identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A0DE60FFA2FF9973F96AB5D9ECFE51.text	03A0DE60FFA2FF9973F96AB5D9ECFE51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Venerinae	<div><p>Venerinae</p><p>Dall (1902) proposed Anomalodiscus as a section of Anomalocardia Schumacher, 1817, but the taxonomy of these genera has always been controversial (Jukes-Browne, 1914; Prashad, 1932; Habe, 1977). Anomalodiscus is usually considered monotypic, containing only one species, Anomalodiscus aquamosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fischer-Piette &amp; Vukadinovic, 1977; Zhuang, 2001; Huber, 2010). In the CB tree (Fig. 4A), Anomalodiscus squamosus forms a highly supported monophyletic group with Timoclea . We then took Timoclea scabra (Hanley, 1845) as a representative of Timoclea and compared its characteristics with Anomalodiscus aquamosus . The results show that both species share similar hinges and sculptures, which are key characteristics in Anomalodiscus (Dall, 1902; Fig. 7A–C, E–G). Meanwhile, fluted crenulations on the margin of the inner surface of the shell are observed in both species (Fig. 7D, H). Therefore, both molecular and morphological evidence supports the placement of Anomalodiscus squamosus in Timoclea and the monotypic genus Anomalodiscus as a subgenus of Timoclea .</p><p>Periglypta Jukes-Browne, 1914 has long been a controversial genus in Venerinae, concerning validity and subfamily assignment. Huber (2010) considered that the distinction between Antigona and Periglypta was questionable and indicated a morphological continuum from Antigona lamellaris Schumacher, 1817 to Periglypta puerpera if all known global Antigona and Periglypta species are considered. Accordingly, Periglypta has been proposed as a synonym for Antigona (Huber, 2010) . Despite the lack of distinguishing characters, the typical species of both genera, Antigona lamellaris and Periglypta puerpera, do not cluster together in either the CB or MT tree. In addition, tRNAs in the mitogenomes of the two species appear to have a large span translation, demonstrating that Antigona and Periglypta are two distinct genera.</p><p>Subfamily placement of Periglypta remains a matter of debate. Although typical Venerinae characters were found in Periglypta (Kappner, 2006), its position varied depending on molecular markers used in previous phylogenetic studies (Kappner &amp; Bieler, 2006; Mikkelsen et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2011b). The placement of Periglypta remains unresolved in the tree topology based on multigene fragments, but highly resolved in the mitogenome-based topology. Within the MT tree, Periglypta puerpera clusters with Venerinae and forms a clade (Fig. 4C). Gene arrangements provide powerful evidence for the taxonomic status of Periglypta . A complex, derived arrangement shared by taxa is a convincing indicator of relatedness and is unlikely to have arisen independently in separate lineages (Boore &amp; Brown, 1998). Periglypta puerpera shares a longer gene chain with Venerinae than species from other subfamilies (Fig. 6A). Consequently, we suggest the placement of Periglypta in Venerinae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0DE60FFA2FF9973F96AB5D9ECFE51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Yumeng;Ma, Peizhen;Zhang, Zhen;Li, Cui;Chen, Ya;Wang, Yunan;Wang, Haiyan	Liu, Yumeng, Ma, Peizhen, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Cui, Chen, Ya, Wang, Yunan, Wang, Haiyan (2022): The new phylogenetic relationships in Veneridae (Bivalvia: Venerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 346-365, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac047
03A0DE60FFA5FF9973CB6E85D9EFFD3D.text	03A0DE60FFA5FF9973CB6E85D9EFFD3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dosiniinae Deshayes 1853	<div><p>Dosiniinae</p><p>Placamen was considered to belong to Choininae (Fischer-Piette &amp; Vukadinovic, 1977). Similar to Periglypta, the subfamily assignment of Placamen has been in disarray owing to various phylogenetic results based on multigene fragments. In the MT tree in the present study, Placamen clusters with Dosiniiae (Fig. 4C), and the gene orders in Placamen and Dosinia are almost identical. Therefore, we here place Placamen in Dosiniinae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0DE60FFA5FF9973CB6E85D9EFFD3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Yumeng;Ma, Peizhen;Zhang, Zhen;Li, Cui;Chen, Ya;Wang, Yunan;Wang, Haiyan	Liu, Yumeng, Ma, Peizhen, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Cui, Chen, Ya, Wang, Yunan, Wang, Haiyan (2022): The new phylogenetic relationships in Veneridae (Bivalvia: Venerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 346-365, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac047
03A0DE60FFA5FF9973CB6A6DDB90FBD4.text	03A0DE60FFA5FF9973CB6A6DDB90FBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tapetinae (Gray 1851)	<div><p>Tapetinae</p><p>Species of Tapetinae seem to evolve more rapidly than other subfamilies in Veneridae, either from the less conservative gene arrangement or from the higher transversion divergence rate in 16S (Canapa et al., 1996). Moreover, the homogeneously morphological characters led to misidentification and unreasonable phylogenetic inference by Chen et al. (2011b). In our study, the genus Marcia is polyphyletic: Marcia hiantina and Marcia japonica (Gmelin, 1791) cluster with Tapes Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811 in both trees, whereas Marcia recens (Holten, 1802) clusters with Paphia in the CB tree and with Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the MT tree (Fig. 4). This result indicates that Marcia hiantina and Marcia japonica have a closer relationship to Tapes, which is consistently supported by the mitochondrial gene arrangement. In addition, we confirmed two shell forms of Marcia hiantina (Fig. 8), of which one (type B) is similar to Tapes . As a result, we here suggest that Marcia hiantina and Marcia japonica should be reassigned to the genus Tapes, and rename them as Tapes hiantina comb. nov. and Tapes japonica comb. nov.</p><p>The placement of Irus in the topology based on multigene fragments failed to support the monophyly of Tapetinae (Fig. 4B). Considering the differences in phylogenetic trees based on short gene fragments and mitogenomes in Venerinae and Dosiniinae, the genus Irus should remain in Tapetinae until further molecular evidence, such as whole mitochondrial sequences, is available. Two Irus sequences, obtained from the studies by Mikkelsen et al. (2006) and Goto et al. (2012), are significantly different from other newly collected Irus species in clade A7. The absence of available sample photographs cannot rule out the possibility of an error in identification. In particular, there are significant morphological differences between Irus crenatus and other Irus species according to Mikkelsen et al. (2006).</p><p>Furthermore, the features and mitogene arrangements of three Ruditapes species, Ruditapes aspera Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1835, Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum, do not exhibit a high degree of similarity, and none of these species has a sister-group relationship. Consequently, these three species might belong to three different genera (Liu et al., 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0DE60FFA5FF9973CB6A6DDB90FBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Yumeng;Ma, Peizhen;Zhang, Zhen;Li, Cui;Chen, Ya;Wang, Yunan;Wang, Haiyan	Liu, Yumeng, Ma, Peizhen, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Cui, Chen, Ya, Wang, Yunan, Wang, Haiyan (2022): The new phylogenetic relationships in Veneridae (Bivalvia: Venerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 346-365, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac047
03A0DE60FFA7FF9B73CB6B80D96AFA3E.text	03A0DE60FFA7FF9B73CB6B80D96AFA3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callistinae	<div><p>Callistinae</p><p>Callista was originally considered a child taxon in Pitarinae (Keen, 1951) . Habe (1977) was the first to transfer it to subfamily Callistinae . The controversy surrounding the relationship between the two subfamilies and their genera has arisen ever since. Our results support the separation of Callistinae from Pitarinae s.l., rejecting the proposal to treat them as synonymous (Higo et al., 1999; Coan et al., 2000; Huber, 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0DE60FFA7FF9B73CB6B80D96AFA3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Yumeng;Ma, Peizhen;Zhang, Zhen;Li, Cui;Chen, Ya;Wang, Yunan;Wang, Haiyan	Liu, Yumeng, Ma, Peizhen, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Cui, Chen, Ya, Wang, Yunan, Wang, Haiyan (2022): The new phylogenetic relationships in Veneridae (Bivalvia: Venerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 346-365, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac047
03A0DE60FFA7FF9B73CB6977DCC3FA67.text	03A0DE60FFA7FF9B73CB6977DCC3FA67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pitarinae (Keen 1951)	<div><p>Pitarinae</p><p>Pelecyora Dall, 1902 has always been placed in Dosiniinae (Jukes-Browne, 1908; Fischer-Piette &amp; Delmas, 1967; Zhuang, 2001; Huber, 2010), but Xu et al. (2008) included it in Pitarinae . We examined the shells and found three conchological distinctions between Pelecyora [represented by Pelecyora trigona (Reeve, 1850)], Pitarinae [represented by Pitar striatum (Gray, 1838)] and Dosiniinae [represented by Dosinia biscocta (Reeve, 1850)]: the type of the anterior lateral tooth in the LV, the height of the umbo and inflation of the lunule (Fig. 10). Both Pelecyora trigona and Pitar striatum have an anterior lateral tooth that is not aligned with the anterior cardinal tooth (Fig. 10E, F), in addition to a higher umbo (Fig. 10E, F) and a lunule that is flush with the main body of the shell (Fig. 10H, I). In Dosinia biscocta, the anterior lateral tooth is aligned with the anterior cardinal tooth (Fig. 10D), while the umbo is lower (Fig. 10D) and the lunule is impressed below the level of the main body of the shell (Fig. 10G). Nevertheless, the phylogenetic results based on multigene fragments show that Pelecyora is basal in clade B1, Pitarinae is in clade B1 and Dosiniinae is clustered in clade A (Fig. 3). Consequently, we suggest placing Pelecyora in Pitarinae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0DE60FFA7FF9B73CB6977DCC3FA67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Yumeng;Ma, Peizhen;Zhang, Zhen;Li, Cui;Chen, Ya;Wang, Yunan;Wang, Haiyan	Liu, Yumeng, Ma, Peizhen, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Cui, Chen, Ya, Wang, Yunan, Wang, Haiyan (2022): The new phylogenetic relationships in Veneridae (Bivalvia: Venerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 346-365, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac047
03A0DE60FFA7FF9A70536A94DC3CFAF9.text	03A0DE60FFA7FF9A70536A94DC3CFAF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gouldiinae Stewart 1930	<div><p>Gouldiinae</p><p>The relationship between Gafrarium tumidum Röding, 1798 and Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758) is not yet well clarified. Huber (2010) proposed Gafrarium tumidum as a subtype of Gafrarium pectinatum, based on morphological similarities. At present, Gafrarium tumidum is accepted as a synonym of Gafrarium pectinatum in the World Register of Marine Species (https://www.marinespecies.org). However, a significant difference in cox1 sequences (identity percentage &lt;90%) is detected, in addition to obvious differences in radial ribs of the two species. In Gafrarium pectinatum, the radial ribs in the middle of the shell surface have uneven thickness and are always merged or bifurcated (Fig. 11A), whereas in Gafrarium tumidum the radial ribs in the middle of the shell thicken from the umbo to the ventral margin, and every two ribs cluster together, with secondary ribs near the ventral margin between clusters (Fig. 11B). According to our molecular and morphological findings, we confirm that Gafrarium tumidum is a valid species.</p><p>Our phylogenetic results also suggest placing the genera Lioconcha Mörch, 1853 and Hyphantosoma Dall, 1902 in Gouldiinae . Reeve (1863) proposed that Lioconcha was much closer to Circe Schumacher, 1817 / Gafrarium Röding, 1798 than to Pitar Römer, 1857 . Huber (2010) also indicated that all Lioconcha species have a small pallial sinus, which is a typical characteristic of Gouldiinae . Moreover, Hyphantosoma is characterized by a zigzag sculpture on the external surface of the shell (Hertlein &amp; Strong, 1948; Lamprell &amp; Healy, 1997; Raines &amp; Huber, 2012), similar to the sculpture of Circe . Thus, it is reasonable to place these two genera in Gouldiinae and consider Lioconchinae as a synonym of Gouldiinae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0DE60FFA7FF9A70536A94DC3CFAF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Yumeng;Ma, Peizhen;Zhang, Zhen;Li, Cui;Chen, Ya;Wang, Yunan;Wang, Haiyan	Liu, Yumeng, Ma, Peizhen, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Cui, Chen, Ya, Wang, Yunan, Wang, Haiyan (2022): The new phylogenetic relationships in Veneridae (Bivalvia: Venerida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196: 346-365, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac047
