identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AD8C18FF8F8E06FEC8FD75DFA92D18.text	03AD8C18FF8F8E06FEC8FD75DFA92D18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaciella anisochela	<div><p>Megaciella anisochela sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 2 a–f, Fig. 3 a–b)</p><p>Description</p><p>The holotype is a stalked, fan­shaped sponge (Fig. 2 a) and was growing on a small boulder. The species has also been observed growing on exposed bedrock. The dimensions of the short stalk are 2 x 0.5 cm and the fan­shaped body has an irregular outline measuring approximately 11 x 5.5 cm. It is beige colored in ethanol. The surface is finely hispid with no recognizable oscules. It has a soft and elastic consistency.</p><p>Skeleton: The ectosome is a thin translucent membrane with tangentially arranged tylotes, single or in small bundles, facing in all directions within the tangential plane. The ectosome contains very abundant isochelae and is supported by underlying styles. The choanosome is partly a unispicular reticulation and partly there are ascending paucispicular tracts of two to four spicules connected by single spicules. Ascending tracts of styles are the length of one choanosomal style apart, penetrate the ectosomal membrane and cause the hispidation.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are smooth choanosomal styles (Fig. 2 b), 490–615 x 18–22 µm, and ectosomal tylotes (Figs. 2 b, c) with acanthose heads (Fig. 2 d), 245–380 x 4–9 µm. Microscleres are palmate isochelae (Fig. 2 e) with narrow extensions, 13–17 µm, a small category of palmate isochelae (Fig. 2 f), 6–8 µm and a small category of distorted anisochelae (Fig. 3 a–b), 4–6 µm. These small anisochelae, though somewhat unusual for the genus, are abundant in the sponge and consistently with unequal ends.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Assignment of the present species to the family Acarnidae is based on the following characteristics: 1) The occurrence of an ectosomal skeleton with tangentially arranged tylotes having spined bases; and 2) a choanosomal reticulate skeleton of styles and two size categories of palmate isochelae. We assign it to the genus Megaciella because it shares the microspined tylotes, the choanosomal styles and palmate isochelae with other congeners. Megaciella anisochela sp. nov. differs from all known Megaciella in the presence of a small category of anisochelae and in the absence of toxa. To accommodate this species in Megaciella we consequently have to expand the diagnosis of the genus to allow for the presence of anisochelae and the lack of toxa. We should note that we found some very rare toxa with acanthose ends in one spicule preparation and that all known members of Megaciella possess toxa. Since we could not isolate the toxa in subsequent preparations and as these were toxa with acanthose ends, most similar to toxa found in the genus Artemisina Vosmaer, 1885 (family: Microcionidae) we are confident that these were indeed foreign. Megaciella and Artemisina share many characters and the similarities between these genera were already discussed by Van Soest (1984) and Van Soest et al. (1994). However, doubts remained about family placement of Megaciella .</p><p>Megaciella presently contains ten species. Four species of Megaciella occur sympatrically with the species described here. All four previously known North Pacific species were described as Myxichela by Koltun: Megaciella fragilis (Koltun, 1955), M. spirinae (Koltun, 1958), M. ochotensis (Koltun, 1959) and M. zenkevitchi (Koltun, 1958) . As already mentioned, all known species of Megaciella have smooth toxa and are lacking anisochelae. Additional differences between these roughly sympatric species are discussed in the following.</p><p>Megaciella fragilis (Koltun, 1955) is the only sympatric congener which shares smooth styles with M. anisochela sp. nov. However, its styles (291–364 x 12–18 µm) are much shorter and thinner, and the terminally acanthose strongyles (176–228 x 6–8 µm) are likewise considerably shorter, and it lacks a second category of isochelae but has two categories of toxa. M. spirinae (Koltun, 1958) has acanthostyles (166–213 x 10–13 µm) which are smaller compared to the smooth styles of M. anisochela . M. spirinae has terminally spined, ectosomal strongyles, tylotes or tornotes (166–208 x 3–4 µm) which are again smaller. Isochelae of M. spirinae (23–35 µm) are larger and they are described as being arcuate, although Koltun (1959:138) writes that they are “very similar to palmate chelae, even though they have been classified by us as arcuate chelae.” M. spirinae has toxa (136–200 µm). Megaciella ochotensis (Koltun, 1959) again has much smaller acanthostyles (168–252 x 11–14 µm), smaller tornotes (151–220 x 5–10 µm), larger and arcuate isochelae (25–32 µm) and toxas (84–134 µm). Megaciella zenkevitchi (Koltun, 1958) has smaller but thicker acanthostyles (405–478 x 33 –42 µm), larger palmate isochelae (21–25 µm) and it has two size categories of toxa (178–364 µm and 75–92 µm).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named after the anisochelae which are not known from other Megaciella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF8F8E06FEC8FD75DFA92D18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF8A8E0AFEC8FBFBDF382F20.text	03AD8C18FF8A8E0AFEC8FBFBDF382F20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoclathria vasa	<div><p>Echinoclathria vasa sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 4 a–c, Fig. 5 a–f)</p><p>Description</p><p>The sponge is stalked, with a vase shaped body (Figs. 4 a, b, c) growing on exposed bedrock. The stalk is 3 cm high x 0.5–0.8 cm wide, whereas the vase shaped body is 9 x 3 cm, walls 5–10mm in thickness. Consistency, except for the stalk, is very soft and elastic. The color changed from white to orange brown after freezing the sponge.</p><p>Skeleton: The ectosome is a thin membrane packed with anchorate isochelae. The choanosome consists of a plumose arrangement of thick, shorter styles. The tracts are 60–135 µm in diameter and often branch in two or three tracts. Near the surface they are replaced by brushes of thin, longer styles, fanning out towards the surface, with many isochelae in between. The brushes of thinner styles overlap considerably and so produce a dense arrangement of spicules near the surface.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are large thick styles (Fig. 5 a), measuring 760–920 x 16–21 µm, small thin styles (Fig. 5 b) with finely acanthose heads (Fig. 5 c), 740– 1230 x 4–6 µm, being slightly curved to sinuous. Microscleres are reduced, palmate isochelae with narrow central alae which display some variability in structure (Figs. 5 d, e, f), 21–27 µm.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>This species is assigned to Echinoclathria because of the occurrence of two categories of styles, the arrangement of the styles in a choanosmal plumose reticulate arrangement of shorter styles followed by subectosomal brushes of longer (thinner) styles and the occurrence of peculiar, reduced isochelae which are regarded as derived from palmate isochelae. Echinoclathria vasa differs from all known species of the genus in the presence of these reduced palmate isochelae. All previously known species possess normal palmate isochelae. There are 33 species of Echinoclathria described, most of them from warm seas. There is only one congener known from the area, E. beringensis (Hentschel, 1929) . This species lacks microscleres and has two categories of smaller styles (large, 412 µm, small, 176 µm). Echinoclathria foliata (Bowerbank, 1874) is known from the N­Atlantic. It has a fan­shaped growth form, and further differs in having smaller styles (ectosomal subtylostyles, 196–365 µm, choanosomal styles, 320–570 µm). There is an additional category of acanthostyles (98–280 µm), the isochelae are differently shaped and smaller (16–20 µm) and it has toxas (266–370 µm).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type­locality.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named after the vase­shaped growth form, from lat. vas­vase.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF8A8E0AFEC8FBFBDF382F20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF858E0FFEC8FB0DD9E22D18.text	03AD8C18FF858E0FFEC8FB0DD9E22D18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monanchora laminachela	<div><p>Monanchora laminachela sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 6 a–d, Fig. 7 a–d)</p><p>Material</p><p>Holotype: USNM 1084240 (51° 31.491' N, 177° 57.506' W, South of Tanaga Island, 485 m depth, 0 2. 0 8. 2004). Paratype: USNM 1084241 (51° 31.491' N, 177° 57.506' W, South of Tanaga Island, 485 m depth, 0 2. 0 8. 2004).</p><p>Description</p><p>The two specimens collected are stalked sponges with subglobular bodies (Fig. 6 a), 9–10 cm in height, maximum diameter of the body 6 cm growing on a large boulder. The smooth stalk is about 4 cm long and 2–4 mm in diameter. The body has a corrugate surface in life (Fig. 6 a) which becomes conulose (Fig. 6 c) after freezing the specimen. The consistency is elastic but firm. Colour in life yellow, changing to orange brown after freezing (Figs. 6 a–c).</p><p>Skeleton: The ectosomal skeleton consists of a thick membrane of tangential brushes of smaller styles, fairly dense, and many isochelae in between. The choanosomal architecture consists of thick, ascending polyspicular tracts of large, thick styles connected by shorter tracts of large styles. Ascending tracts are 114–387 µm in diameter, support the surface tubercles and are visible to the unaided eye when dissecting the sponge. Individual tracts can be several cm long, occasionally they divide into two tracts and are then connected over a distance of 2–3 mm by single spicules.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are thin, small, ectosomal (sub)tylostyles (Fig. 7 a), 350–395 x 9–11 µm and choanosomal thick styles (Fig. 6 d), 840–1170 x 34 –42 µm. Two categories of microscleres: anchorate isochelae with a peculiar plate in the middle (Fig. 7 b, c) and with some remarkable variations, 22–25 µm and thin sigmas (Fig. 7 d), 19–23 µm.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Due to its spicule set of ectosomal thinner styles, choanosomal thick styles, anchorate chelas and sigmas, this species fits into the concept of Crambeidae and the genus Monanchora of Van Soest (2002:547,553). Echinostylinos Topsent, 1927 has a similar set of spicules but differs in having arcuate isochelae, therefore assignment of the present species to Echinostylinos is excluded. There are 17 nominal species of Monanchora described worldwide; four species are regarded synonymous with M. arbuscula Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 by Van Soest &amp; Hooper (2005) which leaves a total of 12 known species. Ten species occur in warm shallow seas of the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Indonesia, South Pacific and Australia and are not considered further in this discussion. The new species will be compared to the remaining three species — M. alaskensis (Lambe, 1894) from Chika Island and other Alaskan localities, M. pulchra (Lambe, 1894) from the Pacific coast of Canada and Monanchora stocki (Van Soest, 1992) from the Cape Verde Islands, Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>M. alaskensis is also a stalked species but, the stalk is very short and relatively thick. The body differs in being lobate and having a smooth surface with many oscules flush with the surface versus a tuberculate surface in the species described here. Its ectosomal styles (144 x 8 µm) and its choanosomal styles (262 x 19 µm) are much smaller, its large isochelae (91 µm) and its small category of anchorate isochelae (32 µm) are both larger and are both lacking the peculiar central plate displayed by M. laminachela . M. alaskensis is lacking sigmas. Koltun (1959) described M. alaskensis as Stelodoryx and gave slightly different measurements of the spicules: ectosomal strongyles to styles, 124–228 x 8–9 µm, choanosomal styles, 156–383 x 16–25 µm, large anchorate isochelae, 65–108µm and small isochelae, 29–44µm. Koltun reported the species from the Bering Sea and the Okhotsk Sea as fairly common from 32–148 m depth. Thus M. laminachela differs in its conulose surface, in its considerably larger ectosomal and choanosomal styles, in having only one category of isochelae which is much smaller and in the occurrence of sigmas. M. pulchra (Lambe, 1894) also is stalked but again with a short thick stalk and the body irregularly ramose to almost fan­shaped due to anastomosing branches. It has a slightly hispid but not conulose surface. The ectosomal styles (176 x 9 µm) are only half the size of M. laminachela while the choanosomal styles (1100 x 41 µm) are about the same size. The isochelae (19 µm) do not have the central plate and the sigmas (13 µm) are smaller. Koltun (1959) recorded M. pulchra as “…foliate, up to 15 cm in height, is furnished with a thick, rigid stem…”. He gave the spicule dimensions with: ectosomal styles, 280–760 x 8–13 µm, choanosomal styles, 613–1768 µm x 29–44 µm, anchorate isochelae, 18–25 µm, sigmas 13–21 mm. Koltun reported M. pulchra from the southern Kuril Islands near the Aleutian Islands from 87–232 m depth. Similarly, we have observed M. pulchra at depths between 80 and 210 m in the central Aleutian Islands (unpublished observations). Taking both descriptions into consideration M. laminachela differs from M. pulchra in its relatively longer and thinner stalk, in the tuberculate surface and the subglobular body. Its megascleres have a much narrower size range, the central plate of the isochelae is not displayed by M. pulchra but the dimensions are comparable. M. stocki reported from shallow water near the Cape Verde Islands, Atlantic Ocean is an encrusting species. Its ectosomal subtylostyles (175–263 x 1 –3.5 µm) and its choanosomal tylostyles (161–362 x 4–7 µm) are smaller, its isochelae (16–24 µm) of comparable size, but different shape and it is lacking sigmas. M. laminachela differs in growth form, surface structure, dimensions of megascleres, shape of isochelae and the occurrence of sigmas.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF858E0FFEC8FB0DD9E22D18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF808E13FEC8F8BCD88928C0.text	03AD8C18FF808E13FEC8F8BCD88928C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelodoryx oxeata	<div><p>Stelodoryx oxeata sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 8 a–f, Fig. 9 a–b)</p><p>Material</p><p>Holotype: USNM 1084236 (51° 19.969' N, 179° 30.194' W, Amchitka Pass, 176 m depth, 0 3. 0 8. 2004); Paratypes: USNM 1084237 (51° 38.292' N, 179° 34.651' W, Amchitka Pass, 395 m depth, 0 5. 0 8. 2004). AB J 2104­11­1 a (51° 39.397' N, 179° 35.028' W, Amchitka Pass, 712 m depth); AB J 2103­16­1 (51° 50.946' N, 179° 50.855' E, Amchitka Pass, 586 m depth); AB J 2104­13­1 (51° 38.292' N, 179° 34.651' W, Amchitka Pass, 395 m depth).</p><p>Description</p><p>This species was observed to occur in two growth forms. One is a stalked conical with a ridged surface (Fig. 8 a), the other is a massively encrusting, lobate sponge with a smooth surface (Fig. 8 b). Generally the smaller specimens have the conical growth form while the larger specimens are more lobate. Both growth forms are greenish and of rather hard consistency and only slightly elastic due to the densely packed spicules in the ectosome.</p><p>Skeleton: Ectosomal very dense, tangential arrangement of tornotes, peculiar oxeas and microscleres. In the ectosome often groups of 4–7 oxeas are oriented parallel, individual groups facing in different directions. Abundant, black particles of volcanic sediment were observed in the choanosome. The choanosome consists in places of an irregular, almost halichondroid reticulation of single spicules or it consists of short spicule tracts, meshsize 90–425 µm, tracts 65–110 µm in diameter.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are oxeas (Fig.8 c), measuring 517–558 x 20–30 µm. Points of oxeas with ragged, dented outline (Fig. 8 e). Tornotes (Fig. 8 c) with acanthose ends (Fig. 8 d), 230–270 x 9–11 µm. Microscleres are large isochelae (Fig. 8 f), 54–110 µm, medium sized isochelae (Fig. 9 a), 23–32 µm, small anchorate isochelae (Fig. 9 b), 9–13 µm and thin centrotylote sigmas (Fig. 9 b), 8–12 µm.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>This species is assigned to Stelodoryx (Myxillidae) because it shares the ectosomal tornotes and polydentate anchorate isochelae. Stalked or encrusting growth forms are usual within the genus. However, to accommodate this species in the Myxillidae and consequently in the genus Stelodoryx we have to expand the diagnosis of the family to allow for oxeas with acanthose ends, a character which is not known for any other species of the Myxillidae . Van Soest (2002:602) narrowed the concept of Myxillidae down to “genera which combine the possession of anchorate chelae (or polydentate derivations) with diactinal ectosomal tornotes and choanosomal styles in a reticulate arrangement”. However, Van Soest (pers. comm.) suggested placement of the present species within the genus Stelodoryx for the reasons mentioned above. Stelodoryx oxeata differs from all known species of Stelodoryx in the presence of the peculiar oxeas with acanthose ends. There are thirteen species of Stelodoryx known worldwide, six have been recorded from the northern hemisphere and will be compared with our new species; S. pectinata (Topsent, 1892) from the Azores (N­Atlantic), S. pluridentata (Lundbeck, 1905), S. vitiazi (Koltun, 1955) from the N­Pacific, S. flabellata Burton, 1959 from Iceland, S. procera (Topsent, 1904) from the Azores and S. toporoki (Koltun, 1958) . As mentioned above none of these species shares the acanthose oxeas; further differences are discussed below.</p><p>S. pectinata is a thinly encrusting species of yellowish color. It has acanthostyles (465 x 16 µm) and smooth tylotes (415 x 5 µm) as megascleres. Microscleres are abundant isochelae of two size categories (60 and 20 µm) and peculiar shape. S. pluridentata is a cushion­shaped sponge. It has smooth styles (320–500 x 9–19 µm), ectosomal strongyles to subtylotes (226–320 x 5–10 µm). Microscleres are polydentate, anchorate isochelae (71–97 µm). Thus it differs in growth form and in lacking the small and medium sized categories of isochelae and the sigmas. S. vitiazi is a grey, lumpy sponge. Spicules are ectosomal strongylotes with acanthose ends (190–291 x 4–7 µm), choanosomal acanthostyles (436–520 x 21–29 µm) and anchorate isochelae (26–46 µm). S. vitiazi differs in growth form and the lack of two categories of anchorate isochelae and the sigmas. S. flabellata was reported from Koltun (1959) from the Kara Sea from 2300 m depth. It is a funnel­shaped sponge with ectosomal tylotes (250–312 x 4–6 µm), choanosomal acanthostyles to acanthostrongyles (322–425 x 12–20 µm) and anchorate isochelae (56–72 µm). Again it differs in lacking two size­categories of isochelae and sigmas. S. procera is a stalked species with ectosomal tylotes (235–300 x 5 µm), choanosomal styles in two size­categories (350–400 x 12 µm) and longer ones (620–700 x 12 µm). Microscleres are anchorate isochelae (45 µm). S. toporoki is a stalked sponge with a funnel­shaped body. It has ectosomal tylotes with acanthose ends (218–300 x 8–10 µm), smooth choanosomal styles (509– 1140 x 21–31 µm) and anchorate isochelae in two size categories, large (119–157 µm) and small (31–40 µm). It differs in the shape of the body, in having larger choanosomal spicules, the large category of isochelae is larger, and a comparable third category of isochelae is missing as well as sigmas.</p><p>Chondrocladia alaskensis Lambe, 1894 was considered by Koltun (1959) as a Stelodoryx but Van Soest (2002:620) was confident that Lambe´s specimen is a member of Monanchora while he regarded Koltun´s specimen as a different species which then has to be referred to as Stelodoryx alaskensis Koltun, 1959 . As a member of Stelodoryx we have to compare it with our new species. S. alaskensis is a stalked species with a dactylate or irregularly lobate body. Ectosomal spicules are strongylote to stylote (124–228 x 8–9 µm), the choanosomal styles (156–383 x 16–25 µm) are smooth and it has two categories of anchorate isochelae, large (65–108 µm) and small (29–44 µm). It differs from S. oxeata in growth form, in lacking one category of isochelae and sigmas. In summary it can be said that there is no other known species of Stelodoryx which has oxeas with acanthose ends and no species from the northern hemisphere with three categories of anchorate isochleae and with sigmas.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named after the unusually shaped oxeas of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF808E13FEC8F8BCD88928C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF9C8E10FEC8FA6DD9C62A4F.text	03AD8C18FF9C8E10FEC8FA6DD9C62A4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euchelipluma elongata	<div><p>Euchelipluma elongata sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 10 a–b, Fig. 11 a–f)</p><p>Description</p><p>Yellowish colored whip­like sponge (Fig. 10 a–b), resembling species of Asbestopluma Topsent, 1901 and Esperiopsis flagrum sp. nov. (see below) Rigid long, thin stalk with thin, relatively short processes. The collected specimen is broken at the tip, but still 32 cm in length, attached to the substrate by a rigid root system. May attach to exposed bedrock, boulder, cobble, and pebbles partially buried in unconsolidated sediment. The axis is flattened, measuring 2 x 3.5 mm, with two rows of filament­like processes (0.1 x 7 mm) on the narrow sides of the axis.</p><p>Skeleton: The ectosome consists of densely arranged isochelae, underlaid by paralleloriented fusiform styles with blunt ends and smaller tylostyles. Single tylostyles are placed perpendicular to the orientation of the styles and tylostyles.The choanosome is dominated by ascending polyspicular tracts of styles, tylostyles and isochelae. In the central axis of the stalk individual tracts are no longer recognizable but it consists almost exclusively of extremely densely packed, parallel arranged styles with occasional tylostyles perpendicular to the styles and many microscleres in between.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are blunt ended, fusiform styles (Fig. 11 a), 1310–1510 x 40 –55 µm, tylostyles (Fig. 11 c), often with the tyle subterminal, occasionally polytylote (Fig. 11 e), 620–660 x 9–13 µm. Microscleres are isochelae (Fig. 11 b), 80–95 µm, placochelae (Figs. 11 d, e) 70–88 µm and sigmas (Fig. 11 f), 9–25 µm.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>The present species fits well into the diagnosis of Euchelipluma according to Hajdu &amp; Lerner (2002:653), of “ Guitarridae with narrow placochelas in face view, smooth palmate isochelae, sigmancistras and an erect habit coupled to axially compressed architecture”.There are only three other known species of the genus: E. pristina Topsent, 1909, E. arbuscula Topsent, 1928 and E. congeri de Laubenfels, 1936. E. pristina is described from the Cape Verde Islands (Atlantic) from 91m depth. It is a small species, only 14–22 mm in height, but also of whip­like growth form. Its styles are only slightly fusiform and shorter (up to 1000 x 30 µm) as are the subtylostyles (370–600 x 14–24 µm). The palmate isochelae (80–100 µm) are of the same size while the placochelae of E. pristina (60–73 µm) are smaller than those of E. elongata . E. pristina has two size categories of sigmancistras (large, 22–24 µm, and small, 12 µm) versus only one cateogory in E. elongata . E. arbuscula (Topsent, 1928) known from Japan is a branched sponge with a maximum height of 4.9 cm and thus clearly differs in growth form and size. It is clearly different from the present species in having desmas (lacking in our species), smaller styles (413–455 x 15–17 µm) and additional polytylote strongyles (85–140 x 5–12 µm), again lacking in E. elongata . The (sub­)tylostyles (up to 180 x 2–5 µm) of E. arbuscula are much smaller. Its palmate isochelae (24–28 µm) are about 25% of the length of those in E. elongata, and the placochelas (52–58 µm) are much smaller than those in E.elongata . E. arbuscula has two size categories of sigmas (large, 50–65 µm, and small, 25–43 µm) while the sigmas of E. elongata are much smaller size. E. congeri (de Laubenfels, 1936) is known from the Caribbean Sea at a depth of 1047 m. It is a small (13 mm height, 9 mm in diameter) conical sponge with a fistulose upper surface. It lacks the large category of styles, the tylostyles (553– 1004 x 9–13 µm) occur in a much broader range of sizes and exceed the size of the tylostyles of E. elongata . Palmate isochelae are probably lacking; de Laubenfels could not confirm this. The placochelae (13–15 µm) are considerably smaller while the sigmancistras are about the same size. E. congeri differs in growth form, in lacking large styles and palmate isochelae, and in the dimensions of the tylostyles and the placochelae.</p><p>Though E. arbuscula is geographically the closest record of another Euchelipluma, E. pristina from the Atlantic seems to be the most similar congener, although differing considerably in size and dimensions of the spicules. E. elongata is the longest Euchelipluma recorded and exceeds by far the size of E. arbuscula which is the second largest with a height of only 4.9 cm.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality. This is the first record of the genus from the Aleutian Islands. This species may be common in the central Aleutian Islands. Sponges similar in gross morphological appearance to E. arbuscula (e.g. Esperiopsis flagrum n.sp.) are common in many areas of the study region but are difficult to differentiate from one another without collection.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Referring to the length of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF9C8E10FEC8FA6DD9C62A4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF9F8E15FEC8F955DF0C29D0.text	03AD8C18FF9F8E15FEC8F955DF0C29D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Esperiopsis flagrum	<div><p>Esperiopsis flagrum sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 12 a–d, Fig. 13 a–d)</p><p>Description</p><p>Similar whip­like growth form (Fig. 12 a, b) as known from the genera Asbestopluma and Euchelipluma elongata sp. nov., described above. The holotype was broken in half during collection but the specimen had a total length of 54 cm. This specimen was encrusted near its base with the demosponge Lissodendoryx oxeata Koltun, 1958 . The specimen is a beige, cylindrical sponge, tapering towards the top end, beset with numerous whitish thin processes, 3–5 mm in length, elastic but somewhat stiff. The diameter, without the whitish filaments, is 4 mm at the base, 2.5 mm at the tip. This axis is compressible, elastic but resilient.</p><p>Skeleton: There is no special ectosome developed. The central axis of the longitudinal sponge consists of interwoven polyspicular tracts of styles with many microscleres in between. Single tracts are 150–600 µm in diameter. The lateral processes are supported by single polyspicular tracts running into them. The outermost layer of the processes and the longitudinal axis consists of densely arranged microscleres.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are fusiform styles (Fig. 12 c), 980– 1320 x 20–28 µm. Microscleres are large, palmate isochelae (Figs. 12 d, 13 a), 98–112 µm, small, palmate isochelae (Figs. 13 b, c), 28–43 µm, small sigmas (Fig. 13 d), 17–20 µm, large sigmas (Fig. 13 d), 37–48 µm.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>E. flagrum fits perfectly in the revived family of Esperiopsidae (Van Soest &amp; Hajdu, 2002:656) of sponges with “mycalostyles and lack of an ectosomal skeleton. … Microscleres if present include palmate isochelae, exceptionally anisochelae and sigmas.” We assigned the present species to the genus Esperiopsis without any doubt as the skeleton consists of irregularly anastomosing spicule tracts which are more dense in the interior, the styles are exceeding 400 µm in length, sigmas are present and palmate chelae occur in two size categories. There are 43 species of Esperiopsis described worldwide; 22 of them from the Arctic, N­Atlantic or N­Pacific which we compare with our species. These species with their growth forms, spicule types and measurements are listed in table 1. According to Van Soest and Hajdu (2002) the distinction between Esperiopsis and Amphilectus is that Esperiopsis usually has styles longer than 400 µm, and several size categories of isochelae and sigmas are present while Amphilectus has styles shorter than 400 µm, and only one category of isochelae and no sigmas. Accordingly, two species, one of which has been categorized into two subspecies, were described as Esperiopsis ( E. digitata digitata, E. digitata infundibula and E. columnata) but should be placed in the genus Amphilectus (cf table 1) according to the diagnoses above. Seven additional species ( E. laxa, E. pedicellata, E. plumosa, E. praedita, E. profunda, E. stipula, E. uncigera) are not so easily assigned because they have characteristics intermediate of the two genera (e.g. styles longer than 400 µm, only one category of isochelae and no sigmas). Conspecifity with these ten species is excluded because several spicule types found in E. flagrum are missing from these species. Of the remaining 15 species only E. symmetrica has a similar growth form but it has only one type of isochelae and only one category of sigma and thus differs in two spicule types from E. flagrum . All remaining species of Esperiopsis differ considerably in growth form and also in at least one spicule category (cf table 1)</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Referring to the growth of the species from latin: flagrum—whip.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF9F8E15FEC8F955DF0C29D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF9A8E19FEC8F920D9E22900.text	03AD8C18FF9A8E19FEC8F920D9E22900.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale jasoniae	<div><p>Mycale jasoniae sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 14 a–f)</p><p>Material</p><p>Holotype: USNM 1084238 (51° 19.808' N, 179° 30.658' W, Amchitka Pass, 208 m depth, 0 3. 0 8. 2004).</p><p>Description</p><p>The holotype consists of two large and one small, yellow colored tubes (Fig. 14 a), basally connected. The surface is bulbous and the consistency rather soft, easily torn, fibrous. After freezing the specimen is now (Fig. 14 b), about 23 x 16 x 14 cm with irregularly distributed, conical processes. The color now is a darker yellow, with darker and lighter areas, some almost white. The specimen was attached to a cobble at the base.</p><p>Skeleton: The ectosome is a tangential arrangement of short spicule tracts and single spicules with many microscleres in between.The choanosome consists of rather short spicule tracts, 60–95 µm in diameter which are frequently branching off side tracts and are running in all directions. This pattern is obscured by many single mega­ and microscleres in between without any recognizable orientation.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are tylostyles (Fig. 14 c), 405–460 x 10–12 µm. Microscleres are anisochelae I (Figs. 14 d, e), 80–100 µm, anisochelae II (Fig. 14 f), 40–60 µm, rhaphides (Fig. 14 f), 42–65 µm.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>With its “mycalostyles”, two size categories of anisochelae and rhaphids this species has the characteristic spiculation of the genus Mycale . There are 17 species of Mycale known to occur in the area. M. jasoniae differs from all of them in the combination of two size categories of anisochelae with rhaphids. M. loveni (Fristedt, 1887) with its spicule set of tylostyles and two size categories of anisochelae is the most similar species. It differs from M. jasoniae in its stalked, funnel shaped growth, in lacking the rhaphids, in having tylostyles (350–509 x 13–16 µm) and large anisochelae (72–111 µm) of a larger size range and the small category of anisochelae (31–54 µm) is smaller. All other sympatric species of Mycale have sigmas among the microscleres or only one or three categories of anisochelae or have an additional category of microsclere. For a detailed comparison of all species of Mycale of the area with all spicule measurements included we refer to Lehnert, Stone &amp; Heimler (2006: 20, table 4).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF9A8E19FEC8F920D9E22900	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF968E18FEC8F88DD9AF2AB8.text	03AD8C18FF968E18FEC8F88DD9AF2AB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrunculia velera	<div><p>Latrunculia velera sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 15 a–f, Fig. 16 a–d) Description</p><p>Dark brown, subglobose sponge (Fig. 15 a) with a smooth, uneven surface. The surface is leathery, only slightly elastic, easily broken. There are small circular, slightly elevated oscules scattered over the surface. Areolate pore­fields are not present. The interior is markedly fibrous, somewhat similar to L. oparinae Samaai &amp; Krasokhin, 2002, but differing slightly in shape and clearly in the absence of areolate pore­fields and the form of the anisodiscorhabds. The holotype was attached near its base to a cobble.</p><p>Skeleton: The ectosome is a unispicular layer of discorhabds, all arranged with their longitudinal axis perpendicular to the surface. The choanosome is a reticulation of polyspicular tracts of styles with some anisodiscorhabds in between.</p><p>Spicules: Megascleres are styles (Fig. 15 b) with slightly acanthose heads (Fig. 15 c), 500–540 x 9–11 µm. Microscleres are relatively smooth anisodiscorhabds (Fig. 15 e), 37–43 µm. The manubrium is cylindrical, acanthose and followed immediately by the median whorl which consists of cylindrical, spined processes, arranged vertical to the spicule axis (Fig. 15 e, upper right). The subsidiary whorl widens conically on one side and is flat on the other side (Fig. 15 e, center). It is only slightly notched with finely dented margins (Fig. 15 f, view from above). The apical whorl also widens conically towards the apex but forms a flat disc at the base of the apex (Figs. 15 e, f). Its margins are finely dented. The apex (Figs. 15 f, 16 a) narrows to a pointed tip with five prominent dented lines running from the base to the tip.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>There is only one known species of Latrunculia which shares the styles with acanthose bases: Latrunculia oparinae . Samaai &amp; Krasokhin (2002) who described L. oparinae from the Kuril Islands at depths between 127– 202m. L. velera n.sp was found only at depths below 1000 m and seems to occupy different habitats. Both species have styles and anisodiscorhabds of comparable sizes but, the anisodoscorhabds of L. velera are much smoother and of different geometry.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type­locality.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named after the RV Velero IV.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF968E18FEC8F88DD9AF2AB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
03AD8C18FF918E1CFEC8F9B9DF2A2E30.text	03AD8C18FF918E1CFEC8F9B9DF2A2E30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrunculia occulta	<div><p>Latrunculia occulta sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 17 a–b)</p><p>Description</p><p>Thinly encrusting on Chondrocladia concrescens . Not detectable by the unaided eye.</p><p>Surface smooth, same whitish colour as Chondrocladia (in ethanol). No styles detected. This species was observed as a very thin encrustation with a thickness of only a unispicular layer of anisodiscorhabds on the Chondrocladia . All discorhabds are, as in the previous species, arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to the surface. The discorhabds measure 42–54 µm and are almost smooth and rounded. The discs of the discorhabds do not consist, as in all other species, of a row of large spines but are two solid discs, their margins only slightly acanthose (Fig. 17 a, b). The ends of the spicule are two differently sized spheres which are again slightly acanthose. The rather complicated terminology of the anisodiscorhabds (i.e. a succession of manubrium, median whorl, subsidiary whorl, apical whorl and apex) does not really apply to this species. One whorl is missing, either the manubrium and the median whorl are fused to the small sphere or the apical whorl and the apex are fused to build the large sphere.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>This is the only species of Latrunculia which is living epizoic on another sponge and the only species recorded which is lacking megascleres completely. Several spicule preparations taken from different areas of the Chondrocladia confirmed the complete lack of styles and the unusual shape of the discorhabds. If there were other spicule types present they always originated from the Chondrocladia . It furthermore differs from all known species in the smooth appearance of the discorhabds and a reduced number of whorls. The discorhabds have a small sphere as manubrium, slightly acanthose on top, which is followed by relatively long shaft. The median and subsidiary whorl are both solid discs; not notched as in other species. The apical whorl and the apex are not distinguishable and form a larger oval body. (A possible alternative interpretation of the spicule is given in the description). Like L. velera, L. occulta is known from deep water only.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name — occulta — is derived from lat. occultus — hidden, unnoticed, secret, referring to the almost invisible growth form of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD8C18FF918E1CFEC8F9B9DF2A2E30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lehnert, Helmut;Stone, Robert;Heimler, Wolfgang	Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert, Heimler, Wolfgang (2006): New species of deep­sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173010
