identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AE802CFFE9FFA7FD84FA9FA03AF802.text	03AE802CFFE9FFA7FD84FA9FA03AF802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurostigma alfonsoi Reategui & Rafael & da Silva-Neto 2025	<div><p>Neurostigma alfonsoi sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C60BE836-ED83-4339-8F04-08FA8BBCD6D5</p><p>Figs 1–5, 22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species belongs in species group II, of Mendivil-Nieto et al. (2020). It is similar to Neurostigma radiatum in wing venation. I differs from the latter by having a distinctly irregular spot on forewing in medial region between M and CuA veins, and Cua 1 touching wing margin at a parallel point between first and second bifurcation of M vein (Figs 3A–B, 5); the phallosome somewhat wide basally and gently curved outwards, with a V-shaped posterior process of the aedeagal arch, with a small subtriangular projection in the middle of its inner margin; and the endophallus with numerous V-shaped small spines, the radula with two sclerites, these almost together in middle of endophallus, basally almost triangular and weakly sclerotized, and posteriorly strongly sclerotized, with numerous acuminate projections, with two medially detached projections (Fig. 4C).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is dedicated to the memory of Dr Alfonso Neri García Aldrete (1942–2022), in recognition of his extensive and excellent contributions to the taxonomy of South American psocids.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Rondônia, Itapuã do Oeste, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.912502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.943334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.912502/lat -9.943334)">Flona Jamari</a>; 9°56′36″ S, 62°54′45″ W; 2 May 2016; Z.F.M. da Silva and J.A. Rafael leg.; Malaise trap; Rede de Biodiversidade de Insecta na Amazônia (REDE BIA); INPA, INPA-PSO 000030.</p><p>Paratypes BRAZIL • 4 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; INPA, INPA-PSO 000031 to 000034 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>COLORATION. Frons of head with two dark brown spots between eyes and ocelli, first spot wider, second spot thinner, together forming convex shape (Fig. 1D); lateral areas of head entirely light brown (Fig. 1). Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline with ochre centripetal crescents (Fig. 1). Scape, pedicel and flagellomeres hyaline. Clypeus light brown (Fig. 1D); labrum light brown, with dark brown labral sclerites (Fig. 2A), labium with light brown prementum, with dark brown round spot on sides, with palpi, paraglossas and glossa light brown (Fig. 2B); brown maxillary palpi without blackish contour (Fig. 2C), mandibles hyaline with yellowish and brownish ends (Fig. 2D–E); hyaline lacinia with yellowish distal region (Fig. 2F–G). Tergal lobes of meso and metathorax light brown (Fig. 1A); thoracic pleura light brown (Fig. 1A–B). Forewings with distinctly irregular spot in medial region between veins M and CuA (Fig. 3A–B), brownish spots that run through all crossveins of pterostigma of right forewing, except vein R1 (Fig. 3A), on left forewing, the spot runs through R1 (Fig. 3B). Hindwings hyaline, veins brown (Fig. 3C–D). Legs with coxae yellowish with blackened ends, trochanters light brown, femora basally with blackish spots, with several rounded black spots towards their ends (Fig. 3E–G), tibiae with two rounded black spots distally, tarsomeres 1 light brown, tarsomeres 2 dark brown (Fig. 3E–G). Abdomen light brown with dark abdominal segments (Fig. 1A).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Head with abundant macrosetae, more concentrated on vertex (Fig. 1C–D), compound eyes large, widely separated (Fig. 1C–D) and laterally elliptical (Fig. 1E); vertex convex, clearly above upper border of compound eyes, with each lobe twice as wide as it is long (Fig. 1D). Labium with prementum narrow, labial palpi with round shape, paraglossas with round shape, slender glossa (Fig. 2B). Mandibles asymmetrical, elongate and with outer margin angled (Fig. 2D–E), outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with six or eight denticles (Fig. 2F–G). Lobes tergal with many setae. Forewings with broad pterostigma (Fig. 3A–B), right forewing pterostigma with six crossveins, sixth crossvein forked (Fig. 3A); left forewing pterostigma with six crossveins, with second crossvein fused medially to third crossvein (Fig. 3B) (see also the variations present in the paratypes (Fig. 5); R 2+3 veins unbranched (Fig. 3A) or branched (Fig. 3B of the holotype and Fig. 5 of the paratypes); M vein before its first bifurcation gently concave, U-shaped, then almost straight, areola postica wide basally, slightly slanted posteriorly, apically rounded, with Cua 1 touching the wing margin at a parallel point between first and second bifurcation of M vein (Figs 3A–B, 5). Hindwing R 2+3 sinuous, R 4+5 almost straight, M sinuous (Fig. 3C– D). Hypandrium with abundant setae, distally rounded, with a sclerotized line on each postero-lateral side (Fig. 4A). Phallosome open basally; side struts straight, somewhat wide basally and gently curved outwards; aedeagal arch robust, posterior process of edeagal arch V-shaped, with small subtriangular projection in the middle of its inner margin; endophallus with numerous small spines V-shaped, radula with two sclerites, these almost together in the middle of endophallus, basally almost triangular and weakly sclerotized, and posteriorly strongly sclerotized, with numerous acuminate projections, with two medially detached projections (Fig. 4C). Epiproct broad basally, with one triangular area on each anterolateral corner and small concavity in the middle of its anterior margin, sides converging to rounded posterior border, setae as illustrated (Fig. 4B). Paraproct extremely elongated, distally almost triangular, with field of microsetae in distal region, sensory fields large, with 24–28 trichobothria on basal rosettes (Fig. 4B).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS (in μm). FW: 2335, HW: 1735, F: 527, T: 839, t1: 317, t2: 99, MX 2: 88, MX 4: 145, IO: 398, D: 139, d: 184, PO: 1.323.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802CFFE9FFA7FD84FA9FA03AF802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reategui, Natália S.;Rafael, José A.;da Silva-Neto, Alberto M.	Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A., da Silva-Neto, Alberto M. (2025): Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings. European Journal of Taxonomy 976: 1-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2771/12673
03AE802CFFE3FFA8FDB5FEFFA69EF84E.text	03AE802CFFE3FFA8FDB5FEFFA69EF84E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurostigma angelicum Reategui & Rafael & da Silva-Neto 2025	<div><p>Neurostigma angelicum sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 01FF68C2-EA58-4CFA-9FC2-51AC38E37C60</p><p>Figs 6–9, 22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species belongs in species group II, of Mendivil-Nieto et al. (2020). It is similar to Neurostigma patriciae sp. nov. in wing venation. It differs from the latter by having a phalossome somewhat narrow basaly and anteriorly curved outwards, with a long and wide posterior process of the aedeagal arch, with a slight indentation of the external and internal margins; the anterior margin of the endophallus with a U-shaped indentation, originating two areas similar to ‘angels’ wings, extremely membranous, ending posteriorly with six strongly sclerotized and acuminate projections (Fig. 9C) and by having hypandrium almost square in shape, basally wide and distally straight, with slightly sclerotized sides (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is an adjective in Latin, ‘ angelicus ’ = ‘angelic’, derived from ‘angel’ in reference to the shape of the endophallus of the phallosoma resembling an angel’s wing.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.84056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.84056/lat -4.8083334)">Coari</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.84056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.84056/lat -4.8083334)">Rio Urucu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.84056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.84056/lat -4.8083334)">Igarapé Marta</a> 3; 04°48′30″ S, 64°50′26″ W; 18–19 Aug. 1993; P.F Buhrnhein et al. leg.; Pennsylvania trap; INPA, INPA-PSO 000035.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>COLORATION. Head vertex with dark brown dotted spots (Fig. 6C), lateral areas of head entirely light brown (Fig. 6E). Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline with ochre centripetal crescents. Scapes and pedicels brownish; flagellomeres hyaline. Clypeus with diffuse brownish spots (Fig. 6D); labrum light brown, with light brown labral sclerites (Fig. 7A); labium with prementum, palpi, paraglossa and glossa brown (Fig. 7B), mandibles hyaline with yellowish and brownish ends (Fig. 7C–D), laciniae hyaline with yellowish distal region (Fig. 7E–F). Tergal lobes of meso and metathorax light brown (Fig. 6C), thoracic pleura light brown (Fig. 6B). Forewings with dark brown spot all over anal cell, and almost homogeneous in CuP and M+CuA cells (Fig. 8A–B). Hindwings with homogeneous light brown spots on anal and CuP cells, M+CuA cell filled almost homogeneously by brown spot, with brown veins (Fig. 8C–D). Abdomen light brown (Fig. 6A).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Head with macrosetae, more concentrated on vertex (Fig. 6D–E); compound eyes large, widely separated, laterally rounded in shape (Fig. 6E); vertex not bilobed, approximately at the same level as upper edge of compound eyes (Fig. 6D). Labium with prementum narrow, labial palpi with round shape, paraglossa with round shape, slender glossa (Fig. 7B). Mandibles asymmetrical, elongate and with outer margin angled (Fig. 7C–D), outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with six to eight denticles (Fig. 7E–F). Tergal lobes with setae (Fig. 6C). Forewings with many setae, especially on margins; right forewing pterostigma with four crossveins (Fig. 8A); left forewing pterostigma with four crossveinns (Fig. 8B); R1 sinuous (Fig. 8B), M vein before its first bifurcation gently concave, U-shaped (Fig. 8A– B). Hindwing with R 2+3 and R 4+5 almost straight, M sinuous (Fig. 8C–D). Hypandrium with a subquarate shape, with sides slightly sclerotized with abundant setae (Fig. 9A). Process posterior of aedeagal arch long and narrow, with slightly indented external and internal margins; anterior margin of endophallus with U-shaped indentation, originating two areas similar to ‘angels’ wings, extremely membranous, ending posteriorly with six strongly sclerotized and acuminate projections (Fig. 9C). Epiproct with straight posterior margin, with a field of microsetae in medial and distal region (Fig. 9B). Paraproct with broad base, narrowing distally, with a field of microsetae towards outer margin, sensory fields with 25–29 trichobothria on basal rosettes (Fig. 9B).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS (in μm). FW: 2818, HW: 2091, IO: 438, D: 266, d: 223, PO: 0.838.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802CFFE3FFA8FDB5FEFFA69EF84E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reategui, Natália S.;Rafael, José A.;da Silva-Neto, Alberto M.	Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A., da Silva-Neto, Alberto M. (2025): Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings. European Journal of Taxonomy 976: 1-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2771/12673
03AE802CFFE0FFB0FD80F98EA048FE3B.text	03AE802CFFE0FFB0FD80F98EA048FE3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurostigma patriciae Reategui & Rafael & da Silva-Neto 2025	<div><p>Neurostigma patriciae sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B4EB71C0-C42A-46D0-B361-FF16AF09A333</p><p>Figs 10–13, 22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species belongs in species group II, of Mendivil-Nieto et al. (2020). It is similar to Neurostigma angelicum sp. nov. in wing venation. It differs from the latter by having the phallosoma somewhat narrow basaly and curved inwards anteriorly, posteriorly with a slight concavity, the posterior process of the aedeagal arch long, wide, with the distal margin concave, the external margin with an abruptly long indentation, and the internal margin with a slight indentation; the endophallus with two distinctly sclerotized areas, with separate endophallic sclerites touching anteriorly, posteriorly separated by a membranous area, each of these endophallic sclerites with denticulated posterior margin with numerous small acuminate and anteriorly coiled projections giving rise to a spiral area (Fig. 13C).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is dedicated to Dr Patrícia do Rosário Reis, from the University of the State of Amazonas (UEA), in recognition of her great contribution to the teaching of science in more remote areas of Amazonas, and for her friendship and affection.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Amazonas, Manaus, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.115276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5891666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.115276/lat -2.5891666)">Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical</a> (EEST-ZF-2); 02°35′21″ S, 60°06′55″ W; 9–24 Jan. 2018; J.A. Rafael leg.; Malaise trap; Rede de Biodiversidade de Insecta na Amazônia (REDE BIA); INPA, INPA-PSO 000036.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>COLORATION. Head vertex with dark brown dotted spots (Fig. 10), a dark brown horizontal spot between eyes and ocelli (Fig. 10D), lateral areas of head entirely light brown (Fig. 10E). Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline with ochre centripetal crescents (Fig. 10A). Scape and pedicels light brown, flagellomeres hyaline. Clypeus with diffuse brown spots (Fig. 10D), labrum light brown, with dark brown labral sclerites (Fig. 11A), labium with brown prementum, with palpi, paraglossas and glossa light brown (Fig. 11B), light brown maxillary palpi without blackish contour (Fig. 11C), mandibles hyaline with yellowish and brownish ends (Fig. 11D–E), hyaline lacinia with a yellowish distal region (Fig. 11F–G). Tergal lobes of meso and metathorax dark brown, thoracic pleura light brown (Fig. 10B). Forewings with dark brown stain all over anal cell, and almost homogeneously in CuP and M+CuA cells (Fig. 12A– B). Hindwings with light brown spots homogeneously in anal and CuP cells, with markedly brownish veins (Fig. 12C–D). Legs with coxae, trochanters and femurs brownish, basally with blackish spots, no rounded spots medially and distally (Fig. 12E–G), tibiae brownish without rounded spots distally, tarsomeres 1 light brown, tarsomeres 2 dark brown (Fig. 12E–G). Abdomen light brown (Fig. 10A).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Head with abundant macrosetae, more concentrated on vertex (Fig.10D–E) compound eyes large, widely separated (Fig. 10D–E) and laterally rounded in shape; vertex not bilobed, approximately at same level as upper edge of compound eyes (Fig. 10D). Labium with prementum narrow, labial palpi with round shape, paraglossas with round shape, slender glossa (Fig. 11B). Mandibles asymmetrical, elongate and with outer margin angled (Fig. 11D–E), outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with eight to nine denticles (Fig. 11F–G). Forewings with many setae, especially on margins, right forewing pterostigma with three crossveins (Fig. 12A); left forewing pterostigma with four crossveinss (Fig. 12B). M vein before its first bifurcation, gently concave, U-shape, areola postica wide basally, slightly slanted posteriorly, apically rounded, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at a parallel point between first and second bifurcation of the vein M (Fig. 12A–B). Hindwing R 2+3 nearly straight, M sinuous (Fig. 12C–D). Hypandrium completely sclerotized with abundant setae, distally concave (Fig. 13A). Posterior process of edeagal arch long, wide, with distal margin concave, external margin with abruptly long indentation, and internal margin with slight indentation; endophallus with two distinctly sclerotized areas, with separate endophallic sclerites touching anteriorly, posteriorly separated by membranous area, each of these endophallic sclerites with denticulated posterior margin with numerous small acuminate and anteriorly coiled projections giving rise to a spiral area (Fig. 13C). Epiproct basally wide, distally concave, with field of microsetae (Fig. 13B). Paraproct subtriangular in shape, with narrow base, extending distally, with field of microsetae towards outer margin, sensory fields with 28–29 trichobothria on basal rosettes (Fig. 13B).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS (in μm). FW: 2924, HW: 2211, F: 704, T: 1127, t1: 460, t2: 116, MX 2: 122, MX 4: 129, IO: 445, D: 255, d: 211, PO: 0.827.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802CFFE0FFB0FD80F98EA048FE3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reategui, Natália S.;Rafael, José A.;da Silva-Neto, Alberto M.	Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A., da Silva-Neto, Alberto M. (2025): Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings. European Journal of Taxonomy 976: 1-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2771/12673
03AE802CFFFBFFB3FDBFFE24A328FA56.text	03AE802CFFFBFFB3FDBFFE24A328FA56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurostigma spinosum Reategui & Rafael & da Silva-Neto 2025	<div><p>Neurostigma spinosum sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6731CF58-D473-46DC-9E38-1AA97DD69CE7</p><p>Figs 14–17, 22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species belongs in species group II of Mendivil-Nieto et al. (2020). It is similar to Neurostigma willkeniae sp. nov., N. lienhardi, and N. thorntoni in having anchor-shaped spines in the endophallus. It is closer to N. thorntoni in the venation of the forewing but differs in that it does not have a spot between the CuP veins and the A vein. The areola postica has Cua 1 touching wing margin at a parallel point after the second bifurcation of vein M (Fig. 16A–B); the phalossome has a subquadrate posterior process of the aedeagal arch with an abrupt indentation of the external margin; the endophallus has the median region deeply septate with a V-shaped indentation, laterally membranous with seven distinct rows of spines, separated by a membranous area (Fig. 17B).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a latin word ‘ spinae ’ = ‘thorns’, in reference to the endophallus of the phallosoma being full of spines.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Amazonas, Tefé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.66833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.806667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.66833/lat -4.806667)">Locação São Marcus</a>; 04°48′24″ S, 65°40′06″ W; 7–16 Sep. 1990; P.F. Buhrnhein et al. leg.; Pennsylvania trap; INPA, INPA-PSO 000037.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>COLORATION. Head uniformly pale yellow (Fig. 14A–C), lateral areas of head light yellow, compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline with ochre centripetal crescents (Fig. 14D–E). Scapes, pedicels and flagellomeres hyaline. Clypeus light yellow; labrum hyaline, with dark brown labral sclerites (Fig. 15A), labium with prementum, labial palpi, paraglossas and glossas light brown (Fig. 15B); mandibles hyaline with yellowish and brownish ends (Fig. 15C–D); laciniae hyaline with yellowish distal region (Fig. 15E–F). Tergal lobes of mesothorax hyaline, tergal lobes of metathorax dark brown (Fig. 14C), thoracic pleura hyaline (Fig. 14B). Forewings with two rounded brown spots, one in medial region between CuP and M+Cu veins, another in proximal region of bifurcation that originates M and CuA veins, dark brown spot running through R1 vein (Fig. 16A–B). Hindwing with brownish spot in basal region between A vein and CuP vein (Fig. 16C). Abdomen hyaline (Fig. 14A).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Head with macrosetae, more concentrated on vertex (Fig. 14A–B); compound eyes large, widely separated, laterally rounded in shape (Fig. 14D–E), vertex bilobed, approximately at same level as upper edge of compound eyes (Fig. 14D–E). Labium with prementum narrow, labial palpi with round shape, paraglossa with round shape, slender glossa (Fig. 15B). Mandibles asymmetrical, elongate and with outer margin angled (Fig. 15C–D), outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with eight to ten denticles (Fig. 15E–F). Tergal lobes with setae (Fig. 14C). Forewings with many setae, especially on margins, right forewing pterostigma with four crossveins (Fig. 16A), left wing pterostigma with five crossveins (Fig. 16B). M vein before its firts bifurcation gently concave U-shaped (Fig. 16A–B). Hindwing with sinuous R 2+3 and straight R 4+5, M sinuous (Fig. 16C). Posterior process of aedeagal arch subquadrate, with abrupt indentation of external margin; endophallus with median region deeply septate with V-shaped indentation, laterally membranous with seven distinct rows of spines, separated by membranous area (Fig. 17B). Epiproct with concave posterior margin, with slightly angulated sides, field of microsetae in medial and distal region (Fig. 17A). Paraproct with narrow base, widening distally, with microsetae field towards outer margin, sensory fields with 30–37 basal rosettes (Fig. 17A).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS (in μm). FW: 3097, HW: 2198, F: 643, T: 752, t1: 293, t2: 121, IO: 443, D: 350, d: 271, PO: 0.774.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802CFFFBFFB3FDBFFE24A328FA56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reategui, Natália S.;Rafael, José A.;da Silva-Neto, Alberto M.	Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A., da Silva-Neto, Alberto M. (2025): Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings. European Journal of Taxonomy 976: 1-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2771/12673
03AE802CFFF8FFB8FDBBFA1BA049FDBD.text	03AE802CFFF8FFB8FDBBFA1BA049FDBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurostigma willkeniae Reategui & Rafael & da Silva-Neto 2025	<div><p>Neurostigma willkeniae sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2F344899-1DF5-45AB-9887-025DF52C9BEA</p><p>Figs 18–22</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species belongs in species group II, of Mendivil-Nieto et al. (2020). It is similar to Neurostigma thorntoni, N. lienhardi, and N. spinosum sp. nov., in having anchor-shaped spines in the endophallus. It is closer to Neurostigma spinosum in the venation of the forewing, but it differs from it by having a spot between the base of the pterostigma and the Rs vein (Fig. 20A–B), and by having a robust posterior process of the aedeagal arch, with a slight indentation of the inner margin, and an abrupt relief on the external margin (Fig. 21C). The anterior region of the endophallus has a slight central indentation, and a field of spines close to the posterolateral margins with numerous small spines on the posterior edges, separated by a large membranous area (Fig. 21C).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is dedicated to Dr Dayse Willkenia Almeida Marques, from the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), in recognition of her enthusiasm in deciphering the female genitalia of Neurostigma .</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo; 02°57′48.0″ S, 59°55′22.2″ W; 9 Apr. 2013; J.A. Rafael leg.; light trap; INPA, INPA-PSO 000038.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>COLORATION. Head uniformly pale yellow; lateral areas of head light yellow; compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline with ochre centripetal crescents (Fig. 18A–E). Scape, pedicels and flagellomeres hyaline. Clypeus light yellow (Fig. 18D), labrum hyaline with dark brown labral sclerites (Fig. 19A), labium with light brown prementum, with labial palpi, paraglossas and glossas light brown (Fig. 19B), mandibles hyaline with yellowish and brownish ends (Fig. 19D–E), laciniae hyaline with yellowish distal region (Fig. 19F–G). Tergal lobes of mesothorax hyaline, tergal lobes of metathorax dark brown (Fig. 18C), thoracic pleura hyaline (Fig.18B). Forewings with three light brown spots, first in medial region between CuP and M+Cu veins, second in basal region of bifurcation of M+Cu veins, third in basal region between base of pterostigma and Rs vein (Fig. 20A–B); hindwings with brownish spots in basal region from vein A to CuP (Fig. 20C–D). Legs thighs yellowish, trochanters light brown, femurs with blackish spots basally, and rounded black spots medially and distally (Fig. 20E), tibiae with two rounded black spots distally, tarsomeres 1 dark brown, tarsomeres 2 dark brown (Fig. 20E). Abdomen hyaline (Fig. 18A).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Head with macrosetae, more concentrated on vertex (Fig. 18D–E), compound eyes large, widely separated, laterally rounded in shape (Fig. 18D–E), vertex bilobed, approximately at same level as upper border of compound eyes (Fig. 18D). Labium with prementum narrow, labial palpi with round shape, paraglossa with round shape, glossa slender (Fig. 19B). Mandibles asymmetrical, elongate and with outer margin angled (Fig. 19D–E), outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with eight to nine denticles (Fig. 19F–G). Tergal lobes with setae (Fig. 18C). Forewings with many setae, especially on margins; right forewing pterostigma with four crossveins (Fig. 20A); left forewing pterostigma with six crossveins (Fig. 20B); M vein before its first bifurcation abruptly concave U-shape (Fig. 20A–B). Hindwing with R 2+3 and R 4+5 almost straight, M sinuous (Fig. 20C–D). Hypandrium with abundant setae, distally rounded, gently concave, wirh sides not angled, more sclerotized on sides (Fig. 21A). Posterior process of aedeagal arch with slight indentation of inner margin, with abrupt relief on external margin (Fig. 21C); anterior region of endophallus with slight central indentation, with a field of spines, close to posterolateral margins with numerous small spines on posterior edges, separated by large membranous area (Fig. 21C). Epiproct with concave posterior margin, with field of microsetae in distal region (Fig. 21B). Paraproct with narrow base, widening distally, with straight distal region, with microsetae field towards outer margin, sensory fields with 38–39 basal rosettes (Fig. 21B).</p><p>MEASUREMENTS (in μm). FW: 3658, HW: 2661, F: 627, T: 788, t1: 284, t2: 145, MX 2: 113, MX 4: 226, IO: 503, D: 245, d: 184, PO: 0.751.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802CFFF8FFB8FDBBFA1BA049FDBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reategui, Natália S.;Rafael, José A.;da Silva-Neto, Alberto M.	Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A., da Silva-Neto, Alberto M. (2025): Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings. European Journal of Taxonomy 976: 1-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2771/12673
03AE802CFFF3FFB9FF5FFDA3A763F877.text	03AE802CFFF3FFB9FF5FFDA3A763F877.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurostigma Enderlein 1900	<div><p>Key to males of Neurostigma</p><p>Neurostigma furcivenula and N. chaetocephalum are excluded from the key as their male genitalia remain unknown..</p><p>1. Forewing with areola postica fused with M; M vein concave with a V-shape before bifurcation (Fig. 23H–K) ..................................................................................................................................... 2</p><p>– Forewing with areola postica free, not fused with M; M vein concave with a U-shape before bifurcation (Figs 3A–B, 8A–B, 12A–B, 16A–B, 20A–B, 23A–G) .................................................. 4</p><p>2. Proximal half of forewing homogeneously pigmented (Fig. 23K) .............. N. enderleini New, 1980</p><p>– Proximal half of forewing not homogeneously pigmented, with some areas having lighter pigmentation and other areas having distinctly darker pigmentation (Fig. 23H–J) ......................... 3</p><p>3. Large irregular dark brown spots from base of pterostigma to CuP (Fig. 23I) or only from M+CuA to CuP (Fig. 23H); small dark brown spot at pterostigma base transverse veins pigmented along its entire length (Fig. 23H–I) ..................................................................... N. xanthopterum New, 1980</p><p>– Almost continuous spot from base of areola postica to CuP, with central discontinuity; no irregular spot between half of anal vein and wing margin strongly pigmented spot along M+Cu (Fig. 23J) ... ........................................................................... N. atlanticum Reategui, Rafael &amp; Silva-Neto, 2022</p><p>4. Forewing completely hyaline (Fig. 23E–G) ..................................................................................... 5</p><p>– Forewing not hyaline (Figs 3A–B, 8A–B, 12A–B, 16A–B, 20A–B, 23A–D) ................................. 7</p><p>5. M with three primary branches and third branch unforked (Fig. 23E); phallosome not as below ..... ........................................................................................................................................................... 6</p><p>– M with three primary branches, M 3 forked into M 3a and M 3b (Fig. 23F); posterior process of aedeagus short and straight distally; endophallus with two groups of small spines separated by reticulated area (Fig. 24A) ........................................................................................................................................... .............. N. lienhardi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto &amp; García Aldrete, 2021</p><p>6. Areola postica narrow, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at a point parallel to the second bifurcation of M (Fig. 23E); distal process of aedeagal arch wide and short; endophallus with two sclerites with numerous small spines, directed antero-laterally (Fig. 24E) .............................................................. ..................... N. newi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto &amp; García Aldrete, 2021</p><p>– Areola postica wide, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at a parallel point after the first bifurcation of M vein (Fig. 23G); posterior process of edeagal arch long and narrow with slight indentation of outer margin; endophallus with sharp spines directed antero-mesally, with long spicules on outer margin and dense field of short spines and spicules latero-posteriorly (Fig. 24H) ......................................... .......................................................................................................................... N. roesleri New, 1980</p><p>7. M+Cu has with slight concavity before bifurcation that gives rise to Cu A and M (Fig. 8A–B) ....... 8</p><p>– M+Cu straight, without concave region (Figs 3A–B, 16A–B, 20A–B, 24A–D) ............................. 9</p><p>8. Posterior process of aedeagal arch long and wide, with slight indentation of external and internal margins; anterior margin of endophallus with U-shaped indentation, originating two areas similar to ‘angels’ wings, extremely membranous, ending posteriorly with six strongly sclerotized and acuminate projections (Fig. 9C) ...................................................................... N. angelicum sp. nov.</p><p>– Posterior process of aedeagal arch long, wide, with long indentation of external margin, and slight indentation of internal margin; endophallus with two distinctly sclerotized areas, with separate endophallic sclerites touching anteriorly, separated posteriorly by membranous area, each sclerite with denticulated posterior margin with numerous small acuminate projections coiled anteriorly, giving rise to spiral area (Fig. 13C) .................................................................... N. patriciae sp. nov.</p><p>9. Pterostigma with spot on distal half, M gently concave before first bifurcation (Fig. 23D); endophallus subquadrate with recess, originating two symmetrical regions composed of two lobes with numerous rows of vertical spines (Fig. 24G) ........................................................ N. paucivenosum New, 1980</p><p>– Pterostigma without spots or with spot only along crossveins; M vein gently concave with U-shaped before its bifurcation (Figs 3A–B, 16A–B, 20A–B, 23A–C) ......................................................... 10</p><p>10. R 2+3 four times as long as section Rs (Fig. 23B); endophallus region without sclerites or spines ..... ..........................................................................................................................................................11</p><p>– R 2+3 two times as long as section Rs (Fig. 24I); endophallus region with sclerites or spines ........ 12</p><p>11. M 3 unbifurcated; areola postica rounded distally (Fig. 23B); edeagal arch posterior process robust, rounded apically (Fig. 24C) ................................................................................................................ ............ N. mockfordi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto &amp; García Aldrete, 2021</p><p>– M 3 bifurcated into M 3a and M 3b; areola postica almost triangular distally (Fig. 23A); aedeagal arch distal process narrow, almost truncate apically (Fig. 24B) ................................................................. ........ N. valderramae González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto &amp; García Aldrete, 2021</p><p>12. Aedeagal arch posterior process short and wide, apically U-shaped; endophallus with pair of golf club-shaped sclerites separated by membranes (Fig. 24I) ..................... N. dispositum Roesler, 1940</p><p>– Aedeagal arch posterior process robust and long; endophallus with sclerites sepated by membranes (Figs 4C, 17B, 21C, 24A–F) ........................................................................................................... 13</p><p>13. Endophallus with sclerites and spines V-shaped (Figs 4C, 24F) .................................................... 14</p><p>– Endophallus without sclerites and with anchor-shaped spines (Figs 17B, 21C, 24D) ................... 15</p><p>14. Areola postica wide, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at parallel point, after second bifurcation of M (Fig. 23C); endophallus with two distinctly long, sclerotized and acuminate sclerites directed antero-laterally, arising from dense field of small spines (Fig. 24F) .............. N. radiatum Mockford, 1991</p><p>– Areola postica narrower basally, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at point parallel between first and second bifurcation of M (Fig. 3A–B); endophallus with numerous V-shaped small spines, radula with two sclerites, these almost together in middle of endophallus, basally almost triangular and weakly sclerotized, posteriorly strongly sclerotized, with numerous acuminate projections, with two medially detached projections (Fig. 4C) .............................................................. N. alfonsoi sp. nov.</p><p>15. Endophallus with indentation in anterior region, laterally with rows of spines (Fig. 24D) ............... ............. N. thorntoni González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Niero &amp; García Aldrete, 2021</p><p>– Endophallus not as above (Figs 17B, 21C) .................................................................................... 16</p><p>16. Endophallus with slight central indentation, with field of spines close to posterolateral margins with numerous small spines on posterior edges, separated by large membranous area (Fig. 21C) ............ .......................................................................................................................... N. willkeniae sp. nov.</p><p>– Endophallus with median region deeply septate with V-shaped indentation, laterally membranous with seven distinct rows of spines, separated by membranous area (Fig. 17B) ................................. ........................................................................................................................... N. spinosum sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802CFFF3FFB9FF5FFDA3A763F877	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Reategui, Natália S.;Rafael, José A.;da Silva-Neto, Alberto M.	Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A., da Silva-Neto, Alberto M. (2025): Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings. European Journal of Taxonomy 976: 1-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2771/12673
