identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AF87E9FF9C2F35FC1AFE201609CFC6.text	03AF87E9FF9C2F35FC1AFE201609CFC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrocygna nazensis Houde 2023	<div><p>Danielsavis nazensis Houde et al., 2023</p> <p>Holotype. NMS.Z.2021.40.1 (Figure 1A; partial skeleton including tip of upper beak, left and right mandibular rami, both quadrates and pterygoids, partial hyoid apparatus, at least 18 presacral vertebrae, cranial portion of sternum, partial furcula, right and partial left coracoid, cranial portions of both scapulae, left and distal end of right humerus, both radii, left ulna, ossa carpalia and wing phalanges, right and proximal portion of left carpometacarpus, distal end of right femur, proximal end of left and distal end of right tibiotarsus, right and distal end of left tarsometatarsus, pedal phalanges).</p> <p>Referred specimens. NMS.Z.2021.40.2 (Figure 1B; partial skeleton including partial skull and mandible, both quadrates, partial hyoid apparatus, six cervical vertebrae, cranial portion of sternum, partial furcula, right coracoid, cranial portion of right scapula, proximal end of right humerus); NMS.Z.2021.40.3 (Figure 1C; partial skeleton including two cervical, two thoracic, and two caudal vertebrae, partial sternum, distal portion of left ulna, left radius, proximal end of right carpometacarpus, distal end of left femur, proximal and distal ends of right tarsometatarsus, and pedal phalanges); NMS.Z.2021.40.6 (Figure 1D; left tarsometatarsus, pedal phalanges).</p> <p>Remarks. Houde et al. (2023) only considered the holotype to be definitely referable to Danielsavis nazensis. NMS.Z.2021.40.2 is slightly larger than the holotype, and according to Houde et al. (2023: 32), the specimen differs from the holotype “because in lateral view the orbital process of the quadrate is narrower and the dorsal margin of the quadrate between it and the otic process is more uniformly curved. The premaxilla is slightly longer and narrower than that of Danielsavis nazensis (…). The tubercle of the external head of the AME [= (musculus) adductor mandibulae externus], pars articularis is positioned closer to the dorsal margin of the coronoid region”. Unlike in the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.1), the quadrate of NMS.Z.2021.40.2 furthermore exhibits a well-defined albeit small condylus pterygoideus and the scapula of the holotype is proportionally longer and narrower than in NMS.Z.2021.40.2. Some of these differences may be due to the somewhat larger size of NMS.Z.2021.40.2, and we consider it possible that they are due to intraspecific variation.</p> <p>With regard to NMS.Z.2021.40.3, Houde et al. (2023: 34) noted that the “alular metacarpal of the carpometacarpus is extremely short proximodistally and positioned proximally, such that the distal limits of the alular process and the pisiform process are approximately equal, unlike the holotype of Danielsavis nazensis ”. However, the os metacarpale alulare of NMS.Z.2021.40.3 is broken and was glued together by the collector, so that this difference is likely to be an artefact of an erroneous restoration of the bone.</p> <p>Emended description. In the following, we focus on features that were not already mentioned by Houde et al. (2023). The upper beak of Danielsavis (Figure 2A‒D) has a distinctive shape in that its lateral margins run in parallel and in that the tip is not deflected and does not form a hook. Even though it resembles the upper beak of Anhima cornuta (Anhimidae) in its outline, the straight tomia distinguish it from crown group Anhimidae. The beak of Anachronornis has a more spatulate shape with a broadly rounded tip; the nostrils are proportionally longer than in Danielsavis. Mayr (2022) considered the beak of Danielsavis to be similar to that of Asteriornis from the Late Cretaceous of Belgium (Field et al., 2020), but in spite of a similar outline it is proportionally shorter; the interorbital section of the neurocranium is wider than in Asteriornis and Anachronornis. As noted by Houde et al. (2023), the lacrimals appear to be co-ossified with the frontals; on the right side of the skull, there is a small foramen that pierces the skull roof in the presumed area of fusion (Figure 1B), but it is uncertain whether this is a true osteological feature or the result of damage (a similar foramen is also present in some extant anseriforms with co-ossified lacrimals, such as Cairina moschata).</p> <p>Specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.2 preserves the basicranial area and substantial portions of both palatine bones (Figure 2E‒G), which were not described by Houde et al. (2023). The right basipterygoid process is visible, being sessile and of ovate shape as in extant galloanserines. The morphology of the palatines is intermediate between that of crown group Galliformes and crown group Anseriformes. As in Anachronornis and galliforms, but unlike in crown group Anseriformes, the caudal portions of the palatines are not co-ossified. The crista ventralis is low and separates the bone into two portions of subequal width (pars lateralis and lamella dorsalis, pars choanalis palatini sensu Zusi and Livezey, 2006). The pars lateralis is mediolaterally wider than in crown group Galliformes (Figure 2H), but as in the latter and unlike in crown group Anseriformes (Figure 2I, J), the lateral margin of the palatine is evenly curved and does not form a well-defined angulus caudolateralis (the condition in Anachronornis is similar to that of Danielsavis).</p> <p>The quadrate (Figure 3A‒H) was figured by Houde et al. (2023), who noted some galloanserine features of the bone in the differential diagnosis and commented on the presence of a foramen pneumaticum basiorbitale; this foramen is absent or vestigial (some Anhimidae) in crown group Anseriformes (Elzanowski and Stidham, 2010). As in other galloanserine birds, the processus mandibularis is bicondylar and lacks a condylus caudalis. In its proportions and general features, the quadrate of Danielsavis corresponds well to that of Presbyornis, which likewise exhibits a more plesiomorphic quadrate morphology than crown group Anseriformes (Elzanowski and Stidham, 2010). The tuberculum subcapitulare is distinct but small. The processus orbitalis is proportionally longer and narrower than in Anachronornis. In NMS.Z.2021.40.1, a well-defined condylus pterygoideus is absent, whereas this condyle is very small in NMS.Z.2021.40.2; a small prominence on the processus orbitalis may represent an articulation facet for the pterygoid. The cotyla quadratojugalis exhibits a facies quadratojugalis ventralis sensu Elzanowski and Stidham (2010).</p> <p>Both pterygoids are present in the holotype (Figure 3O‒R). The bones were not described by Houde et al. (2023) and ‒ except for the shorter processus rostralis ‒ most closely resemble the pterygoid of Nettapterornis (“ Anatalavis ”) oxfordi in overall proportions (compare Figure 3O‒R with Olson, 1999: figure 3). As in the latter species, the facies articularis basipterygoidea is proportionally wider than in crown group Anseriformes (Figure 3K, L). The pterygoid of Danielsavis is clearly distinguished from the pterygoid of galliform birds (Figure 3I, J), in which the facies articularis basipterygoidei is less protruding and situated near the rostral end of the bone.</p> <p>The hyoid apparatus (Figure 3S‒U), which was likewise not described by Houde et al. (2023), has a wide basihyal, which tapers rostrally and forms lateral wing-like projections. Within extant Galloanseres a similar morphology occurs in the Anseranatidae (Figure 3X), whereas the basihyal of the Anhimidae (Figure 3W) and Galliformes (Figure 3V) is narrow and rod-shaped. A small, subrectangular ossicle is here tentatively identified as the os paraglossum (Figure 3U); if this identification is correct, the bone is distinctly smaller than the paraglossum of crown group Anseriformes.</p> <p>The caudal (articular) end of the mandible (Figure 2K‒P) exhibits the characteristic derived morphology of galloanserine birds, in which a rostrocaudal ridge separates two articular surfaces for the quadrate. As in other Galloanseres, a long processus retroarticularis is present, which is completely preserved in the left mandibular ramus of the holotype. The processus retroarticularis of Danielsavis is sharply dorsally angled, by which it differs from Anachronornis (Figure 2R). The mandibular rami are dorsoventrally lower than in Asteriornis, Anachronornis, Presbyornis, and all crown group Anseriformes and agree with the mandibular rami of galliform birds in their proportions. This is also true for the short symphysis, which is mediolaterally narrower than the mandibular symphysis of crown group Anseriformes. On the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus there is an elongated, flange-like process that served for the attachment of musculus adductor mandibulae externus (“tubercle of the external head of the AME, pars articularis” sensu Houde et al., 2023: 32). A similar flange is present in the Megapodiidae, but absent in other crown group Galliformes (Cracidae and Phasianidae); in crown group Anseriformes it is weakly developed in the Anhimidae and very pronounced in the Anseranatidae and Anatidae.</p> <p>The holotype includes at least 18 presacral vertebrae or fragments thereof, with this vertebral series being complemented by vertebrae preserved in NMS.Z.2021.40.2 and NMS.Z.2021.40.3. Houde et al. (2023) commented on the morphology of the atlas, which exhibits foramina transversaria (Figure 4A); in extant Galloanseres, these foramina occur in the Anseranatidae and Anatidae (Figure 4C), whereas they are absent in the Anhimidae (Figure 4B) and Galliformes (Figure 4D). As further noted by Houde et al. (2023), the thoracic vertebrae bear large pneumatic openings on the lateral surfaces of the corpus (Figure 4E); these openings are present in anseriforms but absent in galliforms (Mayr, 2021). Other vertebrae were not described by Houde et al. (2023). The axis, which is present in NMS.Z.2021.40.2 (Figure 4E, F), is proportionally shorter than that of Conflicto and in its shape resembles the axis of Chauna (Anhimidae; Figure 4B, G); it bears a long and ridge-like processus spinosus. In their proportions, the third to fifth cranial vertebrae are more similar to the corresponding vertebrae of crown group Anseriformes than to the wider vertebrae of crown group Galliformes. The third and fourth cervicals (Figure 4A, J, K) exhibit a small notch (third) or foramen (fourth) on one side of the corpus, but these are much smaller than the foramina in the corresponding vertebrae of galliforms and some anseriforms. The large processus ventralis of the third vertebra is pierced by foramina (Figure 4K). The vertebra that is here identified as the fifth cervical is only preserved in NMS.Z.2021.40.3 (Figure 4A); it is much longer than wide and has a caudally tapering corpus; a lateral lamella along its corpus delimits a foramen in the cranial portion of the vertebra. The lateral surfaces of the corpus of some cervical vertebrae bear small, irregular and lamellate projections (Figure 4E), which are fewer and less pronounced than the barb-like tubercles in the fossils we refer to Perplexicervix (see further below). One of the thoracic vertebrae preserved in NMS.Z.2021.40.3 exhibits ossified tendons attached to the processus spinosus and the zygapophysis caudalis (Figure 4L); a long processus ventralis identifies this vertebra as one of the cranial thoracics. The pygostyle is preserved in the holotype and has a craniocaudally wide lamina; the dorsal portion of the lamina pygostyli is broadly rounded.</p> <p>The coracoid of Danielsavis (Figure 5A, B) differs from that of Anachronornis (Figure 5D) and other anseriforms (Figure 5E, F) in that the crista procoracoidei is more strongly developed, the omal extremity proportionally shorter, and the angle between the medio-omal and latero-omal portions of the processus acrocoracoideus is more obtuse. With regard to the shape of the processus acrocoracoideus, the bone resembles the coracoid of early Paleogene stem group Galliformes (Figure 5C). The facies articularis clavicularis does not form a lip-like projection and the impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis is not as marked as in Anachronornis and other anseriforms. The facies articularis humeralis is more laterally facing than in Anachronornis, in which it is more dorsally directed. The foramen nervi supracoracoidei is large. The medial margin of the extremitas sternalis forms a small projection, which is also found in other fossil Galloanseres. The processus lateralis is less drawn in sternolateral direction than in Anachronornis and Nettapterornis (Figure 5E). Houde et al. (2023: 29) noted the presence of potential pneumatic foramina on the dorsal surface of the extremitas sternalis of NMS.Z.2021.40.1, but we consider these foramina to more likely be artefacts of damage to the bones.</p> <p>Unlike in galliform birds, the extremitas omalis of the furcula (Figure 5G) forms a well-developed processus acromialis (in galliform birds the omal extremity is widened and has a straight end). The apophysis furculae is small. The scapus claviculae of NMS.Z.2021.40.2 exhibits an unusual mediolateral widening in its omal portion (Figure 1B), which may represent a pathological feature. The scapula has a long and narrow acromion, similar to that of the putative presbyornithid Wilaru tedfordi from the late Oligocene of Australia (De Pietri et al., 2016: figure 1g).</p> <p>The humerus (Figure 5L, M) is notably stouter than that of Anachronornis and anseriforms (Figure 5N, O) and has a proportionally wider proximal end. The tuberculum dorsale is proximodistally longer than it is mediolaterally wide and is proportionally longer than in Anachronornis and crown group anseriforms. On the distal end of the bone, the processus flexorius is more developed than in Anachronornis and other anseriforms.</p> <p>The proximal end of the ulna (Figure 5R) closely agrees with that of galliform birds (Figure 5S), and as in the latter the cotyla dorsalis reaches much farther distally than the cotyla ventralis. The carpometacarpus (Figure 5U, V) has a proportionally wider spatium intermetacarpale than the carpometacarpus of Anachronornis (Figure 5X) and other anseriforms. Furthermore, unlike in Anachronornis, Nettapterornis (Figure 5W) and crown group Anseriformes, the trochlea carpalis is not proximocaudally projected.</p> <p>The phalanx proximalis digiti majoris exhibits a processus internus indicis. The os carpi radiale (Figure 5Y, Z) corresponds to that of anseriforms (Figure 5 AA), whereas the corresponding ossicle of crown group galliforms has a disparate, autapomorphic shape (Figure 5 BB).</p> <p>The tibiotarsus (Figure 6A) differs from that of crown group anseriforms in that the sulcus extensorius is medially rather than centrally situated. The condylus medialis is much narrower than the condylus lateralis. Only a fragment of the proximal end is preserved in the holotype, which shows cristae cnemiales of average size.</p> <p>The tarsometatarsus (Figure 6F‒J) is proportionally shorter than the tarsometatarsus of the Anhimidae. Unlike in crown group Anseriformes, the plantar articular surface of the trochlea metatarsi III is asymmetrical, with a more proximal lateral rim (Figure 6J). In contrast to Anachronornis (Figure 6N), the trochlea metatarsi II is not much shorter than the trochlea metatarsi IV. The hypotarsus was described by Houde et al. (2023: 30) as showing “a single deep sulcus”, but in specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.3 there are two shallow sulci, presumably for the tendons of m. flexor digitorum longus and m. flexor hallucis longus (Figure 6E). In proximal view the hypotarsus corresponds to that of Presbyornis (De Pietri et al., 2016: figure 2d').</p> <p>The os metatarsale I is characterised by a deep incision in the distal portion of the trochlea. The pedal phalanges (Figure 6K) correspond to those of galliform birds in their proportions, and especially those of the fourth toe are much shorter than the corresponding phalanges of most anseriform birds (exceptions are the taxa Cnemiornis and Cereopsis, in which equally short phalanges occur), with the third phalanx of the fourth toe being particularly short. Houde et al. (2023) hypothesised that the longest phalanx represented in the phalangeal set is from the hallux, but we consider this phalanx to be the first phalanx of the second toe. The first phalanx of the hallux, which is identified by the asymmetrical shape of its proximal end, is rather shorter.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AF87E9FF9C2F35FC1AFE201609CFC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mayr, Gerald;Carrió, Vicen;Kitchener, Andrew C.	Mayr, Gerald, Carrió, Vicen, Kitchener, Andrew C. (2023): On the “ screamer-like ” birds from the British London Clay: An archaic anseriform-galliform mosaic and a non-galloanserine “ barb-necked ” species of Perplexicervix. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 33) 26 (2): 1-23, DOI: 10.26879/1301, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1301
03AF87E9FF972F35FC5EF9D6172FCD60.text	03AF87E9FF972F35FC5EF9D6172FCD60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perplexicervicidae Mayr & Carrió & Kitchener 2023	<div><p>Perplexicervicidae, fam. nov.</p> <p>zoobank.org/ DD21066A-8B29-4189-AB41-29945747EF21</p> <p>Type genus. Perplexicervix Mayr, 2010.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Skull with stalked processus basipterygoidei (Mayr, 2007); surfaces of cervical vertebrae covered with numerous barb-like tubercles; thoracic vertebrae with large pneumatic openings on lateral surfaces of corpus; coracoid (according to the tentatively referred specimens described in the present study) with deeply excavated cotyla scapularis and foramen nervi supracoracoidei.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AF87E9FF972F35FC5EF9D6172FCD60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mayr, Gerald;Carrió, Vicen;Kitchener, Andrew C.	Mayr, Gerald, Carrió, Vicen, Kitchener, Andrew C. (2023): On the “ screamer-like ” birds from the British London Clay: An archaic anseriform-galliform mosaic and a non-galloanserine “ barb-necked ” species of Perplexicervix. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 33) 26 (2): 1-23, DOI: 10.26879/1301, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1301
03AF87E9FF942F33FF66FB5F105DCCFD.text	03AF87E9FF942F33FF66FB5F105DCCFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perplexicervix paucituberculata Mayr & Carrió & Kitchener 2023	<div><p>Perplexicervix paucituberculata, sp. nov.</p> <p>zoobank.org/ 0A8FEDE9-3FBD-4DFE-8609-64E1D4F57D55</p> <p>Holotype. NMS.Z.2021.40.7 (Figure 7A; partial skeleton including fragment of left and right otic regions of skull, caudal end of jugal bar, elements of the hyoid apparatus, 15 presacral vertebra, 6 caudal vertebrae, pygostyle).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Differs from Perplexicervix microcephalon in that covering of vertebrae with tubercles less extensive; scapula of tentatively referred specimen with more strongly ventrally protruding facies articularis humeralis. Distinguished from Danielsavis nazensis in that atlas lacks foramina transversaria, axis proportionally shorter, cervical vertebrae with tuberculate surface, basihyal rod-shaped, pygostyle proportionally larger (the tentatively referred coracoid and humerus are altogether different from the corresponding bones of Danielsavis).</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from paucis (Lat.): little and tuberculatus (Lat.): tuberculate, in reference to the fact that the surfaces of the vertebrae are less tuberculate than in P. microcephalon from Messel.</p> <p>Type locality and horizon. Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, United Kingdom; Walton Member of the London Clay Formation (previously Division A2; Jolley, 1996; Rayner et al., 2009; Aldiss, 2012); early Eocene (early Ypresian, 54.6‒55 Ma; Collinson et al., 2016).</p> <p>Tentatively referred specimens. NMS.Z.2021.40.91 (Figure 7B; partial skeleton including left coracoid, cranial extremities of both scapulae, partial furcula, proximal and distal ends of left humerus, partial right humerus, proximal portion of radius, proximal end of right ulna); collected in 1991 by M. Daniels (original collector’s number WN 91699). NMS.Z.2021.40.92 (Figure 7C; partial skeleton including right coracoid, cranial extremities of both scapulae, fragment of cranial portion of sternum, proximal and distal portions of right humerus, distal portion of left humerus in piece of matrix, distal end of left ulna, left carpometacarpus, left and right os carpi ulnare, left os carpi radiale, phalanges of left wing); collected in 1991 by M. Daniels (original collector’s number WN 91712).</p> <p>Measurements (maximum length, in mm). NMS.Z.2021.40.91: left coracoid 41.4.</p> <p>Remarks. There is no overlap in the bones preserved in the holotype and the tentatively referred specimens NMS.Z.2021.40.91 and NMS.Z.2021.40.92, but as far as comparisons are possible the major skeletal elements preserved in the latter two specimens agree well with those of P.</p> <p>microcephalon from Messel (Figure 8). Comparisons with extant Otidiformes show the vertebrae of the holotype to correspond in size with the tentatively referred postcranial bones (Figure 9), and there are no other fossils in the Daniels collection that are of corresponding size and may have had tuberculate vertebrae (i.e., the cervicals are known from the few similar-sized birds and lack tubercles).</p> <p>Description and comparisons. The basihyal of the hyoid apparatus is narrow and rod-shaped (Figure 8M; note that the ossicle labelled as the basihyal of Anachronornis in Houde et al. 2023: figure 1Q is actually the paraglossum; the basihyal has a similar shape to that of Danielsavis [P. Houde, pers. comm. in review]). The ceratobranchials are not preserved in their complete length.</p> <p>NMS.Z.2021.40.7 includes 15 presacral vertebrae, which, as far as comparisons are possible, correspond to the vertebrae of Perplexicervix microcephalon in their proportions. The atlas (Figure 8A, B) has a wide and dorsally open incisura fossae; unlike in Danielsavis nazensis it lacks foramina transversaria. Most unusually the dorsal portion of the arcus is absent, which appears to be a true ‒ and almost certainly pathological ‒ feature of the bone and not due to breakage, because the symmetrical dorsal ends of the arcus do not show the interior of the bone and are solid, with smooth surfaces. The axis (Figure 8C‒E) is proportionally shorter than that of D. nazensis and the zygapophyses caudales are separated by a well-developed lacuna interzygapophysialis (in Danielsavis the caudal margin of the axis is straight); the dens is proportionally longer than in Danielsavis, the processus ventralis is broken. The vertebra we identify as the third cervical (Figure 8G, H) is also proportionally shorter and wider than the corresponding vertebra of D. nazensis. As in the latter species, it lacks an osseous bridge from the processus transversus to the zygapophysis (processus articularis) caudalis, but unlike in D. nazensis the cranial portion of the corpus vertebrae forms platform-like lateral sheets; the lacuna interzygapophysialis is shallow and the zygapophyses caudales bear cranially directed projections. The third vertebra, as well as the axis and another cervical, exhibit tuberculate surfaces, which are densely covered with small “barb-like” processes (Figure 8G‒I). In the holotype of P. paucituberculata the covering of the cervical vertebrae with barbs/tubercles is less extensive than in P. microcephalon from Messel, which is especially evident in the axis (Figure 8C, F). As in P. microcephalon (Figure 8L), the five thoracic vertebrae preserved in the holotype bear large pneumatic openings on their lateral surfaces (Figure 8K). One of the caudal vertebrae has clubshaped processus transversi with widened lateral ends and a bifurcate processus ventralis. The pygostyle is longer than the longest cervical vertebra, whereas it is shorter than the longest cervical in Danielsavis.</p> <p>The coracoid of the tentatively referred specimens (Figure 8Q‒T) is very unlike that of Danielsavis. The cotyla scapularis is deeply concave. The moderately long processus procoracoideus is broad in the sterno-omal direction. The facies articularis humeralis has a concave surface. A foramen nervi supracoracoidei is present but small and located close to the cotyla scapularis. The sternal margin of the bone is concave, the angulus medialis sharply pointed, and the processus lateralis fairly long. Compared to extant birds, the coracoid most closely resembles that of the Otidiformes (Figure 9B), with this similarity having already been noted by Mayr (2010) for P. microcephalon.</p> <p>The scapula of the tentatively referred specimens (Figure 8V) has a short acromion and a pronounced tuberculum coracoideum. The facies articularis humeralis is more strongly ventrally protruding than in P. microcephalon (Figure 8W). The furcula bears a short apophysis furculae.</p> <p>Only the cranial portion of the sternum is preserved (Figure 8X, Y), which bears a short spina externa. The carina sterni has a markedly concave cranial margin.</p> <p>The humerus of the tentatively referred specimens is a fairly long and robust bone (Figure 8Z, BB, CC) and corresponds well to the humerus of P. microcephalon (Figure 8 AA, DD) in the features that can be compared in the specimens. The caput humeri protrudes proximally, and the proximal end of the bone does not project much ventrally; the crista bicipitalis is poorly developed. On the distal end of the bone, the fossa musculi brachialis is fairly extensive, the condylus dorsalis is mediolaterally narrow, and the condylus ventralis forms the distalmost tip of the bone. As in P. microcephalon, the distoventral portion of the humerus is poorly developed and a processus flexorius not developed. The sulcus scapulotricipitalis is very shallow.</p> <p>Only the proximal and distal ends of the ulna are preserved in the tentatively referred specimens (Figure 7B, C). As in Danielsavis, the cotyla dorsalis reaches much farther distally than the cotyla ventralis.</p> <p>The carpometacarpus of the tentatively referred specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.92 is long and narrow and has a long symphysis metacarpalis proximalis (Figure 8 EE). The os carpi ulnare shows a rather unspecific morphology, with a moderately long crus longum. The os carpi radiale also resembles the radial carpal bone of various only distantly related birds, such as the Anatidae, Scolopacidae, and Phoenicopteridae (Mayr, 2014).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AF87E9FF942F33FF66FB5F105DCCFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mayr, Gerald;Carrió, Vicen;Kitchener, Andrew C.	Mayr, Gerald, Carrió, Vicen, Kitchener, Andrew C. (2023): On the “ screamer-like ” birds from the British London Clay: An archaic anseriform-galliform mosaic and a non-galloanserine “ barb-necked ” species of Perplexicervix. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 33) 26 (2): 1-23, DOI: 10.26879/1301, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1301
