taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AB8B53FFBED876FE22FB01FD45F95D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis In the British fauna, Apolophus borealis is recognizable by the clypeus and face forming a continuous, moderately convex surface (Figure 2); thin mandibles with the lower tooth shorter than the upper (Figure 2); lower face elongate, with long malar space (Figures 2, 3); quadrate areolet; triangular, fairly long hypopygium, reaching to the end of the metasoma (Figure 4); and deep glymmae on the first tergite. The habitus of the genus is illustrated in Figure 5. Biology 1 ♀ and 2 „ specimens of A. borealis were reared from pupae of Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Schreckensteiniidae) collected as larvae on Rubus. Material examined England, UK: 1 ♀, Leicester, September 1973 (J. Owen) (AEI); 2 „„, Cornwall, Marsland Mouth, SS 2117, ex Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hübner), coll. 14 June 1998, em. July 1998 (J. L. Gregory) (NMS); 1 ♀, Cornwall, Truro / Tregony, SW 8844 ex S. festaliella on Rubus fruticosa agg., coll. 11 October 1998, em. 26 November 1998 (J. L. Gregory) (NMS). Comments Although Townes (1971) had tentatively included it in Metopiinae, Porter (1998) suggested that Apolophus may belong in the Mesochorinae, and indeed the shape of the hypopygium and areolet are very mesochorine-like, with the configuration of the posterior end of the metasoma closely resembling that of Varnado Wahl (illustrated by Wahl 1993). However, as pointed out by Gauld and Sithole (2002), the fore and mid tarsal segments of Apolophus are foreshortened (Figure 3), as in Metopiinae, and Gauld and Sithole (2002) suggest that Apolophus is a rather plesiomorphic member of the Metopiinae. We can now confirm that A. borealis is a primary larval – pupal parasitoid of Lepidoptera, as are other metopiines. In addition to the previous British record (Owen et al. 1981), A. borealis has now been recorded from Germany, Austria, Poland, Russia, Ukraine and the USA (Townes 1971; Yu and Horstmann 1997; Horstmann 2001), whilst further, mostly undescribed, species of Apolophus are known from South and Central America (Townes 1971; Porter 1998; Gauld and Sithole 2002).	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFB8D874FE3EFB17FE08FB35.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFB8D874FE3EFB17FE08FB35.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined England, UK: 2 ♀♀, Frilford Heath, Oxon., SU 442986, Malaise trap, 18 June to 12 July 1991 (K. Porter) (NMS). Comments The correct taxonomic position of this genus is unclear. Townes (1971) placed Ischyrocnemis in Metopiinae but with the caveat that this was a very tentative assignment. The relatively slender first tergite of the metasoma and the rather flat, as opposed to distinctly convex, face are unusual features for Metopiinae. Perkins (1962) treated this genus as a member of the Ctenopelmatinae, close to Rhorus Förster (now placed in the Pionini). Until this genus (and other aberrant ‘ Metopiinae’) can be included in a phylogenetic analysis that treats the varied elements of Ctenopelmatinae, we retain it provisionally in Metopiinae.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFBBD87AFE14FA91FEE7FC66.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFBBD87AFE14FA91FEE7FC66.taxon	discussion	Comments Gauld and Sithole (2002) hypothesize that Stethoncus may be derived from within Hypsicera Latreille. The two genera share the apomorphy of the fore wing vein M + Cu having a shallow ‘‘ bump’ ’ (dorsal inflection) at about two-thirds of its length (although hardly apparent in some species of Hypsicera) and the transverse ridge of the upper face can clearly be derived from the form found in Hypsicera, which has an inter-antennal projection. However, in the absence of a formal cladistic analysis we prefer to retain Stethoncus as a separate genus.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFB4D878FE2CFF33FB7BFDB2.taxon	description	Female Body length 4.4 – 5.4 mm. Fore wing length 3.2 – 3.8 mm. Antenna with 21 – 25 flagellar segments, shortened and somewhat laterally compressed, F 1 averages 0.89 times as long as wide in lateral view, 1.67 times in anterior view; F 2 (this and following measurements in lateral view) 0.70; middle flagellomeres 0.75; penultimate flagellomere 0.83. Scape with stout setae ventrally (Figure 8). Mesoscutum approximately 1.25 times as wide as long (width measured at the tegulae and the length from the mid-point of the tegula line to the anterior edge) (Figure 9). Mesosoma and head uniformly, regularly punctate, with rather long setae over much of the dorsum of the body. Propodeum with broadly confluent areas superomedia and basalis, the lateromedian longitudinal carinae straight except for a slight inflection at the point where the areas superomedia and basalis meet and, often, basally. The dorsal longitudinal carinae of the first metasomal tergite end at about the mid-point of the tergite. Black, but with mouthparts, upper edge of face before the antennal shelf, antennae, tegulae and legs (except hind coxae) yellowish brown. Metasoma slightly paler than mesosoma. Pterostigma mid-brown. Male Body length 4.8 – 4.9 mm. Fore wing length 3.5 mm. Similar to female but with antennal flagellum slenderer, not laterally compressed, with 21 – 27 flagellar segments, F 1 averages 1.74 times as long as wide; F 2 1.3; middle flagellomeres 1.55; penultimate flagellomere 1.50. The dorsal longitudinal carinae of the first metasomal tergite end at about threequarters to four-fifths of the length of the tergite. Comments This species is separable from S. sulcator Aubert by having the pronotum postero-dorsally with more curved sides (compare Figures 9 and 11); the mesoscutum wider (compare Figures 9 and 11); the longer first segment of the female flagellum (compare Figures 8 and 10); and the straighter lateromedian longitudinal carinae of the area superomedia. Stethoncus arcticus Townes (one paratype male examined, Mt McKinley, 2 ° 009, 15 August 1954 (D. Townes), in AEI) has an even slenderer mesoscutum than sulcator and also a slenderer first tergite. Material examined Holotype: ♀, ‘‘ Scotland [UK], DN, Rhossdu [sic] estate, A. F. G. Dixon B. M. 1961.101 Host: Monophis [sic] rusticella Hb. Em. Ex Barn Owl pellet Rossdhu June 1959 ’’ (BMNH). Paratypes: Scotland: 1 „, same data as holotype (BMNH). England: 1 ♀, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks., 51 ° 249 N, 0 ° 389 W, Malaise trap in wet woodland, 30 August to 6 September 1999 (G. R. Broad) (BMNH); 1 ♀, Chippenham Fen, Cambs., TL 650693, Malaise trap: carr at reedbed edge, 16 – 24 June 1983 (J. Field) (NMS); 1 „ and 1 ♀, as above but 9 – 22 July 1983 (NMS); 1 „, as above but 8 – 21 August 1983 (NMS); 3 ♀♀, as above but 15 – 27 August 1983 (NMS); 1 ♀, Wychwood Forest, Oxon., SP 345170, Malaise trap, 17 July to 14 August 1990 (K. Porter) (NMS); 1 ♀ Monks Wood, Hunts., TL 199797, Rothamsted light trap, 15 June 2004 (N. Greatorex-Davies) (BMNH). Biology The holotype female and a paratype male were reared from Monopis laevigella ([Denis and Schiffermüller]) (5 rusticella (Hübner )) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) in Barn Owl (Tyto alba (Scopoli )) pellets; the host pupae are preserved with the specimens. The pellets were collected at the bottom of a chimney below a Barn Owl roost and these were the only parasitoids reared (A. F. G. Dixon, personal communication to M. G. Fitton). These are the specimens referred to as S. sulcator by Gauld and Sithole (2002). Etymology This species’ name is derived from the tineid genus, Monopis, from which it has been reared.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFB7D879FE12FD0AFF23FF05.taxon	description	Female Body length 4.0 – 5.4 mm. Fore wing length 2.8 – 3.8 mm. Antenna with 22 – 27 flagellar segments, shortened and somewhat laterally compressed (measurements as for S. monopicida), F 1 0.71 times as long as wide (1.2 times in anterior view); F 2 0.63; middle flagellomeres 1.00; penultimate flagellomeres 1.10. Mesoscutum (measured as for S. monopicida) approximately (ca 0.95 times) as wide as long. Propodeum with the lateromedian longitudinal carinae widest apart at the mid-length of the area superomedia, the area superomedia noticeably narrowed basally and anteriorly. Black, but with mouthparts, tegulae and legs (except hind coxae) yellowish brown. Antennae yellowish brown but infuscate, especially on inner surfaces of flagellomeres. Pterostigma from dark brown to black, with proximal corner paler, strikingly so when pterostigma very dark. Otherwise similar to description of S. monopicida. Male Similar to female but with antennal flagellum slenderer (central segments slightly longer than wide) and with the pronotum not as wide (see illustrations in Aubert 1965). Body length 4.2 – 5.2 mm. Fore wing length 3.0 – 3.7 mm. Comment Distinguished from S. monopicida by the characters given under the account of that species. Material examined France: 1 ♀, Lot-et-Garonne, Bernac, 12 – 25 July 1993, Malaise trap (R. R. Askew) (NMS). 5 ♀♀, 5 „„, ‘‘ 59.101 Germany, Ruthe Coll., Stethoncus sulcator Aub. J. F. Aubert det. ’’ (BMNH). Biology Unknown.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFB0D87DFE2CFF33FB8FFF05.taxon	description	Female Body length 4.8 – 5.2 mm. Fore wing length 3.9 – 4.3 mm. Antennal flagellum with 29 or 30 segments. Ocellar – ocular distance from 0.72 to 0.84 times maximum diameter of lateral ocellus (Figures 13, 14). Propodeum with a short transverse carina separating the area superomedia from area basalis, area superomedia rather pointed and triangular but with more angulate sides than S. caesiellae (Figures 1, 15). Area basalis shorter with carinae forming a wider angle than in S. caesiellae and the anterior transverse carinae represented by distinct grooves, usually with a raised anterior edge (three females with a less distinct groove / ridge, very weak on one individual; one female with strong carinae with weak grooves). Malar space yellow, with a rather ill-defined edge. Male Body length 4.3 – 4.7 mm. Fore wing length 3.8 – 3.9 mm. Flagellum with 31 or 32 segments. Similar to the females but with yellow of the face not extending beyond the anterior tentorial pits. The grooves replacing the anterior transverse carinae of the propodeum are very well developed in the two male specimens known (Figure 1). Comments Separated from S. caesiellae by the greater number of flagellar segments and rather subtle differences in the shape of the propodeal areas demarked by carinae, as detailed in the description above. One non-reared male (from Savernake, see ‘‘ Material examined’ ’) differs in that the malar space is yellow, as in females. This specimen is tentatively assigned to S. parenthesellae but is not included in the type series as it differs slightly in appearance and is from a different locality. One reared male, and some males of S. caesiellae, have the malar space faintly marked with yellow so the un-reared specimen may be at the extreme of a trend. Material examined Holotype: ♀, ‘‘ Rowardennan, Loch Lomond [Scotland, UK] ex Ypsolopha parenthesella, larva below Quercus 27.6.1983, em. 6.6.1984 (M. R. Shaw) ’’ (NMS). Paratypes (all NMS): 3 ♀♀, same details as above except em. 8 August 1983, 14 August 1983, and 8 June 1984; 2 „„, same details as above except em. 23 May 1984 and 6 June 1984. Other material: 1 „, England: Savernake Forest, Wilts., SU 229656, Malaise trap, 23 May – 13 June 1990 (K. Porter) (NMS). Biology All of the type specimens were reared from pupae of Ypsolopha parenthesella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) collected as fully fed larvae by sweeping grasses below Quercus in June, at a single site. Four adults emerged in May and June the following year but two emerged in August of the year of collection. Etymology This species is named after the yponomeutid species from which it has been reared.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFB2D862FDF5FEA1FF25FDE7.taxon	description	Male Only known from the holotype male. Body length 5.2 mm. Fore wing length 3.7 mm. Antennal flagellum with 30 segments. Face, in lateral view, more bulging than the other species treated here, with a distinct angulation at about the vertical mid-point (Figure 16). Ocelli large, ocellar – ocular distance about 0.68 times the length of a lateral ocellus (Figure 17). Propodeum with a rather distinctive pattern of carinae, resembling the illustrations of S. nakanishii Kusigemati (1971), with a short and broad area superomedia, barely longer than wide, which opens widely on to the area basalis (Figure 18). Anterior transverse carinae are present as vestiges. Yellow of face more extensive than males of S. caesiellae or S. parenthesellae, filling most of the malar space. Hind coxa with basal threequarters dark, apical quarter reddish. Material examined Holotype: „, ‘‘ Chippenham Fen, Cambs. [England, UK] TL 650693 Malaise trap: carr at reedbed edge. B. 11 – 22 viii 1985 (J. Field) ’’ (NMS). Biology Nothing is known of the biology of this species. The only known specimen was caught in a Malaise trap in a carr at the edge of a reedbed in August. Etymology We are pleased to name this species after Jeremy Field, who collected the only known specimen.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
03AB8B53FFADD860FE06FDC6FBB8FD15.taxon	description	Female Body length 3.8 – 4.8 mm. Fore wing length 3.3 – 4.2 mm. Flagellum with a lower number of segments than other British Synosis species, 26 – 28 in females. Ocelli smaller than in S. fieldi, ocellar – ocular distance ca 0.8 times the maximum length of a lateral ocellus (Figure 19). Propodeum with either a clear if short transverse carina separating the area superomedia from the area basalis (Figure 20) or this carina so shortened that the two areas converge in a more or less quadrate raised vestige of the carina (Figure 21, cf. the condition in S. meridionalis Tolkanitz). Area basalis longer than in S. parenthesellae, carinae meeting at a narrower angle (Figures 20 – 22). Usually lacking the anterior transverse carina of the propodeum, never with a groove running across. Two specimens (Oxfordshire, May and Port Appin, September) with distinct transverse carinae demarking the anterior side of the area superomedia (Figure 20) but the area superomedia always appears to be rather pointed, with a less conspicuous lateral angulation than in S. parenthesellae. Face with yellow malar space, with edge rather ill-defined. Hind coxae of British specimens range in coloration from entirely pale reddish to mid-brown, sometimes with darker patches dorsally and ventrally; one Swedish specimen with the basal three-quarters dark and the apical quarter abruptly paler, as in S. fieldi and some S. parenthesellae. Male Body length 4.0 – 4.3 mm. Fore wing length 3.1 – 3.2 mm. Flagellum with 27 or 28 flagellar segments. Yellow of the face not extending beyond the anterior tentorial pits. Propodeum usually with lateral vestiges of anterior transverse carinae (Figure 22). Comments Differs from S. meridionalis in the broader area of contact of the areas superomedia and basalis (sometimes represented by a transverse carina in S. caesiellae); the lower number of flagellar segments (30 in the holotype female of S. meridionalis); and the lack of a sharp division between the yellow of the face and dark brown of the gena. Material examined Holotype: ♀, ‘‘ Burghfield Common, Reading, Berks. [England, UK], ex Swammerdamia caesiella, Betula, 9 / 10.1978, em. 29.5.1979 (M. R. Shaw) ’’ (NMS). Paratypes: England: 2 „„, same details as above except em. 20 May 1979 and 24 May 1979 (NMS); 1 ♀, Havant Thicket, Hants., ex Swammerdamia caesiella on Betula 18 October 1980, em. March 1981 (J. R. Langmaid) (NMS); 1 ♀, Abbots Moss, Cheshire SJ 5868, Malaise trap 2, Quercus / Betula / Pinus, 27 June to 23 July 1986 (R. R. Askew) NMSZ 1988.002 (NMS); 1 ♀, Abbots Moss, Cheshire, ex Swammerdamia caesiella on Betula 18 October 1976, em. 24 May 1977 (M. R. Shaw) (NMS); 1 ♀, Nettlebed, Oxon., ex Swammerdamia caesiella on Betula, 21 October 1995, em 1996 (I. Sims) (NMS); 1 ♀, Savernake Forest, Wilts., SU 229656, Malaise trap, 31 May to 13 June 1990, NMSZ 1993.033 (K. Porter) (NMS); 1 ♀, same details as above except 20 September to 11 October 1993 (NMS). Scotland: 1 ♀, Port Appin, Argyll, 5 September 1954, on Vaccinium (E. C. Pelham-Clinton) (NMS); 1 ♀, 1 „, Berrie Dale, Hoy, Orkney, ex micro (? Teleiodes proximella) on Betula, September 1984, em. May 1985 (R. I. Lorimer) (NMS). Sweden: 1 ♀, Skäralid, 3 July 1938 (D. M. S. and J. F. Perkins) B. M. 1938.414 (BMNH). Biology Six specimens were reared from Swammerdamia caesiella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on Betula, collected in four locations in October, emerging from March to May the following year. Two further specimens are labelled as reared from? Carpatolechia [5 Teleiodes] proximella (Hübner) on Betula collected in September and emerging in May. The uncertainty in host identification raises the possibility these may also really be from S. caesiella. Non-reared specimens have been collected in May / June, July, August, and September / October. The wide geographical and temporal spread of specimens reflects the distribution of the host species, S. caesiella, which is widespread and bivoltine. Etymology This species is named after the yponomeutid species from which it has been reared.	en	Broad, Gavin R., Shaw, Mark R. (2005): The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species. Journal of Natural History 39 (26): 2389-2407, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500102074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500102074
