identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A3662AFFCD042E42A843F6677EFD19.text	03A3662AFFCD042E42A843F6677EFD19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lemma epidermal	<div><p>Lemma epidermal pattern</p> <p>Lemma epidermal pattern was studied through the use of dry mature florets sampled from the type specimen (Zhang 2379). Lemmas were cleaned in xylene for one hour to remove the epicuticular wax (Romaschenko et al. 2012). Samples were then mounted and covered with gold by a vacuum spray gun (type S - 800, HITACHI). The photomicrographs were taken at various magnifications using a Hitachi’s S - 4800 FE-SEM scanning electron microscope (HITACHI, Tokyo, Japan). The terminology for the SEM analysis are as follows: MLP (maize-like lemma epidermal pattern), FC (fundamental cells).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3662AFFCD042E42A843F6677EFD19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Zhong-Shuai;Jiang, Shan-Wen;Chen, Wen-Li	Zhang, Zhong-Shuai, Jiang, Shan-Wen, Chen, Wen-Li (2018): Achnatherum pilosum (Stipeae, Poaceae), a new species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Phytotaxa 350 (1): 86-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.350.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.350.1.10
03A3662AFFCD042A42A846CA66DAFDA3.text	03A3662AFFCD042A42A846CA66DAFDA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achnatherum pilosum Z. S. Zhang & W. L. Chen 2018	<div><p>Achnatherum pilosum Z.S. Zhang &amp; W.L. Chen, sp. nov. (Fig.s. 1–2)</p> <p>Achnatherum pilosum resembles A. inebrians (Hance 1876: 212) Keng ex Tzvelev (1968: 40), A. psilantherum Keng ex Tzvelev (1968: 41), A. inaequiglume Keng (1976: 151, 443), and A. saposhnikovii (Roshevitz 1916: 174) Nevski (1937: 224) by having ligules truncate, panicles contracted or loosely contracted, lemmas similar in length (2.5–4.5 mm long), and calluses 0.2–0.3 mm long, bearded. It differs from them by the combination of panicles loosely contracted; glumes subequal, 5.5–7 mm long; lemmas 2.8–3.2 mm long, evenly pubescent with some slightly long hairs (ca. 0.6 mm long) at the apex; awns 1 - or inconspicuously 2 - geniculate, 0.9–1.5 cm long, scabrous, with twisted columns; and anthers 1.5–1.8 mm long, bearded at the apex.</p> <p>Type: — CHINA. Sichuan: Dêgê, Chola Shan, alt. 3200 m, 31.82°N, 98.58°E, 14 September 2017, Zhang 2379 (holotype PE!).</p> <p>Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous, basal branching extravaginal. Culms erect, glabrous, 40–80 cm tall, 0.5–1.3 mm diam., with approx. 3 nodes. Leaves basal, except in the flowering culms; leaf sheaths glabrous, shorter than the internodes; ligules 0.1–0.9 mm long, truncate, often toothed; leaf blades 8–23 cm × 0.3–3 mm, filiform, flat or folded. Panicles 7–11 × ca. 1 cm, loosely contracted, narrowly oblong or linear; branches 2 to 4 per node, suberect or slightly spreading, up to 4 cm long. Spikelets 5.5–7 mm long, yellowish - brown or purple and hyaline towards the apex; glumes subequal or the lower glume slightly longer than the upper glume by 1 mm, lanceolate, 3 - veined, apex acute to acuminate; floret fusiform; lemma 2.8–3.2 mm long, evenly pubescent on the back, hairs ca. 0.6 mm at the apex and ca. 0.5 mm long below, apex with two lobes ca. 0.1 mm long; awn 0.9–1.5 cm long, persistent, 1 - or inconspicuously 2 - geniculate, scabrid, column twisted; callus ca. 0.3 mm long, subacute; palea slightly shorter than the lemma; anthers three, 1.5–1.8 mm long, bearded at the apex. Caryopsis 2.5–3 mm long, obovate, distal portion slightly exposed between gaping lemma and palea or concealed by floret at maturity.</p> <p>Etymology: —The specific epithet ‘pilosum’, from the Latin word ‘pilus’ (Clifford &amp; Bostock 2007), refers to the anthers bearded at the apex. Chinese name: ḂIȐȐḍ.</p> <p>Comments: —The new species was included in Achnatherum because of the fusiform spikelets (Fig. 1C–D, 2D); subacute calluses; lemmas with non - overlapping margins (Fig. 1F, G); and awns persistent, twisted, 1 - or inconspicuously 2 - geniculate (Fig. 1D, 2D, I), which are the diagnostic features of this genus (Romaschenko et al. 2012, Kellogg 2015). In addition, its placement in Achnatherum is also supported by the maize - like lemma epidermal pattern (Fig. 2S) and chromosome number 2 n = 24 (Fig. 2T) (Romaschenko et al. 2012, Kellogg 2015).</p> <p>Achnatherum pilosum is morphologically similar to A. inaequiglume, A. inebrians, A. psilantherum, and A. saposhnikovii, which have truncate ligules, contracted panicles (Fig 2C), lemmas similar in length (2.5–4.5 mm long; Fig 2D–M), and calluses 2–3 mm long, bearded (Fig 2I–M) (Hooker 1896, Bor 1960, Tzvelev 1976, Freitag 1985, Noltie &amp; Garden 2000, Wu &amp; Phillips 2006). Achnatherum inaequiglume and A. saposhnikovii differ from A. pilosum due to their straight, not twisted awns, and anthers glabrous at the apex (Fig. 2E, J, O and H, M, R respectively), whereas the new species presents 1(–2)-geniculate, twisted awns, and anthers bearded at the apex (Fig. 2D, I, N). The former presents unequal glumes (Fig. 2E), long awns (1.5–2 cm long) and long hairs (3–4 mm long) at the apex of the lemma (Fig. 2E, J), whereas the second presents subequal glumes (Fig. 2H), short awns (0.4 cm long) and lemmas evenly pubescent (Fig. 2H, M). The new species differs from A. inebrians by the loosely contracted panicles (Fig. 2C), short lemmas (2.8–3.1 mm long), shorter hairs at the apex of the lemmas (ca. 0.6 mm long), long awns (0.9–1.5 cm long) and shorter anthers (1.5–1.8 mm long). The new species differs from A. psilantherum by its short glumes (5.5–7 mm long), lemmas (2.8–3.1 mm long), awns (0.9–1.5 cm long), and short anthers (1.5–1.8 mm long) with a cluster of beard at the apex (Fig. 2N). Morphological differences among A. pilosum and relatives are summarized in Table 1.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: — Achnatherum pilosum grows in forest fringes, grassy mountain slopes and wet river banks (Fig. 2A–B). It is endemic to China, restricted to Sichuan and Qinghai provinces (Fig. 3). Achnatherum inebrians is widely distributed in Qinghai - Tibet plateau and central Asia (Tzvelev 1976, Wu &amp; Phillips 2006). Achnatherum inaequiglume and A. psilantherum occur in the northeast and adjacent areas of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and their distribution area do not overlap with that of the new species (Tzvelev 1976, Wu &amp; Phillips 2006). Achnatherum saposhnikovii is distributed in central Asia, which is also geographically isolated from the new species (Tzvelev 1976, Wu &amp; Phillips 2006).</p> <p>Lemma epidermal pattern: — Achnatherum pilosum presents a MLP, typical of Achnatherum s.s. (Romaschenko et al. 2012). The FC are thin - walled, approximately equal in length and width to significantly shorter than wide (Fig. 2S). The FC are square - round, or longitudinally compressed (Fig. 2S). Oval silica bodies regularly alternate with FC (Fig. 2S). Lemma surface resembles the surface of a fruiting inflorescence of maize (Fig. 2S). Cork cells are absent. Macrohairs are present (Fig. 2S).</p> <p>Cytology: —The diploid chromosome number of Achnatherum pilosum is 2n = 24 (Fig. 2T), as well as that of A. calamagrostis (Linnaeus 1759: 872) Palisot de Beauvois (1812: 146), type species of Achnatherum, and most species of Achnatherum s.s. (Tzvelev 1976, Martinovský 1980, Vázquez &amp; Devesa 1996, Romaschenko et al. 2012).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — CHINA. Qinghai: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.47/lat 32.32)">Nangqên</a>, 3650 m, 32.32°N, 96.47°E, 4 September 1996, Ho, et al. 2898 (PE!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.98" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.35/lat 32.98)">Chindu</a> xian, 3700 m, 32.98°N, 97.35°E, 15 August 1996, Ho, et al. 1828 (PE!).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A3662AFFCD042A42A846CA66DAFDA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Zhong-Shuai;Jiang, Shan-Wen;Chen, Wen-Li	Zhang, Zhong-Shuai, Jiang, Shan-Wen, Chen, Wen-Li (2018): Achnatherum pilosum (Stipeae, Poaceae), a new species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Phytotaxa 350 (1): 86-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.350.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.350.1.10
