taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AC851CD714FFDE81AAFF4389365C29.taxon	description	C o l o r a t i o n. F e m a l e. Generally body colour as in Rhyssa persuasoria, but white marks also on mesoscutum. Legs generally red, all coxae and hind femora varying from red to brown, sometimes with yellow spots, hind tibiae and tarsi fuscous. Propodeum and metasoma entirely smooth and polished. OTI 8.0 – 9.0 M a l e. Body colour as in female, but metasoma usually entirely black, with at most two white spots on tergite I. R e m a r k. From other species of the genus, M. rixator differs in the black clypeus, mesosoma and metasoma and in the structure of the male parameres (see Horstmann, 1998). D i s t r i b u t i o n. Palaearctic: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Russia (Chita, Tula and Yaroslavl Regs); Ukraine.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD714FFDF81AAFC988B085C09.taxon	description	C o l o r a t i o n. F e m a l e. Generally body colour as in Rhyssa persuasoria but white marks more abundant: face sometimes almost white, with only a black central spot, band on flagellum (central flagellomeres) white. Clypeus, coxae partly, trochanters and trochantelli usually yellow. Head and propodeum often with red coloration in the dark areas. M a l e. Body colour as in female, but face entirely, fore and mid coxae, trochanters and trochantelli entirely, scape and pedicel dorsally yellow.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD714FFDF81AAFC988B085C09.taxon	description	V a r i a t i o n. Propodeum sometimes with only two faint white lateral spots. Central (14 – 16) flagellomeres usually white, but sometimes white band can be absent. Flagellum is generally lighter than in Rhyssa persuasoria. D i s t r i b u t i o n. Palaearctic: Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia (Bryansk, Chita, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin, Leningrad Regs), Slovakia, former Yugoslavia; Ukraine.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD715FFDF81A6FC788B3C5943.taxon	description	C o l o r a t i o n. Female. Head, mesosoma and metasoma generally black. Face entirely black or sometimes with two central white spots. Flagellum black. Pronotum at lower corner, tegula, subtegular ridge, scutellum and postscutellum white. White coloration of metasoma varies from spots to stripes on the apex of each tergite. Legs generally red, all coxae varying from red-brownish to black, hind tibia and tarsus fuscous. M a l e. Unknown. Remark. I collected one male with an entirely black propodeum and without white spots on the mesopleuron (except subtegular ridge), but I need to examine more material to find clear differences between this specimen and specimens of Rhyssa persuasoria. D i s t r i b u t i o n. Germany (Horstmann, 2002), Hungary (Kiss, 1926), Russia (Magadan Reg.) (Ozols, 1973), Switzerland (Kriechbaumer, 1887), f i r s t r e c o r d f r o m Ukraine.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD715FFD881A6F9A588D15A24.taxon	materials_examined	M a t e r i a l. Ukraine: Ivano-Frankivsk Region: Bogorodchany District, Mochary, 48 ° 50 ʹ 51.17 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 35 ʹ 26.91 ʹʹ E, 300 – 350 m, mixed forest, 5 km NE of Bogorodchany, 9.05.2011, 5 ♂, 10.05.2011, 1 ♂, 31.05.2011, 1 ♀, 29.04.2012, 2 ♂, 1.05.2012, 2 ♂, 5.05.2012, 5 ♂, 1 ♀, 6.05.2012, 5 ♂, 1 ♀, 12.05.2012, 7 ♂, 31.05.2012, 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 10.06.2012, 1 ♀, 10.07.2012, 1 ♀, 19.07.2012, 2 ♀, 1.05.2013, 2 ♂, 6.05.2013, 3 ♂, 12.05.2013, 1 ♂, 21.05.2013, 1 ♀, 27.05.2013, 1 ♀, 17.08.2013, 1 ♀; Dibrova, 48 ° 46 ʹ 10.35 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 30 ʹ 20.28 ʹʹ E, 310 m, oak forest, 5 km SW of Bogorodchany, 10 – 11.05.2012, 4 ♂; Zhbyr, 48 ° 47 ʹ 4.92 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 28 ʹ 46.45 ʹʹ E, 400 m, mixed forest, 7 – 8 km SW of Bogorodchany, 31.05.2013, 1 ♀, TT, 15 – 31.05.2013, 1 ♀; Gorgany, 48 ° 36 ʹ 54.56 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 09 ʹ 54.27 ʹʹ E, 1050 – 1100 m, 4 km SW of Stara Guta, 8 – 9.06.2012, 46 ♂, 5 ♀, 4.06.2012, 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1.07.2012, 1 ♂; 48 ° 33 ʹ 32.30 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 07 ʹ 41.34 ʹʹ E, 1250 – 1300 m, 11 – 12 km SW of Stara Guta, 20 – 22.05.2012, 1 ♀ (Varga); Nadvirna District, Gorgany, Elmy, 48 ° 24 ʹ 39.50 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 24 ʹ 50.28 ʹʹ E, 800 – 900 m, coniferous forest, 15 km SW of Yaremche, 7.06.2009, 1 ♀ (Sirenko), 14.07.2011, 1 ♀, 20 – 23.06.2012, 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 8.06.2013, 2 ♂, 4 ♀; Transcarpathian Region: Rakhiv District, slopes of m. Sheshul, 48 ° 09 ʹ 23.13 ʹʹ N, 24 ° 21 ʹ 27.15 ʹʹ E, 1400 – 1500 m, subalpine zone, 6 – 7 km E of Kvasy, 16 – 18.06.2012, 7 ♂, 2 ♀, 15.06.2013, 7 ♂; Tyachiv District, Solotvyno, 280 m, 47 ° 57 ʹ 15.82 ʹʹ N, 23 ° 52 ʹ 13.95 ʹʹ E, 23.06.2013, 1 ♀ (Varga).	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD715FFD881A6F9A588D15A24.taxon	description	Coloration. Female. Generally body colour as in previous species, but white marks of head and mesosoma more abundant: stripes on eye orbits, frons, temples, pronotum partly, tegula, subtegular ridge, mesopleuron partly, scutellum, postscutellum and spots on propodeum white. Clypeus varying from reddish-brown to black. Legs generally red, all coxae varying from red to brown, sometimes with yellow spots, hind tibiae and tarsi fuscous. M a l e. Body colour as in female, but face entirely yellow. Fore and mid coxae, trochanters and trochantelli yellow with red or (and) black spots. V a r i a t i o n. In only one male, the fore and mid coxae, trochanters and trochantelli were entirely yellow and in a few males the pedicel has a small yellow spot, but the combination of these two characters were never found in the same specimen.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD715FFD881A6F9A588D15A24.taxon	distribution	D i s t r i b u t i o n. A cosmopolitan species.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD712FFD881AAFA858EA05869.taxon	description	C o l o r a t i o n. Female. Head, mesosoma and metasoma black. Face with two vertical yellow stripes. Tegula yellowish. Pterostigma fuscous. Legs red. Central tergites (III – V) of female and scutellum transversely aciculate. OTI 4.5 – 5.0. D i s t r i b u t i o n. Palaearctic: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Montenegro, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Amur, Chita, Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Karachayevo-Cherkess, Khabarovsk, Orenburg, Sakhalin, and Yaroslavl Regs), Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom; Ukraine.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD713FFDB81A2FCB48E4C5E3E.taxon	materials_examined	M a t e r i a l. Ukraine: Transcarpathian Region: Mukachevo District, Ivanivtsi, 48 ° 28 ʹ 18.07 ʹʹ N, 22 ° 38 ʹ 43.16 ʹʹ E, 120 m, 23 – 24.09.1957, 1 ♀.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD713FFDB81A2FCB48E4C5E3E.taxon	description	C o l o r a t i o n. This species differs from Rhyssella approximator (Fabricius, 1793) in having yellow pterostigma, scutellum, postscutellum and two stripes on mesoscutum. OTI 5.0	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
03AC851CD713FFDB81A2FCB48E4C5E3E.taxon	distribution	D i s t r i b u t i o n. Palaearctic: Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia (Primoskiy Kray), Serbia, Sweden; Ukraine. H i g h - a l t i t u d e z o n e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d s e a s o n a l d y n a m i c s o f t h e R h y s s i n a e During the investigations carried out in various locations of the Ukrainian Carpathians between 2009 and 2013 six species of the subfamily Rhyssinae, belonging to three genera, were recorded. One species was recorded for the first time from Ukraine. The most abundant rhyssine between 2009 and 2013 was Rhyssa persuasoria (54.76 % of the total number of specimens). Rhyssinae species have been recorded in various high-altitude zones of the Ukrainian Carpathians (table 1). All six species are collected in the f o o t h i l l o a k f o r e s t z o n e, reaching up to 150 – 400 m a. s. l. in Precarpathia and Transcarpathian lowland with mixed forests, where the main tree species are Quercus robur, Q. rubra, Caprinus, Fraxinus, Picea abies, Abies alba, and Pinus sylvestris. No rhyssines were found in monocultural stands of Fagus sylvatica in the beech forest zone (400 – 1300 m a. s. l.) in Transcarpathia, probably because of the absenсe of conifers here. Despite the fact that Rhyssella species associate with leaf trees there are no data about association of this genus with Fagus sylvatica. Rhyssines were most abundant in the c o n i f e r o u s b o r e a l f o r e s t z o n e, situated at 900 – 1600 m a. s. l. in the mountainous part of the Carpathians, where the Piceetaabietis community predominates. Only one species, Rhyssa persuasoria, was found in the subalpine zone, at 1400 – 2061 m a. s. l., known as polonynys, which are high altitude open grasslands, partly taken over by bush, mainly by Pinus mugo, Dushekia viridis, Juniperus sibirica and only single Picea abies trees, in which this species attacks its hosts. The flight season of Rhyssinae adults is prolonged, lasting six months, from the last third of April to the last third of September (fig. 7). Five species (except Rhyssella obliterata) were collected during the first third of May. Rhyssines were most abundant during the first third of May and June. Thus Rhyssinae species are most common at the end of spring (in the foothill areas) and in the beginning of summer (in the mountainous part of the Carpathians). Flight periods of Rhyssa persuasoria and Rhyssa amoena are from the end of spring to the end of summer; moreover, the first specimens of Rhyssa persuasoria emerged earlier, at the end of April, while Rhyssa amoena started flying later, in the latter third of May (fig. 8). Rhyssa kriechbaumeri was collected only in May and the beginning of June. The flight periods of Megarhyssa rixator and Rhyssella approximator were shorter than for the two Rhyssa species, and lasting from May to the middle of July. Rhyssella obliterata was collected only in the end of September. I wish to thank A. Gumovsky for help in the preparation of the manuscript, the anonymous referee, and two referees, A. Reshchikov and G. Broad for useful comments and correction of the English text.	en	Varga, A. (2014): A Review Of The Subfamily Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) From The Ukrainian Carpathians. Vestnik Zoologii 48 (1): 27-34, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0003
