taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AB87BF5B09F94743F19DE2FBCF9E28.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B09F94743F19DE2FBCF9E28.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. EXEMS 263 / 1903 / B / 57 (fragments from specimen ZMH 487 - 526 [507] which is missing). Material examined. Sta. SUB 07, SE of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.671 ′ N, 103 ° 51.232 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.607 ′ N, 103 ° 51.145 ′ E, 53.7 – 34.8 m, 19 April 2016 (n = 1; TR 0322, ZRC. ECH. 1637); sta. SUB 19, S of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.533 ′ N, 103 ° 51.097 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.497 ′ N, 103 ° 51.120 ′ E, 43.8 – 40.6 m, 2 June 2016 (n = 1; TR 0951, ZRC. ECH. 1679); sta. SUB 21, SE of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.519 ′ N, 103 ° 51.399 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.516 ′ N, 103 ° 51.486 ′ E, 60.8 – 56.2 m, 2 June 2021 (n = 3; TR 0952 i, ZRC. ECH. 1639; TR 0952 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1636; TR 0952 iii, ZRC. ECH. 1638); sta. SUB 36, SW of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.649 ′ N, 103 ° 50.659 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.617 ′ N; 103 ° 50.613 ′ E, 40.6 – 38.3 m, 30 June 2016 (n = 2; TR 2137, ZRC. ECH. 1632; TR 2144 iii, ZRC. ECH. 1628).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B09F94743F19DE2FBCF9E28.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A highly variable species. First three outer pinnules enlarged and are moderately to strongly prismatic. P 1 almost always the smallest, P 2 and P 3 equally likely to be the largest (where Pn denotes the nth exterior pinnule from the base of each undivided arm). Proximal pinnulars of the proximal pinnules bear carination (Fig. 2 A) but might be absent in juveniles (Fig. 2 B). From the third or fourth pinnular onwards, their distal corners on the abambulacral side always ornamented with serrated triangular processes which may be conspicuous and broadly rounded (Fig. 2 C) or small, compact, and in tight apposition to the pinnules (Fig. 2 D). The distal margin of the distal pinnulars often bordered with minute spines that form a partial rim across the abambulacral surface, giving the distal edges of the pinnulars a serrated profile (Fig. 2 E). Radials may be partially or completely concealed in the midradial lines. When exposed, the distal edges are most likely bordered with bead-like tubercles (Fig. 2 F), though exceptions of smooth radials were seen in some specimens including in one juvenile.	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B09F94743F19DE2FBCF9E28.taxon	description	Description. Centrodorsal discoidal to hemispherical, with the polar area either flat and barren * or appearing uneven with indentations which may resemble obsolete cirral sockets (Fig. 2 G) (* = adapted from AH Clark, 1941). Cirri as little as XI * in small specimen and as many as XXXV * in adults (XVII – XXX in examined specimen), arranging marginally in two alternating rows (number of cirri denoted in Roman numerals). Number of cirrals range between 17 and 46 * (usually 30 – 40). Cirral mostly broader than long or as broad as long except in the middle cirrals (~ 6 – 11) of some specimens. Middle to distal cirrals bear carinae with varying morphology which may be absent in immature specimens. In typical examples, the carinae project distally into a triangular extension (Fig. 2 H) while in other cases, they are divided into 2 – 3 teeth (Fig. 2 J). Note that different types of carinae could be present in the same individual on different cirri. The cirri of immature specimens may appear smooth, slender, and tapered to a point with the lack of carination, as seen in some of the western Australian specimens, including in the holotype of Homalometra denticulata (Carpenter, 1888), now a junior synonym. Opposing spine always present on the penultimate cirral. Brachitaxes up to three series, with IBr 2 united by synarthry, IIBr either 2 or 4 (3 + 4), and IIIBr chiefly absent or two ossicles when present, but IIIBr 4 (3 + 4) * has also been reported in some specimens examined by AH Clark (1941) (Roman numerals with “ Br ” and an Arabic numeral refer to a particular brachitaxis, e. g., IBr 2 = primibrachial series comprising two ossicles; particular ossicles are identified with a lower-case “ br ” followed by an Arabic numeral, e. g., Ibr 2 = second ossicle of the primibrachial series; plus sign denotes syzygy articulation between specific ossicles, e. g., IIBr 4 (3 + 4) = secondibrachial series comprising four ossicles with syzygy between ossicles IIbr 3 and IIbr 4). The first two segments beyond each axillary bear a weak synarthrial tubercle at the middle line of their junction. Proximal brachials discoidal. The following brachials triangular to wedge-shaped, with a variable tendency to overlap dorsally, and their broader ends project alternately on opposite sides of the arm to a greater or less extent *. The sides of the proximal brachials may be flattened or swollen. First syzygial pair on the undivided arms always between brachials 3 + 4, subsequent syzygial position variable. Articular tubercles present.	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B09F94743F19DE2FBCF9E28.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Habitat generally with rocky substrate, coarse sand, broken shells, shelly mud, laterite rock and / or gravel. Depth range extends from shoreline to 111 m (60.8 – 34.8 m for the local specimens).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B08F94443DE9B90FDF99B28.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B08F94443DE9B90FDF99B28.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. USNM 35137. Material examined. Sta. DR 125, Sister’s Island, start 01 ° 12.416 ′ N, 103 ° 49.858 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.433 ′ N, 103 ° 49.817 ′ E, 30.8 – 25.3 m, 30 May 2013 (n = 1; SS- 3643 - 6, ZRC. ECH. 1975); sta. DR 174, Next to Boarding Ground A, start 01 ° 12.202 ′ N, 103 ° 52.178 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.141 ′ N, 103 ° 52.078 ′ E, 135 – 79.6 m, 4 June 2013 (n = 1; DR 174, ZRC. ECH. 1967); sta. SUB 07, SE of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.671 ′ N, 103 ° 51.232 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.607 ′ N, 103 ° 51.145 ′ E, 53.7 – 34.8 m, 19 April 2016 (n = 3; TR 0316 i, ZRC. ECH. 1626; TR 0316 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1627; TR 0318 ai, ZRC. ECH. 1625); sta. SUB 18, SE of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.682 ′ N, 103 ° 51.222 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.646 ′ N, 103 ° 51.135 ′ E, 59.9 – 45.2 m, 2 June 2016 (n = 1; TR 0966, ZRC. ECH. 1634); sta. SUB 36, SW of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.649 ′ N, 103 ° 50.659 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.617 ′ N, 103 ° 50.613 ′ E, 40.6 – 38.3 m, 30 June 2016 (n = 5; TR 2143, ZRC. ECH. 1629; TR 2144 i, ZRC. ECH. 1678; TR 2151 i, ZRC. ECH. 1630; TR 2151 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1633; TR 2160 b, ZRC. ECH. 1631).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B08F94443DE9B90FDF99B28.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Zygometra with 12 – 35 arms in both adults and juveniles, with adult longest arm lengths between 40 – 135 mm but as short as 10 mm in juveniles; cirri between 15 – 32 cirrals, longest cirri between 28 – 45; first two brachials of undivided arms and proximal and distal edges of brachitaxes plain, not thickened or everted and scalloped (modified from Messing & Tay, 2016; AH Clark, 1941).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B08F94443DE9B90FDF99B28.taxon	description	Description. Aboral surface of centrodorsal flattened and smooth; radials smooth; cirri X – XXXII (XIII and XXV in examined juvenile and adult respectively); proximal and distal cirrals broader than long; middle cirrals as broad as long; middle to distal cirrals bearing sharp, prominent aboral spine that begins abruptly (Fig. 3 C). Laterally everted brachials observed on specimen (DR 174, ZRC. ECH. 1967), differing from the diagnosis above (Fig. 3 A); specimens examined all possess IBr (1 + 2) (Fig. 3 B) and IIBr 4 (3 + 4). Proximal pinnules generally thin and slender, and taper to a blunt point. Pinnulars smooth and weakly carinate (Fig. 3 D). Remarks. Among AH Clark’s (1941) examined specimens, those from Singapore are the smallest, with 12 – 25 arms that are 40 – 70 mm long and cirri bearing 25 – 30 cirrals. As noted in AH Clark’s (1941) monographs, Z. comata is variable in size-related characteristics such as the number of arms and cirrals. Given that the differences between Z. comata and other Zygometra species may be ontogenetic (Messing & Tay, 2016), the species identity of examined specimens here cannot be confidently ascertained (see Discussion). This species is distributed from the Mergui Archipelago to north-western Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Hong Kong (AH Clark, 1941). Depth range in Singapore 135 – 27 m, inhabiting substrates comprising laterite gravel, sand, reddish marine clay, or dead shells.	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B0AF94443E99F20FB9A9EE8.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B0AF94443E99F20FB9A9EE8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZMC CRI- 41. Material examined. Sta. DR 1, Raffles Lighthouse, start 01 ° 10.125 ′ N, 103 ° 45.419 ′ E, end 01 ° 10.211 ′ N, 103 ° 45.517 ′ E, 38.5 – 38.3 m, 20 May 2013, (n = 1; SS- 0395, ZRC. ECH. 0353); sta. DR 125, Sister’s Island, start 01 ° 12.416 ′ N, 103 ° 49.858 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.433 ′ N, 103 ° 49.817 ′ E, 30.8 – 25.3 m, 30 May 2013 (n = 4; SS- 3643 - 1, ZRC. ECH. 1970; SS- 3643 - 2, ZRC. ECH. 1971; SS- 3643 - 3, ZRC. ECH. 1972; SS- 3643 - 5, ZRC. ECH. 1974); sta. SUB 07, SE of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.671 ′ N, 103 ° 51.232 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.607 ′ N, 103 ° 51.145 ′ E, 53.7 – 34.8 m, 19 April 2016 (n = 8; TR 0318 aii, ZRC. ECH. 1659; TR 0320 i, ZRC. ECH. 1660; TR 0320 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1661; TR 0324 i, ZRC. ECH. 1652; TR 0326 ai, ZRC. ECH. 1662; TR 0326 aii, ZRC. ECH. 1653; TR 0328 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1654; TR 0328 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1671); sta. SUB 16, SW of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.646 ′ N, 103 ° 50.650 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.612 ′ N, 103 ° 50.495 ′ E, 42.6 – 25.9 m, 27 May 2016 (n = 3; TR 0657 bi, ZRC. ECH. 1647; TR 0657 bii, ZRC. ECH. 1672; TR 0730, ZRC. ECH. 1667); sta. SUB 18, SE of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.682 ′ N, 103 ° 51.222 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.646 ′ N, 103 ° 51.135 ′ E, 59.9 – 45.2 m, 2 June 2016 (n = 3; TR 0971, ZRC. ECH. 1651; TR 0982, ZRC. ECH. 1655; TR 0985, ZRC. ECH. 1658); SUB 36, SW of St. John’s Island, start 01 ° 12.649 ′ N, 103 ° 50.659 ′ E, end 01 ° 12.617 ′ N; 103 ° 50.613 ′ E, 40.6 – 38.3 m, 30 June 2016 (n = 18; TR 2135, ZRC. ECH. 1663; TR 2136 i, ZRC. ECH. 1650; TR 2136 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1664; TR 2139, ZRC. ECH. 1649; TR 2144 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1668; TR 2145, ZRC. ECH. 1648; TR 2146, ZRC. ECH. 1673; TR 2147 b, ZRC. ECH. 1657; TR 2148 ai, ZRC. ECH. 1669; TR 2148 aii, ZRC. ECH. 1646; TR 2150 a, ZRC. ECH. 1656; TR 2152, ZRC. ECH. 1665; TR 2154 i, ZRC. ECH. 1674; TR 2154 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1670; TR 2161, ZRC. ECH. 1675; TR 2162, ZRC. ECH. 1676; TR 2164 i, ZRC. ECH. 1666; TR 2164 ii, ZRC. ECH. 1677); sta. TB 16, Outside Eastern Boarding Ground A, start 01 ° 13.537 ′ N, 103 ° 53.793 ′ E, end 01 ° 13.437 ′ N, 103 ° 53.556 ′ E, 98 – 89.5 m, 21 May 2013 (n = 1; SS- 0408, ZRC. ECH. 0362); sta. TB 28, Singapore Port Limit, start 01 ° 13.036 ′ N, 103 ° 52.820 ′ E, end 01 ° 13.058 ′ N, 103 ° 52.746 ′ E, 97.6 – 94.3 m, 22 May 2013 (n = 1; SS- 1085, ZRC. ECH. 0389); sta. TB 142, Eastern Bunkering A, start 01 ° 17.838 ′ N, 104 ° 04.157 ′ E, end 01 ° 17.851 ′ N, 104 ° 03.953 ′ E, 28.8 – 28.7 m, 31 May 2013 (n = 1; SS- 4304, ZRC. ECH. 1969).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B0AF94443E99F20FB9A9EE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. IIIBr absent; distal brachials exceedingly short, discoidal; distal margins of middle brachials everted (Fig. 4 A); brachials laterally flattened; cirri ~ 20 mm long with usually 30 – 35 cirrals; longest cirrals as long as broad in adults; aboral cirral spines sharp; between 10 and 14 arms (possibly up to 20), usually 70 – 80 mm long in adults, but can be as short as 45 mm in some adults and 16 mm in juveniles; proximal pinnules have prominent thin carinate extensions on the side towards the arm tip (Fig. 4 E) (modified from Messing & Tay, 2016).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B0AF94443E99F20FB9A9EE8.taxon	description	Description. Centrodorsal hemispherical to discoidal with flat aboral apex, with one juvenile having a marginal row of beads on aboral apex (SS- 4304, ZRC. ECH. 1969); radials beaded in juveniles, while adults show variation in smooth and beaded radials with combination of both on one specimen (SS- 3643 - 3, ZRC. ECH. 1972); cirri XV (XI – XXI in local specimens), arranged in 1 – 3 irregular rows; number of cirrals in local specimens 13 – 33; in juveniles, longest cirrals can be longer than broad, and distal cirrals possess weak carinations (Fig. 4 D), triangular carinate projections (red and yellow arrows, Fig. 4 C: carina broad, usually distally directed), or spines (white arrow, Fig. 4 C; carina narrow, usually aborally directed); some aboral cirral spines begin as triangular carinate projections proximally but become progressively narrower and aborally directed distally (Fig. 4 C); in adults, middle to distal cirrals bear distally-directed spines or blunt tubercles on aboral surface. IIBr sometimes IIBr 2, mostly IIBr 4 (3 + 4); brachials plain (Fig. 4 B) or everted; proximal pinnules with thin carination on basal segments, absent in one juvenile (SS- 1085, ZRC. ECH. 0389) (Fig. 4 H); P 1 almost always shortest and most slender, except P 1 wider than P 2 in one specimen (SS- 0408, ZRC. ECH. 0362); distal edge of proximal pinnules sometimes ornamented with small spines on both interior and exterior lateral edges (Fig. 4 G); carination at middle pinnulars in one adult specimen transitions from outer to inner ridge (Fig. 4 F).	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
03AB87BF5B0AF94443E99F20FB9A9EE8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Messing & Tay (2016) noted that Singapore specimens may have more arms, up to 19 or 20. The carinate extensions on proximal pinnules are absent on the holotype. Depth range in Singapore 103 – 27 m, inhabiting rocky, sandy substrates or laterite gravel.	en	Goh, Shawne, Quek, Randolph Z. B., Foo, Sze Hui, Tay, Teresa Stephanie, Messing, Charles G., Huang, Danwei (2023): Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 92-105, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0008
