identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A187845326625DFF6BFB38FD5DFAD5.text	03A187845326625DFF6BFB38FD5DFAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Muspiceidae Brumpt	<div><p>Family Muspiceidae Brumpt</p><p>Lukonema Chabaud &amp; Bain</p><p>Species: L. lukoschusi Chabaud &amp; Bain, 1974</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845326625DFF6BFB38FD5DFAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845326625DFF6BFD18FD41FC6D.text	03A187845326625DFF6BFD18FD41FC6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onchocercidae Leiper	<div><p>Family Onchocercidae Leiper</p><p>1. Buccal cavity long, tubular, with thick walls; vulva postoesophageal or at level of oesophagus....... Litomosoides Chandler Species: L. artibei Esslinger, 1973; L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936; L. caliensis Esslinger, 1973; L. carolliae venezuelensis Rodrigo, 1964; L. chandleri Esslinger, 1973; L. colombiensis Esslinger, 1973; L. hamletti Sandground, 1934; L. molossi Esslinger, 1973; L. salazari Notarnicola, Jiménez Ruíz &amp; Gardner, 2010; L. serpicula (Molin, 1858); L. solarii Guerrero, Martin, Gardner &amp; Bain, 2002; L. teshi Esslinger, 1973; L. yutajensis Guerrero, Martin &amp; Bain, 2003; Litomosoides sp.</p><p>- Buccal cavity not long and tubular, without thick walls; vulva pre-oesophageal......... .. Migonella Lent, Freitas &amp; Proença Species: M. fracchiai Lent, Freitas &amp; Proença, 1946</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845326625DFF6BFD18FD41FC6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845326625DFF6BF977FDBFF89C.text	03A187845326625DFF6BF977FDBFF89C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalopteridae Railliet	<div><p>Family Physalopteridae Railliet</p><p>Physaloptera Rudolphi</p><p>Species: Physaloptera sp. (juv.)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845326625DFF6BF977FDBFF89C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845327625CFF6BFBCAFDD4FA46.text	03A187845327625CFF6BFBCAFDD4FA46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Capillariidae Railliet	<div><p>Family Capillariidae Railliet</p><p>1. Caudal alae present in male.............................................................................. 2</p><p>- Caudal alae absent in male..............................................................................4</p><p>2. Spicule with spiny sheath.............................................................. .. Pterothominx Freitas Species: P. angrense (Freitas, 1934); P. brevidelphis Freitas &amp; Mendonça, 1960 (b)</p><p>- Spicule without spiny sheath............................................................................. 3</p><p>3. Bursa of male with complex system of symmetrical rays............................ Tenoranema Mas-Coma &amp; Esteban Species: T. rivarolai (Lent, Freitas &amp; Proença, 1946)</p><p>- Bursa of male with one or more pairs of rays which may be curved.......................... Aonchotheca López-Neyra Species: A. cubana (Freitas &amp; Lent, 1937); A. magnifica Freitas &amp; Mendonça, 1961; A. parca Freitas &amp; Dobbin Jr., 1961 (a); A. pereirai (Freitas &amp; Lent, 1936); A. pintoi (Freitas, 1934); A. pulchra (Freitas, 1934) 1; Aonchotheca sp.</p><p>4 Male with spiny spicular sheath............................................................. Capillaria Zeder 2 Species: Capillaria sp.</p><p>- Male with smooth spicular sheath...................................................... Pseudocapillaria Freitas Species: P. pusilla (Travassos, 1914)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845327625CFF6BFBCAFDD4FA46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845327625CFF6BFF4CFDDDFEF1.text	03A187845327625CFF6BFF4CFDDDFEF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rictulariidae Hall	<div><p>Family Rictulariidae Hall</p><p>1. Mouth oriented dorsally; with single oesophageal tooth......................................... Rictularia Froelich Species: Rictularia sp.</p><p>- Mouth apical; with three oesophageal teeth............................................... Pterygodermatites Wedl Species: P. elegans (Travassos, 1928)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845327625CFF6BFF4CFDDDFEF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845327625CFF6BFDA6FE2BFD4E.text	03A187845327625CFF6BFDA6FE2BFD4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Seuratidae Hall	<div><p>Family Seuratidae Hall</p><p>Seuratum Hall</p><p>Species: Seuratum sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845327625CFF6BFDA6FE2BFD4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845320625BFF6BFA7CFB0AF991.text	03A187845320625BFF6BFA7CFB0AF991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heligmonellidae Skrjabin & Schikhobalova	<div><p>Family Heligmonellidae Skrjabin &amp; Schikhobalova</p><p>Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent &amp; Almeida</p><p>Species: S. octacanthus (Lent &amp; Freitas, 1940) (also attributed to Parahistiostrongylus)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845320625BFF6BFA7CFB0AF991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845320625BFF6BFEE5FD45FAED.text	03A187845320625BFF6BFEE5FD45FAED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Molineidae Skrjabin & Schulz	<div><p>Family Molineidae Skrjabin &amp; Schulz</p><p>1. Cephalic extremity with cuticular spines.................................................................... 2</p><p>- Cephalic extremity without cuticular spines................................................................. 5</p><p>2. Cephalic extremity with 2 large ventral spines............................................................... 3</p><p>- Cephalic extremity surrounded by ring of 8 large spines....................................................... 4</p><p>3. Cephalic spines side by side in ventral field................................................. Biacantha Wolfgang Species: B. desmoda Wolfgang, 1954; B. normaliae Oviedo, Ramallo &amp; Claps in Oviedo, Ramallo, Claps &amp; Miotti, 2012</p><p>- Cephalic spines opposite (in dorsal and ventral fields).......................... Websternema Vaucher &amp; Durette-Desset Species: W. parnelli (Webster, 1971)</p><p>4. Anterior and posterior branches of ovejector vestibule similar in length............... Parahistiostrongylus Pérez Vigueras Species: P. octacanthus (Lent &amp; Freitas, 1940) (also attributed to Stilestrongylus)</p><p>- Anterior branch of ovejector vestibule longer than posterior................................... Histiostrongylus Molin Species: H. coronatus Molin, 1861; H. paradoxus Travassos, 1918; Histiostrongylus sp.</p><p>5. Cephalic extremity with vesicle divided in two regions........................................................ 6</p><p>- Cephalic extremity with simple, undivided vesicle........................................................... 9</p><p>6. Posterior part of cephalic vesicle equal or longer than anterior part............................................... 7</p><p>- Posterior part of cephalic vesicle shorter than anterior part................................. Torrestrongylus Vigueras Species: Torrestrongylus sp.</p><p>7. Spicule undivided distally............................................................................... 8</p><p>- Spicule divided distally............................................................. Tricholeiperia Travasssos Species: T. leiperi Travassos, 1935; T. peruensis Vargas, Martinez, Tantaleán, Cadenilias &amp; Pacheco, 2009; T. proencai Travassos, 1937</p><p>8. Dorsal ray of male copulatory bursa long and divided in distal third; ovejector of female without spines................................................................................................ Anoplostrongylus Boulenger Species: A. paradoxus (Travassos, 1918)</p><p>- Dorsal ray of male copulatory bursa short and deeply divided; ovejector of female with spines............................................................................................. Molostrongylus Durette-Desset &amp; Vaucher Species: M. acanthocolpos Durette-Desset &amp; Vaucher, 1996; M. mbopi Durette-Desset &amp; Vaucher, 1999</p><p>9. Tail of female without appendices/tubercles.......................................... Cheiropteronema Sandground Species: C. globocephala Sandground, 1929; C. striatum Oviedo, Ramallo &amp; Claps, 2010; Cheiropteronema sp.</p><p>- Tail of female with appendices/tubercles.................................................................. 10</p><p>10. Tail of female with two appendices..................................................... Bidigiticauda Chitwood Species: B. embryophilum (Freitas &amp; Dobbin Jr., 1960 (a)); B. vivipara Chitwood, 1938</p><p>- Tail of female with five to seven tubercles................................. Carostrongylus Durette-Desset &amp; Vaucher Species: C. touzeti Durette-Desset &amp; Vaucher, 1989</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845320625BFF6BFEE5FD45FAED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845320625BFF6BF9AAFC7DF89F.text	03A187845320625BFF6BF9AAFC7DF89F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ornithostrongylidae Travassos	<div><p>Family Ornithostrongylidae Travassos</p><p>Allintoshius Chitwood</p><p>Species: A. bioccai Rossi &amp; Vaucher, 2002; A. nudicaudatus (Freitas &amp; Mendonça, 1963); A. parallintoshius (Araújo, 1940); A. urumiac (Freitas &amp; Mendonça, 1960(a)); Allintoshius sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845320625BFF6BF9AAFC7DF89F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845321625AFF6BFCC5FC7DFC2E.text	03A187845321625AFF6BFCC5FC7DFC2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moniliformidae Van Cleave	<div><p>Family Moniliformidae Van Cleave</p><p>Moniliformis Travassos</p><p>Species: M. moniliformis (Bremser, 1811); M. convolutum Meyer, 1932</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845321625AFF6BFCC5FC7DFC2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A187845321625AFF6BFC3CFDA1FBD1.text	03A187845321625AFF6BFC3CFDA1FBD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell & Macfie	<div><p>Family Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell &amp; Macfie</p><p>Neoncicola Schmidt</p><p>Species: N. artibei Smales, 2007</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A187845321625AFF6BFC3CFDA1FBD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453216259FF6BF974FA09FEAA.text	03A1878453216259FF6BF974FA09FEAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cestoda Rudolphi	<div><p>Class Cestoda Rudolphi</p><p>The Cestoda is a relatively large, diverse group of parasites (c.8,000 species), almost all of which are found parasitic in the intestine of different groups of vertebrates. They lack a gut and absorb nutrients through their surface layer. The majority are long, tape-like and segmented, with a complete set of reproductive organs in each segment. They anchor themselves to the intestinal wall of their host using an array of different attachment organs (hooks, suckers, etc.).</p><p>Keys to Families</p><p>1. Absence of rostellum with hooks on scolex................................................... Anoplocephalidae</p><p>- Presence of rostellum with hooks on scolex.................................................... Hymenolepididae</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453216259FF6BF974FA09FEAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453226259FF6BFE8EFDA8FD68.text	03A1878453226259FF6BFE8EFDA8FD68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anoplocephalidae Cholodkovsky	<div><p>Family Anoplocephalidae Cholodkovsky</p><p>Bats are generally infected with cestodes by the ingestion of larvae encysted in an intermediate host. In the case of anoplocephalids, this occurs via the ingestion of cysticercoid larvae encysted in oribatid mites.</p><p>1. Testes postero-lateral to ovary............................................................................ 2</p><p>- Testes pre- and postero-lateral to ovary................................................. Cycloskrjabinia Spasskii Species: Cycloskrjabinia sp.</p><p>2. Genital atrium with poorly developed musculature...................................... Mathevotaenia Akhumyan Species: M. boliviana Sawada &amp; Harada, 1986; M. immatura Rêgo, 1963</p><p>- Genital atrium with well-developed radial musculature...................................... Atriotaenia Sandground Species: A. hastati Vaucher, 1982 (a)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453226259FF6BFE8EFDA8FD68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453226259FF6BFCC8FE75FB0B.text	03A1878453226259FF6BFCC8FE75FB0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymenolepididae Ariola	<div><p>Family Hymenolepididae Ariola</p><p>The life-cycle of hymenolepidids is similar to that of anoplocephalds, with transmission occurring via the ingestion of cysticercoid larvae in fleas and other insects.</p><p>1. Rostellum unarmed; testes separated into two groups by ovary................................ Hymenolepis Weinland Species: H. dasypteri Vaucher, 1985; Hymenolepis sp.</p><p>- Rostellum armed; testes not separated into two groups by ovary................................ Vampirolepis Spasskii Species: V. artibei Zdzitowiecki &amp; Rutkowska, 1980; V. bihamata Sawada &amp; Harada, 1986; V. c r a s s ih a m a t a Sawada &amp; Harada, 1986; V. christensoni (Macy, 1931(a)); V. d e c ip i e n s (Diesing, 1850); V. elongata Rêgo, 1962; V. guarany Rêgo, 1962; V. longisaccata Sawada &amp; Harada, 1986; V. mazanensis (Vaucher, 1986(b)); V. pandonensis Sawada &amp; Harada, 1986; V. phyllostomi Vaucher, 1982 (b); V. promopsis (Vaucher, 1986(a)); V. santacruzensis Sawada &amp; Harada, 1986; V. temmincki (Vaucher, 1986(a)); Vampirolepis sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453226259FF6BFCC8FE75FB0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453226258FF6BFAD5FA0EFDB6.text	03A1878453226258FF6BFAD5FA0EFDB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trematoda Rudolphi	<div><p>Class Trematoda Rudolphi</p><p>The Trematoda is a large class of 15,000–20,000 parasitic species which utilize all of the major vertebrate groups as hosts. The vast majority belong to the subclass Digenea, the members of which are characterised by having multiple generations (usually three) within their life-cycle, i.e. two asexual generations which mature in a molluscan host and one sexual generation which occurs within a vertebrate host. In terms of morphology, life-cycle and site, the group is very plastic, although this is not the case for individual lower taxa. Digeneans are usually parasites of the alimentary canal of their host, usually have a blind intestine and usually attach to the host using two (sometimes one) suckers. Transmission to the vertebrate host is usually by the direct penetration of a larval stage (the cercariae) or, more often, by the ingestion of an encysted larval stage (the metacercaria) with the host’s food, e.g. within an intermediate host.</p><p>Key to Families</p><p>1. Alimentary canal absent................................................................. Anenterotrematidae</p><p>- Alimentary canal present................................................................................2</p><p>2. Body bipartite, with spatulate anterior and oval posterior regions..................................... Diplostomidae</p><p>- Body not bipartite..................................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Anterior body bears proboscis with hooks......................................................... Rhopaliidae</p><p>- Anterior region of body without proboscis..................................................................4</p><p>4. Intestinal caeca short to medium, may be restricted to anterior region of body; vitelline fields limited in distribution, often with limited number of follicles, often restricted to forebody....................................................... 5</p><p>- Intestinal caeca medium to long; vitelline fields usually extensive, with many follicles, entirely or mainly in hindbody..... 6</p><p>5. True cirrus-sac absent; pseudocirrus-sac usually present; genital pore usually median or submedian in forebody.................................................................................................. Lecithodendriidae</p><p>- True cirrus-sac present; genital pore usually sublateral to lateral at level of ventral sucker................ Phaneropsolidae</p><p>6. Genital pore in posterior region of body.................................................................... 7</p><p>- Genital pore in anterior region of body..................................................................... 8</p><p>7. Ventral sucker absent........................................................................ Nudacotylidae</p><p>- Ventral sucker present....................................................................... Urotrematidae</p><p>8. Ovary between testes (in forms from the Americas)................................................. Hasstilesiidae</p><p>- Ovary anterior or posterior to testes...................................................................... 9</p><p>9. Ovary post-testicular........................................................................ Dicrocoeliidae</p><p>- Ovary pre-testicular......................................................................... Plagiorchiidae</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453226258FF6BFAD5FA0EFDB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453236258FF6BFD89FB8CFC04.text	03A1878453236258FF6BFD89FB8CFC04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anenterotrematidae Yamaguti	<div><p>Family Anenterotrematidae Yamaguti</p><p>The life-cycle of anenterotrematids is not known, but, judging by related digenean groups, the bats acquire the parasite by the ingestion of arthropods infected with the metacercarial stage. All digeneans utilize molluscs as first intermediate hosts.</p><p>1. Body pyriform, less than 1mm in length.................................................. Anenterotrema Stunkard Species: A. eduardocaballeroi (Freitas, 1960); A. liliputianum (Travassos, 1928); A. mesolecitha Marshall &amp; Miller, 1979; Anenterotrema sp.</p><p>- Body elongate, measuring 1–5 mm ........................................... .. Apharyngotrema Marshall &amp; Miller Species: A. apharyngotrema Marshall &amp; Miller, 1979; A. lenti Santos &amp; Gibson, 1998</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453236258FF6BFD89FB8CFC04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453236258FF6BFBDAFDC3FA94.text	03A1878453236258FF6BFBDAFDC3FA94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicrocoeliidae Looss	<div><p>Family Dicrocoeliidae Looss</p><p>Dicrocoeliids are parasites of terrestial mammals and birds, with mollucs and arthropods serving as intermediate hosts. Bats acquire these parasites by feeding on insects harbouring the metacercarial stage.</p><p>1. Testes oblique....................................................................... Metadelphis Travassos Species: M. alvarengai Travassos, 1955</p><p>- Testes symmetrical............................................................... Parametadelphis Travassos Species: P. c o m p a c t u s Travassos, 1955</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453236258FF6BFBDAFDC3FA94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453236258FF6BFAAAFD7AF9D4.text	03A1878453236258FF6BFAAAFD7AF9D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplostomidae Poirier	<div><p>Family Diplostomidae Poirier</p><p>Transmission is normally associated with the aquatic environment and effected by the ingestion of a fish or an invertebrate harbouring the metacercarial stage.</p><p>Neodiplostomum Railliet</p><p>Species: Neodiplostomum vaucheri Dubois, 1983</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453236258FF6BFAAAFD7AF9D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A1878453236258FF6BF962FD22F854.text	03A1878453236258FF6BF962FD22F854.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hasstilesiidae Hall	<div><p>Family Hasstilesiidae Hall</p><p>In the Americas, hasstilesiids are parasites of rodents and lagomorphs. The record below is the first from a bat. Hasstilesia tricolor is essentially a parasite of rabbits. All of the larval development of this group takes place in the molluscan host. The infection of frugivorous bats may take place when they accidentally ingest infected molluscs in their diet or by drinking water containing cercarial larvae.</p><p>Hasstilesia Hall</p><p>Species: H. tricolor (Stiles &amp; Hassall, 1894)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1878453236258FF6BF962FD22F854	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A18784532C6257FF6BFF4CFD02FB95.text	03A18784532C6257FF6BFF4CFD02FB95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lecithodendriidae Luhe	<div><p>Family Lecithodendriidae Lühe</p><p>The lecithodendriids are closely related to the phaneropsolids, from which they are often difficult to distinguish based on morphology.Together they form the major group of bat parasites. The synonymies indicated are based on Lotz &amp; Font (2008a).</p><p>Bats become infected by ingesting insects harbouring the encysted metacercarial stage.</p><p>1. Pseudocirrus-sac surrounding seminal vesicle absent........................................... Castroia Travassos Species: C. amplicava Travassos, 1928; C. silvai Travassos, 1928</p><p>- Thin-walled pseudocirrus-sac surrounds seminal vesicle.......................................................2</p><p>2. Genital atrium in forebody armed with spines................................................ Acanthatrium Faust Species: A. fugleri Marshall &amp; Miller, 1979</p><p>- Genital atrium unarmed................................................................................. 3</p><p>3 Deep acetabulo-genital sac enclosing separate genital pores and ventral sucker.......................................................................................... Gymnoacetabulum Lunaschi &amp; Drago (= Suttonia Lunaschi) Species: G. talaveraense (Lunaschi, 2002)</p><p>- Acetabulo-genital sac absent; genital pore usually but not always common.........................................4</p><p>4. Pseudogonotyl (thick area of tegument surrounded by gland-cells) lateral to ventral sucker...... Ochoterenatrema Caballero Species: O. caballeroi Freitas, 1957 3; O. diminutum (Chandler, 1938); O. fraternum Freitas &amp; Ibañez, 1963; O. labda Caballero, 1943</p><p>- Pseudogonotyl absent..................................................................................5</p><p>5. Caeca extend into posterior region of body...................................... Chiropterotrema Vélez &amp; Thatcher Species: C. antioquiense Vélez &amp; Thatcher, 1992 (a)</p><p>- Caeca end in forebody.................................................................................. 6</p><p>6. Testes lateral to ventral sucker; body lacks large ventral cleft..... Paralecithodendrium Odhner (= Prosthodendrium Dollfus) Species: P. aranhai Lent, Freitas &amp; Proença, 1945; P. brachycolon Freitas &amp; Dobbin Jr., 1960 (b); P. buongerminni (Lent, Freitas &amp; Proença, 1946); P. conturbatum (Freitas, 1960); P. cordiforme (Braun, 1900); P. megovarium (Marshall &amp; Miller, 1979); Paralecithodendrium sp.</p><p>- Testes in anterior region of body; body with large ventral cleft....................... Topsiturvitrema Vélez &amp; Thatcher Species: T. verticalia Vélez &amp; Thatcher, 1992</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A18784532C6257FF6BFF4CFD02FB95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A18784532C6257FF6BFBABFC47FAD5.text	03A18784532C6257FF6BFBABFC47FAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nudacotylidae	<div><p>Family Nudacotylidae</p><p>Nudacotylids occur in the intestines of several, normally vegetarian, groups of mammals in the Americas. Transmission occurs by the ingestion of metacercariae encysted on vegetation or other surfaces.</p><p>Nudacotyle Barker</p><p>Species: N. carollia Vélez &amp; Thatcher, 1992; N. novicia Barker, 1916</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A18784532C6257FF6BFBABFC47FAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A18784532C6256FF6BFA16FC7AFE23.text	03A18784532C6256FF6BFA16FC7AFE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaneropsolidae Mehra	<div><p>Family Phaneropsolidae Mehra</p><p>The phaneropsolids are closely related to the lecithodendriids, from which they are often difficult to distinguish based on morphology. Together they form the major group of bat parasites. The synonymies indicated are based on Lotz &amp; Font (2008b).</p><p>Bats become infected by ingesting insects harbouring the encysted metacercarial stage.</p><p>1. Caeca medium in length, reach into hindbody............................................................... 2</p><p>- Caeca short, reach only to level of ventral sucker or retained in forebody.......................................... 3</p><p>2. Genital pore sublateral to submedian, in forebody................................ Maxbraunium Caballero &amp; Zerecero Species: M. tubiporum (Braun, 1900)</p><p>- Genital pore lateral, at level of ventral sucker.................... Postorchigenes Tubangui (= Czosnowia Zdzitowiecki) Species: P. m b o p i Vaucher, 1981; P. paraguayensis Fischthal &amp; Martin, 1978</p><p>3. Male and female genital pores widely separated; male pore well anterior to ventral sucker, median or submedian............................................................................................... Tremajoannes Saoud 3. Syn. of Ochoterenatrema diminutum (Chandler, 1938) according to Cain (1966).</p><p>Species: T. buckleyi Saoud 1964</p><p>- Genital pore common or male and female pores close together, submedial to sublateral and close to level of ventral sucker...4</p><p>4. Ovary in forebody or at level of anterior region of ventral sucker; cirrus-sac not oriented horizontally........................................................................... Limatulum Travassos (= Stumiratrema Vélez &amp; Thatcher) Species: L. brevicoecum Mañé-Garzón &amp; González, 1976; L. gastroides Macy, 1935; L. oklahomense Macy, 1931 (b); L. umbilicatum (Vélez &amp; Thatcher, 1992)</p><p>- Ovary at level of posterior region of ventral sucker or in anterior hindbody; cirrus-sac oriented horizontally............................................................. Parabascus Looss (= Limatuloides Dubois; Parabascoides Stunkard)4 Species: P. cephalolecithus (Marshall &amp; Miller, 1979); P. limatulus (Braun, 1900)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A18784532C6256FF6BFA16FC7AFE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A18784532D6256FF6BFE3EFC8EFD60.text	03A18784532D6256FF6BFE3EFC8EFD60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiorchiidae Luhe	<div><p>Family Plagiorchiidae Lühe</p><p>This is a large group, occurring in a wide range of tetrapods. Metacercariae commonly occur encysted in both larval and adult insects; it is likely that bats acquire the parasites from the latter.</p><p>Plagiorchis Lühe</p><p>Species: P. parumbursatus Freitas &amp; Dobbin Jr, 1961</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A18784532D6256FF6BFE3EFC8EFD60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A18784532D6256FF6BFCF9FD14FBFA.text	03A18784532D6256FF6BFCF9FD14FBFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhopaliidae Looss	<div><p>Family Rhopaliidae Looss</p><p>Species of this rare group occur mainly in marsupials from the Americas, but occasionally in other in omnivorous mammals (and birds). The life-cycle is not known, but bats likely acquire the parasite by the ingestion of metacercariae encysted on the surface of vegetation or on/in molluscs or other invertebrates.</p><p>Rhopalias Stiles &amp; Hassall</p><p>Species: R. coronatus (Rudolphi, 1819)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A18784532D6256FF6BFCF9FD14FBFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
03A18784532D6256FF6BFB40FDC0FA39.text	03A18784532D6256FF6BFB40FDC0FA39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urotrematidae Poche	<div><p>Family Urotrematidae Poche</p><p>Urotrematids occur in a variety of insectivorous rodents, bats, lizards and fishes. Bats acquire the parasite by the ingestion of encysted metacercariae in their insect prey.</p><p>Urotrema Braun</p><p>Species: U. scabridum Braun, 1900</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A18784532D6256FF6BFB40FDC0FA39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, Cláudia Portes;Gibson, David I.	Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3
