p><p>Wing. Clear, smoky at base, veins dark brown. Veins bare, except costa. Crossvein dm­cu very sinuous. Vein M running straight to wing­margin. Calypters dark brown, lower one slightly longer than upper one. Knob of haltere dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Subshining metallic blue­violet, hardly dusted. Sternite 1 bare.</p><p>Measurements (n=4): Body length, 7.5–8.6 mm. Wing length, 6.5–9.5 mm. Type material examined</p><p>Lectotype male and paralectotypes 3 females in MNHN (see Séguy 1938), here designated and labelled accordingly. These four specimens have the accessions number 15.43, which refers to material from Chile, with no further locality data, collected by Gay.</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE. Concepción (Hualpen Parque Botânico), ii.1970 (T. Cekalovic), 1 male (MZSP); Nuble: Termas (Tolhuaca), 20.i.1950 (L.E. Peña), 1 female (MZSP). ARGENTINA. Rio Negro: Bariloche, xi.1926 (R. &amp; E. Shannon), 1 male, 1 female (MZSP).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species was also well described by Malloch (1934) and Carvalho (1989b), and was keyed by Carvalho and Couri (2002a). According to information on the labels, the species was reared from a decomposing honey bee colony.</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Chile, Argentina.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387CCDB182717FE8BABA7B716E23E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	De Carvalho, C. J. B.;Pont, A. C.	De Carvalho, C. J. B., Pont, A. C. (2006): Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the South American genus Brachygasterina Macquart (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 1151: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172153
