taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A0D64EFFD04261FEC69FC1FA2FAB65.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: The Indian Cancer quadratus Fabricius, 1798, which is a preoccupied name and a synonym of Ocypode plicatum Latreille, 1803 (subsequent designation by Rathbun, 1918; see Ng et al., 2008; Rahayu & Ng, 2010). Diagnosis: Small- to medium-sized crabs (usually <25 mm cw; largest specimen studied here, cw = 29.4 mm; see Table 1). Carapace rectangular (broader than long; cw / cl ranging from 1.13 to 1.38 in examined material), with carapace regions well defined: front moderately deflexed, with median concavity; four postfrontal lobes with median groove extending to gastric region (Figs 8 A – G, 11 A); gastric region well defined; lateral margins of carapace either without tooth, with shallow indentation or with epibranchial tooth of varying size. Eyestalk longer than wide, longer than corneal part in dorsal view; cornea almost as wide as eyestalk (Figs 8 A – G, 9 A). Male chelipeds robust; palm with one to three (usually two) oblique (more transverse) pectinated crests on upper surface (Fig. 5 A – E), which consist of tall chitinous teeth, flanked by a large tubercle on inner side (Fig. 6 A – C; except for P. gemmatum, which has a row of fine granules instead of the pectinated crest; see Remarks on this species); chelar dactylus dorsally with a row of tubercles; proximal tubercles at inner side of dorsal face, with virtual line of proximal dactylar tubercles directed towards inner tubercle of pectinated crests (Fig. 7 A). Ambulatory legs dorsoventrally flattened, proportionally short (P 4 / cw ranges from 1.49 to 1.96; Figs 9 B, 11 A). Pleon of male relatively short, triangular; somite 3 widest; somite 6 slightly longer than somite 5; telson small, slightly wider than long in most species. Female pleon broad, touching coxae of walking legs; vulvae on anterior part of sternite 6. Remarks: Members of this genus have experienced several rearrangements and taxonomic changes (e. g. Tesch, 1917; Serène & Soh, 1970; Ng et al., 2008; Shahdadi & Schubart, 2017), and many were originally described under different names (see Table 4). The genus is distributed exclusively in the Indo-West Pacific (for the type localities, see Table 4) and in our revised system now contains 54 nominal species that are listed in Table 4. For a list of synonyms, see Ng et al. (2008) and Shahdadi & Schubart (2017). The type species of Parasesarma, P. plicatum, has experienced a complicated and unstable taxonomic history until Rahayu & Ng (2010) revised the taxonomy of this species and presumed allied taxa. These authors also recognized P. affine and Parasesarma ungulatum (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) as valid species, which were previously synonymized under P. plicatum by Tesch (1917). Our genetic results also confirmed the separate identities of these species, but did not recognize them as allies. Shahdadi et al. (2019 a) described P. austrawati from northern Australian mangroves and highlighted its phylogenetic position among other related species, focusing on P. lividum from the South Pacific and P. samawati from East Africa. However, P. lividum s. l. has been recorded from different places in Southeast Asia (Tesch, 1917; Shahdadi et al., 2018 a; Li et al., 2019), and the phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of these populations are still unresolved.	en	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
03A0D64EFFD34267FF779DF0FD43AE47.taxon	description	Island: Manado: Tioman Bitung: Mindoro Sulawesi: Malaysia Sulawesi: locality Type Philippines: Indonesia Peninsular Indonesia: composition and parvulum paucitorum purpureum tarantula name Original Parasesarma Parasesarma Parasesarma Parasesarma. comb).. comb) comb comb.) 2018 2009), 2018 2018,, Ng, Ng Ng & Ng Rahayu, & Rahayu & (, Li Rahayu Rahayu &, Li (Li Continued parvulum (paucitorum purpureum (tarantula 4 Table. Species Leptarma nov. Leptarma nov. Leptarma nov. Leptarma nov. of different size (age) from different areas and also a small syntype of P. hasswelli (NHM London; see Table 1). It appears that smaller specimens have asymmetric tubercles, whereas in larger males these tubercles are symmetrically ovate. A possible hypothesis is that this difference is caused by a developmental change through ageing. However, morphological examination of more material of P. hasswelli and genetic comparison can help to address the doubt of conspecificity.	en	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
03A0D64EFFD34267FF779DF0FD43AE47.taxon	materials_examined	In his description of P. catenatum, Ortmann (1897) mentioned New Zealand as its collection site, but he was not sure about the exact locality of the material. This species is common in East Africa (Fratini et al., 2005; Cannicci et al., 2017; Fratini et al., 2019), but there are no records from any other part of the world. We examined some specimens from East Africa and compared them with photographs of the type material (see section: Material examined) and they are identical in general morphology. Therefore, we assume that New Zealand as the collection site for the type must have been a labelling error. This species seems aberrant in chelar morphology in comparison to other Parasesarma species, because it has setae on the palm and dactylus and a wide gap between the fingers when closed (Emmerson, 2016). However, according to the phylogenetic position in this study and having two rows of transverse pectinated crests on the upper face of the palm and a long eyestalk, P. catenatum is assigned here within the genus Parasesarma. While describing Parasesarma acis Davie, 1993 (which was later synonymized under P. tripectinis by Rahayu & Ng, 2005), Davie (1993) also redescribed P. erythodactyla based on material collected from eastern Australia (deposited in the Queensland Museum and Museum of Victoria). He considered that the types of Hess’ species (P. erythodactyla) are missing (for details about type history and material examined in the study, see Davie, 1993). He also separated the Australian P. erythodactyla from P. acis (now P. tripectinis) via several morphological characters (e. g. the morphology of G 1 and chelar dactylar tubercles; Davie 1993: fig. 1). Our present generic assignment for this species is based on the description and illustration given by Davie (1993) and on the examination of three male specimens collected near Sydney (Table 1). Given that no material of P. exquisitum is examined here, its generic assignment is based on the original description and illustrations (Dai & Song, 1986) and new photographs (see section: Material examined). In his identification key, Davie (2010) did not distinguish P. indiarum from Parasesarma foresti (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), and their type localities are close (Ambon and Irian Jaya, respectively; De Man, 1902; Rahayu & Davie, 2002; see Table 4). Genetic pairwise comparisons (K 2 P based on COX 1) also revealed a close affinity between these two species (Shahdadi et al., 2017: table 3; Shahdadi et al., 2018 b: table 2). Based on this evidence, they may be considered conspecifics, and their taxonomy needs to be evaluated by examining material from their entire area of distribution, including the type material. The phylogeographic study by Silva et al. (2010) showed that Parasesarma guttatum (A. Milne-Edwards, 1869) forms two separate clades in the south and north of Mozambique. Confirming this separation, Fratini et al. (2019) recently split P. guttatum into two pseudocryptic species, of which the newly described P. capensis Fratini, Innocenti & Cannicci, 2019 is endemic to mangrove forests south of the Mozambique Channel. Thus, P. guttatum (whose type specimen, described by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1869, was from Zanzibar) is now restricted to populations distributed from the Gulf of Oman (Naderloo, 2011) and the Red Sea to northern Mozambique (Fratini et al., 2019). Four species [P. calypso, P. ellenae, P. kuekenthali and P. lanchesteri (Tweedie, 1936)] were originally described as subspecies of P. calypso (see Table 4), sharing longitudinal lines on the proximal slopes of the chelar dactylar tubercles (De Man, 1895, 1902; Tweedie, 1936; Pretzmann, 1968). Accordingly, three of them cluster tightly together in our phylogenetic analyses, whereas P. lanchesteri is more distantly related (Fig. 2). Parasesarma ellenae was the latest described species of this group. Pretzmann (1968) briefly described this species based on a single small male from New Caledonia (Table 1) and highlighted differences from other members of the P. calypso group. For the present study, we examined the holotype, which turned out to be a juvenile male with undeveloped G 1. Here, we also examined an adult male from New Caledonia and two larger males from Vanuatu Island (Table 1). A separate study will provide a detailed redescription of P. ellenae along with morphological comparisons with other related species. Parasesarma panguaranense was originally described based on a single female (Rathbun, 1914), with no further record. In our study, we examined the holotype of this species, but we were not able to study any male specimen or to obtain any sequences from the type locality. Therefore, our generic assignment is based merely on structures such as orbit and eye morphology (Fig. 11 B), which are assumed to be less affected by sexual dimorphism. More specimens from both sexes are necessary to confirm the taxonomy and phylogeny of the species.	en	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
03A0D64EFFD64258FEAE99E0FD1FA927.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Leptarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) comb. nov. = Sesarma leptosoma Hilgendorf, 1869, present designation. Diagnosis: Small crabs (usually cw <20 mm; largest specimen examined here with cw = 20.8 mm; Table 1). Carapace almost squarish (slightly broader than long; the ratio cw / cl ranges from 1.06 to 1.21 in examined material). Carapace regions well defined: front moderately deflexed, with median concavity; four postfrontal lobes; median groove extending to gastric region (Figs 8 H – N, 11 C); gastric region well defined (Fig. 11 C). Eyestalk shorter than wide in dorsal view; cornea wider than eyestalk (Figs 8 H – N, 9 A). Male chelipeds robust, palm with one or two (usually two) oblique (more longitudinal) pectinated crests on the upper surface (Fig. 5 F, G), which consist of tall chitinous teeth, each flanked by large tubercle on the inner side and a line of coarse granules on the outer side, which creates a ridge, dividing the upper surface of the palm into two separate parts (outer and inner; Fig. 6 D – F); chelar dactylus dorsally with a row of tubercles; proximal tubercles at middle of dactylar dorsal face; a virtual line of dactylar tubercles proximally would be directed towards the outer tubercle of the distal pectinated crest (Fig. 7 B). Ambulatory legs dorsoventrally flattened, proportionally long (P 4 / cw ranges from 1.81 to 2.2; Figs 9 B, 11 C). Pleon of male triangular; somite 3 widest and somite 6 longest. Female vulvae on the anterior part of sternite 6. Etymology: The name Leptarma is composed of the Greek λεπτός, leptos, thin, referring to the name of the type species epithet leptosoma, derived from λεπτόσωμα, thin body, which in turn refers to the slim walking legs of the comprised representatives, and the suffix - arma, derived from the last part of the genus Sesarma (in turn derived from the Greek σαιρω, the act of gaping; Say, 1817). The genus is gender neuter. Remarks: This new genus includes 17 species as listed in Table 4, which were previously assigned to the genus Parasesarma (see Ng et al., 2008; Shahdadi & Schubart, 2017; Li et al., 2018, 2019). Our morphological comparisons and genetic results revealed that two species with neighbouring distribution ranges, viz. Leptarma moluccense (De Man, 1892) comb. nov. and Leptarma paucitorum (Rahayu & Ng, 2009) comb. nov. (Indonesia: Flores Island and Sulawesi, respectively; for type localities, see Table 4), have a close relationship (see Fig. 1, ML tree). The description and comparison of L. paucitorum by Rahayu & Ng (2009) did not include L. moluccense. Here, we suggest targeted morphological and genetic comparisons in order to evaluate the validity of L. paucitorum.	en	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
03A0D64EFFD64258FEAE99E0FD1FA927.taxon	description	The present generic assignment of Leptarma aurifrons (Li, Shih & Ng, 2019) comb. nov. is based on its position in the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2; see also Li et al., 2019: fig. 13). In our mitochondrial tree (Fig. 2), L. aurifrons is nested in the Leptarma clade, clustering with L. moluccense, L. paucitorum and L. liho. This is confirmed by the presence of proximal tubercles positioned on the mid-dorsal face of the chelar dactylus (see Li et al., 2019: fig. 4 C), which is one of the diagnostic characters of Leptarma.	en	Shahdadi, Adnan, Fratini, Sara, Schubart, Christoph D. (2020): Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1123-1158
