taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A06734FFEFFFCD57F9FBC1FC9EF912.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 – 3, TABLE 2) Holotype: Female extracted from soil samples collect- ed from the rhizosphere of wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris) in Coto Ríos, Jaén province, southern Spain (38 ° 02 ′ 11.14 ″ N, 2 ° 54 ′ 11.27 ″ E), by J. Martín Barbarroja and G. León Ropero, mounted in pure glycerine and deposited in the nematode collection at the Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS) of Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain (collection number AR 63 - 05). Paratypes: Female and juvenile paratypes extracted from soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of wild olive at Coto Ríos, Jaén province, southern Spain, were deposited in the following nematode collections: IAS- CSIC (collection numbers AR 63 - 01 – AR 63 - 02, AR 63 - 04 – AR 63 - 12); two female paratypes at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium (RIT 831), and two female paratypes at the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, MD, USA (collection number T- 6285 p). Etymology: The species epithet refers to a compound name from the Greek word plesios = near, and pachtaicum, the closest species of the genus Xiphinema. Description of female: Body medium-sized, forming a close C-shaped to open spiral when killed by heat. Body tapering very gradually towards the extremities. Cuticle smooth, finely striated transversely, 2.0 ± 0.2 (1.5 – 2.5) μm thick along body but thicker at tail tip (Table 2). Lip region flatly rounded, expanded, separated from rest of body by constriction, 9.5 ± 0.4 (8.5 – 10.5) μm wide. Amphidial fovea funnel-shaped, with slit-like aperture at constriction level, 6.6 ± 0.2 (6.5 – 7.0) μm wide. Pharynx consisting of an anterior slender narrow part, 238 – 350 μm long, extending to a terminal pharyngeal basal bulb well demarcated anteriorly, cylindrical, 73.4 ± 5.1 (63 – 84) μm long, 14.1 ± 1.1 (11.5 – 15.5) μm wide, occupying about one fifth to one third of the total pharyngeal length. Glandularium 65.0 ± 5.1 (56 – 78) μm long. Dorsal pharyngeal nucleus (DN) in anterior part of the bulb 12.4 ± 2.0 (10.4 – 16.0) % of basal bulb length, and subventrolateral nuclei (SVN) located around midbulb 53.3 ± 4.4 (49.5 – 61.7) % of basal bulb length (location of gland nuclei according to Loof & Coomans, 1972; Fig. 2). Reproductive system amphidelphic, both branches equally developed; ovaries reflexed with symbiontic bacteria; uteri rather short (c. 138 μm long) without any differentiation. Vulva postequatorial, transverse slit-like; vagina 11.3 ± 1.8 (9.0 – 15.0) μm long with short distal part and well developed proximally (Fig. 2). Prerectum 449.0 ± 53.7 (411.0 – 487.0) μm long. Rectum 16.7 ± 3.4 (13.5 – 25.0) μm long. Tail short, but longer than anal body diameter (c′ = 1.3 – 1.7), dorsally convexconoid, with pointed tip, and often with dorsal and occasionally dorsoventral depression at hyaline region level; two pairs of caudal pores present (Fig. 2). Tail hyaline region 7.6 ± 1.3 (5.5 – 10.0) μm long. Male: Not detected. Description of juveniles: Only one juvenile stage was detected (fourth stage), which was morphologically similar to the female but from which juveniles differ by their size, longer and more tapering tails, and development of reproductive system. Diagnosis: Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. is a parthenogenetic species characterized by a medium body size (1520 – 2078 μm); lip region flatly rounded, separated from the rest of the body by constriction; odontostyle and odontophore 83 and 48 μm long, respectively; V = 55 – 60 %; female tail short (23.5 – 28.5 μm), dorsally convex-conoid, with pointed tip, and often with dorsal and occasionally dorsoventral depression at hyaline region level; c ratio of 62.5 – 88.7), c′ ratio of 1.3 – 1.7; and specific D 2 - D 3 and ITS 1 - rRNA sequences deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KP 268956 – KP 268958, and KP 268973, respectively. Morphologically and morphometrically, X. plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. can be distinguished from 238 A. ARCHIDONA-YUSTE ET AL. the most similar species by a number of particular characteristics from its specific alphanumeric codes (exceptions are in parentheses): A 3 (2), B 3, C 2 (3), D 2, E 2, F 2, G 2, H 1, I 1 (2) sensu Lamberti et al. (2004).	en	Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carolina, Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Castillo, Pablo (2016): Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 231-265, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12316, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12316
03A06734FFEEFFC257E8F960FA18F8B9.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female extracted from a loam soil from the rhizosphere of wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris) in San José del Valle, Cádiz province, southern Spain (36 ° 37 ′ 57.30 ″ N, 5 ° 46 ′ 20.00 ″ W) by J. Martín Barbarroja and G. León Ropero, mounted in pure glycerine, and deposited in the nematode collection at IAS-CSIC (collection number AR 55 - 06). Paratypes: Female, male, and juvenile paratypes extracted from the rhizosphere of wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris) in San José del Valle, Cádiz province, southern Spain. Additional populations collected in Bolonia, Cádiz province, and Hinojos, Huelva province, both in southern Spain, associated with wild and cultivated olive, respectively, were deposited in the fol- lowing nematode collections: IAS-CSIC (collection numbers AR 55 - 01 – AR 55 - 05, AR 55 - 07 – AR 55 - 011); two female paratypes deposited at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium (RIT 830);	en	Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carolina, Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Castillo, Pablo (2016): Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 231-265, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12316, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12316
03A06734FFE5FFDB54A5FD94FA09FE15.taxon	description	(FIGS 1, 2, 6, TABLE 5) Holotype: Female extracted from soil samples collect- ed from rhizosphere of unidentified grasses (Graminaceae) in Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz province, southern Spain, (36 ° 46 ′ 31.36 ″ N, 6 ° 15 ′ 15.67 ″ W) by J. Martín Barbarroja and G. León Ropero, mounted in pure glycerine, and deposited in the nematode collection at IAS-CSIC (collection number J 174 - 010). Paratypes: Female, male, and juvenile paratypes extracted from the rhizosphere of unidentified grasses (Graminaceae) in Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz province, southern Spain, were deposited in the following nematode collections: IAS-CSIC (collection numbers J 174 - 02, J 174 - 03, J 174 - 04); one female and one male at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium (RIT 832); and one female at USDA Nematode Collection (T- 6288 p). Description of juveniles: All four juvenile stages (first, second, third, and fourth stage) were found, and were similar to adults, except for their smaller size, longer tails, and absence of sexual characteristics. Tail becoming progressively shorter and stouter in each moult; different development stages distinguishable by relative lengths of body and functional and replacement odontostyle (Fig. 5, Tables 3 and 4). Diagnosis: Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. is a amphimictic species characterized by a medium to large body size (1830 – 2228 μm); lip region widely rounded, separat- ed from the rest of the body by a constriction; odontostyle and odontophore 79 and 48 μm long, respectively; V = 55 – 59 %; female tail 22.5 – 34.0 μm long, dorsally convex-conoid, often with dorsoventral depression at hyaline region level, with accurate pointed tip; c ratio of 58.2 – 86.3; c′ ratio of 1.4 – 1.7; and spe- Etymology: The species epithet refers to the old Latin name of the type locality, Asta Regia (Jerez de la Frontera), where the nematode was detected. Description of female: Body large-sized, habitus coiled in a more or less closed C-shaped to open spiral when killed by heat. Body tapering very gradually toward the posterior extremity and more abruptly in the anterior region. Cuticle finely striated transversally, 2.0 – 2.5 μm thick along body but thicker at tail tip (Table 5, Fig. 6). Lip region anteriorly flattened, laterally rounded, separated from the rest of body by a depression, 8.5 – 10.5 μm wide and 4.0 – 5.5 μm high. Amphidial fovea large, stirrup-shaped with slit-like aperture, occupying c. 77.0 % of corresponding lip region width. Pharynx consisting of an anterior slender narrow part, 285 – 364 μm long, extending to a terminal pharyngeal basal bulb well demarcated anteriorly, cylindrical, 93.7 ± 5.3 (85 – 101) μm long, 17.2 ± 2.5 (15.5 – 20.0) μm wide, occupying about one-quarter to one-third of the total pharyngeal length (Fig. 1). Glandularium 76.5 – 85.0 μm long. DN in anterior part of the bulb, 18.5 ± 3.2 (16.2 – 20.7) % of basal bulb length, and SVN located around mid-bulb, 48.8 ± 0.4 (48.5 – 49.1) % of basal bulb length (location of gland nuclei according to Loof & Coomans, 1972). Reproductive system amphidelphic, both branches * Measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± SD (range). L, body length; a, body length / maximum body width; b, body length / pharyngeal length; c, body length / tail length; c′, tail length / body width at anus; V, (distance from anterior end to vulva / body length) × 100; T, (distance from cloacal aperture to anterior end of testis / body length) × 100; J, hyaline tail region length; J 1, first-stage juvenile; J 2, second-stage juvenile; J 3, third-stage juvenile; J 4, fourth-stage juvenile; –, not obtained or not performed; G 1, (length of anterior genital tract / body length) × 100; G 2, (length of posterior genital tract / body length) × 100. equally developed; ovaries reflexed without symbiontic bacteria; uteri often with spindle-shaped sperm cells 2.0 – 3.5 μm long, without any differentiation. Vulva slitlike, clearly posterior to mid-body; vagina 14.0 ± 1.5 (12.5 – 16.0) μm long perpendicular to body axis; ovejector well developed, 22.0 – 28.5 μm wide, or 58.3 – 69.1 % of maximum body diameter in lateral view (Fig. 6). Prerectum often indistinct. Rectum 19.6 ± 1.8 (18.0 – 22.5) μm long, or 0.7 – 1.9 times the anal body diameter. Tail short, dorsally convex-conoid, with curvature essentially dorsal with conoid-rounded terminus, bearing two and three caudal pores (Fig. 2). Tail hyaline region about one-third of the tail length. Description of male: Common (almost as frequent as female, c. 45 %). Morphologically similar to female except for genital system, but with posterior part of the body more curved with greater curvature in posterior part of body (Fig. 3). Testis well developed, containing numerous spindle-shaped sperms. Spicules well sclerotized, ventrally curved with bifid lateral guiding pieces 10.1 ± 0.5 (9.5 – 11.0) μm long (Fig. 6). A preanal pair * Measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± SD (range). L, body length; a, body length / maximum body width; b, body length / pharyngeal length; c, body length / tail length; c′, tail length / body width at anus; V, (distance from anterior end to vulva / body length) × 100; T, (distance from cloacal aperture to anterior end of testis / body length) × 100; J, hyaline tail region length; G 1, (length of anterior genital tract / body length) × 100; G 2, (length of posterior genital tract / body length) × 100. of supplements 9.0 to 11.0 μm anterior to cloacal opening and a row of six to seven single ventromedian supplements, located anterior to the spicule region (Fig. 6). Description of juveniles: All juvenile stages, except for the first, were detected. They are generally similar to adults, except for their smaller size, longer tails, and absence of sexual characteristics. Tail becoming progressively shorter and stouter in each moult; different developmental stages distinguishable by relative lengths of body and functional and replacement odontostyle (Fig. 5, Table 5). Diagnosis: Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. is a bisexual species characterized by a large body size (2740 – 3018 μm); lip region anteriorly flattened and laterally rounded, separated from the body by a depression; odontostyle and odontophore 85 and 54 μm long, respectively, the latter with well-developed flanges; V = 55 – 59 %; length of female tail 22.5 – 25.0 μm, relatively short, convex-conoid with curvature essentially dorsal and conoid-rounded terminus; c ratio (112.2 – 129.9), c′ ratio (0.9 – 1.1); and specific D 2 - D 3, ITS 1 - rRNA, and coxI sequences deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KP 268955, KP 268972, and KP 268977, respectively. Morphologically and morphometrically, X. astaregiense sp. nov. can be distinguished from the most similar species by a number of particular characteristics from its specific alphanumeric codes (exceptions are in parentheses): A 3, B 3, C 1 (2), D 3, E 3, F 2, G 2, H 2, I 1 sensu Lamberti et al. (2004). MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRICS OF SPECIES OF THE XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM - GROUP (FIGS S 1 – S 4, TABLES S 1 AND S 2) The morphological and morphometric data as well as molecular delineation for X. duriense Lamberti et al., 1993, X. incertum Lamberti et al., 1983, X. opisthohysterum Siddiqi, 1961, X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951, X. parapachydermum Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al., 2012, and X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969, were previously studied and compared with original descriptions and paratype specimens within previous studies on the identification and molecular phylogeny of the X. americanum - group in southern Spain (Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al., 2011 b, 2012). The new records of these species from olive in Seville and Huelva provinces and also in Almeria province presented here extend the geographical distribution of these species in southern Spain (Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al., 2012). For these species only the D 2 - D 3 sequences have been report- ed here for these samples. For other known species studied, representing the first molecular characterization and / or new records for olive or for Spain, a brief description and a morphometric comparison with previous records is provided below. Xiphinema brevisicum Lamberti et al., 1994 (Fig. S 1, Table S 1) The Spanish population of this species is characterized by a coiled body habitus forming an open C when killed by heat, lip region expanded and offset from the body by a constriction, female reproductive system amphidelphic with two equally developed genital branches, tail elongated-conoid, slightly curved ventrally, two caudal pores on each side. Male frequent, habitus more coiled than female. Tail elongated with pointed tip, ventrally curved with four to five * Measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± SD (range). L, body length; a, body length / maximum body width; b, body length / pharyngeal length; c, body length / tail length; c′, tail length / body width at anus; V, (distance from anterior end to vulva / body length) × 100; T, (distance from cloacal aperture to anterior end of testis / body length) × 100; J, hyaline tail region length; J 2, second-stage juvenile; J 3, third-stage juvenile; J 4, fourth-stage juvenile; –, not obtained or not performed; G 1, (length of anterior genital tract / body length) × 100; G 2, (length of posterior genital tract / body length) × 100. ventromedian supplements preceding the adanal pair. The morphology and morphometrics of the Spanish population agree closely with those of the original description from grapevine and natural vegetation in Portugal by Lamberti et al. (1994) (Table S 1), except for lower a and c ratios in females (average 79.5, 47.8 vs. average 88.5, 56.8, respectively). Nevertheless, these differences further expand the intraspecific variation but do not exceed that reported by Lamberti et al. (1994). This species was reported from north-western Spain by Abelleira, Picoaga & Mansilla (2008) but no morphometric or molecular characterization was provided. These data indicate that this species may be an Iberian endemic species associated with cultivat- ed and wild plants as suggested by Peña-Santiago et al. (2006). The alphanumeric codes for X. brevisicum to be applied to the polytomic identification key for the X. americanum- group species by Lamberti et al. (2004) are (exceptions are in parentheses): A 1, B 2, C 4, D 1, E 3 (2), F 2, G 2, H 1, I 3.	en	Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carolina, Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Castillo, Pablo (2016): Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 231-265, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12316, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12316
03A06734FFE5FFDB54A5FD94FA09FE15.taxon	description	The Spanish population of this species is characterized by a body ventrally curved in an open C when killed by heat, lip region flat-rounded, and separated from the body by a depression (Fig. S 3). Female reproductive system amphidelphic with two equally developed genital branches and absence of uterine differentiation, ovary contains symbiontic bacteria, and vulva a transverse slit located slightly posterior to midbody. Tail short, broadly convex-conoid with bluntly rounded terminus and bearing three pairs of caudal pores (Fig. S 3). Males not found. The morphology and morphometrics of this population closely agree with the original description from celery in Diourbel, Senegal (Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979), and a population from common screw pine (Pandanus utilis Bory.) in the Botanical Garden of Dakar, Senegal (Faye, Barsi & Decraemer, 2012), except for a lower c ratio [60.9 – 68.6 vs. 54.0 – 81.0 (Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979), 63.0 – 87.0 (Faye et al., 2012)]. This difference should be regarded as geographical intraspecific variation. The species has been also reported in Florida but no morphometrics were provided (Robbins, 1993). The alphanumeric codes for X. luci to be applied to the polytomic identification key for the X. americanumgroup species by Lamberti et al. (2004) are (exceptions are in parentheses): A 3 (4), B 2, C 2, D 2, E 2 (3), F 1, G 1, H 2, I 2.	en	Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carolina, Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Castillo, Pablo (2016): Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 231-265, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12316, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12316
03A06734FFE5FFDB54A5FD94FA09FE15.taxon	description	The Spanish population of this species is characterized by a relatively long body (c. 2 mm), forming an open coiled spiral when killed by heat, lip region expanded and clearly offset from the body by a depression, and a long odontostyle (92.5 – 100.5 μm long). Female reproductive system with two equally developed genital branches and uterine differentiation absent, vulva slit-like, posterior to mid-body, and vagina occupying about half of the body width. Tail conoidelongate, curved ventrally, with almost pointed terminus, and bearing two pairs of caudal pores. Male not found. The morphology and morphometrics of this population agree with the original description (Brown et al., 1992) and other populations from Portugal (Lamberti et al., 1993, 1994) (Fig. S 4, Table S 1). This work represents the first report of this nematode species in Spain, although it has been described previously from the rhizosphere of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) in Queimadas, Santana, on the island of Madeira, where it seems to occur in natural habitats (Brown et al., 1992). It is also quite common and widespread in grapevines, fallow soil, and the rhizosphere of peach or hop in northern and central Portugal (Lamberti et al., 1994). The alphanumeric codes for X. madeirense to be applied to the polytomic identification key for the X. americanum- group species by Lamberti et al. (2004) are (exceptions are in parentheses): A 4, B 3, C 3 (4), D 2, E 3, F 2, G 2, H 1, I 3. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF XIPHINEMA PLESIOPACHTAICUM SP. NOV., XIPHINEMA VALLENSE	en	Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carolina, Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Castillo, Pablo (2016): Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 231-265, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12316, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12316
03A06734FFF4FFD4562BFB63FB0FFDFC.taxon	description	In order to understand the evolution of the X. americanum - group, it is important to confirm a correlation between the results obtained by conventional morphological approaches and new molecular methods. Two clearly separated major subgroups (clade I and II) were shown using both nuclear rDNA molecular markers (D 2 - D 3 and ITS 1). One subgroup was formed by X. americanum ‘ sensu stricto’ (clade I), whereas the other group was formed by other species (clade II; Figs 9, 10). Species from clade II are more variable morphologically and morphometrically than the subgroup X. americanum ‘ sensu stricto’, as showed the long branch in the phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny separation for clade I was observed in coxI; however, it was not supported, probably because of its high mutation rate and the smaller fragment used in this study. However, coxI is a good marker for molecular identification in X. americanum - group as bar-coding. The three new species (X. astaregiense sp. nov., X. plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., and X. vallense sp. nov.) were studied phylogenetically here and we have provided new sequences for X. madeirense and X. luci that may help with their identification (D 2 - D 3 and ITS 1, and coxI for the latter). The new sequence of X. rivesi provided in this research nested within the clade containing all previously sequenced Spanish populations. These sequences were different to other X. rivesi sequences deposited in GenBank, indicating the possibility of cryptic speciation as suggested by Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez et al. (2012). While for X. luci we provide two molecular markers and its phylogenetic position is defined in the genus. This species is closely related phylogenetically to X. floridae and X. tarjanense using D 2 - D 3, but differs from X. floridae by a smaller c′ and a pointed tail tip. It differs from X. tarjanense by a smaller odontostyle, higher c′, smaller c, smaller body length, lip region set off from body profile, tail tip with pointed terminus, and longer tail length. Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. and X. plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. were clustered together using D 2 - D 3 and ITS 1 markers, whereas the phylogenetic relationship of X. vallense sp. nov. with these species was weak. The X. pachtaicum subgroup (clade II) is not well supported in major clades, and some small clades (viz. X. duriense - X. opisthohysterum, X. madeirense – X. paratenuicutis) and species (X. brevisicum) formed polytomies in this subgroup with the D 2 - D 3 marker. Xiphinema madeirense and X. astaregiense sp. nov. did not show a position agreement with their morphological grouping using the ITS 1 marker. Clades I and II showed different evolution rates based on their branch lengths and this could be a major point in resolving some clades. Another possibility is the polyphyletic origin of X. americanumgroup species and the loss of some species in the clades or the incomplete sampling of this group within the genus Xiphinema. The partial coxI phylogeny did not show a clear relationship within the species in the X. americanum - group; however, this marker could be used as a good barcoding region in order to identify species. Mapping morphological character evolution on the tree showed some putative evolution patterns for vulva position, a ratio, and total stylet length. Vulva position seems to have evolved from an anterior position to a more posterior position in clade II. The X. pachtaicum - subgroup (clade II) is characterized by a higher V value in the species groups analysed. This shift in the position is difficult to explain because of the lesser range in vulval position for the X. americanum - group (clade I) and the short and undifferentiated reproductive system in comparison to the X. non- americanum - group species. A more anterior vulva position seems to be more related to the functional regression of the anterior branch (Coomans et al., 2001). However, X. americanum- group species have both branches functional and equally developed. Ratio a is related to nematode size and maximum body width; SIMMAP and MESQUITE analyses showed that in their ancestral stages nematodes of the X. americanum - group species were longer with a similar maximum body width. This character is represented by the X. pachtaicum - subgroup (clade II). We can assume this because maximum body width could be a more restricted character in comparison to body length because may be closely related with the soil particles were nematode move. In the MESQUITE analysis, stylet length seems to have evolved in X. americanum - group from a shorter to a longer stylet. However, the ancestral stage for the majority of the species was not clear. Nevertheless, stylet length is an important taxonomic and biological character, which is closely related to the feeding apparatus (Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992). The several reversal states in some species could be related to additional adaptation and selection of specimens with a longer stylet because of vegetation (host-plant) changes during their evolution. Nematodes with a long stylet or semiendoparasitic feeding behaviour can feed on higher quality tissues such as phloematic cells (Wyss, 1981; Böckenhoff et al., 1996). Mapping characters in Nematoda could be difficult, mainly because fast evolution and the possible restriction of morphotypes for soil habitat. Additionally, the value of individual characters is particularly amplified in organisms with limited cell counts and structural complexity, such as small invertebrates, which comprise the majority of metazoan phyla (Ragsdale & Baldwin, 2010). The limited size of nematodes makes complete, three-dimensional reconstruction of entire organ systems a feasible goal (Ragsdale & Baldwin, 2010). Characters such as amphidial fovea, tails, and male and female reproductive systems in Xiphinema could be investigated using these techniques. In this case, the existence of two clades without any species linking them makes it very difficult to understand the species evolution and it will be necessary in the future to find species linking both clades in the X. americanum- group. Xiphinema americanum s. l. species are markedly similar morphologically and probably evolving very fast between them. Which factors contribute to this speciation is still a matter of debate and the occurrence of novel verrucomicrobial species, endosymbiotic and associated with parthenogenesis in Xiphinema americanum - group species could help to find an explanation (Vandekerckhove et al., 2000). However, more studies are necessary in order to understand the ‘ possibly’ complex relationships of these endosymbiotic bacteria with their hosts and how these shape the phylogeny of this species-group.	en	Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carolina, Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Castillo, Pablo (2016): Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (2): 231-265, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12316, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/zoj.12316
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