taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	description	(Fig. 4 a)	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UMMZ 220237, male, 37.6 mm SL, Copper Creek just below mouth of Obeys Creek, 5.1 air km NNE center of Gate City, Scott County, Virginia, 19 May 1971, R. Jenkins, N. Burkhead, and M. Kuhl. Paratypes. Tennessee River drainage — Clinch River system Virginia: Scott County: UMMZ 220238 (45; 23 – 45 mm SL), taken with holotype; INHS 93045 (10), taken with holotype. Additional Material (nontypes). Tennessee River drainage — Clinch River system Virginia: Scott Co.: Clinch River: UF 172554 (0, 1, 0); Copper Creek: CU 62842 (1, 0, 1); CU 63459 (10, 7, 8); NCSM 49832 (3, 2, 3); OSM 34604 (0, 2, 0); RC REJ- 365 (1, 0, 0); RC REJ- 386 (1, 0, 1); RC REJ- 397 (2, 0, 2); RC REJ- 431 (2, 0, 0); RC REJ- 501 (2, 0, 2); RC REJ- 521 (2, 0, 3); TU 69270 (4, 0, 4); TU 70413 (1, 1, 1); TU 71976 (10, 0, 10); TU 200485 (1, 1, 1); TU 200486 (1, 1, 1); TU 200487 (4, 3, 4); TU 200488 (2, 2, 2); TU 200489 (5, 7, 5); TU 200490 (10, 7, 10); TU 200491 (4, 2, 4); UF 43659 (1, 0, 1); UF 172553 (10, 2, 10); USNM 393570 (5, 0, 5); USNM 393572 (10, 0, 10); UT 91.1927 (1, 0, 1).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Etheostoma percnurum is distinguished from all other members of the E. percnurum species complex by the following combination of characteristics: fewer pored lateral-line scales (22 vs. 26 or higher); lower percentage of body area along first dorsal-fin base covered by scales (20 % vs. 60 % or higher); wider, dusky, distal band on caudal fin (range = 17 – 25 % of fin length vs. 12 – 18 % in others) and pectoral fin (range = 27 – 32 % of length vs. 14 – 21 % in others) of nuptial males; absence of tessellations or bands in medial portion of caudal fin of nuptial males (vs. presence of tessellations or bands); fewer scales around caudal peduncle (23 vs. 24 or 25); more caudal-fin rays (18 vs. 15 or 16); longer pectoral fin (= 252 vs. = 248 or less); and higher anal fin (= 127 vs. = 123 or less). Further distinguished from E. marmorpinnum and E sitikuense by absence of marbling in second dorsal fin (medial fin region dusky overall vs. strongly or diffusely marbled); and wider distal band on second dorsal fin (23 – 25 % of fin height vs. 14 – 21 %) and anal fin (49 – 58 % of fin height vs. 29 – 39 %); and from E. marmorpinnum by less belly area scaled (0 % vs. 60 - 80 %). Means of other measurements were also informative for distinguishing E. percnurum (Table 9).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	description	Description. Meristic counts are given in Tables 1 – 7 or provided below. Scales below lateral line 7 – 11 (8, = 8.4 ± 0.8); scales above lateral line 5 – 8 (6, = 6.5 ± 0.6); caudal peduncle scales below lateral line 10 – 14 (11, = 11.3 ± 0.9); caudal peduncle scales above lateral line 9 – 12 (10, = 10.1 ± 0.7). Opercle, breast, and nape devoid of scales. Branchiostegal rays six; gill membranes narrowly to moderately joined. First dorsal-fin spines 6 – 8 (7, = 7.0 ± 0.3); second dorsal-fin rays 10 – 13 (11, = 11.6 ± 0.6); pectoral-fin rays 12 – 14 (13, = 12.9 ± 0.5); anal spines 2 – 3 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.1); anal-fin rays 6 – 8 (7, = 7.3 ± 0.5); caudal-fin rays 15 – 18 (18, = 17.4 ± 0.7). Preopercular-mandibular pores 10 (10, = 10.0 ± 0.0); infraorbital pores usually 6, rarely 5 or 7 (6, = 6.0 ± 0.4); anterior infraorbital pores usually 4, rarely 5 (4, = 4.1 ± 0.3); posterior infraorbital pores usually 2, rarely 1 (2, = 1.9 ± 0.2); supraorbital pores usually 4, rarely 5 (4, = 4.1 ± 0.2); supratemporal pores usually 4, rarely 3 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.2); left supratemporal pores usually 2, rarely 1 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.2); right supratemporal pores 2 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.0). Measurements for males (nuptial and non-nuptial) are in Table 9. Females (n = 22): SL 32.1 – 43.9 (= 36.6 ± 3.1); GW 60 – 100 (= 81 ± 11); IOW 40 – 60 (= 49 ± 8); HW 100 – 130 (= 116 ± 10); HL 280 – 340 (= 318 ± 14); P 1 L 230 – 270 (= 253 ± 11); P 2 L 190 – 230 (= 206 ± 11); D 1 H 80 – 120 (= 104 ± 11); D 1 L 170 – 210 (= 184 ± 12); D 2 H 130 – 160 (= 147 ± 9); AFH 100 – 140 (= 125 ± 10); CFL 180 – 210 (= 205 ± 9); BW 50 – 90 (= 67 ± 11); H 1 – H 2 100 – 130 (= 112 ± 7); H 1 – H 3 200 – 240 (= 220 ± 10); H 1 – B 4 350 – 380 (= 365 ± 10); H 1 – H 5 110 – 160 (= 128 ± 12); H 1 – B 6 290 – 360 (= 315 ± 21); H 2 – H 5 110 – 140 (= 119 ± 9); H 3 – B 6 150 – 190 (= 171 ± 12); B 4 – B 6 or BD 1 130 – 200 (= 166 ± 15); B 4 – B 7 230 – 280 (= 250 ± 15); B 4 – B 8 290 – 340 (= 313 ± 13); B 6 – B 7 270 – 390 (= 343 ± 26); B 6 – B 8 290 – 370 (= 318 ± 19); B 7 – B 8 or BD 2 130 – 170 (= 151 ± 10); B 7 – B 9 or D 2 L 190 – 240 (= 211 ± 15); B 7 – B 10 190 – 230 (= 213 ± 11); B 8 – B 9 200 – 270 (= 227 ± 14); B 8 – B 10 or AFL 100 – 160 (= 143 ± 15); B 9 – 10 100 – 130 (= 113 ± 8); B 9 – C 11 150 – 190 (= 170 ± 10); and B 10 – C 11 200 – 230 (= 215 ± 11). In-life and preserved pigmentation and coloration were described by Jenkins (1994). For all individuals examined: number of transverse bars for males 10 – 14 (13, = 12.3 ± 1.0), for females 10 – 15 (12, = 12.4 ± 1.2); number of dorsal saddles for males 6 – 8 (7, = 7.1 ± 0.3), for females 5 – 8 (7, = 7.0 ± 0.4); number of caudal-fin tessellations along medial ray for males 3 – 6 (3, = 3.8 ± 1.3), for females 3 – 10 (7, = 6.5 ± 1.7); tessellations not forming bands; and caudal peduncle with no spots, or with 1 or 2 light smudges or spots. For nuptial males: wide, dusky, distal band on caudal (range = 17 – 25 % of fin length), anal (range = 49 – 58 % of fin height), pectoral (range = 28 – 32 % of fin length), and second dorsal fin (23 – 25 % of fin height). Medial portion of second dorsal fin and caudal fin without tessellations or marbling pattern in nuptial males; medial regions overall dusky.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Duskytail Darter occupies Copper Creek of the Clinch River (Tennessee River drainage), Scott County, Tennessee. In Copper Creek from its mouth upstream for approximately 29 river kilometers (rkm); one specimen taken in 1980 in the mainstem Clinch River at Speers Ferry, 1 rkm below mouth of Copper Creek. The species varies from rare to common at different sites within Copper Creek (CFI pers. comm.). Post – 1980 surveys of the Clinch River (by CFI personnel) have not found additional specimens of E. percnurum.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Etheostoma percnurum occupies the lower main channel of Copper Creek, which is a clear, warm, moderate-gradient, intermontane stream in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. Adults occur primarily in pools, and much less frequently in swift runs, and are associated with relatively clean gravel, cobble, and boulders. The range of habitats includes slack water, detritus, slightly silted stones, and bedrock (Jenkins 1994). In Copper Creek, E. percnurum is syntopic with the widespread E. flabellare (Jenkins 1994: map 189). Etheostoma flabellare is uncommon to common in the middle and upper portions of mainstem Copper Creek and some of its tributaries whereas, E. percnurum occupies lower reaches of the mainstem and has not been found in tributaries (Jenkins 1994). Areas of syntopy are in the mid to upstream distributional limits of E. percnurum (Jenkins 1994). Hybrids between the two species have not been observed. Conservation Status. Etheostoma percnurum is recognized as a federally endangered species. Impoundments, siltation associated with poor land-use practices, coal mining, and logging have contributed to its decline (Burkhead & Jenkins 1991). Identification and correction of sources of erosion and other pollutants to Copper Creek are strongly recommended. Historically, the species has been regarded as rare (Burkhead & Jenkins 1991), and recent snorkel surveys (by CFI) of Copper Creek and nearby portions of the mainstem Clinch River have confirmed that E. percnurum is restricted to Copper Creek where it varies from rare to common at sites in the lower reaches of this stream. A recovery plan was outlined by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service soon after the original description of E. percnurum (Biggins & Shute 1994); however, this plan was designed under a different concept of diversity. Etheostoma percnurum was thought to consist of four extant populations occurring in three locations in the Tennessee drainage and one in the Cumberland drainage. Our study has found that E. percnurum is actually restricted to Copper Creek. Other populations represent distinct species. Thus the number of wild populations has been reduced from four to one, and a new plan that includes continued monitoring of habitat quality and the population status in Copper Creek is much needed. Propagation may help ensure the survival of the species and translocation outside Copper Creek to known extirpated portions of its range, such as the mainstem Clinch River, may decrease the chance of extinction. Translocation to other areas outside the known historical range of the species is strongly discouraged due to potential negative effects to other species.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFACFFD17284BBE3FBDEFC59.taxon	discussion	Comments. Due to some confusion of the year of publication for the Freshwater Fishes of Virginia we clarify that the official date of publication for the original description of E. percnurum (Jenkins in Jenkins and Burkhead 1994) is 21 April 1994 as indicated by Burr (1995; Jenkins’s information).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	description	(Fig. 4 b)	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UF 172572, male, 37.8 mm SL, Little River just below TN Highway 33 bridge, Blount County, Tennessee, 26 April 1984, S. Layman and J. Shute. Paratypes. Tennessee River drainage — Little River system Tennessee: Blount County: ANSP 189238 (2), Little River, just downstream of TN Highway 33 bridge in slabrock pool above riffle, 6 May 1985, S. R. Layman; INHS 102268 (2), Little River at TN Highway 33 bridge near Rockford, 26 May 1985, R. D. Suttkus and D. A. Etnier; NCSM 49701 (3; 37.5 – 40.6 mm SL), Little River at TN Highway 33, 7.2 air km NNE center of Maryville (35.8195 ° N; 83.9381 ° W), 11 November 1974, W. C. Starnes, D. A. Etnier, G. Boronow, M. Hughes, G. Schuster, and Schraw; TU 140998 (2), same locality as INHS 102268; UF 172573 (3; 28.8 – 36.5 mm SL), taken with holotype; USNM 394525 (2), same locality as INHS 102268; UT 91.2615 (1), same locality as ANSP 189238. Additional material (nontypes). Tennessee River drainage — Little River system Tennessee: Blount County: INHS 82442 (6, 7, 3); TU 140998 (6, 5, 6); UF 191714 (1, 0, 0); UT 91.1035 (13, 0, 13); UT 91.1916 (0, 1, 0); UT 91.2615 (3, 3, 3); UT 91.2675 (3, 3, 3); UT 91.2722 (0, 5, 0); UT 91.2723 (0, 6, 0); UT 91.2724 (0, 4, 0); UT 91.2725 (0, 1, 0); UT 91.584 (2, 2, 2); UT 91.781 (2, 0, 2). Tennessee River drainage — South Fork Holston River system Tennessee: Sullivan Co.: South Fork Holston River: UMMZ 197681 (1, 1, 0)	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Etheostoma marmorpinnum is distinguished from all other members of the species complex by higher percentage of belly covered by scales (60 – 80 % vs. 10 % or less); higher percentage of body area along the first dorsal-fin base covered with scales (100 % vs. 70 % or less); dark distinct marbling in second dorsal fin of nuptial males (vs. lighter diffuse marbling or marbling absent); narrower band width for caudalfin (range = 12 – 15 % of fin length vs. 15 – 25 %) and anal-fin (range = 29 – 33 % vs. 33 – 58 %); more scales around caudal peduncle (25 vs. 23 or 24); and higher first dorsal fin (D 1 H, = 117 vs. 105 or less). The species is further distinguished from E. percnurum by fewer caudal fin rays (15 vs. 18); narrower distal band on pectoral fin (range = 17 – 20 % vs. 27 – 32 % of fin length) and second dorsal fin (14 – 21 % vs. 23 – 25 % of fin height); and by prominent tessellation of medial region of caudal fin of nuptial males (vs. uniformly dusky). Further distinguished from E percnurum and E. sitikuense by an intermediate number of pored lateral-line scales (27 vs. 22 or 33 respectively). Means of other measurements were also informative in distinguishing E. marmorpinnum from other members of the complex (Table 9).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	description	Description. Tables 1 – 7 provide meristic counts for most variables. Scales below lateral line 8 – 10 (8, 9, = 8.9 ± 0.8); scales above lateral line 6 – 9 (7, = 7.1 ± 0.5); caudal peduncle scales below lateral line 11 – 14 (12, = 11.9 ± 0.8); caudal peduncle scales above lateral line 8 – 12 (11, = 10.4 ± 1.1). Cheek, opercle, and breast devoid of scales; nape usually devoid of scales, rarely with 5 % scale coverage. Branchiostegal rays six; gill membranes narrowly to moderately joined. First dorsal fin spines 6 – 7, (7, = 6.7 ± 0.5); second dorsal fin rays 11 – 13 (12, = 11.8 ± 0.3); pectoral fin rays 12 – 13 (13, = 12.8 ± 0.4); anal spines 2; anal rays 6 – 8 (7, = 7.3 ± 0.5). Preopercular-mandibular pores 10 (10.0, = 10 ± 0.0); infraorbital pores usually 6, rarely 5 or 7 (6, = 6.0 ± 0.3); anterior infraorbital pores 4 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.0); posterior infraorbital pores usually 2, rarely 1 or 3 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.3); supraorbital pores usually 4, rarely 5 or 6 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.4); supratemporal pores usually 4, rarely 5 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.2); left supratemporal pores usually 2, rarely 3 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.2); right supratemporal pores 2 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.0). Measurements for males (nuptial and non-nuptial) and females are presented separately; male measurements are presented in Table 9. Females (n = 19): SL 27.7 – 44.3 (= 35.4 ± 4.5); GW 70 – 100 (= 86 ± 9); IOW 30 – 60 (= 45 ± 7); HW 100 – 140 (= 124 ± 10); HL 300 – 330 (= 321 ± 10); P 1 L 220 – 290 (= 254 ± 18); P 2 L 180 – 220 (= 203 ± 13); D 1 H 90 – 140 (= 119 ± 14); D 1 L 160 – 230 (= 198 ± 19); D 2 H 120 – 170 (= 146 ± 13); AFH 100 – 150 (= 123 ± 14); CFL 190 – 250 (= 221 ± 16); BW 50 – 80 (= 67 ± 8); H 1 – H 2 100 – 130 (= 114 ± 8); H 1 – H 3 190 – 240 (= 221 ± 11); H 1 – B 4 340 – 390 (= 368 ± 13); H 1 – H 5 120 – 150 (= 131 ± 8); H 1 – B 6 270 – 340 (= 309 ± 18); H 2 – H 5 110 – 130 (= 119 ± 7); H 3 – B 6 150 – 190 (= 174 ± 11); B 4 – B 6 or BD 1 150 – 210 (= 175 ± 16); B 4 – B 7 240 – 300 (= 266 ± 15); B 4 – B 8 290 – 350 (= 321 ± 14); B 6 – B 7 320 – 390 (= 365 ± 18); B 6 – B 8 290 – 360 (= 327 ± 19); B 7 – B 8 or BD 2 130 – 170 (= 150 ± 9); B 7 – B 9 or D 2 L 180 – 230 (= 217 ± 14); B 7 – B 10 190 – 220 (= 206 ± 10); B 8 – B 9 220 – 270 (= 243 ± 15); B 8 – B 10 or AFL 120 – 170 (= 143 ± 14); B 9 – 10 110 – 150 (= 126 ± 10); B 9 – C 11 130 – 190 (= 158 ± 15); and B 10 – C 11 200 – 250 (= 216 ± 14). Body color and general pigmentation of live and preserved individuals similar to that described for E. percnurum by Jenkins (1994). However, nuptial males of E. marmorpinnum with strongly marbled second dorsal fins and heavily tessellated caudal fins; tessellations on distal half of caudal fin often form wavy bands; narrower dusky distal bands on pectoral (range = 17 – 20 % of fin length) second dorsal (range = 14 – 21 % of fin height), caudal (range = 12 – 15 % of fin length), and anal fins (range = 29 – 33 % of fin height). For all individuals: number of transverse bars for males rarely too poorly developed to count (0), usually 11 – 15 (13, = 10.7 ± 4.8), for females 11 – 14 (12 and 13, = 12.6 ± 1.0); number of dorsal saddles for males 7 – 8 (7, = 7.1 ± 0.2), for females 7 – 8 (7, = 7.1 ± 0.4); number of rows of caudal-fin tessellations along medial ray for males 4 – 8 (7, = 6.2 ± 1.2), for females 4 – 7 (4, = 5.2 ± 1.2); and caudal peduncle with 1 caudal spot, 2 diffuse spots, or no obvious spots.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Etheostoma marmorpinnum occurs in lower Little River (Tennessee drainage), Blount County, Tennessee, from US Hwy 411 downstream to TN Hwy 33, but is generally rare in the upstream reaches around US Hwy 411 (Layman 1991). The species does not appear to be continuously distributed throughout this 14.5 km reach. The stronghold is just upstream of the backwaters of Fort Loudoun Reservoir around the US Hwy 33 bridge (Layman 1991). Also known from a single specimen from the South Fork Holston River in Sullivan County, Tennessee, collected in 1947, three years before construction of the South Fork Holston Dam was completed. The capture site was 0.6 rkm above the dam, whose tailwater has long been and continues to be cold-water. The species is now extirpated from the Holston River.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The Little River has its headwaters in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park, within the Blue Ridge Province of Tennessee, and flows north through the Ridge and Valley Province where it enters Fort Loudon Reservoir of the Tennessee River. The reach occupied by E. marmorpinnum is characterized by moderate gradient with riffles, runs, and long pools. The species is primarily associated with pools and moderate runs about 0.3 – 1.2 m deep with clean pebbles, cobble, and small boulders (Layman 1991). Etheostoma marmopinnum was syntopic with E. flabellare in the South Fork Holston River; the one specimen from the South Fork Holston was collected with two E. flabellare. The species is not known to overlap geographically with any other species of Catonotus in the Little River. Etheostoma flabellare was thought to have been extirpated from the Little River until recent populations were discovered by CFI personnel in Cane and Hesse Creek inside Great Smoky Mountain National Park (P. Rakes, pers. comm.). Localities in these streams are well upstream of their confluence with the Little River and well upstream of known E. marmorpinnum sites in the Little River proper. The most common darters occurring with E. marmorpinnum in the Little River include Nothonotus rufilineatus and E. simoterum. Layman (1991) provided detailed information on the life history and general ecology of the Marbled Darter. Conservation Status. Layman (1991) suggested that the range of E. marmorpinnum had been compressed by impoundment of the lower 12.5 km of the Little River. Although no future impoundments are planned, the habitat within the reach of river where E. marmorpinnum occurs is threatened by siltation, municipal water withdrawal, toxic spills, and habitat degradation associated with poor agriculture practices and bridge construction and maintenance (Layman 1991). The South Fork Holston River population was extirpated by inundation of habitat by the South Holston Reservoir and by cold tailwaters (Jenkins & Burkhead 1975). Federal protection and regular monitoring of the species status and habitat quality are needed due to the current federal status as E. percnurum, its extremely limited distribution consisting of one extant population within the Little River, evidence for past extirpations, and ongoing threats to larger river habitats. A new recovery plan that incorporates these goals and includes plans to alleviate or remove ongoing threats to the limited habitat of this species is greatly needed. Efforts to bolster numbers in upstream reaches and generate a more continuous population throughout the documented reach in the Little River should be a priority. The species has benefited from past propagation efforts (conducted by CFI); captive propagation and re-introductions that utilized individuals from the Little River as stocks have helped bolster the number of reproducing individuals in the Little River. Continued propagation efforts that utilize Little River stock and focus on capturing genetic diversity in the species would be worthwhile to its long-term survival. Translocation outside Little River to known extirpated portions of its range, such as the South Fork Holston River, may further decrease the chance of extinction. Translocation outside of the species known native range is not recommended due to the potential negative impacts to other species.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFA5FFCF7284B945FEF5F9A1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name marmorpinnum comes from ‘ marmor’ which means marbled and ‘ pinna’ for fin and refers to the distinct marbled pattern of the second dorsal fin of nuptial males, as does the common name Marbled Darter.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	description	(Fig. 4 c)	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UF 172574, male, 43.7 mm SL, Citico Creek at pool just above bridge at Cherokee Forest Service Boundary, Monroe County, Tennessee, 16 May 1992, J. Shute, P. Rakes, and R. Biggins. Paratypes. Tennessee River drainage — Little Tennessee River system. Tennessee: Monroe County: TU 191558 (2, 32.9 – 50.2 mm SL) Citico Creek, 4.8 km east of Tariffville, off Citico Creek Rd, (35.508056 ° N, 84.104722 ° W), 9 April 2000, K. Piller, H. Bart, and J. Tipton; UF 172574 (2, 31.6 – 33.6 mm SL) same locality; USNM 394526 (2), Citico Creek at river km 9.5, 12 Feb. 1983, G. Dinkins and C. Dinkins; UT 91.2558 (1), same locality. Additional material (nontypes). Tennessee River drainage — Little Tennessee River system Tennessee: Blount Co.: Abrams Creek: UMMZ 129475 (2, 0, 0); UMMZ 201881 (1, 1, 1); Monroe Co.: Citico Creek: INHS 78168 (1, 0, 1); NCSM 30728 (8, 0, 3); UT 91.1917 (2, 0, 2); UT 91.4573 (2, 4, 2).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Etheostoma sitikuense is distinguished from all members of the E. percnurum species complex by more pored lateral-line scales (34 vs. 28 or fewer); intermediate anal-fin band width (range = 33 – 39 % vs. 49 – 58 % in E lemniscatum and E. percnurum and 29 – 33 % in E. marmorpinnum); fewer transverse scale rows (15 vs. 16); shorter pectoral (P 1 L, = 240 vs. 245 or greater) and pelvic (P 2 L, = 180 vs. 197 or greater) fins; and wider (BW, = 80 vs. 69 or less), deeper (BD 1, = 178 vs. 173 or less and BD 2, = 158 vs. 153 or less) body. E sitikuense is further distinguished from E. percnurum and E. lemniscatum by narrower distal band on the second-dorsal fin (range = 9 – 16 % of fin height vs. 23 – 25 %). From E. percnurum and E. marmorpinnum by distal caudal-fin band width (range = 15 – 18 % of fin length vs. 12 – 15 % in E. marmorpinnum and 17 – 25 % in E. percnurum); percentage of area along first-dorsal fin base scaled (70 % vs. 20 % in E. percnurum and 100 % in E. marmorpinnum); and intermediate number of scales around caudal peduncle (24 vs. 23 or 25, respectively). From E. lemniscatum and E. marmorpinnum by fewer lateral-line scales (43 vs. 44). From E. percnurum by diffuse marbling or stippling in medial portion of second dorsal fin of nuptial males (vs. uniformly dusky); tessellations in medial portion of caudal fin of nuptial males (vs. uniformly dusky); narrower distal band on pectoral fin (range = 14 – 20 % vs. 29 – 32 %); and fewer caudal-fin rays (15 vs. 18); and from E. marmorpinnum by lower percentage of the belly covered by scales (10 % vs. 60 – 80 %). Means of other measurements were also informative (Table 9).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	description	Description. Tables 1 – 7 provide meristic counts for most variables. Scales below lateral line 7 – 9 (8, = 8.3 ± 0.6); scales above lateral line 5 – 8 (6, = 6.3 ± 0.8); caudal peduncle scales below lateral line 8 – 12 (11, = 10.5 ± 1.1); caudal peduncle scales above lateral line 8 – 11 (10, 11, = 9.9 ± 1.4). Cheek, opercle, nape and breast devoid of scales. Branchiostegal rays six; gill membranes narrowly to moderately joined. First dorsal fin spines 6 – 7 (6, = 6.4 ± 0.5); second dorsal fin rays 11 – 13 (12, = 12.0 ± 0.4); pectoral fin rays 11 – 13 (12, = 12.3 ± 0.6); 2 anal spines; and anal rays 7 – 8 (8, = 7.6 ± 0.6). Preopercular-mandibular pores usually 10, rarely 8 or 11 (10, = 9.9 ± 0.6); infraorbital pores usually 6, rarely 5 (6, = 5.9 ± 0.3); anterior infraorbital pores 4 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.0); posterior infraorbital pores usually 2, rarely 1 (2, = 1.9 ± 0.3); supraorbital pores 4 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.0); supratemporal pores usually 4, rarely 2 (2, = 3.9 ± 0.5); left supratemporal pores usually 2, rarely 1 (2, = 1.9 ± 0.3); right supratemporal pores usually 2, rarely 1 (2, = 1.9 ± 0.3). Measurements for males (nuptial and non-nuptial) and females are presented separately; male measurements are presented in Table 9. Females (n = 5): SL 30.6 – 34.0 (= 32.2 ± 1.3); GW 80 – 100 (= 86 ± 9); IOW 50 – 60 (= 52 ± 4); HW 120 – 140 (= 128 ± 8); HL 300 – 340 (= 322 ± 15); P 1 L 260 – 280 (= 270 ± 10); P 2 L 200 – 230 (= 214 ± 11); D 1 H 110 – 160 (= 132 ± 19); D 1 L 160 – 190 (= 172 ± 16); D 2 H 130 – 170 (= 154 ± 18); AFH 130 – 150 (= 138 ± 11); CFL 210 – 240 (= 226 ± 11); BW 70 – 80 (= 74 ± 5); H 1 – H 2 100 – 120 (= 116 ± 9); H 1 – H 3 220 – 240 (= 228 ± 11); H 1 – B 4 370 – 400 (= 382 ± 13); H 1 – H 5 110 – 140 (= 126 ± 11); H 1 – B 6 290 – 310 (= 302 ± 8); H 2 – H 5 110 – 140 (= 122 ± 11); H 3 – B 6 170 – 180 (= 178 ± 4); B 4 – B 6 or BD 1 160 – 200 (= 178 ± 18); B 4 – B 7 240 – 290 (= 276 ± 21); B 4 – B 8 310 – 320 (= 316 ± 5); B 6 – B 7 360 – 390 (= 378 ± 13); B 6 – B 8 310 – 340 (= 326 ± 15); B 7 – B 8 or BD 2 140 – 160 (= 146 ± 9); B 7 – B 9 or D 2 L 190 – 230 (= 208 ± 16); B 7 – B 10 200 – 220 (= 210 ± 7); B 8 – B 9 220 – 270 (= 240 ± 20); B 8 – B 10 or AFL 150 – 160 (= 152 ± 4); B 9 – 10 110 – 140 (= 118 ± 13); B 9 – C 11 140 – 170 (= 154 ± 13); and B 10 – C 11 200 – 220 (= 212 ± 8). Coloration and pigmentation in-life and preserved generally as described for E. percnurum (Jenkins 1994). However, medial portion of second dorsal fin of nuptial males with diffuse, stippling to diffuse marbling and medial portion of caudal fin with distinct tessellations; tessellations confined to rays, not forming bands; distal band on anal (range = 33 – 39 % of fin height), second dorsal (range = 9 – 16 % of fin height), caudal (range = 15 – 18 % of fin length), and pectoral fins (range = 14 – 20 % of fin length) narrower than in E. percnurum. For all individuals, number of transverse bars for males rarely 0 (poorly developed), usually 11 – 13 (12, = 6.0 ± 6.6), for females 11 – 13 (12, = 11.9 ± 0.7); number of dorsal saddles for males rarely 0, usually 7 (7, = 4.7 ± 3.6), for females rarely 0, usually 7 – 8 (7, = 6.3 ± 2.8); number of tessellations along medial caudalfin ray for males rarely 0, usually 5 – 7 (0 and 5, = 3.8 ± 3.1), for females 5 – 7 (6, = 5.9 ± 0.7); and caudal peduncle of nuptial males with 1 caudal spot, 2 diffuse spots, or no obvious spot.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Citico Darter occupies an approximately 3.5 river km reach of Citico Creek in Monroe County, Tennessee, just downstream of a U. S. Forest Service boundary. The creek is a tributary of Tellico Lake, an impoundment of the mainstem Little Tennessee River. The population in Citico Creek historically extended further downstream than its current distribution suggests. One individual was collected 13 December, 1979 from lower Citico Creek prior to its inundation by Tellico Lake (D. Etnier, pers. comm.). The darter is historically extirpated from Abrams Creek, a tributary of Chilhowie Lake also impounding the Little Tennessee River, in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Blount County, Tennessee, where it is known from three specimens collected in 1937 and 1940. This and other at-risk fish species (Jenkins & Burkhead 1984; Simbeck 1990) apparently were extirpated from Abrams Creek by application of rotenone throughout the tributary system below Abrams Falls during 1957, a plan designed to reduce food and habitat competition for a Rainbow Trout fishery (Lennon & Parker 1959). Etheostoma sitikuense has been propagated and reintroduced to lower Abrams Creek, below Abrams Falls and stocked in Tellico River using Citico Creek stocks (Rakes & Shute 2005; Shute et al. 2005; Rakes & Shute 2008).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Abrams Creek (Blue Ridge Province) and Citico Creek (Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley) are moderate-sized streams that are characterized by alternating riffles, runs, and pools with cobble and small boulders. In Citico Creek, nests and nest-guarding by nuptial males have been observed beneath slab-rocks in the margins of pools and in swifter runs (Rakes et al. 1992). Abrams Creek is divided by Abrams Falls at rkm 23.5, which divides the aquatic communities into two distinct portions (Simbeck 1990). Etheostoma sitikuense was known to occur below the falls in the lower reaches of the mainstem of Abrams Creek; the few records prior to extirpation are known only from several kilometers upstream of the confluence with the Little Tennessee River. Etheostoma flabellare occurs above the falls, and it appears that the two were largely parapatric in Abrams Creek. Etheostoma sitikuense is the only known Catonotus in Citico Creek. There are no known historic records of E. sitikuense from the Tellico River, but the species was recently stocked (using Citico Creek individuals as stock; Rakes & Shute 2008) downstream of the National Park boundary to TN Hwy 360 bridge. In Tellico River E. sitikuense is parapatric with a unique, but undescribed form of E. flabellare found above the falls on the upper Tellico River inside the park boundary (Blanton 2001). Conservation Status. Known threats to Abrams and Citico Creek include agricultural runoff, sedimentation due to bank erosion, and poor land use practices. For example, nearly the entire reach of Citico Creek occupied by E. sitikuense flows through privately owned property where streamside habitat and buffer zones are not monitored or regulated. Etheostoma sitikuense may represent the most stable member of the E. percnurum complex because it is now found in three streams of the Little Tennessee system, although the populations are separated by large mainstem impoundments and cold tailwaters. The stocked, reintroduced population in Abrams Creek appears stable; recruitment has been observed since 1995 (Shute et al. 2005; Rakes & Shute 2008). The status of the stocked Tellico River population is not known, but the species appears to be moderately abundant in the small reach occupied in Citico Creek (Shute et al. 2005). However, the extremely limited distribution of E. sitikuense and the known extirpation of past populations point to the need for federal protection. Continued monitoring of habitat quality, land use practices, and population status are recommended. A recovery plan that focuses on these factors and includes goals to alleviate impacts to these stream reaches is needed. While continued propagation may be beneficial to the long-term survival of the species, further translocation outside the species known native range is not recommended. The distribution of the introduced E. sitikuense population in Tellico River should be closely monitored to ensure it does not encroach on the distinct, isolated population of Fantail Darter occurring above the falls in the upper Tellico River.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFBBFFCC7284BBEDFB6EFE51.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name ‘ sitikuense’ comes from the Cherokee Indian word ‘ sitiku’ for a place of clean fishing water and is the origin for the name of Citico Creek. Citico Darter refers to the type locality of the species, where the only extant, non-introduced or propagated population of this species occurs.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	description	(Fig. 4 d)	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. UF 172576, male 53.8 mm SL, Big South Fork Cumberland River, 1.2 km upstream of the mouth of Troublesome Creek, McCreary County, Kentucky, 8 September 1995, B. Burr. Paratypes. Cumberland River drainage — Big South Fork system Kentucky: McCreary County: INHS 102269 (1; 40.0 mm SL), Big South Fork at Blue Heron River access, approximately 6.4 km SW Steams, KY, 20 Sept. 2000, M. Moyer, S. Call, J. Metzmier; UF 172577 (2; 34.3 – 51.6 mm SL), taken with holotype; USNM 394527 (46.1 – 47.4 mm SL), taken with holotype. Tennessee: Scott County: ANSP 189239 (2) Big South Fork at mouth of Station Camp Creek, 14.3 km WNW Oneida, 20 May 1972, R. Jenkins, R. Bouchard, D. Etnier, N. Burkhead, Alexander, and Oakerg; NCSM 49702 (3; 23.3 – 46.3 mm SL), Big South Fork Cumberland River at mouth of Station Camp Creek, at terminus of Station Camp Road (formerly CR 2451), 14.3 air km WNW of Oneida (36.5465 ° N; 84.665 ° W), 4 October 1975, W. C Starnes, L. B. Starnes, and J. A. Louton; TU 200493 (2), same locality as ANSP 189239. Additional Material (nontypes). Cumberland River drainage — Big South Fork system Kentucky: McCreary County: SIUC 24761 (1, 1, 1); SIUC 24744 (1, 1, 1); SIUC 24773 (5, 5, 5); SIUC 46940 (1, 1, 1). Tennessee: Scott County: INHS 83894 (0, 1, 0); SIUC 24739 (1, 1, 1); UT 91.1465 (3, 3, 0); UT 91.4294 (1, 1, 1); UT 91.455 (12, 7, 11).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Etheostoma lemniscatum is distinguished from all members of the complex by more posteriorpositioned anal fin (B 6 – B 8, = 332 vs. 317 or less); pectoral fin of nuptial males with dark, distal band confined to rays of the dorsal half or less of fin (vs. across all rays or all but 1 – 4 ventral rays); and nuptial males with dark and distinctly defined black bands on the distal margin of the caudal, anal, and second dorsal fins (bands more diffuse in other species). Etheostoma lemniscatum is further distinguished from all members of the complex except E. marmorpinnum by higher modal (44 vs. 43 or less) number of lateral scale rows; and intermediate number of pored lateral line scales (26 or 28 vs. 22 in E. percnurum, and 34 in E. sitikuense). From E. marmorpinnum and E. percnurum by intermediate percentage of the first dorsal base area covered by scales (60 % vs. 100 % in E. marmorpinnum and 20 % in E. percnurum); and an intermediate number of scales around caudal peduncle (24 vs. 25 and 23, respectively). From E. marmorpinnum and E. sitikuense by wider distal band on anal fin (50 % of fin height vs. 29 – 39 %) and second dorsal fin (25 % of fin height vs. 14 – 16 %); and lack of marbling or tessellations in the medial portion of the second dorsal fin of nuptial males. From E. marmorpinnum by lower percentage of belly covered by scales (10 % vs. 60 – 80 %); and wider, distal caudal – fin band (18 % of fin length vs. 12 – 15 %). From E. percnurum by lower number of caudal-fin rays (16 vs. 18); presence of strong tessellations on medial portion of caudal fin of nuptial males (vs. no tessellations); and narrower distal band on the pectoral fin (range = 14 – 18 % vs. 27 – 32 %). Means of other measurements were also informative for distinguishing E. lemniscatum from members of the complex (Table 9).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	description	Description. Tables 1 – 7 provide meristic counts for many variables. Scales below lateral line 7 – 10 (8, = 8.2 ± 0.8); scales above lateral line 6 – 8 (7, = 7.0 ± 0.4); caudal peduncle scale rows below lateral line 10 – 13 (12, = 11.4 ± 0.8); caudal peduncle scales above lateral line 9 – 12 (10, = 10.6 ± 0.8). Cheek, nape, breast, and opercle devoid of scales. Branchiostegal rays 6; gill membranes narrowly to moderately joined. First dorsalfin spines 6 – 8 (7, = 7.1 ± 0.4); second dorsal-fin rays 11 – 13 (12, = 11.9 ± 0.4); pectoral-fin rays 12 – 14 (13, = 12.9 ± 0.4); anal spines 1 – 2 (2, = 1.9 ± 0.3); and anal-fin rays 6 – 8 (8, = 7.4 ± 0.6). Preopercular-mandibular pores 10 (10, = 10.0 ± 0.0); infraorbital pores usually 6, rarely 4 (6, = 5.9 ± 0.4); anterior infraorbital 4 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.0); posterior infraorbital pores usually 2, rarely 0 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.2); supraorbital pores usually 4, rarely 5 (4, = 4.1 ± 0.3); supratemporal pores 4 (4, = 4.0 ± 0.0); left supratemporal pores 2 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.0); right supratemporal pores 2 (2, = 2.0 ± 0.0). Measurements for males (nuptial and non-nuptial) and females are presented separately; male measurements are presented in Table 9. Females (n = 12): SL 27.4 – 46.1 (= 36.5 ± 6.2); GW 70 – 80 (= 75 ± 5); IOW 40 – 60 (= 47 ± 9); HW 100 – 120 (= 113 ± 7); HL 280 – 330 (= 316 ± 15); P 1 L 200 – 280 (= 239 ± 21); P 2 L 180 – 220 (= 198 ± 10); D 1 H 80 – 130 (= 104 ± 14); D 1 L 170 – 210 (= 187 ± 12); D 2 H 130 – 160 (= 135 ± 11); AFH 90 – 110 (= 106 ± 7); CFL 170 – 220 (= 187 ± 14); BW 50 – 80 (= 63 ± 11); H 1 – H 2 100 – 140 (= 113 ± 11); H 1 – H 3 210 – 240 (= 222 ± 10); H 1 – B 4 360 – 390 (= 368 ± 9); H 1 – H 5 110 – 150 (= 136 ± 12); H 1 – B 6 280 – 320 (= 307 ± 12); H 2 – H 5 100 – 130 (= 117 ± 9); H 3 – B 6 150 – 180 (= 168 ± 9); B 4 – B 6 or BD 1 150 – 190 (= 164 ± 13); B 4 – B 7 230 – 280 (= 252 ± 16); B 4 – B 8 280 – 340 (= 313 ± 18); B 6 – B 7 300 – 370 (= 342 ± 21); B 6 – B 8 310 – 380 (= 335 ± 23); B 7 – B 8 or BD 2 130 – 150 (= 142 ± 9); B 7 – B 9 or D 2 L 180 – 230 (= 205 ± 12); B 7 – B 10 170 – 240 (= 209 ± 21); B 8 – B 9 200 – 240 (= 218 ± 13); B 8 – B 10 or AFL 130 – 170 (= 146 ± 15); B 9 – 10 100 – 120 (= 108 ± 8); B 9 – C 11 160 – 190 (= 171 ± 10); and B 10 – C 11 190 – 230 (= 204 ± 12). In-life and preserved coloration and pigmentation of individuals generally as described by Jenkins (1994) for E. percnurum. However, nuptial males with distal bands of pectoral fins narrower (range = 14 – 18 % of fin length), confined to rays on dorsal half of fin; second dorsal (25 % of fin height), caudal (18 % of fin height), and anal (50 % of fin height) fins with dark, distinct, clearly defined distal band; second dorsal without distinct tessellations or marbling, occasionally with light stippling; caudal fin strongly tessellated; tessellations not forming bands. For all individuals: number of transverse bars for males 10 – 13 (12, = 11.9 ± 0.8), for females 10 – 14 (11 or 12, = 11.7 ± 1.0); number of dorsal saddles for males 7 – 8 (7, = 7.2 ± 0.4), for females 7 – 8 (7, = 7.1 ± 0.3); number of caudal stripes for males 3 – 8 (6, = 5.7 ± 1.4), for females rarely 0, usually 4 – 8 (6, = 5.1 ± 1.9); and caudal peduncle with 1 large caudal spot, 2 diffuse spots, or no obvious spot.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Tuxedo Darter occurs in an approximately 19 km mainstem stretch of the Big South Fork Cumberland River, with most individuals observed from the mouth of Station Camp Creek, Scott County, Tennessee, to Bear Creek, McCreary County, Kentucky (Eisenhour & Burr 2000).	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The Big South Fork flows through the Cumberland Plateau physiographic region of Tennessee and Kentucky. Where E. lemniscatum occurs, the river is approximately 30 – 50 m wide and flows through a deep gorge; it is characterized by long, deep pools with large boulders and bedrock substrates, fast, welldefined riffles with cobble, boulders, and gravel, and is completely forested along the mainstem (Eisenhour & Burr 2000). The species was always observed in silt-free pools or runs with low flow, immediately above riffles where there were cobbles, boulders, and slabrocks (Eisenhour & Burr 2000). Eisenhour and Burr (2000) provide detailed information on the life history of E. lemniscatum. It is unclear whether E. lemniscatum is the only species of Catonotus in the mainstem Big South Fork. A single E. flabellare - like specimen, possibly an E. flabellare x E. lemniscatum hybrid, was collected from the River at the mouth of Station Camp Creek in Scott County, Tennessee, 30 July 1993. There are no other known records of E. flabellare in the Big South Fork and additional collecting from this site has not produced additional E. flabellare - like individuals. Eisenhour and Burr (2000) reported eleven other darter species found syntopically with E. lemniscatum: E. baileyi, E. blennioides, Nothonotus camurus, E. caeruleum, E. cinereum, N. sanguifluus, E. stigmaeum, E. tippecanoe, E. zonale, Percina copelandi, and P. caprodes. Conservation status. Etheostoma lemniscatum was reported as the least common darter observed in the Big South Fork, with an estimated 300 – 600 individuals in the entire 19 km reach studied by Eisenhour and Burr (2000). The mainstem of the Big South Fork throughout this reach is entirely forested and is protected by the National Park Service, but several tributaries contribute significant sedimentation and other pollutants from mining in their watersheds (Eisenhour & Burr 2000). The small range of this species and its small population size indicate it requires federal protection and regular monitoring of its habitat and population status. A recovery plan that incorporates these objectives and which is designed to alleviate impacts from mining practices is greatly needed. The extremely limited distribution of this species and its known sensitivity to habitat disturbances indicates that a single event that negatively impacts the population could lead to its extinction. Propagation efforts to bolster numbers may be beneficial to the long-term survival of the species. Translocation outside of its known native range is not recommended.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
03A37727FFB8FFCA7284BCB7FE32FD11.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, lemniscatum, means adorned with ribbons referring to the black ribbonlike distal bands of the second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. The common name, Tuxedo Darter, was suggested by R. Robins after seeing a photograph of a nuptial male, and commenting that it looked like it was ‘ dressed for a black-tie affair’.	en	Blanton, Rebecca E., Jenkins, Robert E. (2008): Three new darter species of the Etheostoma percnurum species complex (Percidae, subgenus Catonotus) from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages. Zootaxa 1963 (1): 1-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1963.1.1
