identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFD97FCE1FB2C.text	03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFD97FCE1FB2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyria	<div><p>Lyria sp.</p><p>(Fig. 4A)</p><p>Description. Fragment of a narrow spire, H 14.8, D 9.0 mm. Protoconch eroded, probably paucispiral. Teleoconch of four whorls, the last broken. Whorls high, weakly convex, delineated by a deep, linear suture. Axial sculpture of strong but narrowly rounded costae, almost corresponding from whorl to whorl. No spiral sculpture. Costae opisthocline, rather straight. Columella with at least three folds.</p><p>Material. 1 spm (stn 5: CPAG.RAN. I.1, cast MNHN.F. A50339).</p><p>Comments. Although the aperture of this specimen is lacking, the shape of its teleoconch whorls is similar to those found in other members of Lyria, as for example in Lyria subturgidula (d’Orbigny, 1850) from the Middle Eocene of the Paris Basin. By its high whorls and its straight costae, this specimen is easily distinguishable from Lyria cossmanni Vredenburg, 1923 (=? L. feddeni Vredenburg, 1923) from the Lakhra Formation and from Lyria samanaensis Cox, 1930 from the Hangu Formation (Samana Range, North Pakistan). Both species belong to another genus, Lyriopsis nov. gen., described below.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFD97FCE1FB2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFE43FED2FD83.text	03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFE43FED2FD83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyria Gray 1847	<div><p>Genus Lyria Gray, 1847</p><p>Type species. Voluta nucleus Lamarck, 1811 (Recent, Eastern Australia) by original designation [= Voluta pattersonia Perry, 1811].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFE43FED2FD83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFB32FE7AFAFC.text	03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFB32FE7AFAFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mitreola Swainson 1833	<div><p>Genus Mitreola Swainson, 1833</p><p>Type species. Mitra monodonta Lamarck, 1803 (Middle Eocene, Paris Basin, France) by subsequent designation (Herrmannsen 1847).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E4FFFB4FF7FFB32FE7AFAFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E4FFFB5FF7FFA49FCE1FC9C.text	03A087E00E4FFFB5FF7FFA49FCE1FC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mitreola brohii	<div><p>Mitreola brohii sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 4 B–H)</p><p>Etymology. Dedicated to Professor Imdad A. Brohi, Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4, CPAG.RAN. I.2; cast MNHN.F. A50340), paratype 1 (stn 4, CPAG.RAN. I.3; cast MNHN.F. A50341), paratype 2 (stn 4, CPAG.RAN. I.4; cast MNHN.F. A50342), paratype 3 (stn 4, CPAG.RAN. I.5; cast MNHN.F. A50343).</p><p>Other material. 23 spm (stn 4, MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell ovately fusiform, H 30–33, D 11–14.5 mm (holotype H 31.5 not complete, D 13.9 mm). Protoconch not preserved. Teleoconch of 7–8 whorls. Spire high, occupying 36% of total shell height. Spiral whorls slightly convex. Last whorl rather narrow. Suture linear. Axial sculpture of coarse costae, tending to disappear on penultimate whorl. Costae straight, orthocline, reaching from suture to suture on spire. On first whorl: 12 costae; from second to sixth whorls: 10 to 11 costae; last whorl: no costae. Spiral sculpture of ca. 10–15 fine threads, present only on four earliest whorls. On last whorl, very fine threads on base of aperture. Aperture lenticular, elongate, occupying 63% of total height, 36% of diameter. No posterior notch. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Inner lip bearing a callus developed more anteriorly than posteriorly. Four strong columellar folds, the anteriormost oblique. Siphonal canal short, slightly curved dorsally. Siphonal notch shallow, siphonal fasciole poorly developed.</p><p>Comparisons. According to Darragh (1985, 1988), Mitreola is a Tethyan genus during the Middle Eocene and its range extended from Australia to the Eastern Atlantic (Europe). However, no species of Mitreola has been recorded between Australia and the western Tethys and, therefore, this record of a species of Mitreola from the Earliest Eocene of the Eastern Tethys fills this gap. M. brohii displays the usual characters of Mitreola as well as atypical characters. An elongate, lenticular aperture with an inner lip bearing four columellar folds, the most basal being oblique, are shared with many species of Mitreola . Coarse costae (e.g. M. raricosta (Lamarck, 1803) and M. maxwelli Le Renard, 1994 from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin) or a lack of axial sculpture (e.g. M. labratula (Lamarck, 1803) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin) are observed in many species of the genus, but the disappearance of the axial sculpture on the last whorls is less frequent. This character of M. brohii is shared only with M. salaputium Darragh, 1988 from the Late Eocene of South–West Australia. M. brohi differs from all other Mitreola species in lacking an externally thickened outer lip, which often bears a variably developed labral nodule (Cernohorsky 1970; Cate 1972). These authors and Darragh (1988) regarded the presence of a labral nodule as a diagnostic character of the genus, but some species of Mitreola (e.g. M. labratula (Lamarck, 1803), M. mutica (Lamarck, 1803) and M. subplicata (Deshayes, 1835) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin, France) lack a nodule.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E4FFFB5FF7FFA49FCE1FC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E4EFFB5FF7FFC3CFA5EF8EE.text	03A087E00E4EFFB5FF7FFC3CFA5EF8EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyriopsis	<div><p>Genus Lyriopsis gen. nov.</p><p>Type species. Lyria cossmanni Vredenburg, 1923 . Early Eocene from Lakhra Formation (Sindh, Pakistan).</p><p>Etymology. Combination of Lyria with the suffix opsis (resembling in appearance). Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. A ventricose “ Lyria ” shape with costae slightly opisthocline, rather flexuous in their posterior part, not corresponding from whorl to whorl. Whorls rather depressed, slightly convex, terraced. Four oblique, strong columellar folds. Protoconch bulbous.</p><p>Included species. Lyria cossmanni Vredenburg, 1923 (Lakhra Formation, Sindh Province, Pakistan) and Lyria samanaensis Cox, 1930 (Hangu Formation, Paleocene, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).</p><p>Discussion. Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909), Vredenburg (1923) and Cox (1930) attributed these two species to the genus Lyria and compared them to three Eocene species from the Paris Basin: Lyria (Lyria) harpula (Lamarck, 1803), L. (L.) subturgidula (d’Orbigny, 1850) (= Voluta turgidula Deshayes, 1835, not of Brocchi, 1814) and L. (Pseudolyria) coroni (Morlet, 1888) . According to these authors, strong but narrowly rounded costae and a biconic shape are shared with the Eocene Lyria species of the Paris Basin and even with many other Cenozoic species of Lyria . Thus, Lyriopsis is placed in the tribe Lyriini, but four characters distinguish members of Lyria from Lyriopsis: the morphology of the costae, the construction of the columellar folds, the shape of the whorl, and the protoconch. In L. ( Lyria), the posterior ends of the costae are straight, whereas they are obviously sinuous in Lyriopsis . Regarding the subgenus Pseudolyria Martin, 1931 [type species Pseudolyria ventricola Martin, 1931 by monotypy], the costae are more sinuous than in L. ( Lyria), but the sinuosity is more anteriorly placed than in Lyriopsis . Moreover, the outer lip of L. ( Pseudolyria) is crenulated, whereas it is smooth in Lyriopsis . In L. ( Lyria), the inner lip of most species displays two or three strong basal folds and several weaker folds adapically, whereas only four strong folds have been observed in the species referred to Lyriopsis . The shape of the whorl is rather depressed, slightly convex and terraced in Lyriopsis species, whereas the whorls are strongly convex in most species of Lyria (Lyria) . For these reasons, the placement of Lyriopsis in the Lyriini is provisional and uncertain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E4EFFB5FF7FFC3CFA5EF8EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E40FFBBFF7FFF79FEB0F8C5.text	03A087E00E40FFBBFF7FFF79FEB0F8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyriopsis cossmanni (Vredenburg 1923) Vredenburg 1923	<div><p>Lyriopsis cossmanni (Vredenburg, 1923) comb. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 4 I–K)</p><p>Lyria cossmanni Vredenburg, 1923: 264 (new name for Lyria sihesurensis sensu Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909, pl. 2, fig. 26 and pl. 3, figs 25–26, incorrect identification as Voluta sihesurensis d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853).</p><p>Lyria sihesurensis (non Voluta sihesurensis d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853). Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 29, pl. 2, fig. 26, 31 and pl. 3, figs 25–26 [new combination].</p><p>Lyria feddeni Vredenburg, 1923: 265 (new name for Lyria sihesurensis sensu Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909, pl. 2, fig. 31, incorrect identification as Voluta sihesurensis d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853); Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 37.</p><p>Lyria cossmanni . Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 37.</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, H 30–32, D 16–20 mm. Protoconch smooth, rounded, bulbous, of 2¼ whorls, strongly differentiated from teleoconch. Teleoconch of 4 to 4 ¼ whorls. Spire low, occupying 23% of total shell height. Spiral whorls rather depressed, weakly convex, terraced. Last whorl ventricose. Suture slightly channelled. Axial sculpture of strong but narrowly rounded costae, not corresponding from whorl to whorl. Costae slightly opisthocline, extending from suture to suture on spire, posterior part rather flexuous, extending to base. First whorl: 18 costae, spire: 10–12 costae, last whorl: 9–10 costae. Spiral sculpture of ca. 30 fine threads present only from base to anterior half of last whorl. No spiral sculpture on spire. Aperture narrowly ovate, occupying 60% of total height, 28% of diameter. Posterior notch shallow. Outer lip thickened externally. Inner lip almost straight anteriorly, slightly curved posteriorly. Parietal callus weakly developed. Four strong columellar folds. Base of siphonal canal not preserved.</p><p>Material. 2 spm (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.6–7, cast MNHN.F. A50344 –45).</p><p>Comments. According to Vredenburg (1923), Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909) made a mistake in identifying the Ranikot material as Lyria sihesurensis, which represents another species from the Middle Eocene of the Salt Range (Pakistan). From the monograph of Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909), Vredenburg (1923) distinguished two species: Lyria cossmanni (in reference to Lyria sihesurensis sensu Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909, pl. 2, fig. 26 and pl. 3, figs 25–26) and L. feddeni (in reference to Lyria sihesurensis sensu Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909 pl. 2, 31 only). The figured material of L. cossmanni corresponds to three specimens from Jhirak (two well-preserved juveniles and a less well-preserved adult). The specimen illustrated on plate 3, fig. 26 is a well-preserved juvenile and is designated here as the lectotype of L. cossmanni . The material collected in the Lakhra Dome is similar to the specimens of L. cossmanni from Jhirak and shares fine threads present only from the base to anterior part of the last whorl and opisthocline costae flexuous over the posterior part of the whorls. The only illustrated specimen of L. feddeni is designated here as the lectotype of the species. Unfortunately, it is poorly preserved and it is difficult to establish differences between L. cossmanni and L. feddeni, although they were published in the same work (respectively Vredenburg 1923, pp. 264 and 265). In respect to article 24.2.2 of the ICZN (Determination of precedence of names or acts by the First Reviser) we act as first revisers and give precedence to the name Lyria cossmanni by those who consider L. cossmanni and L. feddeni to be conspecific; thus the valid name for the species is Lyriopsis cossmanni (Vredenburg, 1923) . L. cossmanni can be compared to L. samanaensis Cox, 1930 from the Paleocene (Köthe 1988; Wardlaw et al. 2007; Afzal et al. 2009) of the Hangu Formation (Samana Range, North Pakistan). Cox (1930) compared L. samanensis to L. feddeni, but as seen above, the illustrated specimen of L. feddeni does not allow accurate identification. Lakhra specimens are very similar to the holotype of L. samanaensis . They share the same number of costae on the spire and on the last whorl, a flexuous morphology of these costae, spiral threads on the base of the last whorl, four oblique and strong columellar folds on the inner lip, and a pyriform outline. These numerous similarities suggest strongly that Lyriopsis cossmanni and Lyriopsis samanaensis belong to the same species. However, the protoconch Lyriopsis samanaensis is missing and this character is needed before we can regard L. samanensis as a junior synonym of L. cossmanni . Kachhara et al. (2011) reported the occurrence of L. feddeni in the Paleocene from Southwestern Kachchh, Gujarat (India), but this identification is based only on an internal cast lacking specific characters.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Jhirak (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909; Vredenburg 1923) and Lakhra Dome (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E40FFBBFF7FFF79FEB0F8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E43FFB8FF7FFF36FDA7FA94.text	03A087E00E43FFB8FF7FFF36FDA7FA94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyrischapa Aldrich 1911	<div><p>Genus Lyrischapa Aldrich, 1911</p><p>Type species. Lyrischapa harrisi Aldrich, 1911 (Middle Eocene, Mississippi, USA) by original designation.</p><p>Discussion. Wenz (1943) assigned Diconomorpha Wenz, 1943 [type species Diploconus elegans Douvillé, 1929 = Diploconus Douvillé, 1929, non Candèze (1860) [Insecta] by original designation] to the Pholidotominae Cossmann, 1896, but Volutocristata Gardner and Bowles, 1934 [type species: V. chiapasensis Gardner, 1934 by original designation] and Lyrischapa to the Volutinae, in spite of close similarities between these three genera. Givens (1979) demonstrated that Volutocristata is a junior synonym of Lyrischapa and, following Pilsbry &amp; Olsson (1954), he assigned Lyrischapa to the Fulgorariinae, because of the deviated protoconch, numerous columellar folds, a shallow siphonal notch and a weak siphonal fasciole. Later, Givens (1991) suggested that Diconomorpha might be a junior synonym of Lyrischapa . In addition, he considered that the assignment of Lyrischapa to the Fulgorariinae is incorrect, because members of this subfamily are distinguished from Lyrischapa by quite different shapes (fusiform to ovate), absence of an anal sulcus on the outer lip, and generally fewer columellar folds. Species of Lyrischapa have a biconic shape, a spiral row of variably developed shoulder spines, weak spiral sculpture on the last whorl, and five to six strong columellar folds. Several Athletinae and particularly the genus Athleta share with Lyrischapa a biconic shape and a row of shoulder spines. For this reason, Vredenburg (1923) compared his new species A. blanfordi with Athleta (Athleta) . However, the early whorls of Athleta (Athleta) species display a subsutural and two abapical rows of nodules, which are missing in Lyrischapa . This character is widespread in juveniles of Athleta species and is even present in adults of A. ( Volutocorbis) species. Thus, the similarities between the shells of Athleta and Lyrischapa are superficial. The shells of Lyrischapa more closely resemble species of the Amoriinae or the Volutinae . In the Amoriinae, they can be compared with Nannamoria Iredale, 1929 [type species: N. amicula Iredale, 1929]. Several species (e.g. N. ralphi (Finlay, 1930) from the Middle Miocene of Australia or N. paraboloides Darragh, 1988 from the Late Neogene of Australia) have a biconic Athleta shape, developed shoulder spines and weak spiral sculpture on the last whorl, but differ from Lyrischapa by the presence of only four strong columellar folds (instead of five or six to eight). With respect to the Volutinae, the shells of Lyrischapa can be compared with Voluta ebraea Linnaeus, 1758 or V. m u s i c a Linnaeus, 1758 (Recent, Brazil), which exhibit five to six strong columellar folds and several weaker folds adapically, and some specimens have a biconic shape with developed shoulder spines. However, a morphological type close to Lyrischapa is uncommon in the Amoriinae and Volutinae and could be the result of convergent and repeated evolution. Thus, like Givens (1991), we conclude that the subfamilial position of this genus is uncertain, but we believe that an assignment to the Fulgorariinae or Athletinae is incorrect.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E43FFB8FF7FFF36FDA7FA94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E43FFB9FF7FFA6BFAA4FF1B.text	03A087E00E43FFB9FF7FFA6BFAA4FF1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyrischapa haimei (d’Archiac & Haime 1853) d'Archiac & Haime 1853	<div><p>Lyrischapa haimei (d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853)</p><p>(Fig. 4 L)</p><p>Voluta haimei d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853: 325, p1. 31, figs. 26, 27.</p><p>Voluta haimei d’Archiac, 1850: 298 (nomen nudum).</p><p>Aulicina haimei . Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909: 26, pl. 2, fig. 29 only [new combination].</p><p>Volutoconus funiculifer Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 27, pl. 3, figs 10–12.</p><p>Aulica (Aulicina) haimei . Vredenburg 1923: 269; Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 38 [new combination].</p><p>Eovasum haimei . Cox 1930: 186 in part (not pl. 21, figs 1–4), see (Givens 1991) [new combination]; Davies 1934: 297.</p><p>Lyrischapa haimei . Givens 1991: 664, figs 3.6–3.8 [new combination].</p><p>Material. 1 spm (stn 6: CPAG.RAN. I.8, cast MNHN.F.A50346).</p><p>Comments. In his paper on Lyrischapa, Givens (1991) gave a revised description of L. haimei . He recognized two differential characters distinguishing it from L. sismondai (d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853), with which it has often been confounded in the past: 1) a shallower shoulder sinus, and 2) the spire is covered with crowded spiral threads alternating in two sizes (a character already cited by Vredenburg 1923). In addition, Vredenburg (1923) noted that the protoconch of L. sismondai is larger than that of L. haimei . From the middle part of Lakhra Formation at Jhirak, we collected a juvenile specimen of H 22 mm (Fig. 4 L). Although it is a little crushed, it displays these three distinguishing characters of L. haimei .</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Jhirak (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909; Vredenburg 1923; this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E43FFB9FF7FFA6BFAA4FF1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E42FFB9FF7FFEEAFC01F904.text	03A087E00E42FFB9FF7FFEEAFC01F904.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyrischapa sismondai (d’Archiac & Haime 1853) d'Archiac & Haime 1853	<div><p>Lyrischapa sismondai (d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853)</p><p>(Fig. 4 M–N)</p><p>Voluta sismondai d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853: 326, p1. 31, figs. 25.</p><p>Voluta sismondai d’Archiac, 1850: 298 (nomen nudum).</p><p>Aulicina pusiola Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 26, pl. 2, fig. 34, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5.</p><p>Volutoconus corrugatus Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 28, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7.</p><p>Aulica sismondai . Vredenburg 1923: 267 [new combination].</p><p>Aulica (Aulicina) sismondai . Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 38.</p><p>Eovasum sismondai . Cox 1930: 186 in part (pl. 21, figs 1–4), see Givens (1991) [new combination].</p><p>Eovasum haimei (misidentification as Voluta haimei d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853). Iqbal 1972: 64, pl. 17, fig. 8.</p><p>Lyrischapa sismondai . Givens 1991: 666, figs 3.9–3.11, 4.1, 4.2, 4.5 (non figs 4.3, 4.6) [new combination].</p><p>Material. 1 spm (stn 3: CPAG.RAN. I.9, cast MNHN.F. A50347); 1 spm (stn 6: CPAG.RAN. I.10, cast MNHN.F.A50348).</p><p>Comments. In order to avoid confusion with Lyrischapa haimei, Givens (1991) gave a supplementary description for L. sismondai . According to this author, L. sismondai exhibits a larger protoconch, a deeper shoulder sinus and its spiral sculpture differs by having threads of uniform size and spacing on the spire, rather than two sizes of threads alternating. The two specimens collected at Jhirak in the Lakhra Formation and at Jamshoro in the Bara Formation are no more than 30–40 mm in height and have a high spire. They are rather similar to specimens from the Hangu Formation (NHMUK PI G49443, G49444, G49445) and from the Lakhra Formation (NHMUK PI G50319) illustrated in the paper by Givens (1991), but they differ from the largest specimen (NHMUK PI G92737) from the Ypresian (cf. Wardlaw et al. 2007) of the Nammal Formation, Salt Range, Pakistan) illustrated by this author (Givens 1991, figs 4.3, 4.6). Numerous specimens collected in the Lakhra Dome provide a good ontogenetic series linking juveniles with the largest specimens, such as those figured by Givens (1991) and Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909, pl. 2, fig. 30, pl. 8, fig. 2). Although they share a large protoconch, these juveniles display many differences from L. sismondai . At the same size (H 40 mm), they exhibit a lower spire and a wider shape, their spiral sculpture is obsolete on the spire and missing on the last whorl, except on the base which bears some fine threads, and their shoulder spines are acute and better developed. Specimens of a larger size and very large specimens of around H 80 mm have the same characters on their early teleoconch whorls, showing that they belong to the same species, which is described here below as Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov. However, they also demonstrate that the specimens attributed to L. sismondai do not correspond to the early stages of growth of the largest specimens often attributed to this species. Thus, the supplementary description by Givens (1991) is still a composite description and the character “9–12 prominent spines on the shoulder” should be replaced by: “9–10 short, rounded spines on the shoulder”. By its biconical shape, by the configuration of the shoulder sinus and by its short, rounded shoulder spines, L sismondai appears closely related to Diconomorpha elegans (Douvillé, 1929) [type species of Diconomorpha Wenz, 1943 = Diploconus Douvillé, 1929, non Candèze (1860) by original designation] from the Danian of Sindh (Kadhro Formation). Although these Danian specimens do not display the superficial sculpture observed in L. sismondai, because they are poorly preserved, they are so similar that, according to Givens (1991), generic distinction seems unjustified.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Hangu Formation: Hangu Shales (Cox 1930); Upper Bara Formation: Jamshoro (this paper); Lakhra Formation: Jhirak (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909; this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E42FFB9FF7FFEEAFC01F904	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E42FFBFFF7FF919FA43FB43.text	03A087E00E42FFBFFF7FF919FA43FB43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyrischapa vredenburgi	<div><p>Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 5A–H</p><p>Aulicina haimei (non Voluta haimei d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853). Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909: 25, pl. 2, fig. 30, pl. 8, fig. 2. Athleta blanfordi Vredenburg, 1923 pars: 255, proposed for Aulicina haimei d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853 sensu Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909, pl. 8, fig. 2 only.</p><p>Lyrischapa sismondai (non Voluta haimei d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853). Givens 1991, 666, figs 4.3, 4.6.</p><p>Etymology. Dedicated to E. W. Vredenburg for his work on the geology and paleontology of the Ranikot Group.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.11, cast MNHN.F. A50349), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.12, cast MNHN.F.A50350), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.13, cast MNHN.F. A50351), paratype 3 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.14, cast MNHN.F.A50352), three paratypes (Jhirak, Cossmann coll. MNHN.F. J12751).</p><p>Other material. 16 spm (stn 4: MNHN); 3 spm (stn 5: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell biconical, wide, H 77–85, D 54–65 mm (holotype (subadult) H 38.3, D 31.1 mm). Protoconch smooth, globose, slightly deviated, of two whorls; H 16, D 11 mm when complete (Fig. 5A–B). Transition from protoconch to teleoconch not defined. Teleoconch of 3 to 3.5 whorls. Spire low, occupying 10% of total shell height. Spiral whorls almost flat, separated by shallow suture undulating between shoulder spines of preceding whorl. Last whorl rather triangular. Spiral sculpture on spire of obsolete threads, visible only on first teleoconch whorl. On juvenile specimens of one whorl, last whorl sculptured with very fine spiral threads covering three abapical quarters of shell, threads disappearing on succeeding whorls. Axial sculpture of spiny shoulder costae only. First whorl: 11 costae, becoming more prominent on second half of whorl. Second whorl: 9–10 costae; third whorl: 9–12 costae. No shoulder sinus. Aperture narrow, occupying 87% of total height, 28% of diameter. Inner lip straight, columella with five strong folds succeeded posteriorly by one weaker fold; inner lip callus narrow. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal short; siphonal notch weak; siphonal fasciole low, weak, but delineated by carina spreading dorsally on gerontic specimens.</p><p>Comparisons. From the Lakhra Formation, this species can be compared with Lyrischapa blanfordi (Vredenburg, 1923) . Both species share obsolete threads on the first teleoconch whorl and the disappearance of the spiral sculpture on the last few whorls. As in L. vredenburgi, L. blanfordi exhibits shoulder spines and lacks a shoulder sinus. L. blanfordi differs in its less numerous costae on the last whorl (8–9 instead of 9–12), its shoulder spines oriented adapically and its narrower shape. The number of columellar folds varies from 5 to 6, whereas those of L. blanfordi vary from 6 to 8. L. vredenburgi also has a strong similarity to L. crassa (Douvillé, 1929) described from the Danian of the Kadhro Formation, at Jakhmari and at Ranikot. The two species share a wide biconic shape, a low spire, 12 costae on the last whorl and the presence of shoulder spines. The type specimen of L. crassa is poorly preserved, but it apparently differs from A. vredenburgi by having only four columellar folds and more rounded shoulder spines. L. crassa was originally assigned to Diconomorpha, but the close similarities between A. crassa and A. vredenburgi constitute a further argument to consider Diconomorpha as a junior synonym of Lyrischapa .</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation at Lakhra and Jhirak; Nammal Formation, Salt Range (Givens 1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E42FFBFFF7FF919FA43FB43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E44FFBDFF7FFAD2FB2BFD03.text	03A087E00E44FFBDFF7FFAD2FB2BFD03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyrischapa blanfordi (Vredenburg 1923) Vredenburg 1923	<div><p>Lyrischapa blanfordi (Vredenburg, 1923) comb. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 6A–F)</p><p>Athleta blanfordi Vredenburg, 1923: 255 .</p><p>Aulicina haimei (non Voluta haimei d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853). Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909: 25, pl. 2, fig. 27 only.</p><p>Athleta blanfordi . Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 36.</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, elongate, H 68–85, D 30–50 mm. Protoconch smooth, globose and slightly deviated, of two whorls, H 6, D 10 mm when complete. Protoconch/teleoconch transition not obvious. Teleoconch of 3 whorls. Spire low, occupying 6% of total shell height. Spire whorls almost flat, separated by shallow suture undulating between shoulder spines of preceding whorl. Last whorl elongate, rather conical. Spiral sculpture on spire of obsolete threads, visible only on first teleoconch whorl. On juvenile specimens of one whorl, last whorl sculptured by very fine threads, covering abapical three quarters of shell, disappearing on succeeding whorls. Axial sculpture of only spiny shoulder costae. Shoulder spines oriented adapically on last whorl. First whorl: 11 costae, becoming more prominent on second half of whorl. Second whorl: 8–9 costae; third whorl: 8–9 costae. No anal sulcus. Aperture narrow, occupying 89% of total height, 18% of diameter. Inner lip straight, columella with six strong folds succeeded posteriorly by two weaker folds; inner lip callus narrow. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal short, slightly curved to right towards aperture; siphonal notch weak; siphonal fasciole low, weak, but delineated by carina spreading dorsally on gerontic specimens.</p><p>Material. 28 spm (stn 4: 3 spm CPAG.RAN. I.15–17, cast MNHN.F. A50353 –55 and 25 spm MNHN).</p><p>Comments. Although Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909) confounded specimens of L. haimei with L. blanfordi, L. blanfordi was originally described in the genus Athleta and later Givens (1991) did not discuss it in his revision of the genus Lyrischapa . Vredenburg (1923) compared L. blanfordi with two Bartonian species from the Anglo-Parisian Basin: Athleta (A.) athleta (Solander in Brander, 1766) and A. (A.) strombiformis (Deshayes, 1835) . These species exhibit a biconic shape and have shoulder spines, so generating a superficial resemblance with L. blanfordi, but they differ by their early teleoconch whorls and by their columellar folds. In A. (A.) athleta and A. (A.) strombiformis, the early teleoconch whorls have two main spiral rows of nodules (subsutural and shoulder rows) and one or two abapical rows. This kind of sculpture is typical of Paleogene Athleta (Athleta) species and it is present in other subgenera such as A. ( Volutospina), A. (Volutopupa) an d A. ( Volutocorbis). However, it is absent in Lyrischapa, which has only a single shoulder row during the ontogenetic development of the shell. A. (A.) athleta and A. (A.) strombiformis also bear three strong columellar folds and several weaker folds adapically, whereas in L. blanfordi the number of folds varies from 6 to 8. In L. blanfordi, as in other members of Lyrischapa, these folds are stronger in most specimens than those observed in the two Bartonian Athleta species and other Paleogene Athleta species. Therefore, it is with little uncertainty that we transfer L. blanfordi to the genus Lyrischapa .</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Jhirak (Vredenburg 1923), Lakhra Dome (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E44FFBDFF7FFAD2FB2BFD03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E46FFBDFF7FFD12FCE1F8E1.text	03A087E00E46FFBDFF7FFD12FCE1F8E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyrischapa brevispira Merle et al., 2014	<div><p>Lyrischapa brevispira sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 6 G–I, 7A–D)</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin brevis (short) and spira (spire).</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.18, cast MNHN.F.A50356), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.19, cast MNHN.F. A50357), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.20, cast MNHN.F.A50358).</p><p>Other material. 18 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell conical, very narrow, H 64, D ca. 35 mm (holotype (subadult) H 38.2, D 20.2 mm). Protoconch smooth, very flat, of two whorls, H 10–12, D 10 mm when complete. Transition protoconch/teleoconch not defined. Teleoconch of 3 whorls. Spire very low, occupying 6% of total shell height. Spiral whorls flat, narrow, separated by shallow suture. Sutural ramp extending partially onto preceding whorl. Last whorl narrow, rather conic. Spiral sculpture of obsolete threads, present only on first teleoconch whorl. Second and last whorls lacking spiral sculpture, even on base. Axial sculpture of very short shoulder costae formed by small spinelets. First whorl: 9–10 costae. Second whorl: 8–9 costae. Third whorl: 11 costae. Aperture narrow, occupying 97% of total height, 15% of diameter. Inner lip straight, columella with five strong folds succeeded posteriorly by one weaker fold, one or two secondary folds intercalated between major folds in a few specimens; inner lip callus narrow. Anal sulcus thin, against suture. No shoulder sinus. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal short; siphonal notch shallow; siphonal fasciole low, weak.</p><p>Comparisons. In Lyrischapa haimei and in L. sismondai, spiral sculpture consisting of fine threads persists during the whole ontogeny and covers the last whorl, whereas in L. brevispira, the spiral sculpture is obsolete on the first teleoconch whorl and disappears on later whorls. For this reason, this species can be compared with L. vredenburgi and L. blanfordi, with which it shares obsolete or absent sculpture on the last whorl. L. vredenburgi and L. brevispira have a large protoconch of two whorls, up to 10 mm in width, but the apex is globose in L. vredenburgi, whereas it is flat in L. brevispira . L. brevispira differs from L. vredenburgi by its narrower shape, by its poorly developed spines, by its numerous columellar folds (6–8 instead 5–6) and by its anal sulcus against the suture. In its narrow shape, L. brevispira is similar to L. blanfordi, but it is distinguished by its larger protoconch, a very flat spire and poorly developed spines. Because of its poorly developed shoulder spines on the last whorl, L. brevispira retains a juvenile aspect in its adult stage and could be regarded as a paedomorphic species of Lyrischapa .</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E46FFBDFF7FFD12FCE1F8E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFC98FADBFA50.text	03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFC98FADBFA50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutospina) noetlingi (Cossmann & Pissarro 1909) Cossmann & Pissarro 1909	<div><p>Athleta (Volutospina) noetlingi (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909)</p><p>Volutospina noetlingi Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 24, pl. 2, figs 23–24.</p><p>? Voluta cithara (non Voluta cithara Lamarck, 1803). d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853: 325, pl. 32, figs 4–5.</p><p>Athleta (Neoathleta) noetlingi . Vredenburg 1923: 256; Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 36 [new combination].</p><p>Lyria cossmanni (non Lyria cossmanni Vredenburg, 1923). Iqbal 1972: 65, pl. 19, figs 3, 9.</p><p>Comments. According to Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909), the specimen illustrated on their pl. 2, figs 23–24 displays a biconic shape with spiny costae delineating a developed shoulder and looks more like a species of Volutospina than a species of Volutopupa Dall, 1890 (type species: Voluta cithara Lamarck, 1803 by original designation). We designate here this specimen as the lectotype of V. noetlingi . Vredenburg (1923) regarded Volutospina intercrenata Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909 as a junior synonym of V. noetlingi, considering that the specimens used to describe V. intercrenata represent juvenile specimens of V. noetlingi . However, the figured material of V. intercrenata does not display spiny costae delineating a developed shoulder, as observed in juvenile specimens of Volutospina species (e.g. the type species). Thus, these specimens do not belong to Volutospina and are not juveniles of V. noetlingi . In the Lakhra Dome, we have not found specimens of V. noetlingi, but a juvenile specimen of A. (V.) noetlingi from Jhirak has been illustrated by Iqbal (1972) under the erroneous name Lyria cossmanni . As in other juvenile specimens of Volutospina species, it has a biconic shape with spiny costae delineating a developed shoulder.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Jhirak (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909; Vredenburg 1923).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFC98FADBFA50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFF37FB2BFD3B.text	03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFF37FB2BFD3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta Conrad 1853	<div><p>Genus Athleta Conrad, 1853</p><p>Type species. Voluta rarispina Lamarck, 1811 (Neogene, Europe) by subsequent designation (Dall 1890).</p><p>Comments. 1) Many authors consider the gender of Athleta to be feminine, but it is masculine. 2) Darragh (1971) synonymised a number of genera with Athleta, among which were Volutospina Newton, 1906, Volutopupa Dall, 1890 and Volutocorbis Dall, 1890 and recognised only two subgenera, Athleta (s.s.) and A. (Ternivoluta) Martens, 1897. However, the difference between the two subgenera used by Darragh (1971) is solely based on the multispiral versus paucispiral protoconch, a developmental difference not now considered to be of taxonomic significance, as in the Harpidae (Merle &amp; Pacaud 2003) or the Muricidae (Merle et al. 2011) for example. The aim of this work is not to revise the genus Athleta and a cladistic analysis would be necessary for this revision. For instance, we prefer to continue to use provisionally Volutopupa (see Pacaud &amp; Pons 2013), Volutocorbis and Volutospina as subgenera, because they are useful to characterize different Paleogene morphotypes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFF37FB2BFD3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FF9AAFBF7F914.text	03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FF9AAFBF7F914.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutopupa Dall 1890	<div><p>Subgenus Volutopupa Dall, 1890</p><p>Type species. Voluta cithara Lamarck, 1803, not Solander &amp; Lightfoot, 1786 [subjective synonym of Buccinum citharoedus Holten, 1802] by original designation (Middle Eocene, Lutetian, Paris Basin, France).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FF9AAFBF7F914	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFD37FB39FC9B.text	03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFD37FB39FC9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutospina Newton 1906	<div><p>Subgenus Volutospina Newton, 1906</p><p>Type species. Conus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758 (Middle Eocene, Paris Basin, France) by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E58FFA3FF7FFD37FB39FC9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E58FFA0FF7FF8EBFA53FC0F.text	03A087E00E58FFA0FF7FF8EBFA53FC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutopupa) intercrenatus (Cossmann & Pissarro 1909) Cossmann & Pissarro 1909	<div><p>Athleta (Volutopupa) intercrenatus (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909) comb. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 7 E–J)</p><p>Volutospina intercrenata Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 24, pl. 2, figs 18–20, pl. 3, figs 1–3.</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, H 33–37, D 18–23 mm. Protoconch and first teleoconch whorl unknown; at least 5 teleoconch whorls present. Spire low, occupying 12% of total shell height. Spiral whorls subcarinate, last whorl weakly ventricose. Spiral sculpture on second whorl of one spiral row of small nodules on shoulder angle. From third to fourth whorl, one spiral row of subsutural nodules develops rapidly in addition to shoulder nodules (Fig. 7 J); one or two small nodules between shoulder and suture. On last whorl, spiral sculpture displaying: 1) adapically two main spiral rows (subsutural and shoulder rows) with one weaker row abapically; 2) between these rows and mid-whorl, weak, poorly marked cords; 3) from mid-whorl to base, ca. 10 flattened cords, producing an imbricate effect. Axial sculpture of collabral costae extending across whorl, interrupted by spiral sculpture. From second whorl to third whorl: 17 costae; fourth whorl: 12–13 costae; fifth and last whorl: 11–12 costae. On last whorl, costae obsolete between adapical rows of nodules, thick and relatively high below shoulder angle, extending across base, becoming almost obsolete towards end of last whorl. Aperture ovate, occupying 61% of total height, 41% of diameter. Inner lip almost straight, columella with 6–10 low folds; inner lip callus very narrow, apparently not spreading far laterally. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal notch not well preserved, apparently weak.</p><p>Material. 5 spm (stn 4: 4 spm CPAG.RAN. I.21–24, cast MNHN.F. A50359 –62 and 1 spm MNHN).</p><p>Comments. As seen above with Athleta (Volutopupa) noetlingi, the four specimens of V. intercrenata illustrated by Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909) are species of Volutopupa and not species of Volutospina . They are not well preserved, except the specimen illustrated in Cossmann &amp; Pissarro’s (1909) pl. 3, fig. 3, which is designated here as the lectotype of Volutospina intercrenata Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909 . Its early teleoconch whorls displays two strong spiral rows of nodules (subsutural and shoulder rows) and its last whorl has 11 thick, relatively high costae, similar to the spire of the adult specimens of A. (V.) intercrenatus collected in the Lakhra Dome. The oval shape of these adults resembles more that of A. (V.) lyra (Lamarck, 1803) or A. (V.) mutatus (Deshayes, 1835) from the Middle Eocene of the Paris Basin, than it does A. (V.) citharoedus, which displays an inflated and ventricose last whorl. A. (V.) intercrenatus also differs from these species by its strongly developed row of subsutural nodules.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Jhirak (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909) and Lakhra Dome (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E58FFA0FF7FF8EBFA53FC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E5BFFA0FF7FFC03FCE1F85F.text	03A087E00E5BFFA0FF7FFC03FCE1F85F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutopupa) citharopsis	<div><p>Athleta (Volutopupa) citharopsis sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 8A–D)</p><p>Etymology. The two first syllables cithar because of the similarity with the type species, combined to the suffix opsis (Greek: appearance).</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.25, cast MNHN.F. A50363), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.26, cast MNHN.F.A50364), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.27, cast MNHN.F. A50365).</p><p>Other material. 3 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell of holotype large, H 60, D probably 31 mm (outer lip broken). Protoconch and first teleoconch whorl unknown; at least 6 teleoconch whorls. Spire moderately high, occupying 21% of total shell height. Spiral whorls convex; last whorl ventricose. Spiral sculpture of one row of very small subsutural nodules, appearing on third whorl. From fourth to fifth whorl, a second row of shoulder nodules (Fig. 8D) appears, becoming variably subspinose on penultimate whorl. On last whorl, spiral sculpture displaying: 1) adapically two main spiral rows of nodules (subsutural and shoulder rows); 2) no cords between these rows and mid-whorl; 3) from mid-whorl to base, ca. 15 flattened cords, producing an imbricate effect. Axial sculpture of collabral costae present on second whorl, extending across whorl, apparently without nodules. Third whorl: 15 costae; fourth whorl: 14 costae; fifth whorl: 13 costae; sixth whorl: 11 costae. On last (sixth) whorl, costae obsolete between adapical rows of nodules, thin and sharp below shoulder angle, extending across base, becoming almost obsolete towards end of last whorl; one intercostal ridge appearing at end of last whorl. Aperture ovate, occupying 78% of total height. Inner lip almost straight, columella with 3 to 4 low folds; inner lip callus very wide, parietal callus relatively thick, spreading far laterally, but not extending up to suture. Outer lip broken. Siphonal notch not well preserved, apparently weak.</p><p>Comparisons. This species differs from Athleta (Volutopupa) intercrenatus by its more ventricose shape, by its less numerous columellar folds and by its smaller subsutural and shoulder nodules. In shape and in its wide parietal callus, it resembles A. (V.) citharoedus, the type species of the subgenus. However, A. (V.) citharopsis can be easily distinguished from A. (V.) citharoedus by its stronger columellar folds and more strongly developed subsutural nodules.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E5BFFA0FF7FFC03FCE1F85F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E5DFFA6FF7FFEABFE1AFA35.text	03A087E00E5DFFA6FF7FFEABFE1AFA35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutocorbis) eugeniae Vredenburg 1923	<div><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) eugeniae Vredenburg, 1923</p><p>(Fig. 8 E–J)</p><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) eugeniae Vredenburg, 1923: 259, pl. 15, figs 5, 7.</p><p>Volutospina sykesi (non Voluta sykesi d’Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853). Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909: 23, pl. 2, figs 32–33.</p><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) eugeniae . Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 36.</p><p>Volutocorbis eugeniae . Glibert 1960: 49; Ibbal 1972: 63, pl. 18, figs 5–6, pl. 20, figs 10–11 [new combination].</p><p>Volutocorbis engeniae . Iqbal 1969: 60 (misspelling of eugeniae).</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, slightly fusiform, H 30–38, D 15–20 mm. Protoconch conical, multispiral, of three whorls. Teleoconch of 5 to 5.5 whorls. Spire moderately high, occupying 18% of total shell height. Spire whorls weakly convex, last whorl oval. Spiral sculpture on spire consisting of first row of subsutural nodules, becoming more developed and slightly spiny on penultimate whorl (Fig. 8 F); abapically, three rows of nodules including shoulder row, which is weaker than other two. Shoulder row bears spiny nodules on some specimens. On last whorl, spiral sculpture displaying: 1) subsutural row of nodules; 2) shoulder row of nodules spiny on a few specimens, and 3) abapically, 13 rows of nodulose crenulations, becoming less prominent on base. From second to last whorls, costae interrupted by rows of nodules. On last whorl, costae moderately high, cut into prominent, regular, nodulose crenulations by broad spiral grooves. Third whorl: 16 costae; fourth whorl: 13–15 costae; fifth and last whorl: 15–17 costae. Aperture ovate, rather narrow, occupying 55% of total height, 39% of diameter. Inner lip feebly sinuous, columella with one oblique fold succeeded posteriorly by 3 or 4 weak folds; inner lip callus very narrow, not spreading. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal slightly elongate; siphonal notch shallow.</p><p>Material. 33 spm (stn 4: 3 spm CPAG.RAN. I.28–30, cast MNHN.F.A50366–68 and 30 spm MNHN).</p><p>Comments. According to Cossmann &amp; Pissarro (1909) and Vredenburg (1923), Athleta (Volutocorbis) eugeniae is closely similar to A. (Volutocorbis) elevatus (Sowerby, 1840) from the Ypresian of northern Europe, particularly in the spiny shape of the subsutural and shoulder nodules. The European species differs in its other adapical spiral elements including flatter cords separated by narrow spiral grooves, producing an imbricate effect, but lacking nodules. A. (V.) rouaulti Cossmann, 1923 from the late Ypresian of southwestern France superficially resembles A. (V.) elevatus and A. (V.) eugeniae, but can easily be distinguished by its subsutural nodules disappearing progressively during growth.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Jakhmari, Jhirak (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909; Vredenburg 1923) and Lakhra Dome (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E5DFFA6FF7FFEABFE1AFA35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E5DFFA6FF7FFF76FB5BFF5F.text	03A087E00E5DFFA6FF7FFF76FB5BFF5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutocorbis Dall 1890	<div><p>Subgenus Volutocorbis Dall, 1890</p><p>Type species. Volutilithes limopsis Conrad, 1860 (Paleocene, Texas, USA) by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E5DFFA6FF7FFF76FB5BFF5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E5DFFA7FF7FFA1FFD60FB43.text	03A087E00E5DFFA7FF7FFA1FFD60FB43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutocorbis) burtoni Vredenburg 1923	<div><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) burtoni Vredenburg, 1923</p><p>(Fig. 9A–G)</p><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) burtoni Vredenburg, 1923: 261, pl. 15, fig. 2.</p><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) victoriae Vredenburg, 1923: 260, pl. 15, figs 4.</p><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) burtoni . Cotter in Vredenburg 1928: 37.</p><p>Volutocorbis soriensis Eames, 1952: 109, pl. 4, fig. 95a–b.</p><p>Volutocorbis burtoni . Glibert 1960: 48 [new combination].</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, H 22, D 11 mm. Protoconch and two first teleoconch whorls unknown; at least 5 teleoconch whorls. Spire moderately high, occupying 21% of total shell height. Spiral whorls convex, last whorl rather oval. Spiral sculpture on spire of first row a subsutural nodules, becoming more developed apically; abapically, one or two rows of nodules including shoulder row, which is less distinct than other rows (Fig. 9F). On last whorl, spiral sculpture displaying: 1) subsutural row of nodules; 2) shoulder row of nodules; 3) abapically, 13–15 rows of almost rounded nodules, becoming less prominent on base. From second to last whorls, costae interrupted by rows of nodules. On last whorl, costae rather low, cut into prominent small, regular nodules by broad spiral grooves. Third whorl: 15–16 costae; fourth whorl: 14–19 costae; fifth and last whorl: 19–20 costae. Aperture ovate, rather narrow, occupying 75% of total height, 42% of diameter. Inner lip straight, columella with two folds, succeeded posteriorly by one or two weaker folds. Inner lip callus very narrow, not spreading. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal short; siphonal notch shallow.</p><p>Material. 1 spm (stn 1: CPAG.RAN. I.33, cast MNHN.F. A50371); 3 spm (stn 2: 1 spm CPAG.RAN. I.31, cast MNHN.F. A50369; 2 spm MNHN); 1 spm (stn 3: CPAG.RAN. I.32, cast MNHN.F.A50370); 3 spm (Jhirak, Lakhra Formation; Cossmann coll., MNHN.F. J12748, MNHN.F. J13433 –34).</p><p>Comments. Athleta (Volutocorbis) burtoni was originally described by Vredenburg (1923) from the Lakhra Formation. Until now, it was recorded only from the Lakhra formation, but several specimens have been collected in marine sediments from the uppermost Bara Formation (see Geological setting). According to Vredenburg (1923), A. (V.) burtoni can be distinguished from A. (V.) eugeniae . Unfortunately, this author did not give diagnostic characters distinguishing the two species. He compared A. (V.) burtoni with a Bartonian species from the Paris Basin, A. (V.) digitalinus (Lamarck, 1811) [= Buccinum scabriculum sensu Solander in Brander, 1766 partim, non Linnaeus, 1758], because of its sculpture characterized by the presence of rounded nodules. A. (V.) burtoni differs obviously from A. (V.) eugeniae by its smaller size, its more numerous costae (19–20 instead 14–15 on the last whorl), only two rows of nodules on the spire (subsutural and shoulder nodules) and in having rounded nodules instead crenulations on the last whorl. From the Lakhra Formation at Jhirak, Vredenburg (1923) described a species rather similar to A. (V.) burtoni, A. (V.) victoriae (Vredenburg, 1923) . The type specimen, illustrated as Vredenburg’s (1923) pl. 15, fig. 4, is designated here as the lectotype, but it is poorly preserved and it seems only wider than specimens of A. (V.) burtoni . Thus, it is difficult to evaluate whether it corresponds to a variation of A. (V.) burtoni or a distinct species. Cox (1930) described a comparable species, A. (V.) daviesi (Cox, 1930) from the Paleocene of the Hangu Formation. The rounded aspect of the nodules of A. (V.) daviesi recalls the European Bartonian species A. (V.) digitalinus, but A. (V.) daviesi differs from A. (V.) burtoni by having two abapical spiral rows of nodules below the shoulder row. A. (V.) soriensis (Eames, 1952) from the Early Eocene of the Zinda Pir section (Western Punjab, Pakistan; Eames 1951b) displays numerous similarities to A. (V.) burtoni, such as rounded nodules, only two rows of nodules (the subsutural and shoulder rows), around 15–19 costae, small size and a biconic shape. In view of these similarities, we consider that A. (V.) burtoni and A. (V.) soriensis could belong to the same species.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Bara Formation (this paper); Lakhra Formation (Cossmann &amp; Pissarro 1909; Vredenburg 1923);? Ghazij Formation (Punjab).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E5DFFA7FF7FFA1FFD60FB43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E5CFFA5FF7FFAD2FCE1FE64.text	03A087E00E5CFFA5FF7FFAD2FCE1FE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutocorbis) wynnei Cox 1930	<div><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) cf. wynnei Cox, 1930</p><p>(Fig. 9 H–L)</p><p>Athleta (Volutospina) wynnei Cox, 1930: 199, pl. 31, figs 7–8, 11.</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, ventricose, H ca. 40 mm (spire broken in adult specimen), D 25 mm. Protoconch and first teleoconch whorl unknown; at least 5.5 teleoconch whorls. Spire apparently moderately high. Spire whorls convex, last whorl rather inflated. Spiral sculpture on spire of four or five rows of small nodules, subsutural row better developed than others (Fig. 9 J). On last whorl, spiral sculpture displaying: 1) subsutural row of rounded nodules; 2) shoulder row of rounded nodules; 3) from shoulder to base, around 20 almost flat cords separated by thin spiral grooves. From second to penultimate whorl, costae interrupted by rows of nodules. On last whorl, costae obsolete between subsutural and shoulder nodules, thin but relatively low below shoulder angle, extending across base, becoming almost obsolete towards close of last whorl. Second whorl: 15 costae; third whorl: 15 costae; fourth whorl: 16–17 costae; fifth and last whorl: 19 costae. Aperture ovate, rather wide. Inner lip straight, columella with two folds succeeded posteriorly by two or three smaller, weaker folds; inner lip callus narrow, apparently not spreading anteriorly. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal slightly elongate; siphonal notch shallow.</p><p>Material. 4 spm (stn 4: 3 spm CPAG.RAN. I.34 –36, cast MNHN.F.A50372–74 and 1 spm MNHN).</p><p>Comments. The material collected from the Lakhra Dome includes three juvenile specimens and a broken adult. The juvenile specimens can be compared with a paratype of Athleta (Volutocorbis) wynnei Cox, 1930 (GSI no. 14,700) from the Hangu Formation, which is also a juvenile. With these young specimens of A. (V.) wynnei, the Sindh specimens share close similarities, particularly the elongate shape of the spire, the sculpture on the spire (with four to five rows of small nodules) and the deep crenulations of costae on the last whorl. The adult specimens of A. (V.) wynnei, as for example the holotype (GSI no. 14,698), apparently differ by their more crenulated costae on the last whorl, and by their less ventricose shape. Because of these small differences, the present identification of A. (V.) wynnei from the Lakhra Formation should be confirmed by the examination of more material.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E5CFFA5FF7FFAD2FCE1FE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E5EFFA5FF7FFDCAFCE1F8C5.text	03A087E00E5EFFA5FF7FFDCAFCE1F8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Athleta (Volutocorbis) lasharii	<div><p>Athleta (Volutocorbis) lasharii sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 10A–D)</p><p>Etymology. Dedicated to Doctor Rafique Ahmed Lashari, Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.37, cast MNHN.F. A50375), one paratype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.38, cast MNHN.F.A50376).</p><p>Other material. 2 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, slightly fusiform, H 40–48, D ca. 20–22 mm (holotype H 43.5, D 19.6 mm, outer lip not complete. Protoconch and two first teleoconch whorls unknown; at least 5 teleoconch whorls. Spire moderately high, occupying 20% of total shell height. Spire whorls weakly convex, last whorl rather oval. Spiral sculpture on spire of a first row of rounded subsutural nodules, appearing on third whorl and becoming more developed aperturally; abapically, three rows of rounded nodules including shoulder row, which is less distinct than others (Fig. 10C). On last whorl, spiral sculpture displaying: 1) subsutural row of spiny nodules; 2) shoulder row of spiny nodules; 3) between shoulder and mid-whorl, 9 to 10 rows of almost flat cords, separated by narrow spiral grooves; 4) from mid-whorl to base, nodules and cords produce imbricate effect. From second to penultimate whorl, costae interrupted by rows of nodules. On last whorl, costae obsolete between subsutural and shoulder nodules, narrow but relatively high below shoulder angle, extending across base, becoming almost obsolete towards end of last whorl. Second whorl: 12 costae; third whorl: 14 costae; fourth whorl: 12–14 costae; fifth and last whorl: 9–13 costae. Aperture ovate, rather narrow, occupying 72% of total height, 61% of diameter. Inner lip straight, columella with one fold, succeeded posteriorly by several weaker and smaller folds; inner lip callus very narrow, spreading a little anteriorly. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Siphonal canal slightly elongate; siphonal notch shallow.</p><p>Comparisons. Athleta (Volutocorbis) lasharii sp. nov. differs from the other Sindh species of A. ( Volutocorbis) in its larger size, its spiral sculpture on the last whorl characterized by the loss of crenulations or nodules between the shoulder and the mid-whorl and by its axial sculpture of higher, narrow costae. Such sculpture distinguishes it from the A. (V.) digitalinus- type species bearing strongly nodular sculpture on the last whorl (e.g. A. (V.) burtoni, A. (V.) daviesi and A. (V.) soriensis from the Early Paleogene of Pakistan) and the A. (V.) elevatus - type species bearing crenulate sculpture (e.g. A. (V.) eugeniae and A. (V.) wynnei from the Early Paleogene of Pakistan). The type of sculpture displayed in A. (V.) lasharii sp. nov. more resembles that of A. (V.) bicorona (Lamarck, 1803) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin. A. (V.) bicorona shares a last whorl characterized by the loss of crenulations or nodules between the shoulder and the mid-whorl. Moreover, both species have two rows of spiny nodules developed adapically (the subsutural and shoulder rows). A (V.) bicorona differs, however, from A. (V.) lasharii sp. nov. by its early whorls having two more abapical spiral rows of crenulations. In A. (V.) bicorona, a residual color pattern observed under UV light has been reported (Merle et al. 2008), but the recrystallized shells of A. (V.) lasharii did not reveal any traces of a residual color pattern.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E5EFFA5FF7FFDCAFCE1F8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E50FFABFF7FFF33FE72FBD9.text	03A087E00E50FFABFF7FFF33FE72FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutilithes Swainson 1831	<div><p>Genus Volutilithes Swainson, 1831</p><p>Type species. Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803 (Middle Eocene, Paris Basin, France) designated here (Art. 70.3.2, ICZN 1999).</p><p>Comments. Swainson (1831) discussed Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803, for which he introduced the new genus Volutilithes . His description, the cross-reference to the ‘ Tableau encyclopédique’ (Lamarck 1798, pl. 383, fig. 1) [in which V. muricina is illustrated], his own figure 1 entitled “ muricina “ and the comparison with Volutilithes pertusa Swainson, 1831 indicate unambiguously that this author considered V. m u r i c i na to be the type species of Volutilithes . Unfortunately, Swainson (1831) designated Voluta musicalis Lamarck, 1803 as the type species (by original designation) of Volutilithes . Voluta musicalis Lamarck, 1803 [also the type species of Pseudaulicina Chavan in Furon &amp; Kouriatchy, 1948] is morphologically very different from the two species ( V. muricina and V. pertusa) illustrated by Swainson (1831) to represent his new genus Volutilithes, and Swainson’s designation appeared to subsequent authors to be an error (Dall 1906; Wenz 1943; Korobkov 1955). Consequently, the type species was originally misidentified. In addition, Swainson (1840: 318, fig. 81e) increased this confusion by designating Conus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758 (erroneously) as the type species of Volutilithes .</p><p>Later, Newton (1906) introduced Volutospina for Conus spinosus Linnaeus, 1758 considering correctly that the secondary designation by Swainson (1840) was not correct. On the other hand, Dall (1906: 143), Wenz (1943: 1328), and Korobkov (1955: 310) did not respect the original designation of Swainson (1831) in subsequently designating Voluta muricina as the type species of Volutilithes and this designation cannot be considered to be valid, even if it seems scientifically logical.</p><p>Following article 70.3.2 (ICZN 1999) concerning the case of misidentified type species, we select as type species the species that will, in our judgment, best serve stability and universality. Therefore, we designate here Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803 as the type species of Volutilithes, because this species, discussed and illustrated by Swainson (1831: pl. 53, fig. 1) was misidentified as Voluta musicalis Lamarck, 1803 in the original designation. Eopsephaea Fischer, 1883 (type species: Voluta muricina Lamarck, 1803 by monotypy) becomes a junior objective synonym of Volutilithes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E50FFABFF7FFF33FE72FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E50FFA8FF7FFB28FCE1FEB7.text	03A087E00E50FFA8FF7FFB28FCE1FEB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutilithes welcommei	<div><p>Volutilithes welcommei sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 10 E–H)</p><p>Etymology. Dedicated to Jean-Lou Welcomme.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.39, cast MNHN.F. A50377), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.40, cast MNHN.F.A50378), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.41, cast MNHN.F. A50379).</p><p>Other material. 4 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, H 38–39, D 19–20 mm (holotype H 38.5, D 20.1 mm. Protoconch smooth, rounded, bulbous, of 1¾ whorls (Fig. 10 F). Transition protoconch/teleoconch not defined. Teleoconch of 5 whorls. Spire moderately high, occupying 24% of total shell height. Two first whorls spire whorls convex, later whorls subcarinate. Last whorl narrow, rather conic. Suture linear, undulating between bases of costae. Axial sculpture of strong but narrow, rounded costae, not corresponding from whorl to whorl. Costae slightly orthocline, extending from suture to suture on spire, angulate at shoulder, extending to base of last whorl. First whorl: 12 costae; second whorl: 10–11 costae; third whorl: 9–10 costae; fourth whorl: 10–11 costae; fifth and last whorls: 9–12 costae. No spiral sculpture on spire. Spiral sculpture of fine threads on base of last whorl. Aperture lenticular, occupying 67% of total height, 29% of diameter. No posterior notch. Outer lip slightly thickened externally. Inner lip almost straight anteriorly, sinuous posteriorly. Parietal callus slightly developed, spreading posteriorly. Five oblique columellar folds, the most posterior being weaker. Siphonal canal short, slightly curved dorsally; siphonal fasciole low, weak; siphonal notch very shallow.</p><p>Comparisons. From the Lakhra Formation, this species can be compared to Volutilithes jhirakensis Vredenburg, 1923 [ V. jhirakensis Cossmann &amp; Pissarro, 1909 is a nomen nudum]. V. welcommei is distinguished from V. j h i r a ke n s i s by its wider shape and lower spire. The costae of V. jhirakensis are elongate, whereas they are angulate in V. welcommei . By its elongate shape, V. jhirakensis recalls the Lutetian species from the Paris Basin, V. torulosus (Deshayes, 1835), whereas the low-spired shape and the angulate costae of V. welcommei are more similar to those of V. torreyensis Givens, 1978 from the early Middle Eocene of California.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E50FFA8FF7FFB28FCE1FEB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E53FFA8FF7FFE81FCE1FB4D.text	03A087E00E53FFA8FF7FFE81FCE1FB4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutilithes sindhiensis	<div><p>Volutilithes sindhiensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 11A–E)</p><p>Etymology. From Sindh, Pakistan province.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.42, cast MNHN.F.A50380), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.43, cast MNHN.F. A50381), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.44, cast MNHN.F.A50382).</p><p>Other material. 2 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, H ca. 36, D 19 mm (holotype, H not complete 30.6, D 18.8 mm. Protoconch not preserved. Teleoconch of 5.5 whorls. Spire moderately high, occupying 20% of total shell height. Spire whorls shouldered, carinate. Last whorl conic. Suture linear, undulating between bases of costae. Axial sculpture of strong costae, not corresponding from whorl to whorl. Costae rather orthocline, extending from suture to suture on spire, spiny on the shoulder, extending to base on last whorl. First whorl: sculpture not preserved; second whorl: 12 costae; third whorl: 10 costae; fourth whorl: 11 costae; fifth and last whorls: 10–11 costae. No spiral sculpture. Aperture lenticular, angulate posteriorly, occupying 62% of total height, 35% of diameter. No posterior notch. Outer lip of aperture slightly thickened externally. Inner lip almost straight anteriorly, sinuous posteriorly. Parietal callus poorly developed, not spreading posteriorly. Three oblique columellar folds observed, but probably more present in complete specimens. Base of siphonal canal not preserved.</p><p>Comparisons. This third species of Volutilithes from the Lakhra Formation shares similarities in its dimensions with V. welcommei, but it is easily distinguishable by its spiny costae. A young specimen shows that spines on the costae appear very early in ontogeny (second whorl). In comparison, the costae of V. welcommei become angulate only over the two last whorls. The biconic shape and the spiny costae suggest resemblances to species of A. ( Volutospina), but most species of A. ( Volutospina) exhibit several rows of nodules on their early teleoconch whorls (subsutural and shoulder rows and two abapical rows), which are missing in V. welcommei .</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra Formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E53FFA8FF7FFE81FCE1FB4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E53FFA9FF7FFA33FCEFFC0F.text	03A087E00E53FFA9FF7FFA33FCEFFC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudaulicina coxi	<div><p>Pseudaulicina coxi sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 11 F–I)</p><p>Etymology. Dedicated to L. R. Cox for his work on the Hangu Formation.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.45, cast MNHN.F. A50383), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.46, cast MNHN.F.A50384), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.47, cast MNHN.F. A50385).</p><p>Other material. 5 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell biconic, H probably 60 mm, to judge from largest fragment (holotype H 32.8 not complete, D 20.7 mm). Largest and most complete specimen: H 40, D 22 mm. Protoconch not preserved. Teleoconch of probably 6–7 whorls. Spire relatively high, occupying 32% of total shell height. Spire whorls shouldered, with low carina formed by shoulder spines. Last whorl moderately wide, excavated at beginning of siphonal canal. Suture linear, with weak undulation between bases of costae. Axial sculpture of strong but rounded costae. Costae slightly orthocline, subvertical on early whorls, with acute shoulder spines increasing in prominence until last whorl. On last whorl, costae obsolete from suture to shoulder spine, thick and relatively high below shoulder angle, extending across base, becoming almost obsolete towards end of last whorl. First whorl: not preserved; second and third whorls: 10 costae; fourth and fifth whorls: 9–10 costae; sixth whorl: not preserved. No apparent spiral sculpture. Aperture narrow, acutely angular posteriorly, occupying 55% of total height, 30% of diameter. No posterior notch. Outer lip slightly thickened externally. Inner lip sinuous posteriorly (base not preserved). Parietal callus thin, not spreading posteriorly. Four strong, oblique columellar folds, anterior-most weaker. Siphonal canal not preserved.</p><p>Comparisons. Because of its proportions, its axial sculpture on the early teleoconch whorls and the aspect of its columella, this species is very close to Pseudaulicina vredenburgi (Cox, 1930) from the Hangu Formation. The specimens described by Cox (1930) do not exceed 40 mm in height, like most of the complete specimens collected in the Lakhra Dome, which are probably juveniles. Cox (1930: 197) stated that the spiral sculpture of P. vredenburgi consists of numerous closely and rather irregularly spaced striae, covering the whole surface, and extending anteriorly well down the stem of the shell. This sculpture is missing in the specimens of P. coxi, which have a smooth surface. According to Cox (1930), P. vredenburgi can be compared to P. mitrata (Deshayes, 1835) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin and to P. wateleti (Deshayes, 1865) from the Ypresian of the Paris and Aquitaine basins. P. mitrata is probably a variant of the type species of Pseudaulicina, P. musicalis (Lamarck, 1803), bearing a more elongate spire and stronger spiral cords than the more common specimens. P. musicalis differs from P. vredenburgi and P. coxi by having spiral cords and by its angulate shoulder spines. In addition, large specimens of P. musicalis display one or two posterior folds, which are missing in the two Pakistani species. P. wateleti shares with P. vredenburgi and P. coxi acute shoulder spines and four strong columellar folds. The surface of P. wateleti seems smooth as in P. coxi, but a careful examination of the last whorl of several specimens revealed low spiral cords as in P. musicalis . Although these cords are obsolete, they differ from the fine threads of P. vredenburgi .</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E53FFA9FF7FFA33FCEFFC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E52FFA9FF7FFC16FE54F87D.text	03A087E00E52FFA9FF7FFC16FE54F87D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sindhiluta	<div><p>Genus Sindhiluta gen. nov.</p><p>Type species. Sindhiluta lakhraensis nov. sp. Early Eocene, Lakhra Formation (Sindh, Pakistan).</p><p>Etymology. From Sindh (province of Pakistan) and luta, the two last syllables of Voluta . Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shape elongate, high-spired. First teleoconch whorls subcarinate; last whorl smooth, poorly terraced at shoulder, not excavated anteriorly. Costae on spire rounded, and orthocline, fading out progressively over last whorl. Outer lip not thickened externally. Four strong, oblique columellar folds. Parietal callus thick.</p><p>Included species. Sindhiluta lakhraensis sp. nov. (Lakhra Formation, Ypresian, Sindh Province, Pakistan) and Voluta prevosti Rouault, 1850 [= Psephaea (Eopsephaea) atacica Doncieux, 1908; Psephaea (Eopsephaea) rabetensis Doncieux, 1908; Volutilithes ogormani Cossmann, 1923] (Ypresian, Aquitaine Basin, France).</p><p>Discussion. Pilsbry and Olsson (1954) when introducing the new subfamily Volutilithinae included two genera: Volutilithes and Lapparia Conrad, 1855 (type species: Mitra dumosa Conrad, 1854, Middle Eocene, USA). Subsequent authors such as Pacaud &amp; Le Renard (1996) and Merle et al. (2008) also included Pseudaulicina in this subfamily. Sindhiluta shares characters of the axial sculpture with Volutilithes and columellar characters with Pseudaulicina and Lapparia and therefore is assigned to the Volutilithinae . Rounded and subcarinate costae and a lack of spiral sculpture are characters usually found in species of Volutilithes, such as: V. angustus (Deshayes, 1835) from the Ypresian of the Paris Basin, V. deshayesianus (Rouault, 1850) from the Ypresian of the Aquitaine Basin, and V. torulosus (Deshayes, 1835) and V. c os t ar i u s (Lamarck, 1803) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin. However, Sindhiluta differs obviously from Volutilithes in two characters. First, Sindhiluta lacks costae on its last whorls, whereas they are present on Volutilithes . Second, Sindhiluta has four strong columellar folds, whereas members of Volutilithes have only two or three weaker columellar folds. The number and development of the columellar folds are more nearly similar to those of Pseudaulicina than to Volutilithes . Nevertheless, the persistence of the costae on the last whorls, associated with variably developed shoulder spines, an excavated base and the presence of spiral sculpture in most species of Pseudaulicina contrast greatly with the morphology of Sindhiluta . As in Sindhiluta, Lapparia has four strong columellar folds, the most anterior being weaker, but it is distinguished by its axial sculpture, which continues to persist down the shell and finishes with the appearance of acute shoulder spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E52FFA9FF7FFC16FE54F87D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E54FFADFF7FF92AFE8FFF53.text	03A087E00E54FFADFF7FF92AFE8FFF53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pakiluta	<div><p>Genus Pakiluta gen. nov.</p><p>Type species. Pakiluta solangii nov. sp. Early Eocene, Lakhra Formation (Sindh, Pakistan).</p><p>Etymology. From Paki, the two first syllables of Pakistan and luta, the two last syllables of Voluta . Gender feminine.</p><p>Included species. The type species only.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell solid, with coeloconoid spire. Five early teleoconch whorls convex and elongate, followed by shorter whorls. Last whorl moderately wide, convex posteriorly, almost straight in its median part, slightly excavated anteriorly. Axial sculpture of numerous (20–40) weak, orthocline ridges on spire, disappearing progressively on last whorls. Spiral sculpture almost absent. Outer lip and parietal callus thin. Four strong, oblique columellar folds.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E54FFADFF7FF92AFE8FFF53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E54FFAFFF7FFF79FCEFFAF9.text	03A087E00E54FFAFFF7FFF79FCEFFAF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sindhiluta lakhraensis	<div><p>Sindhiluta lakhraensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 12A–F)</p><p>Etymology. From the type locality (Lakhra village).</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.48, cast MNHN.F.A50386), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.49, cast MNHN.F. A50387), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.50, cast MNHN.F.A50388).</p><p>Other material. 4 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell elongate, H 56–58, D 21–23 mm (holotype H 53.6 not complete, D 31.9 mm). Protoconch not preserved. Teleoconch of 7 whorls. Spire relatively high, occupying 31% of total shell height. Spiral whorls convex to subcarinate. Last whorl narrow, convex posteriorly, not excavated anteriorly. Suture linear with weak undulation between bases of costae. Axial sculpture of strong but rounded costae on spire. Costae orthocline, subcarinate at shoulder, not spinous. On penultimate whorl, costae decreasing in prominence, becoming obsolete, disappearing on last whorl. First whorl: not preserved; second whorl: 11 costae; third whorl: 10 costae; fourth and fifth whorls: 9–10 costae; sixth whorl: 8–9 costae, becoming obsolete; seventh whorl: no costae. No apparent spiral sculpture. Aperture narrow, lenticular, occupying 63% of total height, 26% of diameter. Outer lip thin, not thickened externally. Parietal callus thick posteriorly. Four strong, oblique columellar folds, anterior-most weaker. Siphonal canal not preserved.</p><p>Comparisons. From the Ypresian of the Aquitaine Basin, Voluta prevosti Rouault, 1850 [ Mitra prevosti Rouault, 1848 is a nomen nudum] is the single Paleogene volutid that shares rounded, subcarinate costae disappearing progressively at the end of growth with Sindhiluta . In addition, as in S. lakhraensis sp. nov., the last whorls of V. prevosti are rounded and not shouldered posteriorly, its base is not excavated, its outer lip is not thickened and a parietal callus is present. Regarding the columellar folds, their numbers vary between three and six, but their construction is rather similar to that of S. lakhraensis sp. nov. The most anterior fold is present in young specimens, but is weaker than the three adapical folds or tends to disappear in adult specimens. In S. lakhraensis sp. nov., this anterior fold is also weaker even if it persists at the end of growth. Adapically, the columella of V. prevosti displays three strong folds as in S. lakhraensis . In its posterior part, the columella displays two weak folds in a few specimens, but they are missing in S. lakhraensis . Considering the large number of shared characters with the Pakistani species, we do not hesitate to assign Voluta prevosti to the genus Sindhiluta . On biogeographic grounds, it seems unlikely that these species, located at two extremities of Tethyan Ocean, belong to a same genus. However, the both extremities of the Tethyan Ocean share numerous common genera and even some common species (Pacaud 1997). In addition, examples of range disjunction in tropical marine area are also known (Lozouet et al. 1994).</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E54FFAFFF7FFF79FCEFFAF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E54FFAFFF7FFA03FAFEF9DB.text	03A087E00E54FFAFFF7FFA03FAFEF9DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volutodermatinae Pilsbry and Olsson 1954	<div><p>Subfamily Volutodermatinae Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954</p><p>Comments. Sohl (1964) followed by Bouchet et al. (2005: 255) emended the subfamily name Volutoderminae as originally proposed by Pilsbry and Olsson (1954) to Volutodermatinae, see also Art. 29.3, ICZN (1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E54FFAFFF7FFA03FAFEF9DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
03A087E00E56FF92FF7FFEA2FCEFFDBC.text	03A087E00E56FF92FF7FFEA2FCEFFDBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pakiluta solangii	<div><p>Pakiluta solangii sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 12 G–M</p><p>Etymology. Dedicated to the Professor Sarfraz H. Solangi, Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.</p><p>Type locality. Stn 4: Lakhra Dome, Lakhra village section, base of the Lakhra Formation.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.51, cast MNHN.F. A50389), paratype 1 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.52, cast MNHN.F.A50390), paratype 2 (stn 4: CPAG.RAN. I.53, cast MNHN.F. A50391), paratype 3 (stn 5: CPAG.RAN. I.54, cast MNHN.F.A50392).</p><p>Other material. 2 spm (stn 4: MNHN).</p><p>Description. Shell solid, large, H 75–79, D 36–38 mm (holotype H 70.3 not complete, D 36.2 mm). Protoconch paucispiral, H ca. 1 mm. Teleoconch of 8–9 convex whorls. Coeloconoid spire occupying 20% of total shell height. Five early teleoconch whorls convex, elongate, followed by two shorter whorls. Last whorl moderately wide, convex posteriorly, almost straight-sided in its median part, slightly excavated anteriorly. Suture linear on first whorls, canaliculate on last two whorls. Axial sculpture of weak orthocline ridges on spire, disappearing progressively on last two whorls. First whorl: not preserved; second to fourth whorls: apparently 15–20 ridges; fifth whorl: 24–30 ridges; sixth whorl: 37 ridges; seventh and eighth whorls: ridges obsolete. Spiral sculpture of two or three obsolete cords on base of antepenultimate whorl. Aperture rather narrow, lenticular, occupying 73% of total height, 28% of diameter. Outer lip not thickened externally. Narrow anal sulcus against suture. Parietal callus thin. Four strong, oblique columellar folds, anterior-most weaker. Siphonal canal short. Siphonal fascioles low, weak; siphonal notch shallow.</p><p>Comparisons and discussion. This intriguing species superficially resembles members of the turbinellid genus Turbinella Lamarck, 1799 [type species: Voluta pyrum Linnaeus, 1767 by monotypy] in its smooth last whorls and its four strong columellar folds. However, species of Turbinella differ from the present species by having a more sculptured spire displaying true axial costae and by their columellar folds being more widely spaced and placed more posteriorly. In addition, the siphonal canal is longer and gives species of Turbinella a fusiform shape. The shell shape and sculptural pattern of other turbinellids, such as those of the Vasinae or the Columbariinae, are too different to be compared to Pakiluta . Pakiluta displays closer similarities to the volutids than to Turbinella, because of its shorter siphonal canal and the four strong columellar folds, which are more anteriorly placed on the columella than those of turbinellids. Their construction is rather similar to that of Sindiluta and Pseudaulicina. These shared characters suggest an assignment to the volutids rather than to the turbinellids. Nevertheless, the axial sculpture of Pakiluta consisting of numerous ridges and even its shape with a coeloconoid spire are unusual for the volutids and make subfamilial placement difficult. The smooth last whorl of Pakiluta suggests comparison with Scaphella Swainson, 1832 [type species: Voluta junonia Lamarck, 1804 by subsequent designation, Gray 1847: 141) or Caricella Conrad, 1835 [type species: Caricella pyruloides Conrad, 1834 by subsequent designation, Cossmann (1899: 129)] of the Scaphellinae Gray, 1857, but in Scaphella the spire is more conic, the last whorl is more globose and the columellar folds (usually two or three) are weaker. Caricella is rather similar to Scaphella, but some Cenozoic as well as Mesozoic species of Caricella have four strong folds as in Pakiluta (Dockery 1977; Bandel 2003). Pakiluta can be distinguished easily from these two genera by its anal sulcus against the suture and by its numerous axial ridges on the spire. Pakiluta has two characters that are more comparable to a Mesozoic subfamily, the Volutodermatinae, than to Scaphellinae . They are a coeloconoid spire with elongate whorls and an anal sulcus against the suture, which are present in most species of Volutoderma Gabb, 1877 [type species: Volutoderma navarroensis (Gabb, 1877) by original designation] (for a complementary discussion, see Saul &amp; Squires 2008: 218). Nevertheless, coarser sculpture and weaker columellar folds (three in most species) are characters distinguishing Volutoderma from Pakiluta . Konistra Saul &amp; Popenoe, 1993 [type species: Gosavia biconica (Anderson, 1958) by monotypy] exhibits a shape rather similar to that of Pakiluta, but differs in its coarser sculpture and its two well-developed, slightly oblique columellar folds. Liopeplum Dall, 1890 [type species: Volutilithes (Athleta) lioderma Conrad, 1860 by original designation] has a smooth last whorl as in Pakiluta, but its early teleoconch whorls have true costae. The volutomitrid Daffymitra Harasewych &amp; Kantor, 2005 [type species: D. lindae Harasewych &amp; Kantor, 2005 by original designation] is a living species displaying strongly convex and ovate whorls, a short siphonal canal and weak sculpture consisting of low axial ridges and obsolete spiral cords. These characters recall the early teleoconch whorls of Pakiluta, but the new genus is distinguished by its stronger columellar folds, its anal sulcus and its coeloconoid spire. Harasewych &amp; Kantor (2005) compared D. lindae to a volutodermatine genus, Volutomorpha Gabb, 1877 [type species: Volutilithes conradi Gabb, 1860 by original designation] in which the sculpture is far more strongly developed than in Pakiluta . As for Daffymitra, conchological similarities to the Volutodermatinae raise the possibility that Pakiluta is a surviving descendent from a group presumed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.</p><p>Stratigraphic range. Lakhra formation: Lakhra Dome.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087E00E56FF92FF7FFEA2FCEFFDBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Merle, Didier;Pacaud, Jean-Michel;Métais, Grégoire;Bartolini, Annachiara;Lashari, Rafiq A.;Brohi, Imdad A.;Solangi, Sarfraz H.;Marivaux, Laurent;Welcomme, Jean-Loup	Merle, Didier, Pacaud, Jean-Michel, Métais, Grégoire, Bartolini, Annachiara, Lashari, Rafiq A., Brohi, Imdad A., Solangi, Sarfraz H., Marivaux, Laurent, Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2014): Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Zootaxa 3826 (1): 101-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.3
