identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A0D64EFFD04261FEC69FC1FA2FAB65.text	03A0D64EFFD04261FEC69FC1FA2FAB65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasesarma De Man 1895	<div><p>PARASESARMA De Man, 1895</p><p>Type species: The Indian  Cancer quadratus Fabricius, 1798, which is a preoccupied name and a synonym of  Ocypode plicatum Latreille, 1803 (subsequent designation by Rathbun, 1918; see Ng et al., 2008; Rahayu &amp; Ng, 2010).</p><p>Diagnosis: Small- to medium-sized crabs (usually &lt;25 mm cw; largest specimen studied here, cw = 29.4 mm; see Table 1). Carapace rectangular (broader than long; cw/cl ranging from 1.13 to 1.38 in examined material), with carapace regions well defined: front moderately deflexed, with median concavity; four postfrontal lobes with median groove extending to gastric region (Figs 8A–G, 11A); gastric region well defined; lateral margins of carapace either without tooth, with shallow indentation or with epibranchial tooth of varying size. Eyestalk longer than wide, longer than corneal part in dorsal view; cornea almost as wide as eyestalk (Figs 8A–G, 9A). Male chelipeds robust; palm with one to three (usually two) oblique (more transverse) pectinated crests on upper surface (Fig. 5A–E), which consist of tall chitinous teeth, flanked by a large tubercle on inner side (Fig. 6A–C; except for  P. gemmatum, which has a row of fine granules instead of the pectinated crest; see Remarks on this species); chelar dactylus dorsally with a row of tubercles; proximal tubercles at inner side of dorsal face, with virtual line of proximal dactylar tubercles directed towards inner tubercle of pectinated crests (Fig. 7A). Ambulatory legs dorsoventrally flattened, proportionally short (P4/cw ranges from 1.49 to 1.96; Figs 9B, 11A). Pleon of male relatively short, triangular; somite 3 widest; somite 6 slightly longer than somite 5; telson small, slightly wider than long in most species. Female pleon broad, touching coxae of walking legs; vulvae on anterior part of sternite 6.</p><p>Remarks: Members of this genus have experienced several rearrangements and taxonomic changes (e.g. Tesch, 1917; Serène &amp; Soh, 1970; Ng et al., 2008; Shahdadi &amp; Schubart, 2017), and many were originally described under different names (see Table 4). The genus is distributed exclusively in the Indo-West Pacific (for the type localities, see Table 4) and in our revised system now contains 54 nominal species that are listed in Table 4. For a list of synonyms, see Ng et al. (2008) and Shahdadi &amp; Schubart (2017).</p><p>The type species of  Parasesarma,  P. plicatum, has experienced a complicated and unstable taxonomic history until Rahayu &amp; Ng (2010) revised the taxonomy of this species and presumed allied taxa. These authors also recognized  P. affine and  Parasesarma ungulatum (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) as valid species, which were previously synonymized under  P. plicatum by Tesch (1917). Our genetic results also confirmed the separate identities of these species, but did not recognize them as allies.</p><p>Shahdadi et al. (2019a) described  P. austrawati from northern Australian mangroves and highlighted its phylogenetic position among other related species, focusing on  P. lividum from the South Pacific and  P. samawati from East Africa. However,  P. lividum s.l. has been recorded from different places in Southeast Asia (Tesch, 1917; Shahdadi et al., 2018a; Li et al., 2019), and the phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of these populations are still unresolved.</p><p>Parasesarma bengalense (Davie, 2003) and  Parasesarma haswelli (De Man, 1887) were described from the Bay of Bengal, i.e.  P. bengalense from Sri Lanka (Davie, 2003) and  P. hasswelli from the Mergui Archipelago (De Man, 1887; Table 4), and both have ~16–19 chelar dactylar tubercles. While describing  P. bengalense, Davie (2003) did not include  P. hasswelli for comparison, but Davie (2010) diagnosed  P. hasswelli in his identification key as having asymmetrical chelar dactylar tubercles (vertical distal slope) vs. symmetrical tubercles in  P. bengalense . We examined the morphology of a series of  P. bengalense specimens</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0D64EFFD04261FEC69FC1FA2FAB65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shahdadi, Adnan;Fratini, Sara;Schubart, Christoph D.	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
03A0D64EFFD34267FF779DF0FD43AE47.text	03A0D64EFFD34267FF779DF0FD43AE47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parasesarma maipoense (Soh 1978)	<div><p>Parasesarma maipoense (Soh, 1978) Chiromantes maipoensis Hong Kong: Mai Po</p><p>Naujan Island</p><p>Island</p><p>:</p><p>Manado: Tioman Bitung</p><p>:</p><p>Mindoro Sulawesi: Malaysia Sulawesi:</p><p>locality</p><p>Type</p><p>Philippines: Indonesia Peninsular Indonesia:</p><p>composition and  parvulum paucitorum purpureum tarantula</p><p>name</p><p>Original</p><p>Parasesarma Parasesarma Parasesarma Parasesarma</p><p>.</p><p>comb</p><p>)</p><p>.</p><p>. comb) comb comb.</p><p>) 2018 2009), 2018 2018</p><p>,</p><p>,</p><p>Ng,</p><p>Ng Ng &amp; Ng</p><p>Rahayu</p><p>,</p><p>&amp;</p><p>Rahayu</p><p>&amp;</p><p>(</p><p>, Li Rahayu Rahayu &amp;,</p><p>Li (Li</p><p>Continued  parvulum ( paucitorum purpureum ( tarantula 4 Table. Species  Leptarma nov.  Leptarma nov.  Leptarma nov.  Leptarma nov.</p><p>of different size (age) from different areas and also a small syntype of  P. hasswelli (NHM London; see Table 1). It appears that smaller specimens have asymmetric tubercles, whereas in larger males these tubercles are symmetrically ovate. A possible hypothesis is that this difference is caused by a developmental change through ageing. However, morphological examination of more material of  P. hasswelli and genetic comparison can help to address the doubt of conspecificity.</p><p>Parasesarma bidens was originally described from Japan by De Haan (1833) and was known to be distributed widely in Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines and along the Chinese coast to the Andaman Sea (Dai &amp; Yang, 1991). However, Li et al. (2019) described the new species  Parasesarma sanguimanus Li, Shih &amp; Ng, 2019, based on some Taiwanese specimens that were shown to be morphologically and genetically distinct from the Japanese  P. bidens and other members of  Parasesarma . We here examined a male sample of  P. sanguimanus from Bohol Island (Philippines), indicating an enlarged distribution of this new species beyond its type locality (for the material examined, see Table 1). The specimen from Bohol shares the same haplotype with the Taiwanese paratype in the barcode region of the  COX 1 gene (for the GenBank accession numbers, see Table 2).</p><p>In his description of  P. catenatum, Ortmann (1897) mentioned New Zealand as its collection site, but he was not sure about the exact locality of the material. This species is common in East Africa (Fratini et al., 2005; Cannicci et al., 2017; Fratini et al., 2019), but there are no records from any other part of the world. We examined some specimens from East Africa and compared them with photographs of the type material (see section: Material examined) and they are identical in general morphology. Therefore, we assume that New Zealand as the collection site for the type must have been a labelling error. This species seems aberrant in chelar morphology in comparison to other  Parasesarma species, because it has setae on the palm and dactylus and a wide gap between the fingers when closed (Emmerson, 2016). However, according to the phylogenetic position in this study and having two rows of transverse pectinated crests on the upper face of the palm and a long eyestalk,  P. catenatum is assigned here within the genus  Parasesarma .</p><p>While describing  Parasesarma acis Davie, 1993 (which was later synonymized under  P. tripectinis by Rahayu &amp; Ng, 2005), Davie (1993) also redescribed  P. erythodactyla based on material collected from eastern Australia (deposited in the Queensland Museum and Museum of Victoria). He considered that the types of Hess’ species ( P. erythodactyla) are missing (for details about type history and material examined in the study, see Davie, 1993). He also separated the Australian  P. erythodactyla from  P. acis (now  P. tripectinis) via several morphological characters (e.g. the morphology of G1 and chelar dactylar tubercles; Davie 1993: fig. 1). Our present generic assignment for this species is based on the description and illustration given by Davie (1993) and on the examination of three male specimens collected near Sydney (Table 1).</p><p>Given that no material of  P. exquisitum is examined here, its generic assignment is based on the original description and illustrations (Dai &amp; Song, 1986) and new photographs (see section: Material examined).</p><p>In his identification key, Davie (2010) did not distinguish  P. indiarum from  Parasesarma foresti (Rahayu &amp; Davie, 2002), and their type localities are close (Ambon and Irian Jaya, respectively; De Man, 1902; Rahayu &amp; Davie, 2002; see Table 4). Genetic pairwise comparisons (K2P based on  COX 1) also revealed a close affinity between these two species (Shahdadi et al., 2017: table 3; Shahdadi et al., 2018b: table 2). Based on this evidence, they may be considered conspecifics, and their taxonomy needs to be evaluated by examining material from their entire area of distribution, including the type material.</p><p>The phylogeographic study by Silva et al. (2010) showed that  Parasesarma guttatum (A. Milne-Edwards, 1869) forms two separate clades in the south and north of Mozambique. Confirming this separation, Fratini et al. (2019) recently split  P. guttatum into two pseudocryptic species, of which the newly described  P. capensis Fratini, Innocenti &amp; Cannicci, 2019 is endemic to mangrove forests south of the Mozambique Channel. Thus,  P. guttatum (whose type specimen, described by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1869, was from Zanzibar) is now restricted to populations distributed from the Gulf of Oman (Naderloo, 2011) and the Red Sea to northern Mozambique (Fratini et al., 2019).</p><p>Four species [ P. calypso,  P. ellenae,  P. kuekenthali and  P. lanchesteri (Tweedie, 1936)] were originally described as subspecies of  P. calypso (see Table 4), sharing longitudinal lines on the proximal slopes of the chelar dactylar tubercles (De Man, 1895, 1902; Tweedie, 1936; Pretzmann, 1968). Accordingly, three of them cluster tightly together in our phylogenetic analyses, whereas  P. lanchesteri is more distantly related (Fig. 2).  Parasesarma ellenae was the latest described species of this group. Pretzmann (1968) briefly described this species based on a single small male from New Caledonia (Table 1) and highlighted differences from other members of the  P. calypso group. For the present study, we examined the holotype, which turned out to be a juvenile male with undeveloped G1. Here, we also examined an adult male from New Caledonia and two larger males from Vanuatu Island (Table 1). A separate study will provide a detailed redescription of  P. ellenae along with morphological comparisons with other related species.</p><p>Parasesarma panguaranense was originally described based on a single female (Rathbun, 1914), with no further record. In our study, we examined the holotype of this species, but we were not able to study any male specimen or to obtain any sequences from the type locality. Therefore, our generic assignment is based merely on structures such as orbit and eye morphology (Fig. 11B), which are assumed to be less affected by sexual dimorphism. More specimens from both sexes are necessary to confirm the taxonomy and phylogeny of the species.</p><p>Parasesarma rutilimanum was described from Singapore (Tweedie, 1936), and 1 year later  Parasesarma prashadi (Chopra &amp; Das, 1937) was described from the nearby Mergui Archipelago without a comparison to  P. rutilimanum . According to their original descriptions and illustrations, these two species show high morphological similarity in their general appearance (e.g. carapace morphology, ambulatory legs, number of chelar dactylar tubercles and long primary pectinated crest) and might be conspecific. In the present study, we examined a series of material from Phuket (Thailand), Singapore, Labuan (Malaysia) and a syntype of  P. rutilimanum (from Pulau Senang). It is hard to distinguish the two species morphologically, and therefore in this study species assignments were based on their geography (i.e. specimen from Phuket as  P. prashadi; specimens from Singapore and Labuan as  P. rutilimanum). In this study, we were not able to examine the type of  P. prashadi and we did not obtain any DNA sequence from  P. rutilimanum . Therefore, a targeted study examining the corresponding type material and additional specimens from their distribution area should address this taxonomic issue.</p><p>Parasesarma corallicum and  P. sigillatum show close genetic affinity in our mitochondrial analyses (Fig. 2).  Parasesarma sigillatum was synonymized under  P. carolinense by Serène (1968) and being treated as such until Ng et al. (2016) clarified the identities of  P. carolinense and  P. sigillatum and showed that they are separate species. Ng et al. (2016) also presented several morphological diagnoses to separate  P. corallicum,  P. carolinense and  P. sigillatum .</p><p>Shahdadi et al. (2017) described  P. tuerkayi as a member of the genus  Perisesarma in the special volume dedicated to Michael Türkay, because the generic rearrangement by Shahdadi &amp; Schubart (2017) had not yet been published. However, at the end of their paper, Shahdadi et al. (2017: p. 1175) clarified in an addendum that this species would become a member of  Parasesarma .</p><p>Parasesarma gemmatum was recently described by Li et al. (2019) from Taiwan. A male specimen of this species, collected from Cebu Island (Philippines), was also examined in the present study, matching all diagnostic characters of the Taiwanese types. Genetically, there is only 1 bp difference between the Cebu specimen and the Taiwanese paratype (i.e. ~0.2% of genetic distance; for the GenBank accession numbers, see Table 2). Although this species is similar to other species of  Parasesarma in general carapace and chelar morphology, it differs by having rows of fine granules and no chitinous pectinate crest on the palm (Li et al., 2019; present study). According to its phylogenetic position in the mitochondrial tree (Fig. 2; see also Li et al., 2019: fig. 13), this species is well nested within the  P. plicatum clade. Therefore, it appears that  P. gemmatum could have lost the pectinated crest secondarily. This might also be the case for  Guinearma kamermani (De Man, 1883), a West African sesarmid crab that, in comparison to its congeners [i.e.  Guinearma alberti (Rathbun, 1921) and  Guinearma huzardi (Desmarest, 1825)], has lost the oblique pectinated crest (Shahdadi et al., 2019b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0D64EFFD34267FF779DF0FD43AE47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shahdadi, Adnan;Fratini, Sara;Schubart, Christoph D.	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
03A0D64EFFD64258FEAE99E0FD1FA927.text	03A0D64EFFD64258FEAE99E0FD1FA927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptarma Shahdadi & Fratini & Schubart 2020	<div><p>LEPTARMA GEN. NOV.</p><p>lsid: zoobank.org:act: E4B034FF-1F44-434D-AC67- 70CDE0D2E078</p><p>Type species:  Leptarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) comb. nov. =  Sesarma leptosoma Hilgendorf, 1869, present designation.</p><p>Diagnosis: Small crabs (usually cw &lt;20 mm; largest specimen examined here with cw = 20.8 mm; Table 1). Carapace almost squarish (slightly broader than long; the ratio cw/cl ranges from 1.06 to 1.21 in examined material). Carapace regions well defined: front moderately deflexed, with median concavity; four postfrontal lobes; median groove extending to gastric region (Figs 8H–N, 11C); gastric region well defined (Fig. 11C). Eyestalk shorter than wide in dorsal view; cornea wider than eyestalk (Figs 8H–N, 9A). Male chelipeds robust, palm with one or two (usually two) oblique (more longitudinal) pectinated crests on the upper surface (Fig. 5F, G), which consist of tall chitinous teeth, each flanked by large tubercle on the inner side and a line of coarse granules on the outer side, which creates a ridge, dividing the upper surface of the palm into two separate parts (outer and inner; Fig. 6D–F); chelar dactylus dorsally with a row of tubercles; proximal tubercles at middle of dactylar dorsal face; a virtual line of dactylar tubercles proximally would be directed towards the outer tubercle of the distal pectinated crest (Fig. 7B). Ambulatory legs dorsoventrally flattened, proportionally long (P4/ cw ranges from 1.81 to 2.2; Figs 9B, 11C). Pleon of male triangular; somite 3 widest and somite 6 longest. Female vulvae on the anterior part of sternite 6.</p><p>Etymology: The name  Leptarma is composed of the Greek λεπτός, leptos, thin, referring to the name of the type species epithet  leptosoma, derived from λεπτόσωμα, thin body, which in turn refers to the slim walking legs of the comprised representatives, and the suffix - arma, derived from the last part of the genus  Sesarma (in turn derived from the Greek σαιρω, the act of gaping; Say, 1817). The genus is gender neuter.</p><p>Remarks: This new genus includes 17 species as listed in Table 4, which were previously assigned to the genus  Parasesarma (see Ng et al., 2008; Shahdadi &amp; Schubart, 2017; Li et al., 2018, 2019).</p><p>Our morphological comparisons and genetic results revealed that two species with neighbouring distribution ranges, viz.  Leptarma moluccense (De Man, 1892) comb. nov. and  Leptarma paucitorum (Rahayu &amp; Ng, 2009) comb. nov. (Indonesia: Flores Island and Sulawesi, respectively; for type localities, see Table 4), have a close relationship (see Fig. 1, ML tree). The description and comparison of  L. paucitorum by Rahayu &amp; Ng (2009) did not include  L. moluccense . Here, we suggest targeted morphological and genetic comparisons in order to evaluate the validity of  L. paucitorum .</p><p>Leptarma lenzii (De Man, 1895) comb. nov. was originally described from Aceh (Indonesia: Sumatra; De Man, 1895) and was later recorded from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Tweedie, 1950). In the redescription of  P. sigillatum from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Ng et al. (2016) noted that specimens of a taxon allied to  L. lenzii were also obtained. Shahdadi et al. (2019c) confirmed the identity of material from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands after morphological and genetic comparisons. Recently, Li et al. (2019) recorded this species from Taiwan and confirmed the identity using morphology and  COX 1 as the genetic marker. However, Shahdadi et al. (2019c) doubted the identities of what has been reported as ‘  Parasesarma lenzii ’ from Fiji (De Man, 1889: 434), the Moluccas (De Man, 1902: 536) and the Flores Sea (Tesch, 1918: 114). The material of Crosnier (1965; one male and one female) from Madagascar and the specimen of Poupin et al. (2012; one male) from Europa Island, which were reported as ‘  Parasesarma lenzii ’, were also examined for the present study (see Table 1: material examined of  P. gazi). As a result of DNA degradation, PCR amplifications failed for the specimens of Crosnier (1965). Both G1 of the male specimen from Madagascar were also missing. However, the specimens resemble  L. gazi (Cannicci, Innocenti, &amp; Fratini, 2017) comb. nov. in other features, as previously assigned by Cannicci et al. (2017) according to the drawings given by Crosnier (1965). The specimen from Europa Island differs from both  L. gazi and  L. lenzii and from other species of  Leptarma and will therefore be described as a new species. The ZRC specimens from Singapore that were identified as ‘  P. lenzii ’ were also examined. According to their horseshoe-like chelar dactylar tubercles, they are identified as  P. melissa (e.g. ZRC 2000.1955; see Table 1).</p><p>Leptarma kui (Li, Rahayu &amp; Ng, 2018) comb. nov. was described from Taiwan and is here reported from Cebu (Philippines). We have examined two male specimens, one from Cebu and one from Taiwan (Table 1), and both match the diagnostic characters described by Li et al. (2018). There is only one mutation in the barcode region of  COX 1 between the sequences from Cebu and the holotype of  L. kui (for the GenBank accession numbers, see Table 2).</p><p>After morphological re-examinations and genetic comparisons of the types and extra material of  P. cognatum and  Leptarma liho (Koller, Liu &amp; Schubart, 2010) comb.nov., Shih et al. (2019) identified  P.cognatum as a junior synonym of  L. liho, which is now known from Japan (Okinawa, Miyako and Ishigaki), Taiwan (Hualien, Taitung and Pingtung), the Philippines (Cebu) and Indonesia (Sulawesi).  Leptarma liho also resembles  Leptarma jamelense (Rathbun, 1914) comb. nov. from Luzon (Philippines) in its general and G1 morphology. Koller et al. (2010) did not include  L. jamelense for comparison in their description of  L. liho as a new species. In the present study, the DNA amplification from  L. jamelense was unsuccessful owing to DNA degradation. A targeted sampling from the type locality of  L. jamelense (Philippines: Luzon: Batangas) and genetic comparisons should clarify this uncertainty.</p><p>The present generic assignment of  Leptarma aurifrons (Li, Shih &amp; Ng, 2019) comb. nov. is based on its position in the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2; see also Li et al., 2019: fig. 13). In our mitochondrial tree (Fig. 2),  L. aurifrons is nested in the  Leptarma clade, clustering with  L. moluccense,  L. paucitorum and  L. liho . This is confirmed by the presence of proximal tubercles positioned on the mid-dorsal face of the chelar dactylus (see Li et al., 2019: fig. 4C), which is one of the diagnostic characters of  Leptarma .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0D64EFFD64258FEAE99E0FD1FA927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shahdadi, Adnan;Fratini, Sara;Schubart, Christoph D.	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
