identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A0E701A37FFFBFFF970665FA5440CE.text	03A0E701A37FFFBFFF970665FA5440CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia anquetilia N. P. Taylor & Airy Shaw	<div><p>3.1. S. anquetilia</p><p>S. anquetilia is an aromatic erect or creeping shrub, native to the Himalayan region and often cultivated for decorative purposes (Kumar et al., 2012). An ethanolic extract of leaves from S. anquetilia yielded six coumarins, 7,8-dihdroxy-6-[3 0 -β- D- glucopyranosyloxy-2 0 (Ę)-hydroxy-3 0 -methylbutyl]-coumarin glucoside 34, 6- (2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-7-methoxycoumarin 30, skimmine 22, osthol 38, esculetin 23, and scopoletin 24. Moreover, the coumarin 6-methoxy-7-(2 0 -hydroxy-3 0 -methylbutyl)-coumarin 33 was isolated (Sharma et al., 2008).</p><p>Prakash et al. (2011) showed that essential oils separately obtained by hydro-distillation from seeds and fruits and analysed by GC–MS contained up to 70 compounds. Fatty acids and their esters were found to be common components for both in similar percentages. On the other hand α- cadinol, α- terpineol, selinene, neo-isolongifolene, linalool, cis -Z-α- bisabolene oxide, aromadendrene, and (―)-selinene were the main points of differences between the two essential oils. The essential oil obtained from flowers and leaves and analysed by the same methodology as above indicated the presence of β- phellandrene (1.8% in leaves and 18.4% in flowers), geijerene (2.0%, 15.0%), germacrene B (11.6%, 2.0%), linalyl acetate (7.3%, 11.2%), linalool (9.5%, 9.4%), αterpineol (5.6%, 4.4%), and pregeijerene (0.2%, 5.6%) as the most abundant mono- and sesquiterpenes (Gondwal et al., 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A37FFFBFFF970665FA5440CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A37FFFBEFCDA071EFD35413B.text	03A0E701A37FFFBEFCDA071EFD35413B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia arborescens Gamble	<div><p>3.2. S. arborescens</p><p>S. arborescens is a small tree or shrub, commonly used as an ornamental plant native to the Himalaya and Southeastern Asia (He et al., 2011) He et al. (2011, 2012) studied alkaloids, coumarins, and flavonoids from extracts of S. arborescens and isolated one alkaloid, 1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolone 2, six coumarins, umbelliferone 21, scopoletin 24, its glucoside scopolin 31, nodakenetin 53, skimmin 22, and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin 26, and five flavonoids, quercetin 67, quercetin 3- O -α- L- rhamnoside 68, kaempferol 3,7-di- O -β- D- glucoside 69, isosakuranetin 7- O -neohesperidoside (poncirin) 70, and hesperetin 7- O -rutinoside (hesperidin) 71.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A37FFFBEFCDA071EFD35413B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A37EFFB9FFB20742FA7C405A.text	03A0E701A37EFFB9FFB20742FA7C405A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia foremanii H. Knight	<div><p>3.3. S. x foremanii</p><p>S x foremanii, commonly known as ‘‘Japanese skimmia’’ is an up to 1.5 m high evergreen shrub, featuring stellate shaped white flowers arranged in a cyme, ovate leaves, and red fruits. S. x foremanii is a hybrid between S. japonica and S. reevesiana (Weinstein and Craig, 1971) .</p><p>Weinstein and Craig (1971) investigated the apolar extract obtained from leaves of S. x foremanii and isolated one alkaloid, dictamnine 12, two coumarins, isoimperatorin 47 and (+)- oxypeucedanin 48, and two triterpenes, skimmiol (syn. taraxerol) 80 and skimmione (syn. taraxerone) 81. Compared to other Skimmia taxa the number of secondary metabolites reported from S. x foremanii is very limited and the taxon warrants more attention in the next future both from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view. Future studies should be focused on both the hybrid HO O O</p><p>64, columbianectin, MW 246 65, seselin, MW 220 and both its parental species. It will be of particular interest to elucidate whether the secondary metabolite profile of the hybrid taxon contains additive sets of compounds from its parents (i.e. the metabolites found in S. japonica plus the ones found in S. reevesiana) or only the intersecting set (i.e. only compounds found in both species) and whether this pattern is uniform or diverging for different compound classes (phenolic, coumarins, alkaloids, etc.). Another aspect to be studied in future investigations is whether crosses of male S. japonica and female S. reveesiana plants result in phytochemically identical plants as compared to crosses of female S. japonica and male S. reveesiana plants. Skimmia being a dioecious genus, a comparison of male and female descendants of such crossing experiments is obviously of interest, too.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A37EFFB9FFB20742FA7C405A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E.text	03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia japonica Thunb.	<div><p>3.4. S. japonica</p><p>S. japonica is an evergreen plant native to the Himalaya and East Asia. In Europe it is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant featuring large white fragrant inflorescences (Taylor, 1987). The first phytochemical study on S. japonica was reported at the beginning of XXth century. Honda (1904) isolated the alkaloid skimmianine 13 from an ethanol extract of S. japonica leaves but at the time was neither able to determine its exact chemical structure nor to assign a correct molecular formula. In the early 1930s Asahina and Inubuse (1930) repeated the work of Honda, re-isolated skimmianine 13 and, using classical methods of synthetic organic chemistry in combination with the analytical methods available at the time, correctly identified its structure 13 as a dimethoxy derivative of dictamnine 12. Later Tomita and Ishii (1958) re-examined the alkaloid content of S. japonica and showed that apart from skimmianine 13, which is the major alkaloid occurring in S. japonica extracts, the species also contained other alkaloids of at the time not fully confirmed structure. In the 1960s Boyd and Grundon (1967) studied female plants of S. japonica and isolated apart from skimmianine 13 two additional alkaloids, dictamnine 12 and (+)-platydesmine salt 19. In 1970 and 1974 the same team expanded the knowledge on the occurrence of alkaloids in leaves of S. japonica by describing the isolation and identification of eduline 3, γ- fagarine 14, and 5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolone 1 (Boyd and Grundon, 1970; Grundon et al., 1974).</p><p>Several studies have been carried out focusing on the biosynthesis and chemical transformations of alkaloids occurring in S. japonica and other taxa of the Rutaceae family (Ohta, 1953; Tomita and Ishii, 1958; Matsuo and Kasida, 1966; Collins and Grundon, 1969; Boyd and Grundon, 1970; Grundon and James, 1971; Collins et al., 1974; Grundon et al., 1974). Apart from alkaloids, S. japonica is a rich source of coumarins, which are the second major group of compounds present in this genus. The first report on the occurrence of coumarins stems from 1938 when seselin 65 was isolated (Späth and Neufeld, 1938a). Additional investigations by the same authors revealed that apart from seselin, S. japonica contains high quantities of umbelliferone 21 and its glucoside – skimmin 22 (Späth and Neufeld, 1938b). Later Atkinson et al. (1974) showed that S. japonica is a source of both simple coumarins and furocoumarins, which has been confirmed by other studies (Reisch and Achenbach, 1989, 1991, 1992a,b). Reisch and Achenbach (1992a) reported on differences in the chemical composition of stem barks from male and female plants of S. japonica . The authors showed some differences in the content of simple coumarins between plants of both sexes and reported the occurrence of the following coumarins in S. japonica: 21, 22, 24, 31, 37–43, 45–51, 54–58, 60–63 and 65. Unfortunately, however, the results of this potentially very interesting study are difficult to critically evaluate, because the authors fail to report standard deviations for their quantification results and because it is not clear whether the reported values are derived from investigations of one single plant per sex or whether multiple samples had been investigated to obtain the reported results.</p><p>Takeda (1941) investigated the alcoholic extract of S. japonica from which two triterpenoids – skimmion/taraxeron 81 and skimmiol/taraxerol 80 together with skimmianine were isolated and identified. The investigation of leaves and fruits of S. japonica has led to the isolation and identification of two more triterpenoids named skimmiarepins A and B 78 and 79 (Ochi et al., 1988). The only steroid detected in S. japonica so far is β- sitosterol 72 (Reisch and Achenbach, 1991, 1992a). Triterpenoids and steroids were reported to be minor compounds in S. japonica . In the literature there are several studies concerning the biosynthesis and transformations of triterpenoids from Skimmia (Takeda and Yoshiki, 1941; Takeda, 1942; Takeda, 1943a,b; Abe, 1962).</p><p>Seeds of S. japonica yielded a wide variety of limonoids, a group of triterpenoids known from the Rutaceae and Meliaceae families. A total of 21 limonoids 82–102 including 13 aglycones belonging to the limonin, calamine, and ichangensin groups together with eight glucosides were detected and quantified in S. japonica by Hasegawa et al. (1998). Chemical structures and molecular weights of these limonoids are displayed in Fig. 8.</p><p>The report of Hasegawa et al. (1998) is the only report on limonoids in the genus Skimmia so far. Though the authors claim to have used TLC and NMR (aglycones) and HPLC and NMR (glucosides) for compound identification, it is striking that they were able to identify so many compounds with a limited sample (200–250 g) using these methods. It seems feasible that only few main compounds were actually identified by NMR while most minor compounds were only assigned using Rf values or HPLC retention times. This would also explain why no new compounds were amongst the 21 limonoids reported in this study.</p><p>According to our literature survey neither qualitative nor quantitative modern chromatographic systems to analyse S. japonica extracts have been established.</p><p>Notably, there are no studies on the presence of polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids) in aerial parts of S. japonica . This β group of compounds seems to have been neglected so far and research focusing on the structures and yields of these compounds in S. japonica should be performed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A379FFBBFCDA0681FE22407E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A37BFFB5FF970681FBE54784.text	03A0E701A37BFFB5FF970681FBE54784.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne.	<div><p>3.5. S. laureola</p><p>S. laureola (syn. Limonia laureola Blanco) is an evergreen shrub, native to Northern China and the Northern Himalayan region often cultivated for ornamental purposes, also as a bonsai (He et al., 1995). Leaves are consumed, after having been cooked, as a condiment in curries or as flavouring for other food by local populations in China and Himalayan region. Fresh leaves were used in the treatment of smallpox and smoke produced by burning the leaves is believed to purify the air (He et al., 1995).</p><p>Together with S. japonica, S. laureola is the phytochemically and pharmacologically most intensely studied species of the genus Skimmia . S. laureola is a rich source of coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenes, and steroids and contains essential oil.</p><p>The first alkaloid isolated from S. laureola subsp. multinervia was evoxine 17 (He et al., 1995). Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (1998a,b) obtained four quinolone alkaloids from the ethanolic extract of leafy shoots and named them ptelefoliarine 6, acetoxyptelefoliarine 7, acetoxyedulinine 8, and orixiarine 9, and methyl isoplatydesmine 20. Moreover, two additional quinoline alkaloids, acetyl ribalinine 10 and ribaliprenylene 11 were isolated (Sultana et al., 2005). In 2007 the same group provided evidence for the presence of yet two additional quinoline alkaloids in addition to 6–8, and 11, methyl isoplatydesmine 20 and dictamnine 12 were isolated from aerial parts (Sultana et al., 2007).</p><p>The first study describing the isolation and structural characterization of coumarins was published by Chatterjee and Bhattacharyya in two different papers in 1947 and 1953; leaves and bark yielded three coumarins, umbelliferone 21, O O β−D-glucopyranosyl H H COOH O O82, limonin, MW 470 83, limonin 17-β−D-glucopyranoside, MW 650 84, isoobacunoic acid, MW 472</p><p>β−D-glucopyranosyl HO O O COOH O O OHO O 87, methyl isoobacunoate diosphenol 85, cyclocalamin,MW 502 86, cyclocalamin 17-β−D-glucopyranoside, MW 682 R = CH 3, MW 502 88, isoobacunoate acid diosphenol R = H, MW 486</p><p>β−D-glucopyranosyl</p><p>O COOH</p><p>O OOO89, nomilin 17-β−D-glucopyranoside, R = acetyl MW 694 91, nomilin, R = acetyl MW 514 90, desacetylnomilin 17-β−D-glucopyranoside, R = H, MW 652 92, desacetylnomilin,R = H, MW 472 93, obacunone, MW 454</p><p>β−D-glucopyranosyl β−D-glucopyranosyl O O COOH COOH O O O OO O 95, retrocalamin, MW 462 96, retrocalamin 17-β−D-glucopyranoside, MW 94, obacunone 17-β− D-glucopyranoside, MW 652 642</p><p>β−D-glucopyranosyl COOH O HO HO O OOH O 97, ichangensin, MW 444 98, ichangensin 17-β−D-glucopyranoside, MW 624 99, calamin, MW 520 isopimpinellin 62, and bergaptene 46. The same research group isolated scopoletin 24 as an additional compound from an ethanol extract of the bark (Bhattacharjee and Mullick, 1960) . The same four coumarins were also obtained from apolar extracts of dry leaves (Pathak and Pant, 1972; Bhargava and Seshadri, 1973). Investigations of roots extract of S. laureola afforded two additional coumarins, namely (+)-heraclenin 60 and isoimperatorin 47, along with the glucoside of umbelliferone (skimmin) 22 and scopoletin 24 (Sood et al., 1978). Other coumarins, namely 7-methoxy-6-(2 0 - methoxy-3 0 -hydroxy-3 0 -methylbutyl)-coumarin 28, isogospherol 59, heraclenol 61, 5,8-dimethoxycoumarin 35, 7-methoxy-6-[2 0 - oxo-3 0 -methylbutyl]-coumarin 29, ulopterol 27, and marmesin 52 were isolated from leaves (Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 2002; Sultana et al., 2004).</p><p>S. laureola was also shown to be a rich source of triterpenes. The first phytochemical report concerning these secondary metabolites was O -methyllaureolol 74 (Zhang et al., 1995). Further details about the exact configuration were given by the same group two years later (Zhang et al., 1997). Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (1998b) obtained 3-oxo-lanosta-20-25-diene-3-one 73 from aerial parts of S. laureola . A series of other penta- and tetracyclic triterpenes were isolated in the following years: taraxerone 81 (Parvez et al., 1999), O -methylcyclolaudenol 76 was obtained from the leaves and described by Atta-ur-Rahman et al. as well as by Hussain et al. in a number of reports published between 2002 and 2009. A derivative of the latter compound, namely 16,29-dihydroxy-20- ene-cyclolaudenol 77 has been isolated in 2008 by Sultana et al., and finally 24-methyllanosta-7,25-dien-3-one 75 was obtained by Hussain and Parvez (2010).</p><p>The first investigation of S. laureola essential oil was published in 1920 by Anon who reported some chemo-physical parameters (density, optical rotation, and solubility) of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves. The chemical composition of the essential oil prepared from the same source was found to consist mainly of linalool and its acetate with smaller quantities of undefined sesquiterpenes (Simonses, 1921). The composition of the essential oil of the leaves of S. laureola was later refined in terms of percentages and phytochemicals in 1936 by Wienhaus and Rajdhan. These authors recorded the further presence of αpinene, β- phellandrene, azulene, and bergaptene. In 1966 Sharma et al. found geraniol, citronellyl formate, myrcene, methyl heptenone, nerol, citronellyl isobutirate, and citral as additional components. In 1972 Pathak and Pant revealed the presence of phenyl isobutyrate, camphene and furfural; these results were confirmed by Sarin (1977) and Razdan et al. (1980). In 1989 Goel et al. identified citronellol as an additional component; and in 1992 Mathela et al. stated that pregeijerene and geijerene could be the most important compounds for the typical aroma of the essential oil of leaves of S. laureola . In 2003 Shah et al. determined the seasonal variation of the proportions of linalool (ranging from 4% to 28%) and linalyl acetate (ranging from 37% to 64%) in the essential oil. In 2010 Jangwan et al. identified α- terpineol and geranyl acetate as additional components. Shah et al. (2012) compared results of the quali-quantitative analysis of essential oil by ‘‘classic’’ hydro-distillation and head space-solid phase micro extraction; the main differences were observed in the percentages of linalool and its acetate, α- pinene, β- phellandrene, α- terpineol, and geyrene. Seeds of S. laureola were shown to be a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids: the apolar extract, analyzed by GC–MS after derivatization as methyl esters, afforded the following percentages of the respective acids: palmitic 8.28%, stearic 1.47%, palmitoleic 2.57%, oleic 33.41%, linoleic 31.15%, and linolenic 23.12% (Pasha et al., 1966). Skimmidiol fatty acid ester 104 was isolated from aerial parts (Sultana et al., 2005) and the similar compound skimmilaureol 103 was isolated from leaf extracts by Sultana et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A37BFFB5FF970681FBE54784	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA01CBFB384487.text	03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA01CBFB384487.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia melanocarpa Rehder & E. H. Wilson	<div><p>3.6. S. melanocarpa</p><p>S. melanocarpa is a shrub native to the Yunnan region (China) (Talapatra et al., 1983). Talapatra et al. (1983) investigated the extract obtained from twigs of S. melanocarpa and isolated one triterpene, skimmione (taraxerone) 81, one steroid, β- sitosterol 72, and four coumarins, scopoletin methyl ether 26, isoscopoletin 25, umbelliferone 21, and ulopterol 27.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA01CBFB384487	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA02CAFB544243.text	03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA02CAFB544243.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia reevesiana (Weinstein and Craig 1971)	<div><p>3.7. S. reevesiana</p><p>S. reevesiana (syn. S. fortunei) is an evergreen shrub native to Taiwan (Plouvier, 1949). The first phytochemical study of S. reevesiana was the detection of saccharose by Plouvier (1949). About 20 years later the same author isolated flavonoids diosmine 66 and hesperidine 71 from bark extracts of S. reevesiana (Plouvier, 1966) . A more complete phytochemical investigation was reported in 1987 by Wu resulting in the isolation of seven quinoline and furoquinoline alkaloids: reevesianine A 4 and B 5, 7-isopentenyloxy-γ- fagarine 15, skimmianine 13, haplopine 16, evodine 18, and evoxine 17; moreover nine coumarins were reported: 7- isopentenyloxy-8-isopentenylcoumarin 36, auraptene 32, umbelliferone 21, osthol 38, isomeranzin 43, skimmin 22, columbianetin 64, meranzin 40, and pranferin 44.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA02CAFB544243	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA048EFA3740F4.text	03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA048EFA3740F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Skimmia repens Nakai	<div><p>3.8. S. repens</p><p>S. repens is a shrub, native to the Himalyan region, often cultivated for decorative purposes. (Ohta and Miyazaki, 1956) The first phytochemical study about S. repens dates back to 1930 when in two distinct papers Asahina et al. 1930 reported the isolation of the alkaloids skimmianine 13 and dictamnine 12 from extracts of the whole plant. The structure of the latter compound was unambiguously confirmed by chemical synthesis in 1956 and 1957 by Sato and Ohta who obtained dictamnine and its direct precursor dictamnal. In 1938 Späth and Neufeld (1938a) turned their attention to the coumarin profile of the ether extract of the title plant and described the isolation and structural determination of seselin 65. About twenty years later Ohta and Miyazaki (1956) described the fatty acid profile of the apolar extract of fruits of S. repens and found that palmitic and stearic acids were the main components with minor percentages of linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids listed in increasing order. S. repens so far yielded only few secondary metabolites and more detailed future investigations, both phytochemical and pharmacological, are destined to reveal new activities and additional secondary metabolites for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0E701A375FFB5FCDA048EFA3740F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Epifano, Francesco;Fiorito, Serena;Genovese, Salvatore;Granica, Sebastian;Vitalini, Sara;Zidorn, Christian	Epifano, Francesco, Fiorito, Serena, Genovese, Salvatore, Granica, Sebastian, Vitalini, Sara, Zidorn, Christian (2015): Phytochemistry of the genus Skimmia (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry 115 (1): 27-43, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.014
