taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AB87BA2D0AA206E41FFD487CBDFB75.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pseudotricula eberhardi Ponder, 1992 (original designation). Description Shell. Moderate to large in size (adults 1.7 to 4.4 mm SL), conical. Protoconch of about 1.5 whorls, typically sculptured with small, close pustules with some coalesced into weak, irregular radial ridges; separation of protoconch from teleoconch distinct, with varix­like border. Teleoconch with spire much longer to slightly shorter than length of aperture. Aperture ovate, slightly angled and typically channelled posteriorly, inner lip attached to parietal wall or partially to completely detached, although never markedly so; usually lower part raised well above base. Outer lip usually prosocline, with terminal growth, typically markedly expanded and flared, simple in some species; weak external varix present in one species (P. elongata n. sp.). Periphery rounded, base simple, imperforate in both adults and juveniles. Usually semi­opaque to opaque, white, sometimes yellowish or brownish; with a thin pale yellowish periostracum.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D0AA206E41FFD487CBDFB75.taxon	description	Operculum. Ovate, paucispiral, flat, columellar edge slightly convex, outer edge strongly convex; outer surface simple, paucispiral, nucleus markedly eccentric; inner surface with weak ridges (probably representing reduced pegs) or (more often) white smear only. Radula. Central teeth large, cutting edge broad, indented mid dorsally, with 4 – 5 cusps on either side of narrow sharp median cusp; narrow, thin lateral projections emerge at about 45 º from mid laterally; base with short, rounded basal tongue not extending beyond lateral projections; two small to moderate basal cusps emerge from ventral face of tooth on either side of basal projection, innermost largest. Lateral teeth with short cutting edge, about 3 – 6 small cusps on inner side of narrow median cusp and 4 – 7 small cusps on outer side; neck prominent, near vertical; lateral flange about twice as long to slightly less than twice as long as cutting edge; prominent U­shaped projection on base below cutting edge; inner edge short, inner side of base excavated. Inner marginal teeth with 15 – 33 tiny cusps on rather wide cutting edge (ratio of cutting edge to shaft on inner marginal teeth about ¼; sides approximately parallel, outer edge thickened. Outer marginal teeth narrow, thickened on inner edge, distal end with 14 – 32 minute cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼. Head­foot. Simple, unpigmented, with long cephalic tentacles, unpigmented eyes present in weak bulges at outer bases of tentacles; snout of moderate length, tapering, weakly bilobed distally. Foot short, rounded posteriorly. Non­genital anatomy. Pallial cavity elongate, osphradium large and oval, towards posterior end of ctenidium; ctenidium with small ctenidial filaments and long efferent vein (ctenidium occupies only anterior ½ of pallial cavity). Hypobranchial gland variably developed. Kidney and pericardium usually about ½ in pallial roof; renal gland orientated longitudinally. Stomach with anterior and posterior chambers about equal or posterior smaller; style sac moderately long; no posterior caecum. Rectum with long S­shaped coil; overlying but not indenting pallial oviduct. Male reproductive system. Prostate gland about ½ within pallial cavity; compressed to oval in section, with very thin ventral wall; pallial vas deferens opens at about ⅓ – ½ length of pallial portion. Penis located on right side of head well behind base of right tentacle; lacking glands but has an inconspicuous to moderately developed swelling in the distal portion just behind a papilla­like distal end; distal portion long and tapering; medial part simple and parallel sided; basal part wide to moderate. Female reproductive system. Ovary simple sac; coiled oviduct smooth, firm, not embedded in connective tissue, initially inverted U­shaped, usually straight distal to seminal receptacle (one species with bend), usually reaching posterior end of bursa (sometimes a little more or less) then sharply bent to run anteriorly; Seminal receptacle ovoid to pyriform, with short duct, opening to oviduct, located opposite middle to ventral part of left side of bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix rather large, ovoid to pyriform, posterior to albumen gland except for small overlap on right side, either just behind posterior pallial wall or extending in front of it; bursal duct arises from anterior or ventroanterior wall, simple to undulating, joins oviduct dorsally at posterior pallial wall or in front of it as far anterior as junction of albumen and capsule glands. Common duct straight. Albumen gland ½ or more within pallial roof, shorter to longer than capsule gland. Capsule gland compressed­oval in section, divided into three glandular zones, short anterior and posterior translucent white zones and long yellowish to orange middle zone; anterior end blunt to steeply tapering; genital opening short, terminal to slightly anterior of capsule gland. Ventral channel extended into weakly to moderately developed vestibule anteriorly. No brood pouch. Distribution and habitat Species of Pseudotricula are restricted to stream and seep habitats in the Precipitous Bluff caves. Remarks The relationships of this genus with Nanocochlea Ponder and Clark, 1993 are now well established, with molecular data (Perez et al. 2005) showing they are sister taxa. Anatomically the two genera are also very similar. They share the same type of ctenidium which only occupies the anterior half of the pallial cavity and with the filaments reduced in size and narrower than the normal broadly­triangular type. Other common features include the long, S­shaped rectal coil, unpigmented eyes, stomach morphology and genital anatomy. It could be argued that the fauna from Precipitous Bluff described herein shows a transition between the type species of Nanocochlea and Pseudotricula, both of which lie at the extremes of what perhaps could be regarded as a single genus. The main differences between Nanocochlea and Pseudotricula are shell characters. The shell in typical Pseudotricula is broadly conical in shape, rather than elongate conic to pupiform, with a relatively large aperture that typically bears an expanded, prosocline outer lip. Other differences are detailed below under Nanocochlea. The shell differences between the type species of Nanocochlea and Pseudotricula are considerable and their close relationship was not fully realised at the time of their description. Anatomically the two genera are very similar and this similarity is reflected in their sister­group relationship (Perez et al. 2005). The paper describing Pseudotricula is listed as “ in press ” in Ponder et al. (1993), but it was actually published shortly before in 1992. The species of Pseudotricula are rather uniform in anatomy, radular and opercular morphology, the latter differing only in the presence or absence of a peg on the inner surface. However, the species that we recognise here are readily discriminated on shell morphology (see below). The penial swelling was not noted in the original description of P. eberhardi because it is very weakly developed in that species (confirmed by re­examination). It is, however, present in the other species of Pseudotricula and an identical structure is also seen in several species of Nanocochlea.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D08A202E41FFA987D00FE55.taxon	description	Figures 2 A; 3 A, B; 4 A. Synonymy	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D08A202E41FFA987D00FE55.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype: AMS C. 165052, Black Curtain Streamway, Cueva Blanca, PB 4, 31 MAR 1986. Paratypes: AMS C. 165053, same data (1 dry, 3 wet), TMAG E 20151; AMS C. 165054, same locality, 18 Dec. 1988 (9 dry, 20 + wet); TMAG E 20152. Other material examined Cueva Blanca: AMS C. 165390, PB 4 (1 dry topotype); AMS C. 203693, Black Curtain Streamway, PB 4 ­ 1 C (12 dry, 14 wet). Description Shell (Fig. 1 A). Length up to 2.8 mm; broadly conical (SW / SL 0.71 – 0.80, mean 0.74, n = 10); spire low to moderate, straight to slightly convex in outline; last whorl evenly rounded; suture narrowly channelled; otherwise whorls evenly convex. Protoconch microsculpture small pits and pustules, with some weak spirally arranged wrinkles. Teleoconch up to 2.6 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; large, longer than spire (AL / SL 0.57 – 0.68, mean 0.63, n = 10); outer lip prosocline, straight to slightly sinuous, with strong reflection; external varix absent; notch present in posterior corner of aperture; inner lip moderately thickened to thick and broad, adhering to, or narrowly separated from, parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 2. Operculum. Yellowish; inner surface with white smear.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D08A202E41FFA987D00FE55.taxon	description	Pallial cavity. Ctenidium narrow; 9 – 13 very small filaments; osphradium between posterior end and middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland moderately developed; renal organ extends forward ca. ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 3 A, B). Central teeth (Fig. 3 B): dorsal edge with shallow indentation; 5 lateral cusps, median cusp of medium width, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge straight to lightly convex; with 3 cusps on inner and 4 on outer side; median cusp of medium width, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ⅓ – ½; basal projection bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 15 – 17 cusps; outer with 14 – 20 cusps. Stomach. Stomach with posterior chamber a little smaller than anterior chamber. Male genital system. Testis of about 1 whorl; prostate gland oval to elongate pyriform; oval in section; pallial vas deferens straight to slightly undulating. Penis (Fig. 3 A) with very weak swelling in mid­distal portion (hardly apparent); distal end tapering, similar to “ papilla ” in other taxa, medial section tapering; of medium length; penial duct in medial section of penis almost straight to undulating; base of penis moderately wide, with moderate folds; penial duct straight to undulating. Female genital system. Ovary of 0.5 – 1.0 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix; joins bursal duct at posterior pallial wall. Bursa copulatrix of medium size, not extending to posterior pallial wall; globular; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa to antero­ventral edge; straight, wider at bursal end. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix; pyriform. About ½ to more than ½ of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland about same to about ⅔ length of albumen gland; circular to oval in section; anterior end blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area indistinct; genital opening subterminal. Distribution and habitat Found only on smooth rock surfaces in fast­flowing falls and streams in Cueva Blanca. Remarks Pseudotricula eberhardi has only been found in very strongly flowing water in Cueva Blanca. A record of this species from Persephone Pot (Ponder 1992) are specimens of P. expandolabra n. sp. This species is distinguished from other congeners by its short, slightly convex spire and evenly convex whorls.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D0CA21BE41FFDED7C72FD6D.taxon	description	Figures 2 B, E; 3 C – H; 4 B; 5 A – F; 6 A – D; 7 A, B; 8 A; 9 C; 10 A – C. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439673, Screaming Stals Streamway, Bauhaus, stn 12, 23 Dec, 1991. Paratypes: AMS C. 201493, same locality stn 12 (6 dry, 12 wet); QVM, 9: 20536 (5 wet). Figured (shell) paratypes: AMS C. 439674, same locality stn 12. Other material examined Bauhaus: AMS C. 201822, main streamway, stn PB 6 ­ 1 A (16 dry, 18 wet); AMS C. 201486, Screaming Stals streamway, stn 11 (8 dry 14 wet); AMS C. 201489, same locality, stn 13 (15 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201485, Persephone, stn 7 (4 dry, 11 wet); C. 201491, Persephone streamway, stn 8 (8 dry, 10 wet); C. 201492, same locality, stn 9 (9 dry); C. 201495, same locality, stn 10 (8 dry, 6 wet); C. 439676, same locality, stn 10, figured specimen; C. 201811, Persephone Pot, stn PB 17 ­ 8 R (1 dry, 4 wet); same locality, middle and upper streamway, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 2 (20 + dry, 20 + wet); C. 439675, same locality, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 2, figured specimen; C. 201815, same locality, lower streamway, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 1, (20 + dry, 20 + wet); C. 165055. Damper Cave: AMS C. 201494, seep near The Keg, stn 3 (1 dry); AMS C. 201490, Honey and Cream streamway, stn 4 (10 dry, 10 wet); AMS C. 203678, Cane Toad Abuse streamway, stn PB 1 ­ 2 A (1 dry, 6 wet). Etymology Expando Latin, spread out, labrum, Latin, lip; refers to the expanded outer lip of the aperture. Description Shell (Fig. 2 B, E; 5 A – F; 6 A – D). Length up to 3.8 mm; with conical spire and large, expanded aperture (SW / SL 0.61 – 0.74, mean 0.69, n = 43); spire low to moderate, straight to slightly convex in outline, last whorl evenly rounded; usually with shallow subshoulder depression on last two whorls. Protoconch microsculpture of distinct, small pits (Fig. 6 B). Teleoconch of up to 3.6 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; large, about equal to spire or slightly longer (AL / SL 0.52 – 0.63, mean 0.57, n = 43); outer lip prosocline; straight to or weakly sinuous, with strong reflection; external varix absent; notch present in posterior corner of aperture; inner lip thick, broad, firmly adhering to, or narrowly separated from, parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 3. Operculum (Fig. 7 A, B). Yellowish; inner surface with or without white smear. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 A). Ctenidium narrow; 12 – 16 very small filaments; osphradium between posterior end and middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland variably developed; renal organ extends forward ca. ⅓ – ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 3 C – H). Central teeth (Fig. 3 E): dorsal edge with shallow indentation; 4 – 5 lateral cusps, median cusp of medium to narrow, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth (Fig. 3 F, H): dorsal edge with shallow indentation; with 3 – 4 (usually 4) cusps on outer and 3 – 5 on inner side; median cusp of medium width, sharply to bluntly pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼; basal projection bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner (Fig. 3 F) with 16 – 21 cusps; outer (Fig. 3 D) with 17 – 26 cusps. Stomach (Fig. 9 C). Stomach with posterior chamber and anterior chamber about equal in size. Male genital system. Testis of 1.0 – 1.25 whorls; prostate gland oval to kidney­shaped to elongate pyriform; compressed in section. Pallial vas deferens straight to slightly undulating. Penis (Fig. 4 B) weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papillalike; medial section tapering to parallel sided, of medium length; penial duct strongly undulating; base of penis moderately wide; with moderate folds; penial duct straight to undulating. Female genital system (Fig. 10 A – C). Ovary of 1.0 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix; with one bend distal to seminal receptacle; joins bursal duct about half way between posterior pallial wall and capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix large, extending to posterior pallial wall or slightly in front; globular to elongately oval; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa; straight or with undulations. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix or near mid ventral edge; ovoid. More than ½ of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland longer than albumen gland; compressed oval in section; anterior end blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area indistinct to distinct; genital opening terminal to overlapping anterior end of capsule gland. Distribution and habitat Damper Cave (Honey and Cream and Cane Toad Abuse streamways and seep near The Keg) and Bauhaus (Persephone and Screaming Stals streamways and Persephone Pot). This species is found in narrow (less than 1 m in width) streams with gentle to moderate (<1 L / s to about 5 L / s estimated flows) within the caves. The substrate is mixed cobbles, gravel and silt and the microhabitats pools and riffles. Two samples were also found in seepages associated with this type of stream. Remarks Pseudotricula expandolabra is similar to P. eberhardi but its shell differs in having a straight spire outline, a taller spire (P <0.001) and the whorls are indented slightly below the shoulder. While it is rather constant in shape, it varies in size. Specimens from Persephone Pot are typically smaller (Fig. 5 D – F) than those from the main Bauhaus cave. There also appears to be some notable anatomical variation; a specimen from Persephone Pot (Fig. 10 C) has the bursal duct showing substantial undulations and the bursa copulatrix being larger and longer but a second specimen from this location is like some specimens from Bauhaus with only a single bend in the bursal duct (others have a straight bursal duct) and a smaller bursa. Given the continuity of these two systems and the similarity in the shells of specimens from the two localities, they are treated as a single species pending more detailed investigation.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D15A215E41FFC807B18FDF5.taxon	description	Figures 2 F; 5 G – I; 7 C; 10 D. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439672, Damper Cave, main streamway, stn 6, 22, DEC, 1991. Paratypes: AMS C. 201496, Damper Cave, main streamway, stn 6, 22, DEC, 1991 (3 dry, 2 wet); AMS C. 203681, Damper Cave, streamway near entrance, stn PB 1 – 1 A, 28, MAR, 1994, 4 dry, 1 wet); QVM, 9: 20537 (1 dry). Etymology Auris Latin, ear; forma Latin, shape; refers to the ear­shaped aperture. Description Shell. (Figs 2 F; 5 G – I). Length up to 4.4 mm; conical (SW / SL 0.59 – 0.65, mean 0.63, n = 6); spire moderate to high, straight in outline; last whorl evenly rounded, or angular to subangular in middle of whorl; suture indented / impressed, grooved / channelled or with very narrow shoulder above or below; subshoulder depression on last two whorls. Protoconch microsculpture unknown. Teleoconch up to 3.8 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; large, about equal to spire (AL / SL 0.47 – 0.55, mean 0.52, n = 6); outer lip prosocline, thin to weakly thickened in adult, straight, with strong reflection; external varix absent; notch usually present in posterior corner of aperture; upper half of inner lip thin to moderately thickened and moderately wide, thicker in lower half, in partial contact or narrowly separated from parietal wall. Translucent, semi­opaque; white (semi­opaque to opaque), or yellow. Dimensions. See Table 4. Operculum. Yellowish or brown; inner surface with or without white smear. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 C). Ctenidium narrow; 14 – 15 very small filaments; osphradium between posterior end and middle of ctenidium to near middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland thick; renal organ extends forward ca. ⅓ – ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 7 C). Central teeth: dorsal edge with shallow indentation; 4 – 5 lateral cusps, median cusp of medium width, sharply pointed, less than twice as long to about equal to adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge with shallow indentation; with 3 – 4 cusps on outer and 3 on inner side; median cusp of medium width, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼; basal projection bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 15 – 17 cusps; outer with 15 – 19 cusps. Stomach. Stomach with posterior chamber and anterior chamber about equal in size, or with posterior chamber a little smaller than anterior chamber. Male genital system. Testis of 1.5 – 2.0 whorls; prostate gland oval to kidney­shaped; compressed in section. Pallial vas deferens straight. Penis with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section parallel sided, of medium length; penial duct in medial section of penis straight to slightly undulating; base of penis moderately wide, or narrow; with weak to moderate folds; penial duct straight to undulating. Female genital system. (Fig. 10 D). Ovary of 0.9 – 1.2 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix or slightly anterior to that edge; with or without one bend distal to seminal receptacle; joins bursal duct in front of posterior pallial wall about half way between posterior pallial wall and capsule gland to about junction of albumen and capsule glands. Bursa copulatrix large, slightly in front of posterior pallial wall to slightly behind; pyriform to elongately oval; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa; straight or with bend. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix or near mid ventral edge; ovoid to pyriform. More than ½ of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland longer than albumen gland; compressed oval in section; anterior end tapering to blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area distinct; genital opening overlapping anterior end of capsule gland. Distribution and habitat Known only from the main streamway in Damper Cave. This streamway is wider (about 2 m) and has a faster flow (estimated at 10 – 20 L / s) than the streams in which P. expandolabra occurs. The substrate consists of cobbles and gravel. Remarks Pseudotricula auriforma is similar to P. expandolabra but differs mainly (P <0.001) in its larger, more slender shell. It lives in a streamway that is wider and faster flowing than any of the habitats in which P. expandolabra occurs and the substrate lacks fine sediments.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D1BA216E41FFD187AB4F8DF.taxon	description	Figure 11 A – C. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 166854, Bauhaus, Persephone Pot, stn PB 17 – 8 R, 3, JAN, 1990. Paratypes: AMS C. 201809, same location, middle and upper streamway, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 2, 27, March 94 (3 dry); AMS C. 203713, same location, stn 9, 23, DEC, 1991 (1 dry, 1 wet). Etymology Elongatus Latin, prolonged; refers to the elongate shell. Description Shell (Fig. 11 A – C). Length up to 2.8 mm; elongate­conic broadly conical (SW / SL 0.45 – 0.56, mean 0.49, n = 3); spire tall, straight in outline; last whorl evenly rounded, or angular to subangular in middle of whorl; suture grooved / channelled or with very narrow shoulder above or below. Protoconch microsculpture unknown. Teleoconch up to 4.4 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; small, much shorter than spire (AL / SL 0.37 – 0.44, mean 0.40, n = 3); outer lip orthocline, straight, with narrow reflection and thickened; notch present in posterior corner of aperture; inner lip thin to moderately thickened and narrow to medium width, in partial contact or narrowly separated from parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 5. Distribution and habitat Known only from Persephone Pot, Bauhaus, where it lives in a narrow (about 0.5 m wide), slow flowing (estimated about 1 L / s) stream. The substrate is composed of cobbles, gravel and silt. Remarks Pseudotricula elongata has a very distinctive, elongate shell shape and is known only from a few specimens. It is only known from Persephone Pot, where it is found living with several other species (Table 15). It is readily distinguished from all of the other species found in the caves by its large, elongate shell and distinctly sinuate outer lip.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D19A211E41FFED07FA2FA65.taxon	description	Figures 3 I; 7 E; 8 B; 10 E; 11 D – F; 12 A. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439656, Quetzalcoatl Conduit, stn PB 3 – 1 C, 29, MAR, 1994. Paratypes: AMS C. 203671, Quetzalcoatl Conduit, stn PB 3 – 1 C, 29, MAR, 1994 (20 + dry, 20 + wet); AMS C. 203669, Quetzalcoatl Conduit, stn PB 3 – 2 B, 29, MAR, 1994 (12 dry, 20 + wet); QVM, 9: 20538 (5 wet). Etymology Named for Arthur Clarke in recognition of his considerable contributions to the discovery and collection of cave fauna in Tasmania. Description Shell (Figs 11 D – F; 12 A). Length up to 3.1 mm; broadly conical (SW / SL 0.77 – 0.88, mean 0.81, n = 11); spire low to moderate, straight to slightly convex in outline; last whorl evenly rounded, or angular to subangular in middle of whorl; whorls distinctly convex; suture simple. Protoconch microsculpture of closely­spaced, distinct small pits. Teleoconch up to 2.5 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; large, little longer than spire (AL / SL 0.53 – 0.67, mean 0.61, n = 11); outer lip prosocline; weakly to moderately thickened in adult; outer lip straight; with or without slight reflection; external varix absent; posterior notch absent; inner lip moderately thickened and of narrow to medium width, firmly adhering to narrowly separated from parietal wall. Shell colour white or yellowish­brown to pale brown. Dimensions. See Table 6. Operculum (Fig. 7 E). Yellowish; inner surface with white smear and 3 – 6 mediumsized pegs, or with pegs only. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 B). Ctenidium narrow; 14 – 16 very small filaments; osphradium near posterior end to between posterior end and middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland moderately to poorly developed; renal organ extends forward ca. ⅓ – ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 3 I). Central teeth: dorsal edge moderately indented; 5 – 6 lateral cusps, median cusp narrow, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge straight to lightly convex or with shallow indentation; with 5 – 6 cusps on outer and 3 – 6 on inner side; median cusp of narrow to medium width, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼ – ⅓; basal projection rounded to bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 28 – 33 cusps; outer with 23 – 27 cusps. Stomach. Stomach with posterior chamber much smaller than anterior chamber. Male genital system. Testis of 0.75 – 2.0 whorls; prostate gland oval to kidney­shaped, oval in section. Pallial vas deferens straight. Penis with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section parallel sided, of medium length; penial duct straight to undulating; base of penis moderately wide, with moderate folds; penial duct straight to undulating. Female genital system (Fig. 10 E). Ovary of 1.0 whorls; oviduct does not extend to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix; straight distal to seminal receptacle; joins bursal duct in front of posterior pallial wall about half way between posterior pallial wall and capsule gland to about junction of albumen and capsule glands. Bursa copulatrix of medium size, extending to posterior pallial wall; globular to pyriform; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa; straight. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix or near mid ventral edge; pyriform. About ½ to more than ½ of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland about same length as albumen gland; compressed oval in section; anterior end tapering to blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area indistinct to distinct; genital opening overlapping anterior end of capsule gland. Distribution and habitat Known only from Quetzalcoatl Conduit, where it lives in a stream 3 – 4 m wide which has a strong flow (estimated at 15 – 30 L / s) with sediments composed mostly of gravel and silt. Remarks Pseudotricula arthurclarkei and the next two species differ from “ typical ” members of Pseudotricula in having more cusps on both marginal teeth, a long lateral shaft on the lateral teeth and in lacking a strongly reflected outer lip. Pseudotricula arthurclarkei and P. conica n. sp. appear to be a sister taxa and also differ from other Pseudotricula species in having several weak to moderate curved ridges (reduced pegs) on the inside of the operculum, stronger and more complex protoconch microsculpture and the shell colour is often brown.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D1FA22DE41FF9887B18FC95.taxon	description	Figures 3 J – L; 4 E; 6 E – G; 7 F – I; 8 D, E; 9 A, D; 10 F, G; 12 B – D; 13 A – F. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439649, Cane Toad Abuse Streamway Damper Cave, stn PB 1 – 2 A, 28 Mar 1994. Paratypes: AMS C. 203676, Damper Cave, same locality, stn PB 1 – 2 A (10 dry, 20 + wet); QVM, 9: 20539 (5 wet). Other material examined (all AMS) Bauhaus: C. 201823, main streamway, stn PB 6 ­ 1 A, 14 dry); C. 201824, same locality, stn PB 6 ­ 1 A (14 dry); C. 201460, Screaming Stals streamway, stn 12 (2 dry, 17 wet); C. 201459, Screaming Stals streamway, stn 11 (12 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201469, same locality, stn 13 (3 dry); C. 439498, same locality, stn 12 (2 dry); C. 201813, Persephone Pot, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 2, middle and upper streamway (9 dry); C. 201817, same locality, stn PB 17 ­ 2.1, lower streamway (20 + dry, 20 + wet); C. 439650, same locality, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 1 (1 dry) figured specimen; C. 439496, Persephone Streamway, stn 8 (4 dry); C. 439501, same locality, stn 9 (2 dry); C. 439499, same locality, stn 9 (1 dry); C. 439500, same locality, stn 10 (3 dry). Damper Cave: C. 203692, stn PB 1 ­ 1 B (1 dry, 3 wet); C. 201488, main streamway, stn 6 (9 dry, 16 wet); C. 203680, main streamway near entrance, stn PB 1 ­ 1 A (20 + dry, 20 + wet); C. 439652, same locality, stn PB 1 ­ 1 A, (1 dry), figured specimen; C. 201464, Cane Toad Abuse streamway, stn 2 (11 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201487, same locality, stn 2 (4 dry, 4 wet); C. 201470, stn 2 (6 dry); Cueva Blanca: C. 166967, no stn no. (2 dry, 6 wet); C. 203694, Black Curtain Streamway, stn PB 4 ­ 1 C (5 dry). Etymology Conicus Latin adjective, cone­shaped; refers to the conical shape of the shell of this species. Description Shell (Figs 6 E – G; 12 B – D; 13 A – F). Length up to 3.2 mm (usually less than 3 mm, mean 2.3 mm); conical to broadly conical (SW / SL 0.58 – 0.75, mean 0.67, n = 60); spire low to moderate, straight to slightly convex in outline; last whorl evenly rounded, or angular to subangular in middle of whorl; whorls very slightly convex; suture simple. Protoconch microsculpture of small, distinct, closely spaced pits (Fig. 6 E, F). Teleoconch up to 3.3 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; moderately large, shorter to longer than spire (AL / SL 0.40 – 0.60, mean 0.50, n = 60); outer lip prosocline, straight, with or without slight reflection; external varix absent; posterior notch absent; inner lip thin to moderately thickened and narrow to medium width, firmly adhering to narrowly separated from parietal wall. Shell colour white or yellowish­brown to pale brown. Dimensions. See Table 8. Operculum (Fig. 7 F – I). Yellowish; inner surface with white smear. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 D, E). Ctenidium narrow; 10 – 14 very small filaments; osphradium between posterior end and middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland thick; renal organ extends forward ca. ⅓ – ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 3 J – L). Central teeth: dorsal edge with moderate to deep indentation; 5 lateral cusps, median cusp of narrow to medium width, bluntly to sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge lightly convex to moderately indented; with 4 – 7 cusps on outer and 4 – 6 on inner side; median cusp of medium to narrow, sharp to blunt, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ⅓; basal projection bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 21 – 32 cusps; outer with 22 – 32 cusps. Stomach (Fig. 9 D). Stomach with posterior chamber and anterior chamber about equal in size. Male genital system. Testis of 1.25 whorls; prostate gland oval to elongate pyriform; compressed in section. Pallial vas deferens straight. Penis (Fig. 4 E; 9 A) with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section parallel sided; of medium length; penial duct in medial section straight to undulating; base of penis moderately wide; with weak to moderate folds; penial duct straight to undulating. Female genital system (Fig. 10 F, G). Ovary of 0.6 – 1.0 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix or slightly anterior or posterior to edge; straight distal to seminal receptacle; joins bursal duct in front of posterior pallial wall about half way between posterior pallial wall and capsule gland to about junction of albumen and capsule glands. Bursa copulatrix large, extending to posterior pallial wall or into pallial roof; elongately oval to pyriform; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa or from antero­ventral edge; straight or with undulations. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix or near mid ventral edge; ovoid to pyriform. About ½ to more than ½ of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland about same length as albumen gland to about ⅓ length of albumen gland; compressed oval in section; anterior end tapering to blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area indistinct; genital opening overlapping anterior end of capsule gland. Distribution and habitat This is one of the commonest and widely distributed species in the caves. It appears to prefer low energy streams with mixed substrates, although a few specimens have been found in high energy habitats, notably in Cueva Blanca.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D1FA22DE41FF9887B18FC95.taxon	discussion	Remarks Pseudotricula conica exhibits considerable variation in shell size and shape in what we have interpreted as a single species. In particular, samples from Cueva Blanca and Bauhaus caves are fairly consistently elongate (e. g., Fig. 12 D; 13 A, C), while those from Damper Cave are usually broader (Fig. 12 B, C; 13 D – F). At least some material from the latter cave shows a range of shell morphology tall to broad with intermediate shell shapes (as for example in Fig. 13 B from Bauhaus). In addition, the anatomical and radular details of the broad and narrow forms are very similar. Because of this, and the existence of at least some apparent intermediates, we treat both forms as a single species pending more detailed studies. Specimens near the entrance to Damper cave (C. 203680) are larger with rather dark­coloured shells than those from further inside the cave. Pseudotricula conica is most similar to P. arthurclarkei from Quetzalcoatl Conduit but differs in its smaller size (P <0.001) although one lot from close to the entrance of Damper Cave (C. 203680) is nearly as large as the former species. P. conica also tends to have less convex whorls and has weak to obsolete opercular ridges. The two taxa are not sympatric.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D23A22BE41FFCB87AB0F9F2.taxon	description	Figures 6 N, O; 8 H; 9 B, E; 14 H, I; 15 J, K; 16 G, H; 17 L – O; 18 C, D. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439396, Bauhaus, Persephone streamway, stn 8, 23 DEC 1991. Paratypes: AMS C. 201463, same data, 30 + (11 dry, 20 + wet); QVM, 9: 20540 (5 wet); AMS C. 439397, same data (Fig. 14 H). Other material examined (all AMS) Bauhaus: C. 438369, stn PB 6 ­ 1 (5 dry); C. 201821, main streamway, stn PB 6 ­ 1 A (10 dry, 20 + wet); C. 166856, Persephone Pot, stn PB 17 ­ 8 R (5 dry, 25 wet); C. 201812, same locality, middle and upper streamway, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 2 (20 + dry, 20 + wet); C. 438370, C. 201816, same data (20 + dry, 20 + wet); same locality, PB 17 ­ 2 A (20 + dry); C. 201454, Persephone, stn 7 (4 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201468, Persephone streamway, stn 9 (15 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201484, same locality, stn 10 (6 dry, 20 + wet). Damper Cave: C. 203682, Main streamway near entrance, stn PB 1 ­ 1 A (3 dry, 5 wet); C. 201458, main streamway, stn 6 (14 dry, 20 + wet). Etymology Progenitor Latin, founder of a family, ancestor. Refers to the apparently basal position (and plesiomorphic nature) of this species in relation to the other taxa included in Pseudotricula. Description Shell (Fig. 6 N, O; 14 H, I; 15 J, K). Length up to 2.8 mm; elongate­conic (SW / SL 0.50 – 0.64, mean 0.56, n = 22); spire tall, straight to slightly convex in outline; subsutural indentation on last two whorls; periphery of last whorl evenly rounded; suture simple. Protoconch (Fig. 6 N) as for genus, microsculpture largely obscured in available material. Teleoconch up to 4.0 whorls in adult; umbilicus absent in juveniles; aperture oval to pearshaped; small, shorter than spire (AL / SL 0.34 – 0.49, mean 0.40, n = 22); outer lip orthocline to opisthocline, weakly thickened in adult, straight, usually with slight reflection; posterior notch absent; inner lip thin to moderately thickened and of narrow to medium width, in partial contact or narrowly separated from parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 9. Operculum (Fig. 16 G, H). Inner surface with or without white smear. Eyes. Unpigmented. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 H). Ctenidium narrow; 9 – 10 very small filaments; osphradium between posterior end and middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland thick to moderately developed; renal organ extends forward ca. ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 17 L – O). Central teeth: dorsal edge with moderate to deep indentation; 5 – 6 lateral cusps, median cusp narrow, sharply pointed, about twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge with shallow indentation; with 5 – 6 cusps on outer and 4 – 5 on inner side; median cusp narrow, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼; basal projection bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 25 – 29 cusps; outer with 22 – 28 cusps. Stomach (Fig. 9 E). Stomach with posterior chamber and anterior chamber about equal in size or posterior chamber a little smaller. Male genital system. Testis of 0.9 – 1.5 whorls; prostate gland oval to kidney­shaped; compressed in section. Pallial vas deferens straight. Penis (Fig. 9 B) with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section tapering to parallel sided; of medium length; penial duct in medial section of penis strongly undulating; base of penis moderately wide; with moderate folds; penial duct strongly undulating. Female genital system (Fig. 18 C, D). Ovary of 0.5 – 0.7 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix; joins bursal duct in front of posterior pallial wall at junction of albumen and capsule glands to half way between posterior pallial wall and capsule gland. Bursa copulatrix large, extending to posterior pallial wall; globular to pyriform; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa, straight or with undulations. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix; pyriform. More than half of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland about same length as albumen gland; compressed oval in section; anterior end blunt; ventral channel with distinct muscular vestibule; genital opening overlapping anterior end of capsule gland. Distribution and habitat Bauhaus and Damper Cave in low energy small streams with mixed substrate. Remarks Pseudotricula progenitor shares characters of both Nanocochlea and Pseudotricula. The small­sized, tall­spired shell is typical of Nanocochlea but the (narrowly) reflected outer lip, straight spire outline and subsutural indentation are characters found in typical Pseudotricula taxa. The protoconch microsculpture, while not able to be examined in detail, appears to be of the plesiomorphic type (shared by Nanocochlea and Pseudotricula s. s.), as are the radular characters, which are like those of Nanocochlea and P. arthurclarkei and P. conica. It is probable that this species most closely resembles the ancestral Pseudotricula that gave rise to the Precipitous Bluff cave radiation.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D25A225E41FF9027FEAFA65.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Nanocochlea monticola Ponder and Clark in Ponder et al., 1993 (original designation). Description Shell. Minute to small in size (adults range from 1.6 to 2.5 mm in length), pupiform to elongate pupiform or elongate­conic. Protoconch of about 1.4 – 1.5 whorls, typically sculptured with uniform pitting; separation of protoconch from teleoconch distinct, with varix­like border. Teleoconch with spire much longer than length of aperture. Aperture ovate, slightly angled posteriorly, inner lip attached to parietal wall or partially to completely detached, although not markedly so, usually lower part not much separated from base; outer lip orthocline to opisthocline, weakly thickened, simple or with very slight reflection. Periphery rounded, base simple, imperforate in adults, rarely narrowly umbilicate in juveniles. All species described below are semi­opaque to opaque, white with a thin pale yellowish periostracum.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D25A225E41FF9027FEAFA65.taxon	description	Operculum. Ovate, paucispiral, flat, yellowish; columellar edge slightly convex, outer edge strongly convex; outer surface simple, paucispiral, nucleus markedly eccentric; inner surface usually smooth with white smear or (in one species) large, broad peg. Radula. Central teeth large, cutting edge broad, indented mid dorsally, with 4 – 5 cusps on either side of narrow sharp median cusp; narrow, unthickened lateral projections emerge at about 45 º from mid laterally; base with short, narrow, rounded basal projection not extending beyond lateral projections; two basal cusps emerge from ventral face of tooth on either side of basal projection, innermost longest. Lateral teeth with short cutting edge, about 4 – 5 small cusps on inner side of narrow median cusp and 4 – 6 small cusps on outer side; neck prominent, near vertical; lateral flange more than twice as long as cutting edge; prominent U­shaped projection on base below cutting edge; inner edge short, inner side of base excavated. Inner marginal teeth with 21 – 38 tiny cusps on rather wide cutting edge (ratio of cutting edge to shaft on inner marginal teeth about ¼); sides approximately parallel, outer edge thickened. Outer marginal teeth narrow, thickened on inner edge, distal end with 17 – 29 minute cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼. Head­foot. Simple, unpigmented, with long cephalic tentacles, unpigmented to lightly pigmented eyes present in weak bulges at outer bases of tentacles; snout of moderate length, tapering, weakly bilobed distally. Foot short, rounded posteriorly. Non­genital anatomy. Pallial cavity elongate, osphradium large and oval, towards posterior end of ctenidium; ctenidium absent or with small (reduced from normal triangular type) ctenidial filaments; efferent vein very short to long (ctenidium occupying nearly entire length of pallial cavity to about ½). Hypobranchial gland variably developed. Kidney and pericardium usually about ½ in pallial roof; renal gland orientated longitudinally. Stomach usually with anterior chamber larger than posterior; long style sac moderately long; no posterior caecum. Rectum with long S­shaped coil; overlying but not indenting pallial oviduct. Male reproductive system. Prostate gland about ½ within pallial cavity; compressed to oval in section, with very thin ventral wall; pallial vas deferens opens at about ⅓ – ½ length of pallial portion. Penis located on right side of head well behind base of right tentacle; lacking but has an inconspicuous to moderately developed swelling in the distal portion just behind a papilla­like distal end; distal portion long and tapering; medial part simple and parallel sided; basal part wide to moderate. Female reproductive system. Ovary simple sac; coiled oviduct smooth, firm, not embedded in connective tissue, initially inverted U­shape, usually straight distal to seminal receptacle, usually reaching posterior end of bursa (sometimes a little more or less) then sharply bent to run anteriorly; Seminal receptacle ovoid to pyriform, with short duct, opening to oviduct, located opposite middle to ventral part of left side of bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix medium to rather large, globular to pyriform, posterior to albumen gland except for small overlap on right side, either behind posterior pallial wall or extending to it; bursal duct arrises from anterior or ventro­anterior wall, simple to undulating, joins oviduct dorsally at posterior pallial wall or just in front of it. Common duct straight. Albumen gland with ½ or more within pallial roof, shorter to longer than capsule gland. Capsule gland compressed­oval in section, divided into three glandular zones, short anterior and posterior translucent white zones and long yellowish to orange middle zone; anterior end blunt to steeply tapering; genital opening short, terminal to slightly anterior of capsule gland. Ventral channel extended into weakly to moderately developed vestibule anteriorly. No brood pouch. Distribution and habitat Members of the genus are known from mountain lakes, seepages, streams and caves in southern Tasmania. Remarks Nanocochlea differs from Pseudotricula in its small, tall­spired pupiform to elongateconic shell with a thin, simple, orthocline to opisthocline, usually non­reflected outer lip. There are no obvious anatomical differences between the two genera and there is a rather minor radular difference — the basal tongue of the central teeth is narrower in Nanocochlea. The outer shaft on the lateral teeth is longer in species of Nanocochlea than in typical species of Pseudotricula but P. conica, P. arthurclarkei and P. progenitor also have a long shaft.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D2BA220E41FF9887F43FCBD.taxon	description	Figures 6 H; 8 F; 14 A – C; 15 A – C; 16 A – C; 17 A – C; 18 A. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439393, Cane Toad Abuse streamway, Damper Cave, PB 1 ­ 2 A, 28 MAR 1994. Paratypes: AMS C. 203677, same data (20 + dry, 20 + wet); QVM, 9: 20541 (5 wet). Other material examined (all AMS) Bauhaus: C. 201820, stn PB 6 ­ 1 A (8 dry, 3 wet); C. 201819, stn PB 6 ­ 1 A (1 dry); C, 166855, Persephone Pot, stn PB 17 ­ 8 R (4 dry, 12 wet); C. 201810, same locality, middle and upper streamway, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a. 2 (7 dry); C. 201814, same data (6 dry, 13 wet); C. 201818, same locality, lower streamway, stn PB 17 ­ 2 a (1 dry); C. 201274, Persephone, stn 7 (6 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201461, Persephone streamway, stn 8 (7 dry, 20 wet); C. 201455, same locality, stn 9 (6 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201456, same locality, stn 10 (1 dry); C. 201479, same locality, stn 10 (8 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201462, Screaming Stals streamway, stn 12 (11 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201480, same locality, stn 12 (5 dry); C. 201457, same locality, stn 13 (1 dry). Damper Cave: C. 203683, main streamway near entrance, stn PB 1 ­ 1 A (3 dry); C. 201465, main streamway, stn 6 (7 dry, 14 wet); C. 439395, same data (2 dry, figd specimens); C. 201482, Cane Toad Abuse streamway, stn 2 (8 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201467, seep near The Keg, stn 3 (9 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201475, Honey And Cream streamway, stn 4 (8 dry, 20 + wet); C. 203679, Cane Toad Abuse streamway, stn PB 1 ­ 2 A (1 dry). Damper Creek: C. 203674, 10 m outside Damper Cave, stn PBs­ 2 A (2 dry, 1 wet). Quetzalcoatl Conduit: C. 203672, stn PB 3 ­ 1 C (1 dry). Etymology Exiguus Latin, small, short. Description Shell (Fig. 6 H; 14 A – C; 15 A – C). Length up to 2.2 mm; elongate­conic (SW / SL 0.39 – 0.61, mean 0.50, n = 37); spire tall, straight to slightly convex in outline; last whorl evenly rounded or with subshoulder depression; suture simple or indented / impressed. Protoconch microsculpture uniform (Fig. 6 H). Teleoconch up to 3.7 whorls in adult; aperture oval to pear­shaped; small, shorter than spire (AL / SL 0.30 – 0.45, mean 0.36, n = 37); outer lip orthocline to opisthocline; weakly thickened in adult, straight; posterior notch absent; inner lip thin and narrow, in partial contact or narrowly separated from parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 10. Operculum (Fig. 16 A – C). Inner surface with white smear and 1 large peg. Eyes. Unpigmented. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 F). Ctenidium rudimentary with no filaments; osphradium present, as in other taxa; hypobranchial gland thick to moderately developed; renal organ extends forward ca. ⅓ – ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 17 A – C). Central teeth: dorsal edge with deep indentation; 4 – 5 lateral cusps, median cusp narrow, blunt to sharply pointed, about twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge with shallow to moderate indentation; with 4 – 6 cusps on outer and 4 – 5 on inner side; median cusp narrow to medium width, blunt to sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼; basal projection bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 21 – 26 cusps; outer with 17 – 20 cusps. Stomach. Stomach with posterior chamber a little smaller than anterior chamber. Male genital system. Testis of 0.6 – 1.5 whorls; prostate gland about ⅔ in pallial roof, oval to kidney­shaped; compressed in section. Pallial vas deferens straight. Penis with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section parallel sided, of medium length; penial duct in medial section strongly undulating; base of penis very to moderately wide; with moderate folds; penial duct straight to weakly undulating. Female genital system. (Fig. 18 A). Ovary of 0.6 – 0.7 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix or slightly less; joins bursal duct at posterior pallial wall. Bursa copulatrix large, extending to posterior pallial wall; elongately oval to pyriform; with bursal duct arising from antero­ventral to ventral edge of bursa; straight or with undulations. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix or near mid ventral edge; ovoid to pyriform. Two thirds to all of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland about same length as albumen gland; oval in section; anterior end tapering to blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area indistinct to distinct; genital opening overlapping anterior end of capsule gland to terminal. Distribution and habitat Found mainly in small, low energy streams and seepages in the caves. A few specimens were also found in Damper Creek 10 m outside Damper Cave. Remarks Nanocochlea exigua differs from other congeners in the operculum bearing a single large peg and in lacking a ctenidium (gill). In the former respect, it resembles some species included in Austropyrgus Cotton, 1942 (Clark et al. 2003), as well as a number of other hydrobiid genera, including some found outside Australia. There are, however, several important characters that link N. exigua with Nanocochlea. There is no gastric caecum (present in Austropyrgus and several other genera bearing similar opercular pegs), the rectum is strongly S­shaped whereas in other genera with opercular pegs it is usually straight to arched. The female genital anatomy and penial morphology is also very like other species of Nanocochlea and unlike that of Austropyrgus. Assuming that the lack of the ctenidium in N. exigua has evolved from the presumed apomorphic condition seen in the other Precipitous Bluff congeners, and that no other species of Nanocochlea are known to possess an opercular peg, it is possible that the peg in this species is a secondary condition.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D2EA222E41FFC507D25FDCD.taxon	description	Figures 4 C; 6 I, J; 14 D; 15 D – F; 17 D, E. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439398, Malani Creek, stn 14, 28 DEC 1991. Paratypes: AMS C. 201476, same data, 1 dry, 20 + wet; QVM, 9: 20542 (5 wet). Other material examined First crossing, Damper Creek: AMS C. 203686, stn PBs­ 1 A (2 dry, 1 wet). Etymology Named for Julie Styles who assisted one of us (SE) in the collection of the bulk of the material used in this paper. Description Shell (Fig. 6 I – J; 14 D; 15 D – F). Length up to 2.0 mm; narrowly conical (SW / SL 0.47 – 0.56, mean 0.52, n = 21); spire tall, straight to slightly convex in outline; last whorl evenly rounded; suture simple or indented / impressed. Protoconch microsculpture not examined in detail. Teleoconch up to 3.5 whorls in adult; umbilicus closed in juveniles; aperture oval to pear­shaped; moderate size, shorter than spire (AL / SL 0.33 – 0.42, mean 0.37, n = 21); outer lip orthocline, weakly thickened in adult, straight, without reflection; posterior notch absent; inner lip thin and narrow, in partial contact or narrowly separated from parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 11. Operculum. Inner surface simple or with small slightly thickened lump near nucleus (possibly rudimentary peg). Eyes. Unpigmented. Pallial cavity. Ctenidium narrow; 9 – 11 very small filaments; osphradium near posterior end of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland very weakly­developed to apparently absent; renal organ extends forward ca. ⅓ into pallial cavity; pericardium up to ⅓ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 17 D, E). Central teeth: dorsal edge with deep indentation; 5 lateral cusps, median cusp narrow, blunt to sharply pointed, about twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge with shallow to moderate indentation; with 5 – 6 cusps on outer and 5 on inner side; median cusp narrow, sharply pointed, less than twice as long as adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ⅓; basal projection pointed to bluntly pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 24 – 38 cusps; outer with 20 – 28 cusps. Stomach. Stomach with posterior chamber and anterior chamber about equal in size. Male genital system. Testis of about 2.0 whorls; prostate gland about ½ in pallial roof; oval to elongate pyriform; oval in section. Pallial vas deferens strongly undulating at prostate, straight between prostate and penis and at base of penis. Penis (Fig. 4 C) with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section tapering to parallel sided; of medium length; penial duct straight to slightly undulating; base of penis moderately wide; with moderate folds; penial duct straight to weakly undulating. Female genital system. Ovary of 0.7 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix; joins bursal duct at posterior pallial wall. Bursa copulatrix of medium size, not extending to posterior pallial wall; globular; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa; straight. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix; ovoid. One third of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland about same length as albumen gland; circular in section; anterior end tapering to blunt; ventral channel simple, approximately parallel­sided throughout; vestibular area indistinct; genital opening terminal. Distribution and habitat This species is apparently restricted to surface streams flowing from Precipitous Bluff — it is known from Malani Creek, approximately 1.3 km north of Damper Creek and in Damper Creek itself where a few specimens were found together with N. damperensis. Remarks Nanocochlea stylesae is somewhat similar in shape to N. exigua but has a short ctenidium, lacks a distinct opercular peg and tends to have more cusps on the inner marginal teeth. It differs from N. damperensis in its narrower shell (P <0.001) and less convex whorls and fewer ctenidial filaments.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
03AB87BA2D2CA23CE41FFD607A42F905.taxon	description	Figures 4 D; 6 K – M; 8 G; 14 E – G; 15 G – H; 16 D – F; 17 G – K; 18 B. Type material Holotype: AMS C. 439399, first crossing, Damper Ck, stn PBs­ 1 A, 29 MAR 1994. Paratypes: AMS C. 203685, same data, 20 + dry, 20 + wet; QVM, 9: 20543 (5 wet); AMS C. 439400, same data (1 dry figured paratype). Other material examined (all AMS) Damper Creek: C. 203673, 10 m outside Damper Cave, stn PBs­ 2 A (22 dry, 20 + wet); C. 201282, near New River Lagoon, E side, Limestone Ck, where track crosses creek, JW 49, 15 FEB 1988; 20 + dry, 20 wet; figured specimen from same lot, C. 343820. Bauhaus: C. 303685, cave entrance. Etymology Named after Damper Creek. Description Shell (Figs. 6 K – M; 14 E – G; 15 G, H). Length up to 2.3 mm; conical (SW / SL 0.50 – 0.69, mean 0.61, n = 63); spire moderate to tall, convex in outline; last whorl evenly rounded; suture indented / impressed. Protoconch microsculpture of small shallow pits and pustules. Teleoconch up to 3.3 whorls in adult; umbilicus present only in juveniles; aperture oval to pear­shaped; moderate size, shorter than spire (AL / SL 0.37 – 0.47, mean 0.42, n = 63); outer lip, orthocline, weakly thickened in adult, straight to slightly convex, without reflection; notch usually present in posterior corner of aperture; outer lip orthocline to weakly opisthocline; inner lip thin and narrow, in partial contact or narrowly separated from parietal wall. Dimensions. See Table 12. Operculum (Fig. 16 D – F). Inner surface with or without white smear and, in some, 3 – 5 weak ridges (reduced pegs). Eyes. Slightly pigmented. Pallial cavity (Fig. 8 G). Ctenidium narrow; 12 – 13 very small filaments; osphradium between posterior end and middle of ctenidium; hypobranchial gland thick to moderately developed; renal organ extends forward ca. ½ into pallial cavity; pericardium more than ½ in pallial roof. Radula (Fig. 17 G – K). Central teeth: dorsal edge with moderate to deep indentation; 4 – 5 lateral cusps, median cusp narrow, sharply pointed, about twice as long as adjacent cusps. Lateral teeth: dorsal edge with shallow indentation; with 5 – 6 cusps on outer and 4 – 6 on inner side; median cusp narrow, sharply pointed, less than, to about twice as long as, adjacent cusps; ratio of cutting edge to shaft about ¼; basal projection pointed. Marginal teeth: Inner with 20 – 27 cusps; outer with 20 – 26 cusps. Stomach. Stomach with posterior chamber a little smaller than anterior chamber. Male genital system. Testis of 1.0 – 1.25 whorls; oval to kidney­shaped; oval in section. Pallial vas deferens straight to slightly undulating at prostate; straight between prostate and penis and at base of penis. Penis (Fig. 4 D) with weak swelling in mid­distal portion; distal end long, papilla­like; medial section parallel sided; of medium length; penial duct in medial section strongly undulating; base of penis moderately wide; with moderate folds; penial duct straight to undulating. Female genital system (Fig. 18 B). Ovary of 1.0 whorls; oviduct extends to posterior edge of bursa copulatrix or slightly less; joins bursal duct just in front of posterior pallial wall. Bursa copulatrix of medium size, not extending to posterior pallial wall; globular; with bursal duct arising from middle of anterior edge of bursa; straight. Seminal receptacle at middle of inner wall of bursa copulatrix; ovoid or pyriform. More than ½ of albumen gland in front of posterior pallial wall; capsule gland up to? length of albumen gland; oval to compressed oval in section; anterior end blunt; ventral channel with indistinct to distinct vestibule; genital opening overlapping anterior end of capsule gland. Distribution and habitat Found in Damper Creek near the entrance to Damper Cave but was not found in samples from inside Damper Cave (in the same creek). A sample of mainly empty shells from seepages at the entrance of Bauhaus cave (Fig. 15 G, H) is also attributed to this species and a single dead shell (AMS C. 203714) from inside Bauhaus (Persephone Pot) is presumably washed in from a surface seepage. Specimens from the lower end of Limestone Creek on the eastern side of New River Lagoon are also attributed to this species (see remarks). The site in this creek is approximately 1.7 km S of the lower end of Damper Ck, although about 3.5 km separate the two locations where the samples were collected. Remarks Nanocochlea damperensis differs from the other Nanocochlea described to date in its broadly pupiform shell shape. Specimens from Limestone Creek are almost identical to the type material, although have more ctenidial filaments (14 – 17), 5 – 6 lateral cusps on the central teeth and the pallial vas deferens undulates rather than being straight. Other anatomical differences are the seminal receptacle is ovoid, not globular, the capsule gland has a terminal opening in some specimens and most specimens lack a distinct white smear on the operculum. Given their close geographic proximity and overall similarity, these two populations are considered to be conspecific pending more detailed investigation. The very weak (rudimentary) multiple pegs on the operculum of this species resemble those seen in P. conica and P. arthurclarkei and have not been observed in other taxa included in Nanocochlea. The shell­shape of this species resembles that of some taxa included in Austropyrgus (see Clark et al. 2003). Members of that genus have distinct pegs on the operculum, lack an S­shaped rectum and have three or more basal cusps on the central teeth.	en	Ponder, W. F., Clark, S. A., Eberhard, S., Studdert, J. B. (2005): A radiation of hydrobiid snails in the caves and streams at Precipitous Bluff southwest Tasmania, Australia (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae s. l.),. Zootaxa 1074 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1074.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1074.1.1
