taxonID	type	description	language	source
03ACBD4BFFA8FFF40D8FFA583074FF30.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA8FFF40D8FFA583074FF30.taxon	materials_examined	Material. GABON: 2 ♂♂, Ipassa (Makokou), 500 m asl, 0 ° 30 ’ 43 ’’ N 12 ° 48 ’ 13 ’’ E, 24 / 25 - 2 - 2011, Durante leg., g. sl. n. 1033 MAD; 1 ♂, same data, 16 / 28 - 2 - 2012; 3 ♂♂, same data, 14 / 24 - 3 - 2015, g. sl. n. 1032 MAD; 1 ♂, same data, 18 / 20 - 11 - 2017; 1 ♂, Mondah forest, 0 ° 34 ’ 44 ’’ N 9 ° 20 ’ 06 ’’ E, 26 - 11 - 2017, Durante leg.; 1 ♂, Monts de Cristal, Kinguele, 0 ° 27 ’ 12 ’’ N 10 ° 16 ’ 40 ’’ E, 26 / 30 - 4 - 2019, Durante leg.; UGANDA: 6 ♂♂, Kibale forest, 1,500 m asl, 0 ° 33 ’ 40 ’’ N 30 ° 21 ’ 24 ’’ E, 19 / 24 - 10 - 2014, Durante leg., g. sl. n. 1030 MAD.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA8FFF40D8FFA583074FF30.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Species for Uganda for the first time was recorded by Kiriakoff (1958: 16). It was found at Kilembe and Fort Portal, and reported in combination with Phryganopsis Felder, 1874. This species has also recently been recorded for the Republic of Guinea (Durante & Panzera 2002 a) and Kenya (Kühne 2008), having previously been recorded for Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Angola (see De Prins & De Prins 2011 – 2021 for detailed bibliography). For the subspecies distribution records from the Republic of Guinea, please refer to the Discussion. Genitalia are figured in Durante & Panzera (2002 a).	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFABFFF50D8FFEAF37C3F9F4.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 4, 9, 10)	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFABFFF50D8FFEAF37C3F9F4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♂, GABON, Ipassa (Makokou), 500 m, 0 ° 30 ’ 43 ” N 12 ° 48 ’ 13 ” E, 18 / 20 - 11 - 2017, Durante leg., gen. sl. n. 989 MAD; in coll. MSNS. Paratypes: 7 ♂♂, same data as the holotype; 5 ♂♂, same locality as the holotype, 4 / 13 - 12 - 2013; 1 ♂, same locality as the holotype, 14 / 24 - 3 - 2015; 3 ♂♂, same locality as the holotype, 19 / 24 - 11 - 2017; 8 ♂♂, same locality as the holotype, 21 / 22 - 11 - 2017; 3 ♀♀, same data as the holotype; 2 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 5 / 10 - 4 - 2010; 7 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 19 - 2 / 11 - 3 - 2011; 1 ♀, same locality as the holotype, 16 / 28 - 2 - 2012; 3 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 4 / 13 - 12 - 2013; 14 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 14 / 24 - 3 - 2015; 3 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 18 / 20 - 11 - 2017; 5 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 19 / 24 - 11 - 2017; 14 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 21 / 22 - 11 - 2017; all Durante leg. 4 ♀♀, same locality as the holotype, 14 / 25 - 6 - 2016, Durante & Fasiello leg. All in the first author’s collection.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFABFFF50D8FFEAF37C3F9F4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The absence of a discal dot on the forewings distinguishes Pusiola unicolor n. sp. from Pusiola celida and Pusiola cinerella (Wallengren, 1860); the pale shades of yellow (creamy, ochreous, ivory) or light grey of the majority of the congeneric species are diagnostic compared to the dark grey-brown colour of P. unicolor n. sp. The only species that could require comparison of the genitalia are P. flavicosta (Wallengren, 1860) and P. tinaeella (Kiriakoff, 1958). The former however possesses a yellow line along the forewing’s costal margin, absent in P. unicolor n. sp.; the latter is generally paler than unicolor n. sp. In any case, the following genital apparatus characters are diagnostic. Comparing P. flavicosta and P. tinaeella with P. unicolor n. sp. the differential characters are as follows: i) the valva and uncus of P. unicolor n. sp. are longer and more slender; ii) the juxta is L-shaped and protrudes caudally, while it is trapezoid and flat in flavicosta, and X-shaped and flat in tinaeella; iii) the saccus is larger and u-shaped in P. unicolor n. sp., with a larger median notch, while it is slender and bifid in flavicosta and tinaeella; iv) the aedeagus of P. unicolor n. sp. bears only granicula (graniculi in Birket-Smith (1965); see also Tuxen (1970) on the neuter grammatical gender of this noun) on the vesica, while there are granicula and a large thorn-like cornutus in flavicosta and tinaeella.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFABFFF50D8FFEAF37C3F9F4.taxon	description	Description. Wingspan ♂ 17.5 – 19 mm; ♀ 19 - 21 mm. Head frons and vertex, notum including patagia and tegulae, and abdominal tergites all same colour as forewing upperside or slightly darker; clypeus always darker; antennae ciliated (cilia longer in the male, Figs. 9 A, 9 B), dorsally same colour as the vertex, ventrally unpigmented; labial palpi porrect, not extending beyond the frons, as dark as the clypeus or even darker. Thorax. Thoracic sternites as dark as the forewings underside; legs same colour, with the dorsal face of the first two pairs darker; spurs formula 0 - 2 - 4. Forewing upperside ground colour grey-brown, with a faint, very small dark vaguely triangular mark half way along the costa; a few specimens slightly darkening towards the termen. Forewing underside slightly darker than the upperside, anal area paler. Hindwing upperside slightly darker than or same colour as the forewing upperside; costal area sometimes paler. Hindwing underside same colour as the upperside. Fringes concolorous. Abdomen. Abdominal sternites as dark as thoracic sternites; abdominal scales slightly darker along the pleurae; anal tuft paler; male with the eighth abdominal segment very short, about ¼ the length of the seventh, anteriorly forming shallow double-dimple-like coremata (Fig. 9 D), and latero-posteriorly two dome-shaped projections (Fig. 9 D); female with seventh abdominal segment slightly sclerotized, one and a half times longer than the sixth (Fig. 10 E), and eighth abdominal segment the same length as the sixth, slightly sclerotized, with a V-shaped membranous notch in the middle of the sternum. Genitalia. ♂. Uncus pointed, long and slender, bent slightly backwards; tegumen pear-shaped in dorsal view, with fairly large pedunculi (sensu Diakonoff 1939); vinculum slender, U-shaped, but with the saccus notched at the ventro-cephalic end; juxta protruding caudally, more or less axe- or L-shaped with the handle pointed, dorsally directed; valvellae appearing as weak, not clearly delimitated sclerotizations, ventro-laterally with respect to the juxta. Valva slender compared to the typically stouter Pusiola valvae (e. g. P. flavicosta); distal half of the supravalva flap-like, sub-oval, ending proximally with a curved processus distalis plicae (Fig. 10 A); ala valvae with slender proximal portion (sacculus) and pointed distal process, long, slender and strongly sclerified, imperceptibly distally exceeding the supravalva. Aedeagus about three times longer than wide, tubular, with an undelimited flat sclerotization at the dorsal distal end, coecum penis sub-conical, ductus seminalis inserted dorsally, vesica with globular general appearance, and a distal and a ventral lobus covered in oval-shaped scobinate granicula (Fig 10 D). Female. Caudal ventral margin of the seventh abdominal segment curly and dense (lamella antevaginalis, Fig. 10 E); eighth segment as long as the sixth, slightly sclerotized, with no lamella postvaginalis; papillae anales gently tapering caudally; posterior apophyses slightly longer and more slender than the anterior ones; anterior apophyses somewhat longer than the eighth segment; dorsal pheromone glands unpaired, with one caudal opening at the intersegmental membrane between A 8 and A 9, anteriorly bifurcated into two fairly narrow lobes not exceeding the posterior apophyses (Fig. 9 C). Ostium bursae as an inconspicuous opening medially in the intersegmental membrane between A 7 and A 8; antrum thick and short, truncated cone-shaped, with many thin spicules in the wall (Fig 10 F); ductus bursae absent; corpus bursae oval, membranous, with a dense scobination of thorn-like spicules in the tissue of the wall, thicker than those of the antrum. Thorn-like spicules are of two sizes: thinner and denser along the caudal 2 / 3 of the corpus (Fig 10 H), stronger and more dispersed along the anterior 1 / 3 (Fig. 10 G); no signa; appendix bursae conical, membranous, caudally with respect to the corpus bursae, the ductus seminalis initiating at the posterior part (Fig. 10 E).	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFABFFF50D8FFEAF37C3F9F4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name unicolor (meaning “ of the same colour ”) refers to the usually identical colour of the fore- and hindwings.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFABFFF50D8FFEAF37C3F9F4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In this species, the morphology of the male genitalia diverges in some way from the typical pattern of the genus (i. e. from the type species P. flavicosta): in the new species presented above the uncus is slender, long and almost straight, whereas in most of Pusiola species it is stouter (i. e. shorter and less slender), and is caudally curved; the valvae are proportionally longer; the tegumen is twice as long as the vinculum (in other Pusiola species, valvae are nearly of the same length); the juxta is projecting sharply backwards. However, other characters allow us to at least tentatively include this species in the genus Pusiola, such as the overall size of the adult; shape of the wings (slightly broader than other Lithosiina genera); the general structure of the genitalia (curved process of the ala valvae, presence of the processus distalis plicae, notched saccus); and the presence of a subapical spur at the distal end of the aedeagus (in P. unicolor n. sp., the subapical spur has the shape of a flat apical sclerotization). The wing venation fits Hampson’s description (1900) for the genus, with the only exception being the apical veins in the forewing: in flavicosta is [Rs 2 (Rs 3, Rs 4)] M 1, whereas in unicolor n. sp. it is [Rs 2, Rs 3) Rs 4] M 1 (Fig. 9 E). In addition, it should be remarked that the new species does not fit well within any other genus in Africa (De Toulgoët 1984; Krüger 2015), or even in South-East Asia. Holloway (2001) for instance, indicates the cases of similarity, e. g. Lambula fuliginosa (Walker, 1862) with Euconosia xylinoides (Walker, 1862). Neither of both species are considered to be related to unicolor n. sp. Despite a similar uncus and bilobed saccus in all three species mentioned above, there are significant diagnostic differences: males of Lambula fuliginosa possess i) a folding on the costa of forewing, ii) a small tuft of scales on costal area of the hindwing (Holloway 2001: 298), iii) a process on the ala valvae bending over the supravalva, iv) socii present, v) a slender aedeagus and a slender cornutus. Similarly, despite the similar uncus and bilobed saccus, Euconosia xylinoides differs by: i) differently-shaped forewings, ii) distal margin of supravalva with dense hairs, iii) stout process on the ala valvae rises from a lower position than in Pusiola species, iv) presence of slender aedeagus and vesica with at least one long lobus in Euconosia species. Ultimately, it should be stressed that the placement of P. unicolor n. sp. into the genus Pusiola has to be considered somewhat doubtful at least until a robust and contemporary revision of the genus is done.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFAAFFFE0D8FF8A3306BFE9C.taxon	description	(Figs. 7, 8)	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFAAFFFE0D8FF8A3306BFE9C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. GABON: 2 ♂♂, Ipassa (Makokou), 0 ° 30 ’ 43 ’’ N 12 ° 48 ’ 13 ’’ E, 4 / 13 - 12 - 2017, Durante leg., g. sl. n. 1000 MAD and 1012 MAD; 1 ♂, same locality, 16 / 21 - 6 - 2021, Durante and Fasiello leg., g. sl. n. 1027 MAD.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFAAFFFE0D8FF8A3306BFE9C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described on the basis of eight male specimens from south Nigeria. The specimens from Gabon considerably enlarge its range of distribution. No female was collected (the supposed discovery of a female suggested by Krüger (2015) is dealt with in the discussion). Genitalia are figured in Durante & Panzera (2001 b).	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA1FFFE0D8FFEC33292F815.taxon	description	(Figs 6, 11)	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA1FFFE0D8FFEC33292F815.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♂, GABON, Ipassa (Makokou), 500 m, 0 ° 30 ’ 43 ” N 12 ° 48 ’ 13 ” E, 19 / 24 - 11 - 2017, Durante leg., gen. sl. n. 997 MAD, in coll. MSNS.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA1FFFE0D8FFEC33292F815.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The differences between Novilema bifurcum n. sp. and its congeneric N. fluminale in the shape and colour of the habitus are practically null, so the diagnosis is entirely based on the morphology of the genitalia. The generic features are unmistakeably maintained, and it is thus very easy to assign this species as a Novilema (see Remarks below). The main differences from N. fluminale are: the distal process of the ala valvae (sacculus) has a larger pincershaped bifurcation (slender in N. fluminale); the apex of the supravalva is pointed (rounded in N. fluminale); the juxta is Y-shaped at its distal end (not bifurcated in N. fluminale).	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA1FFFE0D8FFEC33292F815.taxon	description	Description. Wingspan ♂ 18.5 mm. Female unknown. Head slightly paler than forewing upperside; antennae ciliated, dorsally same colour as the head, ventrally unpigmented; labial palpi porrect, not extending beyond the frons, slightly darker than the head. Thorax. Anterior margin of the patagia slightly paler than forewing upperside; posterior area of the patagia, thorax, tegulae, legs and anal tuft same colour as the forewing upperside; spurs formula 0 - 2 - 4. Forewing upperside ground colour ochreous yellow, paler towards the termen. Forewing underside slightly darker than upperside, costa and inner margin paler. Hindwing upperside straw yellow with costal margin and apex darker. Hindwing underside same colour as upperside. Fringes concolorous. Abdomen slightly pale. Genitalia ♂. Uncus laterally compressed, ending in a point, pedunculated, rising from an unpaired semi-circular structure probably belonging to the cephalic margin of A 10, possibly a socius (Fig. 11 B); tegumen delicate, roughly triangular in dorsal view, with a bisinuated dorso-caudal margin; vinculum also delicate, with its arms approaching each other at the distal end (i. e. ventrally), assuming a bifid shape; saccus absent; juxta swollen at the basal 2 / 5, then protruding in a sturdy long stem ending in a fork; fultura superior a rod-like arched transtilla joining the opposite plicae centripetalis (sensu Birket-Smith 1965); manica penis ventrally sclerotized at the base, joining the juxta; valva overall quite slender; basis valvae curved ventrally, touching each other; supravalva membranous, distally gently tapering, with costa almost straight, producing a very smooth, slightly swollen processus distalis plicae in the middle; ala valvae fairly sclerotized, with sacculus slender and distal process curved over the supravalva and ending in a strong pincer; aedeagus half as long as the ala valvae, tubular, slightly bent, with coecum penis shallow, ductus seminalis inserted dorsally; vesica with a flat sclerotization (cornutus) on the left side and five sturdy thorn-like cornuti varying in size, three of which are aligned at the junction with the aedeagus on the right, the smallest on the dorsal lobe and the largest on the ventral lobe (Fig. 11 C); finally, a scobination of small irregularly-shaped granicula on the distal surface between these last two cornuti (Fig. 11 D).	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA1FFFE0D8FFEC33292F815.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name, from the Latin “ bifurcus ”, means “ forked ” or “ bifid ”, and refers to the juxta and the distal process of the ala valvae, both ending in a fork.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
03ACBD4BFFA1FFFE0D8FFEC33292F815.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This Gabonese species is the second species included in the genus Novilema, previously described as monotypic from Nigeria on the type species Novilema fluminale. All the characters of the genus, as well as the supposed autapomorphies (i. e. the absence of valvellae and the long independent juxta; see Durante & Panzera (2001 b: 466) and Krüger (2015: 46 )), are clearly maintained: the generally slender valva; the bifurcated apex of the ala valvae process; the large uncus in lateral view; the valvae firmly juxtaposed to each other at the base; branches of the vinculum ventrally approaching each other without forming a saccus; the tubular aedeagus and the vesica with sturdy thorn-like cornuti.	en	Durante, Antonio, Apinda-Legnouo, Emelie Arlette (2022): Fifth contribution to the study of the Lithosiini of Gabon: two genera new for Gabon, with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae). Zootaxa 5091 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.2
