identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A80010775CFFA0FF14A787925FFF4E.text	03A80010775CFFA0FF14A787925FFF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondrilla caribensis Rutzler, Duran & Piantoni 2007	<div><p>Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran &amp; Piantoni, 2007</p><p>Figures 3 a–b</p><p>Chondrilla nucula sensu Wilson 1902: 386; Hechtel 1965: 74; Wiedenmayer 1977: 186, pl. 41 figs 5–7, pl. 42 figs 1–2, text-fig. 178; Muricy et al. 2011: 52 (with many further synonyms) (Not: Schmidt 1862).</p><p>Chondrilla nucula forma mangle Duran &amp; Rützler, 2006: 296.</p><p>Chondrilla nucula forma hermatypica Duran &amp; Rützler, 2006: 296.</p><p>Chondrilla caribensis Rützler et al. 2007a: 100, fig. 4.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9816, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 10538, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.178°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Thinly encrusting smooth sponge (Fig. 3 a), dark brown in alcohol, 6 x 5 cm in lateral expansion, thickness 2–4 mm. Consistency firm, slippery surface.</p><p>Choanosome. Cartilaginous, with an interior skeleton of scattered spherasters, concentrated at the surface.</p><p>Spicules. Spherasters (Fig. 3 b), with small irregular spines on the apices of the conical rays, diameter 21– 27.6 –33 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, widespread throughout the Caribbean and NE Brazil, in mangroves, on reefs, and on sandy mud, 0.5–65 m (previously down to 51 m).</p><p>Remarks. The details provided here match those of the descriptions in Rützler et al. (2007a). The species was previously known in the region as Chondrilla nucula (Schmidt, 1862), but this is now considered to be restricted to the Mediterranean. Two ecological forma’s were distinguished by Duran &amp; Rützler (2008), but as infrasubspecific units these names are not available in the sense of the ICZN. Subsequently, Rützler et al. (2007a) renamed the Caribbean species as C. caribensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010775CFFA0FF14A787925FFF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010775BFFA0FF14A7F691EDF86F.text	03A80010775BFFA0FF14A7F691EDF86F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondrosia collectrix (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Chondrosia collectrix (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 4 a–b</p><p>Cellulophana collectrix Schmidt, 1870: 25 .</p><p>Chondrosia collectrix; De Laubenfels 1936: 183, pl. 20 fig. 1; De Laubenfels 1950: 135, fig. 60; Wiedenmayer 1977: 189, pl. 42 fig. 7; Alcolado 1980: 6; Van Soest 1981: 7; Rützler 1986: 125, pl. 5; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 99; Rützler et al. 2000: 234; Moraes 2011: 106, with several unnumbered figs; Muricy et al. 2011: 52 (with additional Brazilian records). Chondrilla reniformis; Wiedenmayer 1977: 188, pl. 42 figs 3–6; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 100 (Not: Schmidt 1862).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH. Por. 9338, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9933, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9992, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Massive sponges with smooth-shiny surface (Fig. 4 a). Largest specimen 7 x 5 x 1 cm. Color (in alcohol) grey-brown or blackish grey, mottled with lighter and darker patches. No apparent oscules (presumably constricted in preservation). Consistency firm, incompressible. Choanosome (Fig. 4 b) featureless, densely collagenous with few canals and lacunae. In cross section the upper 1–2 mm is usually lighter colored and presumably is the cortex (verifiable only with histology), deeper in the choanosome scattered spicule fragments and calcareous nodules are found.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, throughout the Greater Caribbean and NE Brazil, from the tidemark down to 76 m depth (previously down to 40 m).</p><p>Remarks. The variability of this species, including several Caribbean reports of the Mediterranean Chondrosia reniformis, is indicative of the possible existence of more than a single species of Chondrosia in the Central West Atlantic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010775BFFA0FF14A7F691EDF86F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010775AFFA2FF14A7609149FE6F.text	03A80010775AFFA2FF14A7609149FE6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplysina caissara Pinheiro & Hajdu 2001	<div><p>Aplysina caissara Pinheiro &amp; Hajdu, 2001</p><p>Figures 5 a–b</p><p>Aplysina caissara Pinheiro &amp; Hajdu, 2001: 145, figs 1–2, 4–6; Pinheiro et al. 2007: 3, figs 1A, 2, 3A (with further synonyms).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.75/lat 6.7333)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9340, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. A short tubular branch (Fig. 5 a) of 9 x 2–3 cm diameter. The surface is finely conulose. The apical oscule has an iris-type diaphragm and is 5 mm in diameter. Color in alcohol is dark pink. Consistency compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 5 b) A three-dimensional reticulation of rounded or elongately polygonal meshes made by amber colored fibers, of 70–130 µm diameter. The fibers have a vaguely striated bark and a pith occupying about 1/ 3 of the fiber thickness.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf (if correctly identied), Eastern Brazil, from 2–76 m depth (previously down to 12 m).</p><p>Remarks. The descriptions by Pinheiro &amp; Hajdu (2001) and Pinheiro et al. (2007) match the present specimen closely, but the depth from where it was obtained and the distance from the type locality throw some doubt on the identification.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010775AFFA2FF14A7609149FE6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107759FFA3FF14A1239430FEDA.text	03A800107759FFA3FF14A1239430FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplysina cauliformis (Carter 1882) Carter 1882	<div><p>Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882)</p><p>Figures 6 a–b</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Luffaria cauliformis Carter, 1882a: 268 (in part).</p><p>Aplysina cauliformis; Wiedenmayer 1977: 68, pl. 7 figs 1–3 (with further synonyms); Pinheiro et al. 2007: 8, figs 1B–C, 3B, 4A–C (with additional synonyms).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9334, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Thin-branched, ramose sponges (two specimens were obtained, Fig. 6 a). Size of largest specimen about 25 cm high, individual branches up to 1.5 cm diameter. Surface finely conulose. Color in alcohol dark pink. Consistency firmly compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 6 b) An isotropical reticulation of pithed spongin fibres, 35–100 µm diameter, forming meshes of 200–600 µm diameter. Pith occupies 30–75 % of the fiber diameter.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, E and NE Brazil, from 3–100 m depth. Remarks. The present material matches quite closely with Pinheiro et al. ’s (2007) review of the species. The identification is made with confidence, despite the absence of live color information.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107759FFA3FF14A1239430FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107758FFBCFF14A2B19123FEFF.text	03A800107758FFBCFF14A2B19123FEFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aiolochroia crassa (Hyatt 1875) Hyatt 1875	<div><p>Aiolochroia crassa (Hyatt, 1875)</p><p>Figures 7 a–b</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Dendrospongia crassa Hyatt, 1875: 401, pl. 13 figs 1–2, 7.</p><p>Pseudoceratina crassa; Bergquist 1980: 494.</p><p>Aiolochroia crassa; Wiedenmayer 1977: 75 (with additional synonyms); Van Soest 1978: 65, pl. XIII fig. 3, text-fig. 21; Muricy et al. 2011: 171; Moraes 2011: 219; Hajdu et al. 2011: 221.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5/lat 7.7)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9819, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. Large specimen (Fig. 7 a), cake-shaped, 19 x 11 x 6 cm, with conulose surface. No visible openings. Discolored partially to blackish purple, partially beige-colored. On-deck photos from CREOCEAN specimens were bright yellow, showing incipient discoloration to dark purple at their conules. Consistency toughly compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 7 b) Spongin fibers anastomose infrequently to form irregularly elongate meshes of 2 mm or larger in size. Thickness of the fibers variably 90–400 µm, with pith occupying most of the diameter, with thin bark occupying 15–30 %.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, throughout the Greater Caribbean, and North East Brazil, on reefs and other hard substratums, shallow water down to 100 m. Guyanan material was from 65 m depth, French Guyanan material collected by the CREOCEAN expedition was obtained at 83 m</p><p>Remarks. The specimen conforms in all aspects to the descriptions of previous authors. Although the species has been reported predominantly from shallow-water reef environments, there are several deep-water records (cf. Muricy et al. 2011).</p><p>I report here the occurrence of several purplish black patches of an encrusting verongid, which possibly might belong to Vansoestia caribensis Díaz, Thacker, Redmond, Pérez &amp; Collins, 2015 . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0333/lat 7.6833)">The</a> material is registered as RMNH Por. 9792 (Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970) . It consists of irregular encrustations on carbonate rubble, lateral size about 2 x 3 cm. Thickness up to 2 mm. Surface peels are striated, rather parchment-like, thin. Consistency soft. No skeleton, no discrete fibers. The material is not certainly identified, due to the fact that no histology could be performed, which is the only certain way to identify the genus Vansoestia . The association with Vansoestia is here made on the basis of the absence of any discrete skeleton, but thin incipient Aiolochroia crassa may likely be indistinguishable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107758FFBCFF14A2B19123FEFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107747FFBDFF14A1B994CFFDA7.text	03A800107747FFBDFF14A1B994CFFDA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chelonaplysilla americana	<div><p>Chelonaplysilla americana sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 8 a–b</p><p>Chelonaplysilla erecta sensu Van Soest 1978: 71, pl. XIV fig. 1, text-fig. 24; Zea 1987: 50, Pl. 6 fig. 4; Hajdu et al. 2011: 218, with unnumbered figures; Moraes 2011: 201, with unnumbered figures; Muricy et al. 2011: 54.</p><p>Not: Megalopastas erectus Row, 1911; nec: Chelonaplysilla erecta Tsurnamal, 1967 .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9812, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F41, 6.9133°N 56.4767°W, depth 55 m, Agassiz trawl, 6 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Conulose cushion (Fig. 8 a), size 3 x 2 x 0.5 cm. Color (in alcohol) dark purple, internal color darker, almost black. Surface provided with the characteristic sand grain reticulation, between conules of 2 mm high and 3–4 mm diameter. Fibers protruding from the apices of the conules. Several rimmed oscules are present, with diameter 2–3 mm.</p><p>Skeleton. Surface reticulation (Fig. 8 b) of tracts composed of sand particles and spicule fragments, 40–70 µm in thickness, enclosing pore fields 110–240 µm in diameter. Dendritic fibers, growing out of a basal plate of spongin. Fibers divide sparingly at the base, but more prolific at the surface, length 2.5–4.5 mm, thickness at the base up to 160 µm diameter tapering towards the surface to about 30 µm diameter. Fibers dark purple in color, pithed and laminated.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. From shallow water mangroves and reefs down to 55 m depth (previously down to 50 m).</p><p>Etymology. The name reflects its distribution in the seas surrounding the eastern coast of both Americas.</p><p>Remarks. The species has already been extensively described by Van Soest (1978), Zea (1987), Hajdu et al. (2011) and Muricy et al. (2011). The name Chelonaplysilla erecta sensu Tsurnamal, 1967 was chosen for it by Van Soest (1978), who noted the similarity with Tsurnamal’s description of his Eastern Mediterranean species (cushion shaped and with ramified fibers), as opposed to thinly encrusting shape and single undivided fibers in the type of Chelonaplysilla, the deep-water Atlantic species C. noevus (Carter, 1876) . Subsequently, Zea (1987) pointed out that according to Bergquist (1980) (p. 486) Tsurnamal’s C. erecta was synonymous with the Red Sea species Megalopastas erectus Row, 1911, and reassigned the present species to C. erecta (Row, 1911) . Later authors followed Zea’s decision and ignored the unlikely synonymy of a southern Red Sea species with a species from the tropical West Atlantic.</p><p>A second Central West Atlantic species of Chelonaplysilla is the yellow C. betinensis Zea &amp; Van Soest, 1986 from the Colombian Caribbean. Apart from being yellow it is thinner and has less long fibers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107747FFBDFF14A1B994CFFDA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107746FFBDFF14A07695E5F927.text	03A800107746FFBDFF14A07695E5F927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>Figures 9 a–c</p><p>Euryades notabilis Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 106, pl. 25 fig.3.</p><p>Darwinella joyeuxi Topsent, 1889: 46, fig. 11; De Laubenfels 1948: 170, fig. 28.</p><p>Igernella joyeuxi; Topsent 1905, clxxxviii, fig. 3; Boury-Esnault 1973: 287.</p><p>Igernella notabilis; Van Soest 1978: 76, Pl. XV fig. 1, text-fig. 1; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 181, fig. 87; Uriz &amp; Maldonado 1996: 154, fig. 2; Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1998: 97; Moraes 2011: 204, 4 unnumbered figs; Muricy et al. 2011: 55; Rützler et al. 2014: 96.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9937, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Lobate conulose sponge, with large apical oscules. The sample contains seven fragments (Fig. 9 a), each about 3 cm high and 1–1.5 cm in diameter (Fig. 9 a1), assumed to be from a single larger specimen. Oscules about 0.5 cm in diameter, conules 2–4 mm apart. Consistency soft, easily torn.</p><p>Skeleton. A rectangular spongin reticulation (Fig. 9 b) of thicker ascending fibers (up to 160 µm in diameter), and thinner connecting fibres, up to 60 µm in diameter. Meshes large, 400–1000 µm in size. Fibers laminated and pithed, lightly cored by sand grains and broken spicules. Horny spicules (Fig. 9 c) not common, only triactines were observed, actines 310–700 x 16–25 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Virgin Islands, Mexican Caribbean, Curaçao, St. Eustatius, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Anguilla, Belize, NE Brazil, mostly on reefs, but also known from the fore reef slope and sandy bottom, 4–71 m depth (previously down to 52 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens from the Guyana Shelf are closely similar to the type material and other recently described specimens (cf. Van Soest 1978; Uriz &amp; Maldonado 1996). Differences with these specimens are that the present fibers are comparatively thin and there are only few horny spicules. The Cape Verdian species Igernella vansoesti Uriz &amp; Maldonado, 1996 is reported to occur in the Gulf of Mexico (Uriz &amp; Maldonado 1996) (p. 159), but this needs further verification. The shape of Igernella vansoesti is clearly different from the present fragments.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107746FFBDFF14A07695E5F927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107745FFB8FF14A66790A6FE1D.text	03A800107745FFB8FF14A66790A6FE1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Ircinia felix (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>Figures 10 a–d</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Polytherses felix Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 72, pl. XIII fig. 2.</p><p>Ircinia felix; Wiedenmayer 1977: 60, pl. 4 fig. 3 (with additional synonyms); Van Soest 1978: 33, text-fig. 11, pl. VI fig. 4 (with further synonyms).</p><p>Ircinia strobilina; Van Soest 1978: 40 (in part, Guyana specimen only) (Not: Lamarck, 1814)</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9333, 9838, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.55°N 57.0833°W, depth 63 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9371, 9797, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9817, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9833, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9839, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 85, 7.65°N 57.25°W, depth 69 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9848, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9904, 9953, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9936, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9966, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9996, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H57, 7.595°N 56.8767°W, depth 94 m, bottom coarse sand and shells, 11 May 1966; RMNH Por. 10509, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Massive, cake-shaped, globular, or more expanded (Figs 10 a–b). Size of largest individuals in the present collection up to 15 x 10 x 6 cm. Color (in alcohol) pinkish brown or purplish grey with, at least in RMNH Por. 9333, a dark purple oscule. In other specimens oscules are less distinct and vary in diameter from 2 to 8 mm. Conules are usually about 2–4 mm in height and are about 4–6 mm apart. Consistency is compressible, but firm. The sponges are harsh to the touch.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 10 c) The surface is covered by a tough mixture of filaments and sand grains, which is carried by endings of choanosomal fibers. The fiber system is irregular and may contain a considerable load of sand grains or spicule debris, but in other parts foreign material may be virtually absent. Fibers are generally less than 100 µm in diameter, lying 400–500 µm apart, and form irregular meshes of 500 µm or more in size. Filaments (Fig. 10 d) are usually conspicuous, but may occasionally be difficult to find in transmitted light, they are 2–5 µm in diameter with terminal knobs of about 8 µm. All these features are subject to considerable variation in the collected specimens.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, from shallow–water down to 130 m (previously down to 100 m).</p><p>Remarks. It is with some hesitation that all the Ircinia specimens collected on the Guyana Shelf are here assigned to I. felix, as growth forms are quite variable. Several specimens are undoubted members of the species, but some others are doubtful. The species is polymorphic and can be distinguished from the similarly polymorphic sympatric Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1814) only on the greater coarseness of the latter. A CREOCEAN specimen from French Guyana (72 m depth) is flattened and looks to be intermediate between I. felix and I. strobilina . Van Soest (1978) assigned a specimen from the Guyana coast (ZMA Por. 03538) to Ircinia strobilina, but this is here reassigned to Ircinia felix . Although typically inhabitants of the reef, both species have been reported from deeper water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107745FFB8FF14A66790A6FE1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107743FFB8FF14A10293CAFB25.text	03A800107743FFB8FF14A10293CAFB25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysidea etheria De Laubenfels 1936	<div><p>Dysidea cf. etheria De Laubenfels, 1936</p><p>Figures 11 a–b</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.55/lat 6.6)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9733, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 5, 6.6°N 53.55°W, depth 44 m, trawl, bottom calcareous sand, 24 August 1970 ; RMNH Por. 9869, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9950, 10510, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 11 a) Usually rather flattened spinose branches. Conules about 2 mm high, 3–4 mm apart. Color in alcohol brownish. Consistency, dependent of the material coring the fibers, soft, or more crispy.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 11 b) Reticulation of cored spongin fibers. Ascending fibers 100–150 µm in diameter, lying at distances of 300–500 µm, cored by sand grains or broken spicules. Connecting fibers less than 100 µm in diameter, lightly cored or uncored, arranged irregularly.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Widespread, reported from the Greater Caribbean and NE Brazil, from shallow water down to 44 m (Guyana Shelf, 25–44 m).</p><p>Remarks. The identification of preserved Dysidea specimens lacking color information such as the present material remains uncertain, so it is provisionally assigned to D. etheria .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107743FFB8FF14A10293CAFB25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107742FFBAFF14A24E9131FB3A.text	03A800107742FFBAFF14A24E9131FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callyspongia (Callyspongia) pallida Hechtel 1965	<div><p>Callyspongia (Callyspongia) cf. pallida Hechtel, 1965</p><p>Figures 12 a–d</p><p>Callyspongia pallida Hechtel, 1965: 36, pl. 3 fig.5, text-fig. 6.</p><p>Callyspongia (Callyspongia) pallida; Van Soest 1980: 51, pl. VIII fig. 4, text-fig. 18 (Not: Zea 1987: 102 = Callyspongia (C.) fallax).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9894, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station D33, 6.9433°N 55.9483°W, Agassiz trawl, depth 60–62 m, bottom sand, shells, 4 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9900, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9948, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Thick, creeping, short branches, up to 6 cm long and 1–1.5 cm in diameter, forming masses of up to 12 x 7 cm in lateral expansion (Figs 12 a,a1). Branches may have sub-branches and show large oscules either flush with the surface or raised on volcanoe-shaped mounds. Oscule size usually about 5 mm in diameter. Surface punctate, rather irregular, and microconulose. Color in alcohol pale red-brown. Consistency compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface the usual double network of cored spongin fibers is poorly developed, only distinct in a few places (Figs 12 b,c,c1). The choanosomal skeleton is similarly irregular, but shows the typical Callyspongia rectangular reticulation, with the meshes wide and irregular in places. Coring of the fibers is light, one or two spicules in the surface fibers, up to four in the ascending fibers of the choanosomal skeleton.</p><p>Spciules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig, 12d) usually straight, short and fat, with sharp apices, 99– 114 –129 x 4.5– 6.9 –10.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, if correctly identified also Jamaica and Curaçao, shallow-water down to 62 m (previously down to 12 m).</p><p>Remarks. The identification is not certain due to the fact that the type from shallow-water in Jamaica has the shape more definitely as a lateral mass of short lobes, whereas the present material is more repent-ramose. Nevertheless, the skeleton and the spicule sizes and shapes are similar. The Curaçao specimens described and figured in Van Soest (1980) conform to Hechtel’s type in habitus and also have fusiform spicules, so are likely to be conspecific. Both have the spicules smaller (up to 104 and 92 respectively), but close enough in size and shape to the Guyana specimens. Nevertheless, the Guyana specimens have distinctly thicker oxeas, up to 10.5 µm against up to 5–5.5 µm in the Jamaican and Curacao specimens.</p><p>Zea’s (1987) specimen features thin strongylote spicules, similar to those of Callyspongia (Callyspongia) fallax Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 . That species is otherwise rather close to C. (C.) pallida, so it is likely Zea’s specimen belongs to C. (C.) fallax . This applies also to Callyspongia fallax forma debilis Wiedenmayer, 1977, which was assigned to the synonymy of C. (C.) pallida by Van Soest (1980) and Zea (1987), incorrectly in my present opinion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107742FFBAFF14A24E9131FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107741FFB5FF14A7829407FB3A.text	03A800107741FFB5FF14A7829407FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callyspongia (Callyspongia) scutica	<div><p>Callyspongia (Callyspongia) scutica sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 13 a–c, 14a–f</p><p>Callyspongia aff. diffusa sensu Johnson 1971: 107, fig. 9 (not: Cladochalina diffusa Ridley, 1884)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype, RMNH Por. 9874, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Paratype RMNH Por. 9968, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Additional (non-type) specimens. RMNH Por. 6307, 9366, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9332, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.55°N 57.0833°W, depth 63 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9396, 9865, 10502, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9873, 10515, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9883, 9967, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9897, 9913, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9959, 9962, 9976, 9986, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. BMNH 1969.7.1.2, Callyspongia aff. diffusa sensu Johnson 1971, Brazil (labeled as ‘ Cladochalina diffusa’).</p><p>Description. Erect, arborescent sponges (Figs 13 a,a1,b), with long, sparingly dividing, often somewhat flattened, branches. There is a tendency to have the branches in one plane. Branch ending swollen, but terminally pointed. Size up to 25 cm high, 8 cm wide, individual branches 4–10 mm in diameter. Outline of the branches undulating, with flush oscules of 1–2 mm diameter arranged predominantly on the sides of the branches, on top of the undulations. Surface shiny smooth, unbroken, but with subdermal reticulation faintly visible beneath the skin. Color in alcohol golden red-brown. Consistency firm, resilient.</p><p>Skeleton. Typical of subgenus Callyspongia: at the surface a neat tangential ‘double’ fiber reticulation (Figs 14 a,c,e), with thicker fibers of 15–30 µm thick, enclosing meshes of 250–350 µm, subdivided into triangular to polygonal meshes of 80–120 µm in diameter formed by thin fibers of 4–10 µm thick. In the choanosome there is a regular rectangular fiber skeleton (Figs 14 b,d,f), with ascending fibers 30–125 µm in thickness, interconnecting fibers 20–40 µm in thickness, enclosing meshes of 250–750 µm in size. All fibers are cored, at the surface with 1–3 spicules, in the choanosomal ascending fibers up to 5 spicules, interconnecting fibers with 3–4 spicules.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 13 c), fusiform, sharply pointed, slightly curved, 81– 104 –114 x 3.5– 5.1 –7 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy bottoms at 25–68 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Scutica (L.), a noun in apposition, meaning whip, lash or strap, referring to the ‘cat o’nine tails’ shape of the sponge.</p><p>Remarks. There can be little doubt that Johnson’s (1971) Callyspongia aff. diffusa is a specimen of the present new species. She described a ramose specimen with oscules on the sides of the flattened branches. Total length of the specimen was 35 cm. Skeletal details and spicule sizes as observed in the BMNH slide also match. Cladochalina diffusa Ridley, 1884 was originally described from Singapore and is a cushion-shaped sponge, unlike the present species.</p><p>There is also a distinct similarity with Callyspongia pergamentacea (Ridley, 1881), originally described from SE Brazil as Chalina armigera var. pergamentacea, but subsequently reported from NE Brazil by Collette &amp; Rützler (1977) and Hajdu et al. (2011). This is a flattened smooth, semi-erect Callyspongia, which appears to be also a member of the subgenus Callyspongia . Like the ramose specimens described above, it has the oscules on elevated rows along the margin of the lamellate habitus. Oxeas are shorter and thinner than in the present specimens, and the oscules have a slight margin and are larger (3 mm or more in diameter). The new species is likely closely related to C. (C.) pergamentacea, but the long branches of the present specimens and the larger and fatter oxeas preclude their conspecificity.</p><p>Other ramose Callyspongia species reported from the Central West Atlantic are Callyspongia (Cladochalina) armigera (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), Callyspongia (Callyspongia) arcesiosa De Laubenfels, 1936 (type specimen USNM 22525 reexamined), Callyspongia (Cladochalina) tenerrima Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, and Callyspongia (Callyspongia) strongylophora Hartman, 1955 . The first two are repent, non-erect, and their surface is conulose, both remaining species have thinly strongylote spicules (the spicules of C. arcesiosa are also very thin, but appear to be oxeas). All four have distinctly different habitus and skeleton.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107741FFB5FF14A7829407FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010774EFFB6FF14A6EA9354FABE.text	03A80010774EFFB6FF14A6EA9354FABE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladocroce guyanensis	<div><p>Cladocroce guyanensis sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 15 a–c</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9826, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Flabelliform sponge, torn up during collection into half a dozen larger and smaller thin-bladed fragments (Fig. 15 a), largest of which is 6 x 2.5 cm in lateral size, 1–3 mm in diameter. Assuming all fragments belong to a single specimen, then overall size is estimated to be at least 10 x 8 cm. One of the fragments is ridged on one side, presumably representing part of the holdfast. Color (in alcohol) pale orange-brown. Surface smooth, punctate, not clearly different in aspect on either side. Consistency corky, but fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 15 b) Largely unispicular, but irregular, with some nodal spongin, but otherwise devoid of visible spongin. Next to this reticulation, there are several subectosomal longitudinal spicule tracts, 80–120 µm in thickness, made up of 4–6 spicules. These tracts run lengthwise through the bladed sponge body, but are never pronounced and do not continue for very long distances.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 15 c), slightly curved, slightly fusiform, occasional stylote forms, 336– 383 –414 x 9 – 15.8 –19 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom at 104–130 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the Guyana Shelf.</p><p>Remarks. No chalinid species with this habitus and spiculation has been reported from the Western Atlantic. The species is assigned with some hesitation to the genus Cladocroce, based on its flabelliform habitus, presence of longitudinal tracts and a unispicular reticulation. Over the years, the contents of Cladocroce has been widened from exclusively deep-water / cold-water, basically flabelliform or vasiform sponges to include tubular shallow-water / warm-water forms such as Cladocroce aculeata Pulitzer-Finali, 1982 and C. burupha Putchakarn, De Weerdt, Sonchaeng &amp; Van Soest, 2004 . Assignment of the present cold-water species to Cladocroce is based on the typical thin-bladed forms. The longitudinal tracts of the present species are not very pronounced and as such also occur in some Haliclona species. Revision of Cladocroce is urgent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010774EFFB6FF14A6EA9354FABE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010774DFFB7FF14A56F9497F812.text	03A80010774DFFB7FF14A56F9497F812.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Gellius) flagellifera (Ridley & Dendy 1886) Ridley & Dendy 1886	<div><p>Haliclona (Gellius) aff. flagellifera (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)</p><p>Figures 16 a–e</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Desmacella sp. Schmidt, 1870: 53, pl. V fig. 15.</p><p>? Gellius flagellifer Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 333; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 42, Pl. XIII figs 5, 10. Haliclona flagellifera; Van Soest 1980: 25; De Weerd, 2000: 64.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9783, 9851, 9921, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 16 a) Encrusting with lobes and upright lamellar projections. The three samples were obtained from the same station, but were disintegrated in small cm-sized fragments making it difficult to describe the overall shape in more detail. The surface is irregular, punctate, with small oscules elevated on low cushions. The color (in alcohol) is pinkish light brown. The consistency is soft and fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 16 b) The choanosome shows a loose reticulation of ascending tracts which have 2–3 spicules and interconnecting single spicules, but overall the skeleton is rather confused without binding spongin. The surface skeleton is unispicular, but it is discontinuous where there are large subdermal spaces.</p><p>Spicules. (Fig. 16 c–e) Oxeas, flagellated sigmas, ‘normal’ sigmas.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 16 c), slightly curved, elongated-fusiform, 226– 319 –358 x 11 – 12.7 –14 µm.</p><p>Flagellated sigmas (Fig. 16 d), strongly assymetrical, with the shorter apex angularly incurved and the longer apex at first curving in and at the end curving out again, longer axis 72– 109 –159, shorter axis 51– 63 –75 µm.</p><p>Normal sigmas (Fig. 16 e), symmetrical, with slightly incurving apices, 42– 51.5 –56 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, Belize, elsewhere reported from all over the world (type locality is Marion Island in the Southern Indian Ocean), depth in the region: 20–410 m, elsewhere down to 1378 m.</p><p>Remarks. This very characteristic species comprises most likely a species complex, because the published records encompass an almost cosmopolitan distribution: e.g. the Southern Ocean (Ridley &amp; Dendy 1886), the Arctic Ocean (Lambe 1896; Lundbeck 1902), Indian Ocean (Dendy 1922; Burton 1928), Mediterranean (Vacelet 1969; Pulitzer-Finali 1978), and Namibia (Uriz 1987, 1988). We may expect that a detailed comparative analysis of all the reported specimens will yield small differences. This is supported by the descriptions of several species with closely similar spiculation, e.g. Indonesian Gellius incrustans Hentschel, 1912, Californian Gellius edaphus De Laubenfels, 1930, and New Caledonian Gellius antarius Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1983 . A revision of Haliclona species with these flagellated sigmas is urgent.</p><p>The Caribbean occurrence was already noted by Schmidt (1870) as Desmacella sp. encrusting a Florida Pachastrella abyssi . There is an unpublished specimen in the ZMA collection from 20 m off the Caribbean Colombian coast (ZMA Por. 21962, collected by M. Kielman). Van Soest (1980) and De Weerdt (2000) referred to a specimen with flagellated sigmas from Belize present in the Natural History Museum in London.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010774DFFB7FF14A56F9497F812	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010774BFFB0FF14A3B591E7FC07.text	03A80010774BFFB0FF14A3B591E7FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Haliclona) epiphytica Zea & De Weerdt 1999	<div><p>Haliclona (Haliclona) epiphytica Zea &amp; De Weerdt, 1999</p><p>Figures 17 a–d</p><p>Haliclona (Haliclona) epiphytica Zea &amp; De Weerdt, 1999: 172, figs 1–2; De Weerdt 2000: 15, figs 3V, 4A–D.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5/lat 6.9)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9770, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 95, 6.9°N 57.5°W, depth 23–24 m, mixed hard bottom, 3 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. A mass of creeping encrusting branches (Fig. 17 a) consisting of a series of connected lobes, each provided with an oscule. Size of the mass of branches about 6 x 4 cm, thickness of individual branches 3–5 mm, lobes up to 8 mm high, oscules 2–3 mm in diameter. At several places there are creeping tendrils. Surface optically smooth. Color (in alcohol) pale beige. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. The ectosomal reticulation (Fig. 17 b) is triangular to polygonal. At the nodes there are often protruding spicules. The choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 17 c) is uni- to paucispicular, with occasional thicker (4–5 spicules) meandering spicule tracts.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 17 d), curved, short and fat, with sharp points, 76– 83 – 91 x 3.5– 4.9 –6 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Colombian Caribbean, shallow-water down to 24 m (holotype 1 m).</p><p>Remarks. The Guyana specimen is not growing on seaweeds like the type, but in most other aspects the similarity is convincingly large. No other species in De Weerdt’s (2000) monograph of the Caribbean Chalinidae shows the same match.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010774BFFB0FF14A3B591E7FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010774AFFB2FF14A3B5943FFDA7.text	03A80010774AFFB2FF14A3B5943FFDA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel 1965) Hechtel 1965	<div><p>Haliclona (Reniera) cf. implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965)</p><p>Figures 18 a–c</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Adocia implexiformis Hechtel, 1965: 27, pl. II fig. 2, text-fig. 2. Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis; De Weerdt 2000: 17, figs 3M, 6A–D (with further synonyms).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9835, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9989, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Irregular masses of lobes and short branches (Figs 18 a,a1), provided with several prominent, flush oscules. Size of largest mass about 6 x 5 cm, individual branches 0.7–1 cm diameter, lobes up to 1.5 x 1.5 cm, oscules 2–4 mm in diameter. Surface strongly punctate, rather irregular, shaggy (preserved specimens). Color (in alcohol) beige-brown. Consistency soft, limp.</p><p>Skeleton. Unispicular, both ectosomal (Fig. 18 b) and choanosomal (Fig. 18 b1). Occasional paucispicular tracts. Some binding spongin present, but not obvious.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 18 c,c1), straight or lightly curved, fat or more slim, sharply pointed, 96– 114 –135 x 4 – 5.9 –8.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, widespread throughout the Greater Caribbean, from shallow-water down to 59 m depth (previously down to 25 m).</p><p>Remarks. The identification of this material (two samples) is uncertain, but if correct it concerns a depth record for the species (previously reported down to 25 m depth). The specimens share with Haliclona (R.) implexiformis the irregular shape, punctate surface, soft consistency, unispicular skeleton and the relatively short oxeas. However, the oxeas especially of specimen Por. 9989 are considerably shorter (96–111 µm) than the specimens reviewed by De Weerdt (2000), given as 95– 131 –167 µm based on examination of a large number of individuals. No further matching descriptions are found in De Weerdt’s monograph.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010774AFFB2FF14A3B5943FFDA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107749FF8CFF14A076911EFBAE.text	03A800107749FF8CFF14A076911EFBAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphimedon nanaspiculata (Hartman 1955) Hartman 1955	<div><p>Amphimedon nanaspiculata (Hartman, 1955) comb. nov.</p><p>Figures 19 a–c</p><p>Axinella nanaspiculata Hartman, 1955: 180, figs 5, 7, 10.</p><p>? Haliclona viridis; Wells et al. 1960: 209, fig. 8 (not: Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing &amp; Michelott, 1864).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.9483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.9483/lat 6.9433)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9297, 9893, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station D33, 6.9433°N 55.9483°W, Agassiz trawl, depth 60–62 m, bottom sand, shells, 4 May 1966 ; RMNH Por. 9861, 9963, 9975, 9987, 10504, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9866, 10501, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9875, 10516, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9876, 9896, 9952, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9935, 9946, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9958, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H53, 7.0083°N 56.97°W, depth 38 m, bottom coarse sand with shells, 10 May 1966 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9997, 9998, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station C18, 6.2217°N 55.8333°W, depth 30 m, bottom sand, 25 April 1966 .</p><p>Description. Erect-arborescent sponge (Fig. 19 a), with a short stalk and long, sparingly dividing branches. Specimens have the tendency to branch in one plane and may have short side branches (Fig. 20 a1). Oscules of 2–3 mm diameter are scattered along the branches in a low frequency and flush with the surface. Surface punctate, optically smooth but microscopically hispid. Size of largest specimen (RMNH Por. 9876, Fig. 19 a) is 35 cm high, 16 cm wide, with stalk up to 3 cm long and individual branches up to 23 cm long and up to 1.5 cm in diameter, tapering to bluntly rounded endings of about 0.5 cm diameter. Branches may occasionally anastomose or have short side branches. Color (in alcohol) variably darker or lighter shades of brown. Consistency limp, soft.</p><p>Skeleton. Surface skeleton (Fig. 19 b) a three-dimensional reticulation of spicule tracts of 10–35 µm thickness (1–7 spicules), forming unequal and ill-developed polygonal meshes of widely different sizes, 70–350 µm in diameter. Choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 19 c) with strong ascending tracts, up to 70 µm in thickness (up to 10 spicules) interconnected irregularly by thinner tracts of up to 40 µm in thickness (up to 4 spicules). The reticulation forms meshes of widely different sizes, 100–600 µm in diameter. Spongin is variably merely binding or entirely enveloping the spicule tracts, depending of location in the skeleton and of individual sponges. Many loose spicules are present in the skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 19 d), slightly curved, usually sharply pointed, in a large size range, 99– 143 –189 x 4 – 6.49 –9 µm. Size variation is observed within and among specimens.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Gulf of Campeche, possibly North Carolina, on sandy bottom at 12–71 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Hartman’s (1955) descriptions and figures, with additional images provided by Eric Lazo-Wasem of the Yale Peabody Museum at Harvard, U.S.A., together are sufficiently clear to make this identification with confidence. The shape and size, the details of the surface, oscules and skeleton, and the habitat (sandy-shelly bottom) all match. The spicule sizes cited by Hartman (56–132 x 3–7 µm) are somewhat lower than the present sizes (99–189 x 4–9 µm), but there is considerable overlap. Some of the Guyana specimens have spicule size ranges almost identical to those of the Yucatan holotype.</p><p>This species is closely related to Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, widely distributed in shallow water throughout the Central West Atlantic region, because limp consistency and skeletal and spicular characters are similar. Nevertheless there are several clearly distinct features precluding assignment of the present specimens to that species. The habit is arborescent-ramose with long, limp branches and most oscules flush with the surface. A. viridis may have repent branches, but is never arborescent, and its oscules are predominantly on volcanoe-shaped lobes.</p><p>Wells et al. (1960) reported an erect branched specimen found on the beach of North Carolina as Haliclona (= Amphimedon) viridis . Although their drawing shows the specimen to be branched in all directions, it nevertheless may be close or similar to the present specimens. They suggested, no doubt based on a remark by De Laubenfels (1950) (p. 3), that the Bermuda species Pachychalina micropora Verrill, 1907 could be synonymous with A. viridis and would have ‘encrusting, massive and branching’ forms. However, Verrill’s description mentions only ‘encrusting, or small convex or lobate masses’, not branching. Verrill’s material has not been recently recognized with certainty in any sponge collection (see discussion in De Laubenfels 1950, p. 3), and his Pachychalina species remain Niphatidae incertae sedis.</p><p>Other branching Amphimedon species of the Central West Atlantic are Amphimedon compressa Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 (with junior synonym Amphimedon arborescens Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) and Amphimedon complanata (Duchassaing, 1850) (with junior synonyms Spngia fusca Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, Spongia manus Duchasaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, and Pachychalina variabilis Dendy, 1887). These two species have much more spongin in their skeletons and have much firmer consistency. Their forms are more variable, including broader shapes and fewer branches. For more character differences see Van Soest 1980 (pp. 26–34, pls IV–V).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107749FF8CFF14A076911EFBAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107777FF8EFF14A7A59327FD1F.text	03A800107777FF8EFF14A7A59327FD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Niphates erecta Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864</p><p>Figures 20 a–d</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Niphates erecta Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 93, pl. 21 fig. 3; Wiedenmayer 1977: 96, pl. 20 figs 7–8, pl. 21 figs 1–4, textfig. 119 (with additional synonyms); Van Soest 1980: 35, pl. V figs 2–4, text-fig. 12; Zea 1987: 81, figs 21, 249 (with review of of spicule data); Campos et al. 2005: 8, figs 5A–D; Muricy et al. 2011: 105 (with further Central West Atlantic records).</p><p>Niphates digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977: 98, pl. 19 fig. 4</p><p>Niphates amorpha Van Soest, 1980: 39, pl. VI fig.3.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.5467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.5467/lat 6.4417)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9864, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 ; RMNH Por. 9877, 9887, 9895, 9902, 9905, 9912, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9890, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H58, 7.4233°N 56.9067°W, depth 66–69 m, bottom coarse sand, 11 May 1966; RMNH Por. 10506, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. More than a dozen short erect branches (Fig. 20 a,a1) with irregular outline, up to about 10 cm long, 2–4 cm in diameter. Color in alcohol red-brown. Flush or slightly raised oscules, 2–3 mm in diameter, scattered over the uneven punctate or irregularly conulose surface. Some branches have large numbers of zoanthids. Consistency firmly compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 20 b) The ectosomal skeleton is an irregular three-dimensional reticulation of spongin-encased spicule tracts that form brushes fanning out over the surface, forming meshes of 200–300 µm diameter. The choanosomal reticulation is formed by thick spicule tracts, 90–120 µm in diameter (7–15 spicules in cross section) connected by thinner cross tracts, making irregular squarish meshes of 300–500 µm diameter. Many loose spicules.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 20 c–d) Oxeas and sigmas, the latter not found or rare in many specimens. Oxeas (Fig. 20 c), robust, curved, length and thickness subject to considerable variation, 213– 251 –288 x 7 – 13.1 –19 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 20 d), if present, rather elongated, often provided with a faint central tyle, occasionally malformed, 14– 15.6 –18 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, on reefs and on soft bottoms in deeper water down to 94 m (Guyana Shelf 25–69 m).</p><p>Remarks. This is a common species all over the Central West Atlantic, showing considerable variation in spicule sizes and shapes, no doubt because of the wide ecogeographic range of the species. The Guyana Shelf specimens stand out by their robust oxeas, which is shared by specimens from the Colombian Caribbean (Zea 1987), but only seldom reported from other regions. Some of the records may concern encrusting specimens, usually understood as Niphates amorpha . Wiedenmayer (1977) (p. 98) erected the forma amorpha, which falls as an infrasubspecific taxon outside the ruling of the ICZN as it was proposed after 1961 (see ICZN art.15.2). When Van Soest (1980: 39) decided to elevate the forma amorpha to species rank, he unintentionally became the author of the name, despite the fact that no (holo) type was elected. The necessity to do so became mandatory only from 1999. The taxon, although first erected by Wiedenmayer (1977), thus changed authorship to Van Soest. The matter of the type material was proposed to be settled in the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2016), as the collections of the Smithsonian Institution's retained four specimens from Wiedenmayer's work only one of which was preserved in alcohol. The specimen, USNM 30331, has the field number B834, cited as one of four specimens by Wiedenmayer (1977) (p. 99). Assuming that Van Soest’s treatment of N. amorpha included Wiedenmayer’s material, it is proposed to elect USNM 30331 as the lectotype of Niphates amorpha . However, many authors do not distinguish this as distinct from N. erecta, and I now concur with that by formally assigning N. amorpha to N. erecta as a junior synonym.</p><p>Sigmas were present in six of the ten samples collected on the Guyana Shelf, a high proportion compared to Hechtel’s (1965) (1 in 6) and Van Soest’s (1980) (5 in 22) data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107777FF8EFF14A7A59327FD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107775FF8EFF14A00E930AF857.text	03A800107775FF8EFF14A00E930AF857.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>Figures 21 a–d</p><p>Thalysias proxima Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 84, pl. VIII figs 2–3.</p><p>Densa araminta De Laubenfels, 1934: 14.</p><p>Neofibularia proxima; Wiedenmayer 1977: 147.</p><p>Xestospongia sp. Collette &amp; Rützler 1977: 309 (cf. Zea 1987: 117).</p><p>Xestospongia proxima; Van Soest et al. 1983: 198; Zea 1987: 116, pl. 9 figs 3–4, text-fig. 34; Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1996: 77; Rützler et al. 2000: table 2.</p><p>Neopetrosia proxima; Santos et al. 2016: 336, figs 4–5.</p><p>(Not: Neopetrosia proxima sensu Campos et al. 2005: 13, figs 8A–D; Mothes et al. 2006: 670 = Neopetrosia sulcata Santos, Sandes, Cabral &amp; Pinheiro, 2016).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9878, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Thick repent lobes (Fig. 21 a), with punctate, optically smooth but finely irregular surface. Size about 5 x 2 x 2 cm. Oscules flush, scattered over the surface. Color (in alcohol) brown. Consistency hard, incompressible.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface (Fig. 21 b), the skeletal reticulation is thoroughly confused with smaller and larger meshes. The interior (Fig. 21 c) is densely spiculous, with vague thick tracts (up to 200 µm in thickness) forming an irregular alveolar reticulation.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 21 d), robust, curved, usually with sharp points, 149– 167 –182 x 6 – 8.4 –9.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Virgin Islands, Porto Rico, Colombian Caribbean, Jamaica, Belize, NE Brazil, from shallow-water down to 94 m depth (Guyana Shelf 64 m).</p><p>Remarks. According to the various descriptions, this seems a variable species. The present material appears quite similar to Zea’s (1987) specimens from the Caribean coast of Colombia. It is clearly dissimilar in shape, skeleton and spicule size to material described from Brazil by Campos et al. (2005) under this name, but this was recently referred to a different species, Neopetrosia sulcata Santos, Sandes, Cabral &amp; Pinheiro, 2016 . N. proxima is nevertheless present in Brazil according to Santos et al. 2016.</p><p>There is some resemblance in shape to Neopetrosia dutchi Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, which has likewise lobes with flush oscules and a dense skeleton. The spicules of that species are distinctly longer and thicker (165–264 x 11–18 µm) and the oscules are up to 1.5 cm diameter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107775FF8EFF14A00E930AF857	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107774FF88FF14A62294F1FA29.text	03A800107774FF88FF14A62294F1FA29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neopetrosia subtriangularis (Duchassaing 1850) Duchassaing 1850	<div><p>Neopetrosia subtriangularis (Duchassaing, 1850)</p><p>Figures 22 a–c</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Spongia subtriangularis Duchassaing, 1850: 26 .</p><p>Thalysias subtriangularis; Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864: 85, pl. XVII fig. 1</p><p>Xestospongia subtriangularis; Wiedenmayer 1977: 113, pl. 14 figs 1–5, text-fig. 128; Van Soest 1980: 71, pl. XII fig. 2, textfig. 26 (with additional synonyms).</p><p>Neopetrosia subtriangularis; Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine 2002: 911 (with discussion of synonyms).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.6667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.26" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.6667/lat 7.26)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9882, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 ; RMNH Por. 9892, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9910, 9911, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 10507, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Fragments of branches (Fig. 22 a), 1–1.5 cm in diameter, with scattered small oscules of 2 mm in diameter. Surface optically smooth, punctate, with some faint subdermal grooves. Color (in alcohol) reddish or orangeish brown. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface (Fig. 22 b) there is a regular distribution of rounded to squarish meshes made by tracts of 1–3 spicules, overlying a denser choanosomal skeleton of tracts of 30–40 µm diameter forming squarish meshes of up to 150–200 µm diameter. No visible spongin.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 22 c), curved, sharply pointed, in a large size variation, 132– 202 –240 x 6 – 8.1 –9.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, in lagoons, reefs, on sandy bottom, from shallow-water down to 100 m depth (Guyana Shelf 25–68 m).</p><p>Remarks. The spicules of this common, widespread species are apparently variable over its geographic range, as Van Soest (1980) gives 120–186 x 3.5–8.5 µm for predominantly Puerto Rican specimens, Zea’s (1987) Colombian length measurements are similar, but thickness reported by him is up to 11.7 µm, whereas Campos et al. (2005) measured 60–230 x 2.5–6 µm in a Brazil specimen. The present measurements of 132–240 x 6 –9.5 µm are at the higher end of the variation, possibly because the specimens were from deeper water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107774FF88FF14A62294F1FA29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107773FF89FF14A5FF92B2FC8F.text	03A800107773FF89FF14A5FF92B2FC8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi Van Soest 1980	<div><p>Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi Van Soest, 1980</p><p>Figures 23 a–e</p><p>Petrosia weinbergi Van Soest, 1980: 75, Pl. XII figs 3–4, text-fig. 27; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 151, fig. 69; Alcolado &amp; Gotera 1986: 2, figs 1–2; Zea 1987: 119; Campos et al. 2005: 17, figs 10A–D.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9898, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Creeping branch (Fig. 23 a) with one cut-off side branch. Size 9 cm long, 2–3 cm in diameter. Surface with a few oscules of 2–4 mm in diameter, and regularly pitted with ingrown zoanthids. Color (in alcohol) dark red-brown, possibly because of exposure to pigments from other sponges collected simultaneously. Consistency hard.</p><p>Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 23 b) is a reticulation of thick spongin-enforced spicule tracts of 80–200 µm in diameter (consisting of 10+ spicules), making meshes of 200 to 500 µm. The surface skeleton is an incomplete unispicular network ‘echinated’ by small spicules, carried by the choanosomal tracts.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 23 c–e) Larger and smaller oxeote spicules.</p><p>Oxeas, in three size categories, straight or curved, with strongylote and stylote modifications, especially in the larger category, (1) largest (Fig. 23 c), often with blunt or rounded apices, 227– 243 –261 x 9 – 12.2 –14.5 µm, (2) intermediate sizes (Fig. 23 d), likewise often with blunt apecies, 135– 157 –179 x 8 – 9.2 –11 µm, and (3) smallest (Fig. 23 e), usually with sharply pointed apices, 57– 96 –106 x 4.5– 6.8 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Cuba, Caribbean Colombia, Jamaica, Belize, NE Brazil, predominantly known from the deeper reef environment, but here reported from sandy bottom at 64 m depth. According to Campos et al. (2005) the species can reach 184 m.</p><p>Remarks. The specimen was compared to the holotype from Curaçao, ZMA Por. 0 3670 and found to be closely similar. The nature of the larger megascleres is variably oxeote, strongylote and rarely style-like, which is a characteristic feature of this species. Not all records of P. weinbergi are certainly conspecific (e.g. Lehnert’s (1993) description from Cozumel appears to be likely a different Petrosia), but the distribution is wide, covering most of the Caribbean and the Northeast Brazilian regions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107773FF89FF14A5FF92B2FC8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107772FF8BFF14A42C926DFB8A.text	03A800107772FF8BFF14A42C926DFB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petrosia (Strongylophora) devoogdae	<div><p>Petrosia (Strongylophora) devoogdae sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 24 a–j</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 10542, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. The holotype (Fig. 24 a) is a massively lamellate holed fragment. Size 5 x 3.5 cm, thickness about 1.5 cm. Surface smooth, but uneven, overgrown with bryozoans. Color (in alcohol) dull yellow with reddish patches. Consistency firm, crumbly.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 24 b–c) Choanosomal reticulation (Fig. 24 c) of thick tracts, 100–150 µm diameter, forming rounded meshes of 200–300 µm. Tracts not consolidated by spongin, many loose spicules. Surface skeleton (Fig. 24 b) similar to the choanosome, but with a concentration of smaller spicules.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 24 d–j) Large strongyles, larger and smaller oxeas, toxas.</p><p>Strongyles (Fig. 24 d) smooth, curved, with ends narrower than the middle part of the shaft, rather uniform in length and thickness, 327– 353 –378 x 32 – 36.8 –42 µm.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 24 e–i) in a wide size range, divisible in five, perhaps slightly overlapping, sizes, (1) long and thick (Fig. 24 e), in the same length range as the strongyles, usually strongly and often angularly curved, sharp apices, 332– 362 –408 x 16 – 20.7 –28 µm, (2) second largest (Fig. 24 f), gently curved, with sharp apices, 179– 234 –258 x 9 – 11.7 –14 µm, (3) third largest (Fig. 24 g), similar in shape to previous size, 111– 129 –147 x 7.5– 9.1 –11 µm, (4) fourth largest (Fig. 24 h), similar in shape to previous size, 51– 68 – 99 x 4.5– 5.9 –8 µm, (5), smallest (Fig. 24 i, i1), often curved more angularly than the previous size categories, 27– 33.1 – 40 x 3 – 3.4 –4 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 24 j,j1), thin, with sharp angle and straight wings, 21– 40.7 –61 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom, at 104–130 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr Nicole de Voogd (Naturalis, Leiden) to recognize her great efforts in sponge biology, including a.o. studies on Petrosiidae and Petrosia (cf. De Voogd &amp; Van Soest 2002).</p><p>Remarks. The assignment of the new species to subgenus Strongylophora rather than to subgenus Petrosia is based on the large strongyles and the high number of oxea categories, including angular microxeas. To date, there are nine Petrosia species known from the Central West Atlantic (Van Soest et al. 2016), and only Petrosia (P.) pellasarca (De Laubenfels, 1934) (as Haliclona) has been reported to have rare toxas (see Lehnert &amp; Van Soest’s (1996) record of this species). In other aspects, skeletal structure and sizes and categories of the spicules, P. (P.) pellasarca is very different: a lightly built, almost Haliclona -like skeleton, and only two size classes of strongyloxeas the larger of which is only up to 280 x 10 µm in size.</p><p>Worldwide, the possession of toxas is known from only a single other Petrosia species, Petrosia (P.) microxea (Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976), from Madagascar, originally as Toxadocia, also subsequently reported by Lim et al. 2008 (p. 139) from Singapore.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107772FF8BFF14A42C926DFB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107770FF84FF14A7C093EAFE87.text	03A800107770FF84FF14A7C093EAFE87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xestospongia muta (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Xestospongia muta (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 25 a–c</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Schmidtia muta Schmidt, 1870: 44 .</p><p>Petrosia muta; Topsent 1920: 8.</p><p>Xestospongia muta; De Laubenfels 1936: 70; Wiedenmayer 1977: 115, pl. 14 figs 6–7, pl. 15 figs 1–2, text-fig. 129; Van Soest 1980: 66, pl. XI fig. 1, text-fig. 23.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9784, 9805, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.55°N 57.0833°W, depth 63 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9914, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Two small damaged specimens and a fragment of this common West Atlantic species. The larger specimen (Fig. 25 a) is a cup-shaped column, 14 cm high, 12 cm in widest diameter. Surface grooved and pitted. Color (in alcohol) brown-red outside, pale beige inside. Consistency hard, crumbly.</p><p>More complete and larger, barrel-shaped specimens, up to 50 cm high and 45 cm in diameter, were obtained in French Guyana waters by the CREOCEAN expedition.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 25 b) Surface cover is a dense tangential reticulation of intercrossing single spicules. Choanosomal skeleton a dense mass of spicules arranged in irregular rounded meshes.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 25 c,c1), curved, bluntly pointed, in a limited size range, 384– 421 –462 x 15 – 18.3 –22 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, and throughout the Greater Caribbean, also in NE Brazil, on reefs and on hard bottoms in deeper water, down to 94 m depth (Guyana Shelf, 63–64 m, CREOCEAN specimens were from 72–76 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens share the predominance of oxeas over strongylote forms with Schmidt’s type and the specimens described by Van Soest (1980) from Curaçao and Puerto Rico, Zea (1987) from Colombia, and Hajdu et al. (2011) from NE Brazil . In fact no strongyles were observed in the present specimens, contrary to Wiedenmayer’s (1977) description of the species from the Bahamas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107770FF84FF14A7C093EAFE87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010777FFF86FF14A5A191C8FD57.text	03A80010777FFF86FF14A5A191C8FD57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calyx podatypa (De Laubenfels 1934) De Laubenfels 1934	<div><p>Calyx cf. podatypa (De Laubenfels, 1934)</p><p>Figures 26 a–d</p><p>Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934: 23; Wiedenmayer 1977: 90, pl. 14 fig. 6, text-fig. 15.? Pachypellina podatypa; Van Soest 1980: 91, pl. XIV fig. 3, text-fig. 34; Zea 1987: 132, pl. 9 fig. 8, text-fig. 41.? Calyx podatypa; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 133, text-fig. 65.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9880, 9969, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. Slide of USNM 22305, holotype Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934, Puerto Rican Deep, 60–72 m depth.</p><p>Description. Repent hollow branches (Fig. 26 a), 1–1.2 cm in diameter, and lobes up to 2 cm in diameter, now fragmented. The hollow part exceeds the sponge wall in diameter, the sponge walls being 1–3 mm in thickness. Surface smooth, provided with scattered round or irregular outlined oscules. Color pale yellow-orange in alcohol, probably wine-red in life (based on a specimen collected in Belize, cf. Rützler et al. 2000). Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 26 b–c) The deeper choanosome (Figs 26 b,b1) is crumbly, caused by increasing absence of a reticulation of the single spicules. No visible spongin. At the surface (Fig. 26 b1,c) there is a thick layer of intercrossing spicules, which becomes less dense in the interior.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 26 d), curved, in a large size range, 162– 179 –195 x 7 – 8.8 –10 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Belize, possibly Barbados, from shallowwater down to 100 m depth (Guyana Shelf 67–68 m).</p><p>Remarks. This remains an ill-known species, due to the fact that all specimens reported subsequently after De Laubenfels’ (1934) original description, with the exception of Wiedenmayer’s (1977) Bahamas specimen, appear to differ from the type. I reexamined the slide made from the USNM holotype (22305), and remeasured the spicules (n=25): they are rather uniform in size and shape, curved thin oxeas, 117– 133 –144 x 2.5– 3.8 –5 µm, while De Laubenfels gives 90–119 x 2–4 µm. Excepting Wiedenmayer’s, all other described specimens have longer and thicker spicules. De Laubenfels makes no mention of a hollow interior in the two specimens upon which the description of the species was based, nor is that evident in the slide mentioned above. Again excepting Wiedenmayer’s specimen, the other reported specimens are characteristically ‘hollow’. A further discrepancy is the presence in the types and in Wiedenmayer’s specimen of a system of choanosomal spicule tracts running randomly in the spicule mass, which was not clearly found in the Puerto Rican, Colombian Caribbean, Barbados, and present specimens. These discrepancies point towards the existence of an additional different species, and thus the present identification is tentative.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010777FFF86FF14A5A191C8FD57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010777DFF80FF14A00D9554FC52.text	03A80010777DFF80FF14A00D9554FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oceanapia ascidia (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Oceanapia ascidia (Schmidt, 1870) comb. nov.</p><p>Figures 27 a–d</p><p>Reniera ascidia Schmidt, 1870: 40 .</p><p>Rhizochalina amphirhiza Schmidt, 1880: 76, pl. VI fig. 12.</p><p>Oceanapia robusta sensu Ridley &amp; Dendy 1886:332; Muricy et al. 2011: fig. 11H (Not: Isodictya robusta Bowerbank, 1866).</p><p>Oceanapia fistulosa sensu Van Soest 1980: 85, pl. XIII fig. 4, text-fig. 31; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 159; Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1998: 94; Muricy et al. 2011: 109.</p><p>(Not: Desmacidon fistulosa Bowerbank, 1873).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.4767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.4767/lat 6.9133)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9300, 9930, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F41, 6.9133°N 56.4767°W, depth 55 m, Agassiz trawl, 6 May 1966 ; RMNH Por. 9310, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M98, 7.1767°N 53.845°W, depth 85 m, bottom coarse sand, rectangular dredge, 16 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9737, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 110, 7.496°N 57.5833°W, depth 47 m, Van Veen grab, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9769, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9836, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9934, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9993, 10537, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966; RMNH Por. 10519, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. Slide BMNH 1870.5 . 3.106, labeled ‘ Reniera ascidia Schmidt Florida’ (larger oxea spicules 225 x 14 µm); photo of syntype specimen MCZ PORa 6423, labeled ‘ Reniera ascidia, Florida, 120 fms, 33’; photo of syntype MCZ PORb 214, Rhizochalina amphirhiza, Agassiz 1876 –78; slide BMNH 1887.5 . 2.244, labeled ‘ Oceanapia robusta, Challenger Exped., Bahia or Bermuda’.</p><p>Description. (Figs 27 a,a1) Main body rounded, about 2–6 cm in diameter (MCZ syntype 3 cm), with several (3–7) sturdy fistules (4 in the MCZ syntype), distributed over the main body at all sides, not clearly distinguished in root fistules and upper fistules. Length of the fistules 2–9 cm (3 cm in the syntype), about 0.5 cm in diameter near the main body, tapering to 2 or 3 mm at the apices. Fistules may be branched or fringed near the thin apices. Color pale brown with yellow or pink tinges.</p><p>Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 27 b) consisting of a reticulation of intercrossing single spicules. Subectosomal tracts of 40–70 µm diameter (7–11 spicules in cross section) carry the ectosomal reticulation, on the main body the tracts form polygonal meshes of widely different sizes, on the fistules these tracts are lengthwise arranged with occasional anastomoses. The interior skeleton of the main body is pulpy, with many loose spicules and irregular thick tracts running through the spicule mass.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 27 c–d), slightly curved, sharply pointed, in a wide size range, divisible in two distinct size classes, (1) larger (Fig. 27 c) 219– 255 –271 x 8.5– 12.1 –14 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 27 d) 77– 104 –129 x 3 – 5.2 –7 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, on soft bottoms at 10–216 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The identification of the present material with the ill-known Reniera ascidia Schmidt, 1870 is based on Schmidt’s description, on examination of Schmidt’s slide in the Natural History Museum, London, and on photos of the MCZ type material, kindly provided by Dr. Adam Baldinger. Schmidt’s description on p. 40, translated in English by me: ‘One of the investigated specimens is compressed sack-shaped with two extensions, of which one carries the opening of a thick tube. Another specimen, which cannot be separated from the first, is a rounded body of 1.5–2 inches (3.5–5 cm, my words) diameter and with several tubular extensions of 3–4 mm diameter. The spicules measure about 0.2 mm (200 µm, my words). Florida. 120 fathoms (216 m, my words).’ These data conform rather closely to the description above. The specimen size data given by Schmidt are slightly larger than those of the preserved syntype, as it is now about 1 inch in diameter, with several cut-off fistule bases on all sides. Because I have not yet been able to examine spicules, the synonymy with Rhizochalina amphirhiza Schmidt, 1880 (p. 76) is less certain, but the figure of the habitus drawn by Schmidt (pl. VI fig. 12) and the very similar photo of the preserved type provided kindly by Dr Adam Baldinger leave little doubt.</p><p>This species was already well known from the Caribbean region under the name Oceanapia fistulosa (Bowerbank, 1873) . However, this name was originally given to a Western Australian species, and only subsequently used by several authors for specimens from the Atlantic because of superficial similarity (Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887) (Azores), Hechtel (1976) (Brazil), Van Soest (1980) (Puerto Rico), Pulitzer-Finali (1986) (Jamaica and Dominican Republic), Lehnert &amp; Van Soest (1998) (Jamaica), Alcolado (2002) (Cuba). In view of the many records and varied descriptions given for the species in studies from the Indo-West Pacific (compare e.g. descriptions of Vacelet et al. 1976 and Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1987), it appears prudent to assign Central Western Atlantic specimens to a separate species. Thus, I propose here to assign these specimens, including the presently described, to Oceanapia ascidia, while restricting the name O. fistulosa to Indo-West Pacific specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010777DFF80FF14A00D9554FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010777BFF81FF14A76794D8FF4E.text	03A80010777BFF81FF14A76794D8FF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oceanapia carotta (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Oceanapia carotta (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 28 a–e</p><p>Rhizochalina carotta Schmidt, 1870: 36, pl. IV fig. 2; Topsent, 1920: 4.? Rhizochalina fibulata Schmidt, 1880: 76 .</p><p>Oceanapia carotta; De Laubenfels 1936: 72.</p><p>Oceanapia oleracea; Van Soest 1980: 89, pl. XIV fig. 2, text-fig. 33.</p><p>(?Not: Rhizochalina oleracea Schmidt, 1870; nec sensu Wilson 1902, De Laubenfels 1947, Wells et al. 1960, Little 1963)</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 6300, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K101B, 7.3783°N 54.3583°W, depth 93 m, rectangular dredge, 17 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 28 a) About ten small rounded specimens, 1–2 cm in diameter and some fragments of larger fistules, 4–5 cm long, up to 1 cm in diameter, with branching apices. Color pinkish light brown.</p><p>Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton of the main body consists of intercrossing single oxeas forming a feltwork-like skin. That of the fistules (Fig. 28 b) is a double layered single spicule reticulation supported by long subectosomal spicule tracts. The choanosomal skeleton of the main body (Fig. 28 c) is an irregular system of very thick tracts, 120–180 µm in thickness (15+ spicules in cros section) inbetween which is a confused mass of single spicules.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 28 d–e) Oxeas, sigmas.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 28 d), curved, abruptly pointed, in a large size range, but no clear spicule categories, 105– 180 –241 x 4 – 8.1 –11 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 28 e), symmetrical, shallowly incurved, in a large size range, 15– 23.1 –33 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida? (no locality known), Barbados?, Puerto Rico, Brazil?, muddy sand bottoms at 72–93 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The possession of large numbers of sigmas conforms to Topsent’s (1920) redescription of Rhizochalina carotta . The size of the present specimens and fragments is here interpreted as juveniles, because Schmidt’s illustration (1870, pl. IV fig. 2) is of a much larger individual. O. carotta is here revived, from a suggested junior synonymy with Oceanapia oleracea (Schmidt, 1870), which ignores the importance of the presence of microscleres (e.g. Van Soest 1980). The only author who so far studied the type material of both species, Topsent (1920), listed sufficient differences to throw doubt on this synonymy.</p><p>Schmidt’s (1880) Rhizochalina fibulata from Barbados is a possible synonym of this species, as he mentioned the presence of numerous sigmas. The specimen was collected at considerable depth, 518 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010777BFF81FF14A76794D8FF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010777AFF83FF14A6C29441FD1E.text	03A80010777AFF83FF14A6C29441FD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oceanapia stalagmitica (Wiedenmayer 1977) Wiedenmayer 1977	<div><p>Oceanapia cf. stalagmitica (Wiedenmayer, 1977)</p><p>Figures 29 a–g</p><p>Biminia stalagmitica Wiedenmayer, 1977: 124, pl. 26 fig. 1, text-figs 133–134. Oceanapia stalagmitica; Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1996: 78, figs 17, 32, 78–81.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.496" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5833/lat 7.496)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9736, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 110, 7.496°N 57.5833°W, depth 47 m, Van Veen grab, 5 September 1970 ; RMNH Por. 9846, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B24, 7.0733°N 55.4167°W, depth 65–66 m, trawl, sandy mud, 27 April 1966; RMNH Por. 9867, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Figs 29 a,a1,a2) Body rounded to elongate provided with long fistule or fistules. Body size of three specimens 1.5–2 cm in diameter, height 1–3 cm. Lower part of the body provided with root-like projections. Fistules thin-walled, fragile, 2–5 cm in length, 3–6 mm in diameter. Color (in alcohol) white, dirty white or redbrown.</p><p>Skeleton. The skeleton of the fistules (Fig. 29 b) has a unispicular tangential surface reticulation overlying a system of anastomosing lengthwise arranged spicule tracts. The main body has a tangential uni- to paucispicular surface reticulation (Fig. 29 c) carried by a wider reticulation of subectosomal spicule tracts forming rounded meshes. Internal body has a unispicular confused reticulation.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 29 d–g) Oxeas, sigmas, toxas.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 29 d) lightly curved, sharply pointed, variable in length and thickness between the three specimens, 156– 186 –202 x 5 – 5.9 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 29 e), thin, angular, in a large size range, 14– 23.4 –39 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 29 f), sharp-angled, with straight legs, ending in upturned apices, in a large size range, 12– 33.4 –66 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 29 g), fat, bluntly rounded, rare (n=5), 60– 72 x 3–5 µm in thickness.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, at 8–66 m depth (Guyana Shelf 34–66 m).</p><p>Remarks. The identification of the Guyana material with O. stalagmitica is based on the fact that both have a spicule complement of oxeas, angular sigmas and toxas, but it remains uncertain. There are considerable differences between the present three specimens and Wiedenmayer’s (1977) description. He pictured and described broad-based large specimens provided with numerous thick-walled fistules, while the present material is small, with few thin-walled fistules and rooted bodies. It is possible that the present specimens are juveniles that may eventually grow out to form these large broad thick-fistuled forms. Excepting the rare large fat toxas, the spicule package of the type and the Guyana specimens is largely similar, although the length and thickness of the oxeas is smaller in the Bahamian type material (100–155 x 3.5–5 µm). There was some variability in oxea size among the Guyana specimens, with Por. 9846 having them shorter and thicker (156–170 x 6 –7.5 µm) than Por. 9736 (160–202 x 5 –6.5 µm), so presumably the oxea size in the type falls within the variation of a single species. Lehnert &amp; Van Soest’s (1996) record of this species from North Jamaica, although the shape of their specimen conforms to Wiedenmayer’s specimens, reports the oxeas in a wider size range (125–200 x 4–6 µm), which supports the likelihood that the Guyana specimens are conspecific. Lehnert &amp; Van Soest (l.c.) distinguished smaller and larger categories of sigmas, 10–25 and 40–52 µm, not confirmed in my specimens.</p><p>The interpretation of the occurrence of rare fat toxas remains difficult, they may represent a separate spicule category but could also be an environmentally induced modification of the normal toxas.</p><p>Alcolado (2002) corrected his earlier record of Rhizochalina carotta Schmidt, 1870 (Alcolado, 1980) to the present species; however, his original record did not mention the presence of toxas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010777AFF83FF14A6C29441FD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107778FF83FF14A0759553F90A.text	03A800107778FF83FF14A0759553F90A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siphonodictyon densum (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Siphonodictyon densum (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 30 a–c</p><p>Siphonochalina densa Schmidt, 1870: 34 .</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9922, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. Slide of Schmidt labeled with the present species name, BMNH 1870.5.3.129.</p><p>Description. (Fig. 30 a) The specimen is a small group of tubes, that has become damged and partially fragmented during the collection and preservation process. The base of the larger tube is about 1 cm in diameter, a smaller one is only 0.5 cm in diameter. The upper parts of the tubes ar missing, so the height is not known. The outer surface is smooth, the inner surface is ridged. It looks as if on the inside of the tube there are septa dividing the tubar lumen, at least in the retrieved basal parts. Color (in alcohol) white or pale yellow. Consistency fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 30 b,b1) Densely spiculated ectosomal crust with barely any openings between the spicules. As Schmidt (1870: 34) described, the curved fat spicules are arranged with the concave and convex sides closely adhering to form a continuous flat sheath (Fig. 30 b1). The ectosome is carried (Fig. 30 b) by a system of rounded meshes of 300–400 µm in size formed by tracts of 6–8 spicules in cross section.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeote strongyles only.</p><p>Oxeote strongyles (Figs 30 c), curved, fat, with bluntly rounded ends, 151– 168 –186 x 17 – 19.2 –21 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guayana Shelf, Florida, on sand bottom, 130–216 m depth (Guyana Shelf 130 m).</p><p>Remarks. Examination of a slide in the Natural History Museum, London, presumed to have been taken from the Harvard type MCZ PORa-6471, confirmed the likely conspecificity of the Guyana specimen. The extremely dense arrangement of the ectosomal spicules is a characteristic shared feature. This is the first record of the species since Schmidt’s original description. There is considerable similarity with Siphonodictyon viridescens (Schmidt, 1880) reported recently from Bonaire (Van Soest et al. 2014), but this has longer spicules (225–245 µm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107778FF83FF14A0759553F90A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107767FF9DFF14A56793C9F935.text	03A800107767FF9DFF14A56793C9F935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Auletta sycinularia Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Auletta sycinularia Schmidt, 1870</p><p>Figures 31 a–d</p><p>Auletta sycinularia Schmidt, 1870: 45; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 105, text-fig. 52; Alvarez et al. 1998: 32, fig. 18.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9790, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970; RMNH Por. 10541, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23, 7.2976°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, Agassiz trawl, 27 April 1966 .</p><p>Description. Two specimens, each consisting of a group of tubes growing out of a single stalk (Fig. 31 a). Height of both specimens 7 cm, diameter of stalk 0.8 cm, of tubes 0.5–1 cm. Tube aperture about equal to tube diameter. Color beige brown (10541) or dark brown (9790), in alcohol, the latter probably darkened due to aerophobic discoloration from other sponges in the catch. Surface finely hispid, velvety. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. Reticulate. In cross section (thickness about 0.5–1 mm) the wall of the tubes shows ascending tracts (directed towards the surface) of 60–100 µm diameter consisting mostly of shorter styles, interconnected by bundles of sinuous strongyles bound by little spongin. At the outer surface long styles protrude, causing the velvety surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 31 b–d) Styles, strongyles.</p><p>Styles (Figs 31 b–c) straight to slightly curved, isodiametrical over a large part of the shaft, ending rather gradually pointed, in a wide size range, divisible in (1) longer styles (Figs 31 b,b1), 332– 432 –513 x 7.5– 9.5 – 12 µm, and (2) shorter styles (Figs 31 c,c1), 159– 217 –273 x 6 – 6.9 –9 µm.</p><p>Strongyles (Figs 31 d,d1), isodiametrical, equiended, usually with one or two opposing curves (‘sinuous’ strongyles), in a large size range but not divisible into apparent size categories, 268– 469 –606 x 3 – 8.7 –11 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Barbados, also reported from the Azores, on soft bottoms from 70–200 m (Guyana Shelf 98–101 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens described here conform to Schmidt’s A. sycinularia, but differ from the description in Alvarez et al. (1998) in the upper size of the styles, recorded by these authors as up to 1400 µm. In contrast, style sizes of Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988) only went up to 310 µm. Possibly these differences are indicative of more diversity in these stalked tubular Auletta ’s in the Central West Atlantic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107767FF9DFF14A56793C9F935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107766FF9EFF14A4229344F8CD.text	03A800107766FF9EFF14A4229344F8CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, Van Soest & Rutzler 1998	<div><p>Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, Van Soest &amp; Rützler, 1998</p><p>Figures 32 a–c</p><p>Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, Van Soest &amp; Rützler, 1998: 26, fig. 15; Rützler et al. 2014: 71.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9821, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Erect digitations (Fig. 32 a) on a cushion-shaped basis attached to a dead shell. Height of specimen 4 cm, dimensions of the two digitations 1–1.5 cm high and 0.5 cm diameter. Surface irregular, encrusted with bryozoans, microhispid, semitransparent, whitish-yellowish in color (alcohol preserved). Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. This consists of largely confused single styles, but vague tracts of spicules are directed upwards into the digitations. Styles partially penetrate the surface. No visible spongin. Many open spaces. Straight, or more frequently, wavy trichodragmas are numerous between the styles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 32 b–c) Styles, trichodragmas.</p><p>Styles (Fig. 32 b,b1), slightly to strongly curved, seldom straight, more or less equidiametrical over much of their length, sharply pointed, 690– 893 – 1046 x 13 – 19.2 –26 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Figs 32 c,c1), curved and wavy, seldom straight, raphides provided at both ends with one or two hook-like spines (Fig. 32 c1), 184– 220 –258 x 4 – 6.4 –9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Curaçao, Bonaire, Colombian Caribbean, Belize, in cryptic reef habitats and at greater depth on shelly slopes, at 0.5–65 m depth (previously down to 35 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimen differs in shape from the type material and from the Belize material, as these were basically encrusting. However, the digitate shape clearly developed from an encrusting base, so it may merely represent a more developed form in a habitat with less competition. Spicule shapes and sizes conform closely to the type material. The Belize material apparently had trichodragmas up to 600 µm, considerably longer than trichodragmas in the type material and the Guyana material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107766FF9EFF14A4229344F8CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107764FF98FF14A3B5910AFDFA.text	03A800107764FF98FF14A3B5910AFDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phakellia folium Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Phakellia folium Schmidt, 1870</p><p>Figures 33 a–d</p><p>Phakellia folium Schmidt, 1870: 62; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 103, pl. XI fig. 3, text-fig. 51; Alvarez et al. 1998: 28, fig. 16 (with further synonyms and comments).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 6309, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 53, 7.7°N 56.9917°W, no depth data, 30 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9295, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23B, 7.297°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, rectangular dredge, 27 April 1966; RMNH Por. 9768, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9780, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.1783&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.1783/lat 7.1)">Agassiz</a> trawl, 13 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Funnel- or cup-shaped individuals (Figs 33 a,a1) with a short stalk and paper-thin (2 mm) blades. Sizes up to 8 cm high and wide, stalk about 1.5 cm, widest at the attachment to the substratum. Color (alcohol) light beige. Surface optically smooth, but feels hispid. Consistency incompressible, parchment-like, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton. The blades have a rectangular reticulation of a primary tracts consisting of sinuous strongyles and interconnecting tracts composed of sinuous strongyles and styles. Smaller styles ‘echinate’ tracts and cause the hispidation.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 33 b–d) Styles, sinuous strongyles.</p><p>Styles, smooth, curved, in a large size range, divisible in (1) larger (longer and thicker) gradually curved styles (Figs 33 b,b1,b2), 267– 357 –451 x 6 – 7.7 –9 µm, and (2) smaller styles with a subapical abrupt curve (Figs 33 c,c1), 119– 139 –207 x 3 – 4.7 –7 µm.</p><p>Strongyles (Figs 33 d,d1,d2), lightly to strongly, sinuously, curved, quite variable in length and thickness, but not divisible in size categories, 263– 434 –579 x 5 – 11.6 –16 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, on sandy and hard bottoms between 65 and 600 m depth (Guyana Shelf 65–101 m).</p><p>Remarks. According to measurements given by Alvarez et al. (1998) (their table 13) the type material from Florida has the upper size limit of the styles up to 1900 x 45 µm, thus much higher than those of the Grenada, Barbados and present specimens. This casts some doubt about the conspecificity of all the cited specimens, excepting the types.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107764FF98FF14A3B5910AFDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107763FF98FF14A02A9496F9B2.text	03A800107763FF98FF14A02A9496F9B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicnemia	<div><p>Halicnemia sp.</p><p>Figures 34 a–c</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.3883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.297" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.3883/lat 7.297)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. ex 9973 (slide only), Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23A, 7.297°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, Van Veen grab, 27 April 1966 .</p><p>Description. Encrusting, hispid. The tiny specimen was so small that no material was left after light microscopic and SEM slides had been made. No further material of this species was found after a careful search.</p><p>Skeleton. No details can be provided, but presumably the megascleres were arranged perpendicularly on the substratum, with acanthoxeas scattered in the near-substratum part of the sponge.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 34 a–c) Tylostyles, tornotes, acanthoxeas.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 34 a,a1) long straight, except near the tyles where a slight gradual bend may be present, with prominent globular heads, 1344– 1843 – 2286 x 15 – 19.3 –28 µm.</p><p>Tornotes (Figs 34 b,b1) with a peculiar twisted bend in the middle, occasionally with an additional central tyle, 663– 1009 –1236 x 8.5– 12.5 –15 µm.</p><p>Acanthoxeas (Figs 34 c), curved gradually or more often with angular bend in the middle, provided with strong conical spines, 78– 91 – 97 x 5.5– 7.4 –10 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom, at around 100 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. This is the first record of the genus Halicnemia in the Western Atlantic. The genus has a chequered distribution in the Northwest Atlantic, Western Indian Ocean and South East Pacific (Van Soest et al. 2016). The present species stands out among the known species of Halicnemia by the twisted bends in the tornotes. It is doubtless an undescribed species, but I refrain from naming it in the absence of a proper specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107763FF98FF14A02A9496F9B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107763FF9AFF14A5A8945AF968.text	03A800107763FF9AFF14A5A8945AF968.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Higginsia coralloides Higgin 1877	<div><p>Higginsia coralloides Higgin, 1877</p><p>Figures 35 a–f</p><p>Higginsia coralloides Higgin, 1877: 291, pl. XIV figs 1–5; De Laubenfels 1949: 17; Hooper 2002: 763, fig. 5; Higginsia strigilata; De Laubenfels 1953: 534; Burton 1954: 235; Hartman 1955: 185; Wells et al. 1960: 223, fig. 52; Wiedenmayer 1977: 156, pl. 33 figs 1–2, text-fig. 157. (Not: Spongia strigilata Lamarck, 1814 = Higginsia strigilata, occurrence Australia).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 6304, Guyana,‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station N79, 6.2217°N 57.825°W, depth 27 m, Agassiz trawl, 9 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9327, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 95, 6.9°N 57.5°W, depth 23–24 m, mixed hard bottom, 3 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. Two specimens, one inverted cone-shaped bush of tightly compressed branches (Fig. 35 a), 7 cm high, 7 cm in widest expansion, the other a smaller erect finger-shaped sponge, 4 cm high, 1.5 cm in diameter. The larger bush narrows to a short stalk, but no attachment to the substratum is preserved, the other is attached to a dead bivalve shell with a broad holdfast. The surface of individual branches is irregularly conulose/corrugated, hispid. Colors (in alcohol) are shades of orange and light brown. Consistency is firm to hard.</p><p>Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is a tight reticulation of oxeas, occupying about two-thirds or more of the thickness of the individual branches. Extra-axial spicules are long thin styles and anisoxeas. These are protruding from the centre of the skeleton, surrounded by rare thin ectosomal oxeas, at the surface piercing it and causing hispidation. Inbetween the styles, the surface skeleton is a tangential layer of acanthoxeas, and these are also scattered in the extra-axial region.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 35 b–f) Oxeas, long thin styles and ditto oxeas, small thin oxeas, acanthomicroxeas.</p><p>Oxeas of the choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 35 b,b1), fusiform, curved, gradually tapering to slightly blunt points, 582– 642 –738 x 15 – 20.2 –24 µm.</p><p>Long thin styles of the extra-axial skeleton (Fig. 35 c,c1), occasionally modified to long thin anisoxeas (Figs 35 d,d1), curved, largely equidiametrical, gradually tapering to sharp points, 1144– 1428 – 1817 x 7.5– 12.1 –18 µm.</p><p>Raphidiform oxeas (Fig. 35 e) of the ectosomal skeleton, widely varying in length and curvature, 246– 577 –798 x 1.5– 5.1 –10 µm</p><p>Acanthomicroxeas (Figs 35 f,f1), usually curved, occasionally with an abrupt angular midsection, strongly spined with long conical spines, occasionally lighter spined or merely rugose, 93– 139 –183 x 3 – 4.2 –6 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Grenada, Bahamas, Florida, Nicaragua, Yucatan, North Carolina, possibly Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011), hard bottom at 9–34 m depth (Guyana Shelf 23–27 m).</p><p>Remarks. The shape of the present specimens appears rather different from the images of the type (cf. Higgin 1877, pl. XIV fig. 1) and of the Bahama specimens described by Wiedenmayer (1977, pl. 33 figs 1–2). However, skeleton, spicule types and sizes match well, so the identification appears certain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107763FF9AFF14A5A8945AF968	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107760FF9BFF14A3F391D9F931.text	03A800107760FF9BFF14A3F391D9F931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmekioderma rea (De Laubenfels 1934) De Laubenfels 1934	<div><p>Myrmekioderma rea (De Laubenfels, 1934)</p><p>Figures 36 a–j</p><p>Anacanthaea rea De Laubenfels, 1934: 11 .</p><p>Epipolasis rea; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 90, pl. X figs. 3–4, text-fig. 42.</p><p>Myrmekioderma rea; Díaz et al. 1993: 303, figs. 39, 45; Castellanos et al. 2003: table 1, footnote d; Rützler et al. 2014: 72.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0333/lat 7.6833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9788, 9789, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 ; RMNH Por. 9820, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. The three specimens are dissimilar, Por. 9788 (Fig. 36 a) is a broad knoll or club-shaped sponge of 8 x 3.5 x 3.5 cm. Color dark brown and surface uneven but optically smooth, overgrown with several other encrusting organisms. Por. 9789 (Fig 36 f) and 9820 are finger-shaped fragments of maximum 6 cm high and 0.4–2 cm diameter, dark colored (probably discolored by verongid specimens in the same catch). Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton consists of a dense confused mass of oxeas of all sizes, at the periphery of which there is a palisade of small oxeas arranged at right angles to the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 36 b–e,g–j) Oxeas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Oxeas, in a wide range of shapes—fusiform, often curved, frequently with an abrupt curve in the middle, sharply pointed or mucronate, occasionally stylote modifications occur, the middle sized and smallest may be lightly or heavily spined—and in a wide size range, divisible in three overlapping categories, (1) largest (Figs 36 b,b1 and Figs 36 g,g1), 664– 874 –978 x 19 – 31.3 –39 µm, (2) middle sized (Figs 36 c and Fig. 36 h), 345– 451 –522 x 11 – 12.8 –16 µm, and (3) smallest (Figs 36 d,d1 and Fig. 36 i, i1), 111– 276 –360 x 6 – 10.5 –14 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 36 e and Fig. 36 j), variably longer and shorter, 40–120 x 6–12 µm, individual raphides less than 1 µm in thickness.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Puerto Rico, Barbados, Colombia, Belize, 18–100 m depth (Guyana Shelf 65–98 m).</p><p>Remarks. In assigning the present specimens—with hesitation—to Myrmekioderma rea we follow the redescription and discussion of the species by Díaz et al. (1993) (p. 303) and Rützler et al. (2014) (p. 72), and the refinement made by Zea in Castellanos et al. (2003) (footnote of their table 1). To demonstrate the reason for the hesitation I present the characteristic features of two of the specimens in Fig. 36. The shapes, although different in both, are more conforming to M. rea s.l. than other Myrmekioderma species. The smaller oxeas were variably entirely smooth (RMNH Por. 9788) or heavily spined (RMNH Por. 9789 and 9820), the latter possessing both smaller and middle-sized spined oxeas. According to Díaz et al. (1993) this is not uncommon for Myrmekioderma species, as it was documented for Myrmekioderma gyroderma (Alcolado, 1984) and the type species Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1794) . Stylote modifications were found rather frequently in 9789 but were rare in 9788, not uncommonly reported for other Myrmekioderma species. The trichodragmas were distinctly divisible in a smaller and a larger size category in 9788, but showed a more continuous variation in 9789 and 9820; either condition has been reported for M. rea by various authors (Díaz et al. 1993; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988). An independent support for the hypothesis that this wide variation is intraspecific is the fact that divergent samples 9788 and 9789 were obtained in the same trawl.</p><p>Two other species, Myrmekioderma gyroderma (Alcolado, 1984) and Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler et al. 2014 occur in the Greater Caribbean. The first occurs on shallow-water reefs and has distinct meandering surface grooves that remain visible in preserved condition, the second occurs in reef cavities, is encrusting and has overall thinner spicules.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107760FF9BFF14A3F391D9F931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12.text	03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parahigginsia strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking 2014	<div><p>Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014</p><p>Figures 37 a–d</p><p>Parahigginsia strongylifera Van Soest et al. 2014: 423, figs 14–15.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9882b, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 37 a) Pale orange crust (in alcohol) on a specimen of Characella poecillastroides (cf. below). Surface wavy to microlobate, but otherwise smooth, no apparent oscules (presumably contracted). Overall size 7 x 4 cm, thickness about 2 mm. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 37 b) An isotropic but confused unispicular to paucispicular reticulation of oxeas. At the surface there is a thin crust of acanthomicroxeas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 37 c–d) Oxeas, acanthomicroxeas.</p><p>Oxeas (Fig. 37 c), lightly curved, robust, cigar-shaped, with mucronate apices, occasionally with one of the ends rounded, style-like, 171– 196 –204 x 9 – 11.1 –14 µm.</p><p>Acanthomicroxeas (Figs 37 d,d1), thin, curved or straight, with thin, long, sharp spines, evenly distributed, 74– 83.3 –102 x 0.5– 1.1 –2 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Bonaire (if conspecific), encrusting hard substrates including sponges, at 104–238 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The identification is made with hesitation. There are differences with the type material from Bonaire (RMNH Por. 9251): the strongyles which are the basis of the species name are replaced by oxeas in the present specimen, which are also shorter than the strongyles of the type . The type material consists of small pale blueish patches on deep-water rocks, whereas the present specimen forms a larger sheet encrusting a rough deepwater sponge. However, the preserved fragments of the type material (Van Soest et al. 2014: fig. 14c) and the encrustations reported here are remarkably similar in shape and color. Thinner growth stages of the type are oxealike (Van Soest et al. 2014: fig. 14d), so it is likely that the strongyles may be considered modified oxeas, the more so as the only other species of Parahigginsia ( P. phakelloides Dendy, 1924) also has oxeas. The acanthomicroxeas of both are similar in size and shape, sharing the characteristic thin sharp spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010776DFF96FF14A102950EF8D8.text	03A80010776DFF96FF14A102950EF8D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulospongus samariensis Hooper, Lehnert & Zea 1999	<div><p>Aulospongus samariensis Hooper, Lehnert &amp; Zea, 1999</p><p>Figures 38 a–h</p><p>Aulospongus samariensis Hooper et al. 1999: 665, figs 13–16, 36A–B.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9928, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Erect, finger-shaped sponge (Fig. 38 a) attached to a dead gastropod shell. Surface has lengthwise ridges and depressions. Color in alcohol red-brown, with the lengthwise depressions greyish brown. Size 3 cm high, about 1 cm in greatest diameter. Consistency firm, surface easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton. Axially condensed choanosomal skeleton with diverging secondary axes consisting of acanthostyles. Axes densely echinated by rhabostyles, diameter of echinated axial columns 150–250 µm. Extra-axial skeleton of single long styles protruding far beyond the surface at their base surrounded by dense bouquets of thin styles and thin oxeas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 38 b–h) Tylostyles, acanthostyles, thin ectosomal styles, thin ectosomal oxeas, acanthorhabdostyles.</p><p>Long ectosomal tylostyles (Figs 38 b,b1), smooth, curved, with prominent tyle smoothly grading into the shaft, in a large size range, 572– 1112 –1448 x 12– 15.0 –19 µm.</p><p>Acanthostyles from the axial column (Figs 38 c,c1), slightly curved, with prominent tyle, lightly spined all over, occasionally almost smooth, 382– 468 –564 x 13 – 22.1 –29 µm.</p><p>Thin styles from the ectosomal bouquets (Figs 38 d,d1), smooth, slightly curved, with narrow rounded head thinner than the shaft, 516– 634 –738 x 2.5– 4.3 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Thin oxeas from the ectosomal bouquets (Figs 38 e,e1), similar to the thin styles but sharply pointed at both ends, 342– 496 –690 x 1.5– 4.1 –3 µm.</p><p>Rhabdostyles in a large size range (Figs 38 f–h), usually acanthose, but occasionally almost or entirely smooth, especially in the larger rhabdostyles; divisible in three overlapping categories, (1) larger (Figs 38 f,f1), 330– 441 –572 x 19 – 21.4 –28 µm, (2) middle sized (Fig. 38 g), 211– 244 –279 x 10 – 13.9 –16 µm, and (3) smaller (Figs 38 h,h1), 151– 164 –180 x 7.5– 9.4 –12 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Colombian Caribean, Jamaica, on reefs and fore reef slopes, at 6–90 m depth (Guyana Shelf 81 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present material conforms in all aspects with the description of the type material by Hooper et al. 1999. The division of the rhabdostyles into size categories, observed here, was not reported by Hooper et al., but the size range is comparable with the present sizes. Unpublished specimens in the ZMA collection indicate that the species is widespread in the Greater Caribbean. Zea’s hypothesis (in Hooper et al. 1999, p. 670) that this is likely a deep-water species that occasionally occurs in shallower waters is confirmed by the present sample from 81 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010776DFF96FF14A102950EF8D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010776BFF91FF14A24E944EFAE2.text	03A80010776BFF91FF14A24E944EFAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raspailia (Raspailia) johnhooperi	<div><p>Raspailia (Raspailia) johnhooperi sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 39 a–g</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.55/lat 6.6)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9809, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 5, 6.6°N 53.55°W, depth 44 m, trawl, bottom calcareous sand, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Paratype RMNH. Por. 9313, (juvenile? specimen), Suriname, ‘O.C.P.S. Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station N79, 6.2217°N 55.917°W, depth 27 m, Van Veen grab, on dead oyster, 9 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Arborescent-palmate sponge (Fig. 39 a), with conulose-spined surface, shiny smooth between conules. Size 13.5 x 10 cm. Color in alcohol beige. Branches flattened, ending pointedly, outline irregular. Short, double stalk (presumably the single palmate upper part is the result of two anastomosed individuals) of 3 cm long and 1.5 cm diameter, with more or less smooth surface. Consistency fleshy, compressible. A second smaller (juvenile?) specimen (Fig. 39 a1) was detected growing on a dead oyster. This is a stalkless five-branched individual, branches 8–10 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, with strongly hispid surface, looking rather different from the above described large specimen but with same structure and spiculation.</p><p>Skeleton. Typically raspailiid, with condensed axial reticulation of strongyles and extra-axial long styles surrounded by bouquets of thin styles (Fig. 39 b). Echinating acanthostyles are sparingly present in the axial skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 39 c–g) Long styles, strongyles, thin styles, acanthostyles.</p><p>Long styles (Figs 39 c,c1), smooth, curved, often broken in the slides (n=5), 2100–3400 x 24–33 µm.</p><p>Strongyles (Figs 39 d,d1), smooth, curved, usually equidiametrical, but occasionally slightly anisodiametrical (Figs 39 e,e1), in a large size range, but not readily divisible in size categories, 384– 609 –960 x 13 – 16.9 –21 µm.</p><p>Thin styles (Figs 39 f,f1) of the ectosomal bouquets, curved, often ending bluntly, in a large size range, but not divisible in size categories, 348– 667 – 1210 x 2 – 5.5 –14 µm.</p><p>Acanthostyles (Fig. 39 g), with few, but large spines, 93– 127 –156 x 4.5– 9.1 –12 µm</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom at 27– 44 m.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Professor John N.A. Hooper, Queensland Museum, Australia, to acknowledge his expert monographic studies on Raspailiidae, and his admirable efforts for sponge taxonomy in general.</p><p>Remarks. The Central Western Atlantic so far is poor in Raspailia records (Van Soest et al. 2016). Of the subgenus Raspailia only three species have been reported, R. (R.) acanthifera (George &amp; Wilson, 1919) (originally Axinella acanthifera) from Beaufort, North Carolina, R. (R.) muricyana Moraes, 2011 from Fernando do Noronha, and R. (R.) tenuis Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 from NE Brazil (and also tentatively reported from Barbados by Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988). None of these sponges have the erect palmate habitus with conulose-spiny surface of our new species and none of them have strongyles as main spicules of the axial skeleton; shape of the body is squatlylaminate ( acanthifera and muricyana) or consist of stringy thin branches ( tenuis) and all have styles instead of strongyles in the axial skeleton. Like R. (R.) tenuis, the new species has rare acanthostyles, whereas the other two have them more common.</p><p>Strongylote spicules as axial spiculation are uncommon, but are occasionally reported in Raspailia species, e.g. in the Australian Raspailia (Raspailia) vestigifera Dendy, 1896 (cf. Hooper 1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010776BFF91FF14A24E944EFAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010776AFF92FF14A5789110F85E.text	03A80010776AFF92FF14A5789110F85E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raspailia (Parasyringella) thamnopilosa	<div><p>Raspailia (Parasyringella) thamnopilosa sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 40 a–d</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 6301, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K101B, 7.3783°N 54.3583°W, depth 93 m, rectangular dredge, 17 April 1969 .</p><p>Paratype RMNH Por. 10550, same data as holotype.</p><p>Description. (Fig. 40 a) Small arborescent hairy sponges (two almost identical specimens), with short stubby branches partially anastomosed. Size about 2 cm high, 1.5 cm wide, individual branches 2–4 mm in diameter. Color in alcohol light beige. Consistency firm, slightly compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. Densely spiculous, with a central axis of styles, curved oxeas and rhabdostyles in a vague reticulation, without visible spongin. From the axis long styles verge toward the surface and protrude far beyond it causing hispidity and a hairy aspect.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 40 b–d) Styles, oxeas, rhabdostyles.</p><p>Styles (Figs 40 b,b1) of the central column and surface, usually curved, occasionally more or less straight, slightly fusiform, with the rounded head marginally thinner than the middle part of the shaft, 612– 923 – 1092 x 18 – 23.2 –28 µm.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 40 c,c1), strongly curved, often a bit crooked with abrupt bends, but never sinuous, occasionally one of the apices is bluntly rounded, but the majority are sharply pointed, in a large size range, 217– 336 –464 x 8 – 11.3 –14 µm.</p><p>Rhabdostyles (Figs 40 d,d1) smooth, short and fat, with abrupt curve just below the rounded head, in a large size range, 177– 326 –509 x 11 – 18.2 –26 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy bottom at 93 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Thamnos (Gr.) = bush, pilosus (L.) = hairy, referring to the shape of the sponge.</p><p>Remarks. None of the described Central West Atlantic sponges appear to be similar to the above-described specimen. It is difficult to assign to any genus with certainty. On overall spiculation it could conform to Axinella, a genus, which has been demonstrated on molecular grounds to be polyphyletic. However, the spined surface and the axial skeleton of strongly curved oxeas and rhabdostyles of the present specimen do not resemble that of any of the described Western Atlantic Axinella species (cf. Alvarez et al. 1998). The spined surface caused by protruding long styles reminds of Raspailia, but its lack of acanthostyles and lack of typical raspailiid bouquets of thinner shorter spicules (either styles or oxeas) makes membership of that genus less likely. The subgenus Raspailia (Parasyringella) unites Raspailia species lacking acanthostyles, and with some hesitation I assign the present specimens to that group.</p><p>Raspailia (Raspaxilla) bouryesnaultae Lerner et al., 2006 (replacement name for R. (R.) elegans sensu Boury- Esnault, 1973) from NE Brazil also has rhabdostyles, but these are spined, unlike the entirely smooth rhabdostyles of the new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010776AFF92FF14A5789110F85E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107768FFECFF14A3B5948BFC8E.text	03A800107768FFECFF14A3B5948BFC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thrinacophora funiformis Ridley & Dendy 1886	<div><p>Thrinacophora funiformis Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</p><p>Figures 41 a–e</p><p>Thrinacophora funiformis Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 484; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 195, pl. XIII fig. 1, pl. XXIV fig. 1; Hooper 2002a: 494, fig. 14 (redescription of holotype); Muricy et al. 2011: 150 (with further Brazilan records).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9312, 9810, 9847, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I121, 6.4717°N 55.0033°W, depth 33 m, triangular dredge, 25 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9323, 9370, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9356, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 96, 6.8667°N 57.5167°W, depth 23 m, muddy sand and shells, 3 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9767, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 95, 6.9°N 57.5°W, depth 23–24 m, mixed hard bottom, 3 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9808, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 5, 6.6°N 53.55°W, depth 44 m, trawl, bottom calcareous sand, 24 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9829, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 94, 6.9333°N 57.5°W, depth 26 m, bottom muddy sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9832, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9881, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9945, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9971, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F38, 7.23°N 56.4067°W, depth 81 m, 5 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Figs 41 a,a1) Strongly conulose branches, longest among the numerous collected specimens was 86 cm. Branches may be single, but usually have longer or shorter side branches in a low frequency. Thickness around 1 cm, with conules making up about half or more of that. Color in alcohol various shades of dark red to brown. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. An axially condensed reticulation of oxeas and styles, with the latter in ascending tracts and the oxeas interconnecting. Extra-axial skeleton consisting of single styles surrounded by bundles of thin crooked ‘cladostyles’, 80–100 µm in diameter, forming the characteristic conical surface projections.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 41 b–e) Long styles, oxeas, ‘cladostyles’, trichodragmas.</p><p>Long styles (Figs 41 b,b1) of the conules and ectosomal region, smooth, slightly curved, about equidiametrical over much of the length, 538– 992 – 1398 x 16 – 25.1 –32 µm.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 41 c,c1), curved, gradually or abruptly, sharply pointed, 324– 406 –482 x 13 – 19.7 –23 µm.</p><p>‘Cladostyles’ of the conules (Figs 41 d,d1), thin, crooked or sinuous, equidiametrical, the opposite end of the normal rounded head end transformed to a multipronged apex (Fig. 41 d1), 267– 370 –439 x 3.5– 5.2 –7 µm.</p><p>Raphides in trichodragmas (Figs 41 e,e1), 105– 118 –129 x 7 – 8.4 –10 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil, sandy bottom at 12–81 m depth (Guyana Shelf 23–81 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens conform closely to Ridley &amp; Dendy’s description, including the peculiar ectosomal ‘cladostyles’ (sinuous styles with pronged apices). A second Central West Atlantic species is Thrinacophora spinosa Wilson, 1902 (p. 400), which is also quite similar in most aspects but lacks the pronged endings of the ectosomal styles. This latter feature is confirmed from examination of slides of the holotype USNM 7686. One further difference is the lesser thickness of the oxeas in T. spinosa (250–300 x 6–10 µm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107768FFECFF14A3B5948BFC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107717FFEDFF14A7579307FF4E.text	03A800107717FFEDFF14A7579307FF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthella vaceleti Van Soest & Stentoft 1988	<div><p>Acanthella vaceleti Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988</p><p>Figures 42 a–f</p><p>Acanthella vaceleti Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988: 107, fig. 53; Alvarez et al. 1998: 37, fig. 1.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9779, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23B, 7.297°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, rectangular dredge, 27 April 1966; RMNH Por. 9791, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970; RMNH Por. 10536, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 42 a) Erect, irregularly bladed growth forms, without stalk. Dimensions of largest specimen 5 x 5 x 5 cm, blades 3–5 mm thick. Surface indented with lengthwise grooves. Color (in alcohol) pale beige or brown. Consistency firm but elastic.</p><p>Skeleton. Of the blades and outgrowths consisting of a thick central axis (Fig. 42 b), 1–1.3 mm diameter, of intertwined sinuous strongyles. Extra-axial skeleton consists of outgrowths of the central axis with a mixture of styles and strongyles and many single styles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 42 c–f) Styles, ‘sinuous’ strongyles.</p><p>Styles (Figs 42 c–d) smooth, usually curved, with rounded end often slightly narrower than the shaft, but not distinctly fusiform, in a large size range of shorter-thicker (Figs 42 c,c1) and longer-thinner spicules (Fig. 42 d), but not divisible into clear size categories, 246– 610 – 1152 x 6 – 17.1 –39 µm.</p><p>Sinuous strongyles, smooth, doubly or multiply curved, in a large size range, 481– 1041 – 1440 x 9 – 11.4 –14 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Barbados, Gulf of Mexico, 65–108 m depth (Guyana Shelf 65–101 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens are somewhat more bladed and arborescent than the holotype, but other features (skeletal structure and spicule types and sizes) match. Spicules of our specimen have a somewhat wider range than those of the type. The Gulf of Mexico specimens (Alvarez et al. 1998) have spicule data similar to the above, and the shape is even more ‘bladed’ than the present specimens. Other Central West Atlantic Acanthella specimens have clearly different habitus [erect, tree-like A. mastophora (Schmidt, 1870) and A. flagellifera (Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988) and massive-lobate A. cubensis (Alcolado, 1984)].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107717FFEDFF14A7579307FF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107715FFEFFF14A3F39520FD1F.text	03A800107715FFEFFF14A3F39520FD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petromica (Chaladesma) citrina Muricy, Hajdu, Minervino	<div><p>Petromica (Chaladesma) citrina Muricy, Hajdu, Minervino, Madeira &amp; Peixhinho, 2001</p><p>Figures 43 a–d</p><p>Petromica citrina Muricy et al., 2001: 117, figs 1G, 11G–H, 15.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9369, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9990, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 43 a) From a (buried) mass rise erect conical, grooved papillae/fistules with frayed endings. Size of basal mass up to 5 x 6 cm in lateral expansion, height of papillae 2–2.5 cm. Color in alcohol yellow-white. Surface between the grooves smooth. A few small oscules are present at the base of the papillae. Consistency firm but compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. Surface skeleton a tangential crust of intercrossing oxeas. Choanosomal skeleton of confusedly arranged oxeas, with vague ascending tracts in the papillae. Loose desmas are concentrated in the basal mass.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 43 b–d) Oxeotes, desmas.</p><p>Oxeotes (Figs 43 b–c), predominantly sharply pointed oxeas, stylote modifications not uncommon, in a large size range but no clear size categories, 721– 949 – 1338 x 9 – 17.6 –27 µm.</p><p>Desmas (Figs 43 d), monocrepid, with irregularly ramose cladi and shorter or longer rhabds, overall cladome size 310– 513 –720 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, SE Brazil, 3–65 m, encrusting rocks partially buried in the sand (previously down to 25 m).</p><p>Remarks. Although this species was described from SE Brazil and apparently so far restricted to areas S of 22°S, the present specimens share the same habitus and general spiculation and thus appear conspecific, considerably extending the distribution of the species. The oxeas of our specimens have a longer upper length, but overlap in size with the type material from Brazil . A second species of Petromica (Chaladesma) in the Central West Atlantic is P. (C.) ciocalyptoides (Van Soest &amp; Zea, 1986) (originally as Monanthus) differs from the present specimen by having a habitus of smooth conical fistules and possessing smaller oxeas. Assuming that both species are indeed different valid species, the Brazilian species has overall more similarity with the Guyana material .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107715FFEFFF14A3F39520FD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107714FFE9FF14A0C7915CFF62.text	03A800107714FFE9FF14A0C7915CFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biemna rhabdotylostylota	<div><p>Biemna rhabdotylostylota sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 44 a–j</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH 9927, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 44 a) Sponge consolidating an irregularly curled mass of rubble, shell debris and sand, size about 10 cm long and 2.5 wide and thick. Sponge recognized as a glassy, grayish, smooth tissue (in alcohol) cementing white and brown foreign objects.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 44 b) Not clearly differentiated, largely confused, with larger megascleres singly erect on pieces of calcareous matter, carrying a membrane charged with microscleres.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 44 c–j) Tylostyles, rhabdotylostyles, sigmas, dragmas of microxeas.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 44 c–d), smooth, curved gently, especially in the proximal part below the tyle, tapering to thinner, but often bluntly rounded endings (Fig. 44 c1), in a large size range, not clearly divisible in two distinct sizes, larger (Fig. 44 c) 690–936 x 5.5–8.5 µm, smaller (Fig. 44 d) 237–456 x 2 –5.5 µm), overall 237– 571 –936 x 2 –4.9–8.5 µm.</p><p>Rhabdotylostyles (Figs 44 e–f), smooth, abruptly curved just below the tyle, gradually tapering to a sharp ending (Fig. 44 f1), in a large size range, not clearly divisible in two distinct sizes, larger (Fig. 44 e) 207–387 x 4 –7.5 µm, smaller (Fig. 44 f) 78–189 x 1–5 µm), overall 78– 181 –387 x 1 – 4.4 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 44 g–h), small and thin, with faint roughening of the apices, divisible in two distinct size ranges, (1) larger (Fig. 44 g) 13– 15.3 –18 µm, (2) smaller (Fig. 44 h) 6– 8.0 –9 µm.</p><p>Microxeas (Figs 44 i–j), smooth, straight, fusiform, arranged in tightly developed trichodragmas, in two distinct size categories, (1) long (Figs 44 i, i1) 198– 253 –301 x 6 – 10.4 –17 µm, (2) short (Figs 44 j,j1) 24– 30.4 – 36 x 6 – 9.5 –12 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sand bottom at 64 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name reflects the shape of the smaller megascleres.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is assigned to the Biemnida by its combination of microxeas in dragmata and sigmas with roughened apices. The megascleres are unique among Central West Atlantic Biemna species by being a diverse combination of tylostyles and rhabdotylostyles. The known Central West Atlantic species Biemna caribea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986, B. microacanthosigma Mothes, Hajdu, Lerner &amp; Van Soest, 2004, B. microstyla De Laubenfels, 1950, and B. trisigmata Mothes &amp; Campos, 2004, all have styles as megascleres, while B. cribraria (Alcolado &amp; Gotera, 1986) and B. spinomicroxea Mothes, Campos, Lerner, Carraro &amp; Van Soest, 2005 have oxeas or strongyles as megascleres. The megascleres are all in a single category, not differentiated in shape and size as in the new species.</p><p>Rhabdose megascleres are found in New Zealand Biemna rhabderemioides Bergquist, 1961 and in Namibian B. rhabdostyla Uriz, 1988 . In both species, the megascleres are styles, not tylostyles. The Namibian species is closest to the new species in having a diverse megasclere complement of longer styles (up to 1200 µm) and smaller rhabdostyles (up to 215 µm). Apart from lacking tylostyles it differs also in having three categories of sigmas, the largest of which are up to 112 µm.</p><p>The above described morphological characters of the present new species make it an atypical Biemna species. A future revision of the genus may result in assignment to a separate, so far undescribed, genus along with B. rhabdostyla .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107714FFE9FF14A0C7915CFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107712FFE6FF14A137919CFD32.text	03A800107712FFE6FF14A137919CFD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelletta crassispicula (Sollas 1886) Sollas 1886	<div><p>Stelletta crassispicula (Sollas, 1886)</p><p>Figures 45 a–f, 46a–i, 47a–f</p><p>Pilochrota crassispicula Sollas, 1886: 190; Sollas 1888: 128, pl. XIV figs 9–15.</p><p>Stelletta crassispicula; Topsent 1922: 1; Muricy et al. 2011: 43.</p><p>Myriastra anancora; Boury-Esnault 1973: 270, pl. I figs 6–7, text-fig. 8 (not Pilochrota anancora Sollas, 1886)</p><p>Stelletta anancora; Burton 1954: 220; Hajdu et al. 2011: 74; Muricy et al. 2011: 42, fig. 5H. (Not: Stelletta anancora sensu Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 26, pl. IV fig. 3, text-fig.10).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9298, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F38, 7.23°N 56.4067°W, depth 81 m, 5 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9335, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9337, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9813, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9831, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9862, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9888, 9889, 9903, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Globular to semiglobular sponges (Figs 45 a, 46a–i), regularly rounded or more bumpy in outline. Color variously white, dirty white, red- or purple-brown in alcohol, but these colors also occur in various on-deck photos of specimens obtained in French Guyanan waters by the CREOCEAN expedition. Surface covered sparingly or more frequently by foreign objects such as shells or pieces of corals and bryozoans. Occasionally entirely smooth. Surface punctate to irregular, not hispid or rough. Size up to 10 cm in diameter. In cross section a clear white-colored cortex of 4–5 mm in thickness is visible; the choanosome is darker colored pale purple or dirty white.</p><p>Skeleton. Radiate, with long oxeas and rhabds of triaenes forming a strong palisade in the cortical region. Subcortically, there are regular spaced regions with tissue and microscleres, created by the shorter rhabds of the plagiotriaenes 2, separated by longer rhabds of the plagiotriaenes 1 and oxeas. Further down into the skeleton the radiate bundles become less distinct.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 45 b–f, 47a–f) Oxeas in two categories, plagiotriaenes in two categories, acanthotylasters.</p><p>Oxeas 1 (Figs 45 b,b1), anisoactine, with one end thinly tapering and the opposing end mucronate, often broken in the slides (n=4), 2700–4200 x 19–25 µm.</p><p>Oxeas 2 (Figs 45 c,c1), symmetrical, fusiform, slightly curved, 1590– 1920 –2120 x 24– 37 –57 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes 1 (Figs 45 d,d1), variably shaped, with rather long, straight or more often somewhat incurved cladi (approaching protriaene condition) or curved outward (approaching orthotriaene condition), and with the rhabd slightly constricted underneath the cladome, then tapering gradually to a sharp end; rhabdome 1820– 2090 –2640 x 70 – 78 –84 µm, cladi 186– 224 –294 x 42 – 49 –61 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes 2 (Figs 45 e,e1), more uniformly short- and straight-claded, rhabd similarly slightly constricted near the cladome, usually sharply pointed; rhabdome 330– 451 –576 x 13– 24 –29 µm, cladi 20– 51 –74 x 12– 19 –23 µm.</p><p>Tylasters (Fig. 45 f), with smooth or sparingly spined rays and heavily spined tyles, variable in ray thickness and ray number; overall sizes 12– 14.4 –18 µm, ray number 5– 7.2 –9.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil (see all records in Muricy et al. 2011), possibly Cape Verde Islands, on sandy bottoms, at 23–81 m depth (Guyana Shelf 51–81 m).</p><p>Remarks. The Central West Atlantic region harbors a number of described Stelletta species that appear very closely related, making it difficult to identify a given specimen. Their common characters are the possession of plagiotriaenes in combination with tylasters, accompanied by one or two oxea types and rare or absent anatriaenes. These are in particular Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) (as Ancorina), Stelletta anancora, Stelletta crassispicula and Stelletta gigas, all three authored by Sollas, 1886 (as Pilochrota), Stelletta variabilis and globulariformis, both authored by Wilson, 1902 (as Pilochrota), Stelletta incrustata Uliczka, 1929, Stelletta kallitetilla (De Laubenfels, 1936) (as Myriastra), Stelletta soteropolitana Cosme &amp; Peixinho, 2007, and Stelletta spec. sensu Cárdenas et al. 2009. The species descriptions are predominantly single specimen descriptions as is common in sponge taxonomy, and the extent of character variation is usually not known. In the present case, I am fortunate in having before me ten similar specimens, from nine stations spread over the full breadth of the Guyana shelf, presumably of the same species, all recognizable as globular individuals with large central vent, a surface encrusted by one or more shell- and coral-fragments, and having a color in alcohol varying from whitish to purple-brown. It is possible that the purple-brown color is not natural to the sponges, as in one case at least it was collected in combination with a verongid specimen, which is known to cause purple discoloration of objects preserved together with it.</p><p>In these ten specimens we note the following variation in characters:</p><p>Size of the body: 3–10 cm diameter (see Figs 46 a–i for an overview of the habits of nine of the specimens).</p><p>Variation in vents: smaller individuals have a single opening, 5–15 mm in diameter, larger individuals of 8–10 cm may have an additional vent.</p><p>Variation in smooth outline or more bumpy.</p><p>Variation in color from whitish to purple-brown.</p><p>Spicule complement: little variation, always with two categories of oxeas, two categories of plagiotriaenes, no anatriaenes have been observed in any of the specimens, a single but quite variable category of tylasters.</p><p>Size of oxeas 1: 2.7–4.5 mm x 20–42 µm.</p><p>Size of oxeas 2: 1.5–2.3 mm x 24–84 µm.</p><p>Size of plagiotriaenes 1: 1.2–4.0 mm x 42 –85 µm.</p><p>Size of plagiotriaenes 2: 330–600 x 12–25 µm.</p><p>Shape of cladome of plagiotriaene 1 (see Figs 47 a1–f1): quite variable within and among the specimens: cladi straight, incurved, somewhat recurved, backcurved, or occasionally flaring upwards and outwards. The difference with pro- and orthotriaenes becomes debatable in these spicules.</p><p>Shape of cladome of plagiotriaene 2 (see Figs 47 a2–f2): much more uniform, usually straight with conical cladi, frequently also slightly incurved.</p><p>Tylasters, quite variable (see Figs 47 a3–f3) diameter: 8–18 µm, sometimes appearing in two overlapping sizes; ray thickness: 0.7–2.5 µm;</p><p>Spination of tylasters: usually smooth rays, with heavily spined apices, often with a few spines on the shaft of the rays.</p><p>We identify these ten specimens with Sollas’ (1886) Pilochrota crassispicula . This is described as a greyish white globular sponge, with a spicule complement of two categories of oxeas (fusiform and thin-anisoxeote), plagiotriaenes with conical cladi, a thick rhabdome with thinly tapering shaft, a cladome with incurved cladi, and quite variable tylasters, suggested to occur in a smaller and larger form, 12–19 µm in diameter. The oxea- and plagiotriaene sizes cited by Sollas are single measurements, but these are close to the sizes presented here above, especially the thickness of the plagiotriaenes. Other, closely related forms, Stelletta gigas and Stelletta anancora described by Sollas from the same general region differ in that respect from S. crassispicula . Sollas cites for S. anancora oxeas only 23 µm in thickness, for S. crassispicula he gives 51 µm. Likewise, he cites for anancora plagiotriaene rhabdomes a thickness of 27 µm, and for crassispicula 79 µm. The measurements for our specimens are clearly closer to those of S. crassispicula than to S. anancora, although the possibility that these two ‘species’ are merely extremes of a variable single species cannot be excluded.</p><p>Topsent (1922) compared specimens from the Cape Verde Islands with Sollas’ description of Stelletta crassispicula . According to him, the only consistent difference between specimens from both sides of the Atlantic is the (rhabdome) size of the plagiotriaenes, the Cape Verde specimens having larger (longer and thicker) plagiotriaenes than the Brazilian specimens, a difference not meriting specific separation in his opinion. For that reason he also synonymized Lendenfeld’s (1907) Cape Verdian species Stelletta crassiclada with S. crassispicula . Topsent’s (1922) choice of Stelletta crassispicula may be interpreted as the action of a First Revisor in the sense of the ICZN. In line with this, Burton (1954) synonymized all Central Atlantic Stelletta species of Sollas under a single species, but unwisely insisted that Stelletta anancora Sollas, 1886 had to be the valid name for the synonymized species, instead of following Topsent, arguing that S. anancora was the first species mentioned by Sollas in the 1886 paper. This is weakened by the fact (1) Topsent chose to use Stelletta crassispicula, and if that would turn out to be synonymous with S. anancora, there would be no reason to choose that name in preference to crassispicula, and (2) that Sollas treated S. anancora later in the 1888 monographic Challenger report with the proper extensive descriptions and illustrations. Burton did not attempt a close comparison of the descriptions of all the species concerned ( S. anancora, S. crassispicula, S. gigas, S. tenuispicula, and S. crassiclada Lendenfeld), merely stating they are all the same species. This cannot be considered an action of First Revisor in the sense of the ICZN.</p><p>Boury-Esnault (1973) regrettably followed Burton’s nomenclature and assigned Brazilian material to S. anancora (as Myriastra), but judging from the spicule sizes, it is likely that her specimens were conforming to S. crassispicula as understood here. Hajdu et al. (2011) reported the occurrence of S. anancora from NE Brazil, likewise probably conforming to our material, but the drawing of oxyasters provided by these authors casts doubt on this. Muricy et al. (2011) pictured Burton’s S. anancora (Fig. 5 H), but like Burton did not provide a description of skeleton and spicules. Likewise, Díaz &amp; Zea (2008: fig. 4, right) pictured Stelletta specimens similar to S. crassispicula as Stelletta fibrosa var. globulariformis Wilson, 1902, but did not provide spicule size data.</p><p>Van Soest &amp; Stentoft’s (1988) Barbados record of Stelletta cf. anancora is certainly not conforming to the present material, nor to S. anancora sensu Sollas, as it was reported to have orthotriaenes and the asters are strongylasters, definitely not tylasters.</p><p>A slide made from the holotype (MNHN D.NBE 1029) of Penares anisoxea Boury-Esnault, 1973, from 50 m off NE Brazil, revealed—surprisingly—that the specimen belongs to Stelletta crassispicula . The ‘orthotriaenes’ and oxeas have the same shape as the above described and they occur in the characteristic radiate arrangement of the present species. The ‘microxeas’ cited by Boury-Esnault (1973) are few—not present in high quantities at the surface as is usual for Penares —and do not have the centrotylote shape. The microscleres are named oxyasters but this is difficult to confirm from the slide; the ends of the rays are not really sharply pointed and the sizes quoted conform to those of Stelletta crassispicula . The figured type specimen (Boury-Esnault 1973: Pl. II fig. 3; see also Muricy et al. 2011: figs 5C–D) resembles the present Stelletta crassispicula material strongly, with its globular shape, single large central vent, and surface encrusted with shell fragments. There is also a striking similarity with Boury-Esnault’s depicted specimens of Myriastra anancora . It is more likely that this concerns a case of mislaid labels, than a genuine misidentification of the genus by Boury-Esnault.</p><p>Further Central West Atlantic Stelletta species with plagiotriaenes and tylasters, Stelletta fibrosa, S. variabilis, S. globulariformis, Stelletta incrustata Uliczka (1929), Stelletta kallitetilla (De Laubenfels, 1936), S. soteropolitana and Stelletta spec. sensu Cárdenas et al. 2009, differ from the above described specimens in having clearly smaller (thinner and shorter) plagiotriaenes and oxeas, and lacking a differentiation in long/thin anisoxeas and thick fusiform oxeas. It remains to be decided which of the above-named Stelletta species are valid or are to be regarded as junior synonyms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107712FFE6FF14A137919CFD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010771DFFE0FF14A197937EFD6A.text	03A80010771DFFE0FF14A197937EFD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stelletta vervoorti	<div><p>Stelletta vervoorti sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 48 a–h</p><p>Stelletta spec. Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 27, fig. 11.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9942, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Additional material. ZMA Por. 0 3835, Barbados, 0.5 mile off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.6667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.6667/lat 13.25)">Holetown</a>, 13.25°N 59.6667° W, depth 100 m, coll. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, #1442, 19 February 1964.</p><p>Description. Semiglobular (Fig. 48 a) with hispid surface, encrusted with shells and barnacles. Size 2.5 cm in diameter, 2 cm high. Color in alcohol light beige. One specimen from French Guyana photographed by CREOCEAN—if correctly recognized—has an on deck color of brown to redbrown.</p><p>Skeleton. Strictly radiate, with dichotriaenes dominant as a palisade at the surface, as well as present subcortically, where the cladomes carry small open spaces. Oxeas and other triaene types less common.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 48 b–h) Oxeas in two categories, dichotriaenes, plagiotriaenes, anatriaenes, oxyasters.</p><p>Oxeas 1 (Figs 48 b,b1), thin, straight, distinguished from oxeas 2 by length-thickness relationship, tending to be somewhat asymmetrical, usually broken in the slides, (n=4), 2530–3420 x 12–16 µm.</p><p>Oxeas 2 (Figs. 48 c,c1), fusiform, but with sharply tapering ends, often curved, younger forms are thin and straight, 1070– 2213 –3390 x 14– 27 –40 µm.</p><p>Dichotriaenes (Figs 48 d,d1), with end of rhabdome thinly tapering, often wispy or curved, with cladome usually incurved; rhabdome 1890– 3217 –4620 x 22– 43 –61 µm, cladome diameter 228– 275 –324 µm, primary cladi 54– 84 –113 x 18– 26 –43 µm, secondary cladi 42– 81 –102 x 12– 25 –32 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes, rhabdomes straight, with thinly tapering ends, rather variable in size, but not readily divisible in larger (Figs 48 e,e1) and smaller (Figs 48 f,f1) size classes; cladome with incurved or straight conical cladi; rhabdomes (n=5), 900–2436 x 10–48 µm; cladome diameter 72– 133 –186 µm, cladi 36– 89 –114 x 10 – 21.5 –31 µm.</p><p>Anatriaenes (Figs 48 g,g1), not common, thin, straight, with cladi curved away from the shaft, variable in length and cladome diameter; rhabdomes often broken (n=3), 1200–1556 x 10–27 µm; cladome diameter 66– 102 –180 µm; cladi 31– 66 –114 x 7– 15 –30 µm. We encountered some protriaenes in both the sections and the dissociated spicule slides, but these appear foreign as they were accompanied by some sigmaspires.</p><p>Oxyasters (Figs 48 h), with spines concentrated near the apices of the rays, diameter quite variable, but ray number variation limited, so the asters are not readily divisible in distinct types; diameter 6–11.8–15 µm, ray number 7–12.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana, Barbados, sandy bottom at 71– 100 m.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Prof. Dr Wim Vervoort, 1917–2010, former director of the Rijkmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, and distinguished marine invertebrate taxonomist (Hydrozoa, Copepoda). Vervoort was the biologist on board of the Guyana Shelf Expeditions 1966–1970, responsible for the collection of the sponges in the present collection.</p><p>Remarks. The new species shares dichotriaenes with one other Central West Atlantic Stelletta species, viz. Stelletta ruetzleri Mothes &amp; Silva, 2002 from the Brazilian SE coast, but that species lacks anatriaenes and has a thick crust of spheroxyasters at the surface. On paper, Ancorina individua Schmidt, 1870 from ‘Antillen’ and St. Croix could be conspecific with our material if Schmidt’s remark that it possesses ‘etwa 5 Ankervarietäten’ conforms to our diversity of triaenes. There are several ‘wet’ specimens (globular and of different sizes) from one of the two localities (St. Croix) in the Copenhagen Museum (confirmed by P. Cárdenas, pers.comm.), but no (re-)description of that syntype material has so far been made. A slide made from one of the St. Croix specimens was examined by me, and it revealed that there is indeed a large diversity of triaenes, dominated by various shapes of anatriaenes, but there are no dichotriaenes shaped like the above-described. Asters in the microscopic section are small and probably of a single type, but shape (oxyasters or tylasters) is uncertain due to the thickness of the slide. Additionally, the Natural History Museum (London), has a spicule slide from the Schmidt’s collection labeled ‘ Ancorina individua “121”, BMNH 1870.5.3.53 (re-examined by me). This conforms in its spicule composition to the Copenhagen type material. Due to the absence of dichotriaenes in Ancorina individua it is not likely to belong to the same species as the above described.</p><p>The boreal North Atlantic / Arctic species Stelletta rhaphidiophora Hentschel, 1929, as redescribed by Cárdenas &amp; Rapp (2015), has similarly shaped dichotriaenes and plagiotriaenes, and oxyaster microscleres, but it lacks anatriaenes and the oxyasters have smooth rays, unlike our new species. Likewise, the North Atlantic widespread deep-sea species Stelletta tuberosa (Topsent, 1892a) as redescribed by Cárdenas &amp; Rapp (2015), looks superficially like our new species, but the dichotriaenes have rhabdomes and cladi more than twice as thick, and oxyasters three times as large as those of our new species.</p><p>The Guyana material appears to belong to the same species as the specimen described previously as Stelletta spec. by Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988). The spicule complement is closely similar: the protriaenes mentioned by Van Soest &amp; Stentoft are in fact plagiotriaenes with short conical cladi such as found in several regional Stelletta ’s. A further difference would seem to be the small ‘chiasters’ of 3–6 µm diameter mentioned by these authors, but subsequent reexamination of the slides of the specimens demonstrated that these are oxyasters in a size range of 3–16 µm, quite similar to the present Guyana holotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010771DFFE0FF14A197937EFD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010771BFFE1FF14A0E1908DFE86.text	03A80010771BFFE1FF14A0E1908DFE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhabdastrella fibrosa Hechtel 1983	<div><p>Rhabdastrella fibrosa Hechtel, 1983</p><p>Figures 49 a–f</p><p>Rhabdastrella (Aurorella) fibrosa Hechtel, 1983: 81, figs 23–24; Rhabdastrella fibrosa; Muricy et al. 2011: 41, fig. 5F.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0333/lat 7.6833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9785, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Lobate sponges (Fig. 49 a) with smooth dark red-brown surface. A few small contracted oscules crown the upper surface of the lobes. Size of the two specimens respectively 4.5 x 3 x 2 cm and 4 x 2 x 1.5 cm. Interior lighter colored, Consistency crumbly, compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. A dense cortical region of 2 mm thickness consisting of packed strongylospherasters, pierced by oxeas and carried by the cladomes of subcortical ortho/plagiotriaenes. Choanosomal skeleton with low spicular density, many megascleres singly, with few bundles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 49 b–f) Oxeas, ortho/plagiotriaenes, strongylospherasters, oxyasters.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 49 b,b1), elongately fusiform, with many thinner stages, 1130– 1275 – 1440 x 14– 29 –41 µm.</p><p>Ortho- to plagiotriaenes (Figs 49 c,c1), in a large size range, but not readily divisible in size categories, with conical endings of cladi and rhabdomes, cladi usually angled almost in the same plane except for the central axial part which is curved inwards; cladi occasionally wobbly or curled; rhabdomes 576– 814 – 1110 x 24 – 41 –63 µm; cladomes 213– 386 –540 µm; cladi 121– 198 –270 x 19 – 32.5 –48 µm.</p><p>Strongylospherasters (Figs 49 d–e) in two size categories, the larger (Fig. 49 d) of which are anthasters, i.e. the rays and center are predominantly smooth and only the rounded tips are heavily spined, diameters 22– 27.4 –32 µm (number of rays difficult to determine but at least 20 or more); the smaller category (Fig. 49 e) have the entire rays spined and smooth parts are confined to the small center, diameters 4– 6.7 –10 µm, ray number 6–10.</p><p>Oxyasters (Fig. 49 f) with entirely spined, sharply pointed, conical rays, diameters 9– 11.6 –14 µm, ray number 6–8.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil, sandy bottoms at 27–98 m depth (previously 27 m).</p><p>Remarks. The drawing of the habit in Hechtel (1983) differs rather strongly from our specimens, showing large oscules with pink oscular rims. This also applies to the photo of the specimen provided later by Muricy et al. 2011 (their fig. 5F). Nevertheless, the spiculation is closely similar to our specimens, leaving little doubt that our material is conspecific with Hechtel’s. A second species of Rhabdastrella, R. virgultosa Boury-Esnault, 1973 occurs in NE Brazil. It has no triaenes and the microscleres include large ‘sterrospherasters’, up to 50 µm in diameter, which necessitates redescription of the type in order to check the generic assignment. The genus Rhabdastrella is defined as having large spheroxyasters in a dense ectosomal layer, and it seems that both R. fibrosa and R. virgultosa do not conform exactly to the genus definition, and appear rather inbetween Stelletta and Geodia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010771BFFE1FF14A0E1908DFE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010771AFFE3FF14A4589220FBE7.text	03A80010771AFFE3FF14A4589220FBE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stellettinopsis megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian 1984) Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian 1984	<div><p>Stellettinopsis megastylifera (Wintermann-Kilian &amp; Kilian, 1984)</p><p>Figures 50 a–i</p><p>Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann-Kilian, 1984:122, figs 1–2; Cárdenas et al. 2009: 12, figs 5–6. Stellettinopsis dominicana Pulitzer-Finali, 1986: 67 figs 1–2.</p><p>Ancorina megastylifera; Alcolado 2002: 56.</p><p>Ecionemia dominicana; Rützler et al. 2000: table 1. Ecionemia sp. Hajdu et al. 2011: 71.</p><p>Stellettinopsis megastylifera; Kelly et al. 2012: 31.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9931, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Lumpy-lobate mass (Fig. 50 a) of 6.5 x 4.5 x 4 cm, color red-brown, with a single oscule of 7 mm diameter surrounded by a darker-colored raised rim. Surface encrusted by shells and barnacles, rough to the touch. Consistency hard.</p><p>Skeleton. Cortex consisting of microscleres (asters and microrhabds) carried by the cladomes of dichotriaenes and plagiotriaenes, which are arranged radially. Choanosome more confused.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 50 b–i) Oxeas, rare stylote modifications, dichotriaenes, plagiotriaenes, rare protriaenes, acanthoxyasters, acanthostrongylasters.</p><p>Large oxeas 1, (Figs 50 b,b1) fusiform, rather abruptly tapering to sharp apices; the styles which give the species its name are obvious modifications of the oxeas, with one end or occasionally two ends rounded; they do not merit status as a separate spicule category, 840– 1161 – 1410 x 14 – 40.7 –59 µm; styles/strongyles, (Figs 50 d,d1), 882–960 x 43 –54 µm.</p><p>Small thin oxeas 2 (Fig. 50 c), rare, (n=2), 426–603 x 4–7 µm.</p><p>Dichotriaenes (Figs 50 e,e1) with characteristically small orthotriaene-like cladomes, with thick rhabdomes tapering rather abruptly to sharp endings; rhabdomes 804– 907 – 1058 x 30 – 41.7 –51 µm, cladomes 121– 189 –264 µm, primary cladi 42– 48 – 57 x 18 – 31.5 –42 µm, secondary cladi 27– 53 – 72 x 13 – 20.2 –24 µm.</p><p>(Plagiotriaenes are similar to dichotriaenes, and may be considered juvenile forms of the dichotriaenes, with shorter rhabdomes and cladi).</p><p>Protriaenes (Fig. 50 f), rare (n=3), thin, not certainly proper to the sponge, rhabdomes up to 780 x 5 µm, cladomes 30–66 µm, cladi 15–40 x 2–6 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds (Fig. 50 g), entirely finely spined, often centrotylote, apices varying from sharp to bluntly rounded or strongylote, 66– 78 – 99 x 4 – 5.3 –7 µm.</p><p>Oxyasters (Fig. 50 h), without thickened center, rays smooth near the center and spined from halfway to the apex, diameter 11– 13.4 –17 µm, with 7–10 rays.</p><p>Strongylasters (Fig. 50 i), heavily spined at the apices and along the short shafts, the slightly thickened center is smooth, diameter 5– 6.6 –8 µm, with 6–10 rays.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Colombia, Belize, Dominica, Gulf of Mexico, NE Brazil, on various substratums, rocks mangroves, reefs, and sandy bottoms, from shallow water down to 71 m (previously 3–25 m).</p><p>Remarks. Cárdenas et al. 2009 revised this species extensively (as Ecionemia). Our material conforms closely to their description. We did not find anatriaenes, but these were absent also in the holotype and rare in the Belize specimens. We did find a few, mostly broken, pieces of thin small protriaenes, which might possibly be foreign, but since Cárdenas et al. 2009 found these as well, they could be part of the spicule complement of this wide-spread characteristic species. Our assignment of this species to the genus Stellettinopsis Carter, 1879a follows Kelly et al. 2012 (and the World Porifera Database).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010771AFFE3FF14A4589220FBE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107718FFFFFF14A67D9111FBE7.text	03A800107718FFFFFF14A67D9111FBE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tribrachium schmidtii Weltner 1882	<div><p>Tribrachium schmidtii Weltner, 1882</p><p>Figures 51 a–g, 52a–g</p><p>Tribrachion schmidtii Weltner, 1882: 50, pl. III figs 29–41.</p><p>Tribrachium schmidtii; Ridley 1884: 479; Sollas 1888: 154, pl. XVII, pl. XLI fig. 5; Wilson 1902: 385; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 34; Uriz 2002: 124, figs 20–21; Hajdu et al. 2011: 78.</p><p>Kapnesolenia fisheri De Laubenfels, 1934: 6 .</p><p>Tribrachium fisheri; Uriz 2002: 125, fig. 22.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.9333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.9333/lat 7.2)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 6295, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 26, 7.2°N 53.9333°W, depth 86 m, bottom coarse sand, 27 August 1970 (3 specimens) ; RMNH Por. 6302, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K101B, 7.3783°N 54.3583°W, depth 93 m, rectangular dredge, 17 April 1969 (13 specimens); RMNH Por. 6305, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 29, 7.15°N 53.9167°W, depth 96 m, bottom muddy sand, 27 August 1970 (4 specimens); RMNH Por. 9301, 9395, 10000, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 (3 specimens); RMNH Por. 9304, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F41, 6.9133°N 56.4767°W, depth 55 m, Agassiz trawl, 6 May 1966 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9305, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S II.’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K101A, 7.4233°N 54.4317°W, depth 132 m, Van Veen grab, 17 April 1969 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9306, 9330, 9859, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M98, 7.1767°N 53.845°W, depth 85 m, bottom coarse sand, rectangular dredge, 16 April 1969 (13 specimens); RMNH Por. 9307, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 28, 7.2°N 53.9333°W, depth 82 m, bottom coarse sand, 27 August 1970 (4 specimens); RMNH Por. 9308, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 (3 specimens); RMNH Por. 9710, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 84, 7.68°N 57.2533°W, depth 70.5 m, Van Veen grab, 2 September 1970 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9711, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 102, 7.8833°N 57.4333°W, depth 90 m, Van Veen grab, 4 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9712, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9713, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 83, 7.7333°N 57.2833°W, depth 82 m, muddy sandy bottom with shells, 2 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9714, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 73, 6.9167°N 57.25°W, depth 29.5 m, muddy sandy bottom with shells, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9715, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, sandy bottom with shells, 2 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9723, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 121, 7.2167°N 57.6833°W, depth 25 m, bottom muddy sandy with shells, 7 September 1970 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9724, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 97, 6.8°N 57.5167°W, depth 21 m, bottom muddy sandy with shells, 5 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9725, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, bottom mud with shells, 3 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9726, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 38, 7.2833°N 53.95°W, depth 100 m, bottom shell gravel, trawl, 28 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9727, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 2, 7.1167°N 53.6°W, depth 93 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, dredge, 24 August 1970 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9853, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station unknown, 1969 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9906, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F38, 7.23°N 56.4067°W, depth 81 m, Agassiz trawl, 5 May 1966 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9908, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station A12, 7.3783°N 56.0917°W, depth 120 m, Agassiz trawl, 5 May 1966 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9909, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E64, 6.9217°N 56.2017°W, depth 57 m, Agassiz trawl, 5 May 1966 (1 specimen) .</p><p>Description. (Figs 51 a,a1, 52a) A perfectly spherical body is buried in the soft substratum and a single long thin-walled tube with open end extends above the substratum. Surface of the spherical body rough and occasionally encrusted by sand or pieces of shells, surface of the tube smooth. Size of spherical body variable, 3–15 mm in diameter, tube diameter 2–5 mm, length of tube up to 55 mm. Color in alcohol of spherical body pale beige, of tube white-transparent. Consistency of spherical body hard, barely compressible, of the tube parchment-like but tough.</p><p>Skeleton. The spherical body has a radiate skeleton, with cladomes of the triaenes carrying a thin layer of microrhabds at the surface. The radiate bundles consist predominantly of dicho- or plagiotriaenes and oxeas, with rarely some thin anatriaenes. Choanosomal skeleton with fewer bundles of megascleres, somewhat pulpy. The skeleton of the tubes is a beautiful tangential arrangement of orthodiaenes with both rhabdomes and cladomes aligned very regularly at opposite angles, covered by a thin but dense layer of microrhabds. No other megascleres. The tubes contain no tissue (and thus no choanocyte chambers; for a detailed description of the choanosomal arrangement cf. Sollas 1888, p. 156).</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 51 b–g, 52b–g) Oxeas, dichotriaenes/plagiotriaenes, anatriaenes, orthodiaenes, microrhabds. To support the synonymy decision and the discussion below, I present the spiculation of a selected representative specimen of ‘ Kapnesolenia fisheri’, RMNH Por. 6305 (Fig. 51) and a ditto T. schmidtii specimen RMNH Por. 9935 (Fig. 52).</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 51 b,b1, 52b,b1), fusiform, gradually tapering to thin endings, occasionally with bluntly rounded ends, 2340– 2742 –3420 x 37 – 49.3 –60 µm.</p><p>Dichotriaenes (Figs 51 c,c1), when present, of widely divergent sizes, with secondary cladi curved at right angles to the rhabdome, and with bluntly rounded apices on the cladi; rhabdomes 910– 1956 –3060 x 12 – 38.9 –78 µm, cladomes 198– 492 –1080 µm, primary cladi 62– 90 –110 x 11 – 33.8 –57 µm, secondary cladi 30– 186 –510 x 8 – 25.8 –54 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes 1 (Figs 51 d, 52c,c1) when present, large and thick, with cladi often curved and curled at the bluntly rounded endings, occasionally bifid (Fig. 52 d); rhabdomes 840– 1337 –1810 x 26– 58.0 –84 µm, cladomes 186– 513 –780 µm, cladi 96– 258 –390 x 29 – 53.7 –78 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes 2 (not illustrated), not common but always present, small and thin, with cladi straight, probably to be interpreted as juvenile stages of the larger dicho- and plagiotriaenes; rhabdomes (n=5) 420–600 x 6–9 µm, cladomes 69–84 µm, cladi 36– 52 x 5–8 µm.</p><p>Anatriaenes (Figs 51 e, 52e), not common, not always present, usually with reduced cladomes and stunted cladi; rhabdomes (n=4) 1020–1560 x 4–20 µm, cladomes 30–120 µm, cladi 12– 61 x 4–13 µm.</p><p>Orthodiaenes (Figs 51 f,f1, 52f,f1), with thinly tapering ending, with cladi at right angles to the rhabd and usually more or less symmetrical, usually with sharp endings; rhabdomes 504– 2429 –4680 x 6 – 31.6 –54 µm, cladomes 219– 929 –1530 µm, cladi 111– 456 –900 x 5 – 27.4 –48 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds (Figs 51 g,g1, 52g,g1), variable in length and thickness, with prominent bifid or trifid rays provided with sharp spines; no clear size or form categories were observed in the 72 specimens obtained, length 9– 11.6 –16 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Cuba, Puerto Rico, NE Brazil, Guyana Shelf, on sandy and muddy bottoms, at 12–720 m depth (Guyana Shelf 25–132 m).</p><p>Remarks. Treatment of this species by Uriz (2002) must be criticized. The holotype was declared ‘missing’, but the catalogue of the Zoological Museum of Strasbourg (MZS) lists the specimen under MZS Po0710, labeled ‘Agassiz collection, 1879, locality Morro Light, depth 250–400 fathoms’, exactly as described by Weltner (1882, p. 55). There can be little doubt that the holotype is extant and the neotype designation made by Uriz (the ‘Challenger’ specimen described by Sollas (1888), BMNH 1889.1.171D) is void. The existence of the holotype poses indeed a challenge as it lacks the basal globular main body, which contains additional spicule types not described by Weltner. Subsequently, Uriz maintained that the species is distinct from Kapnesolenia fisheri De Laubenfels, 1934 (holotype USNM 22370), considered a junior synonym of T. schmidtii by Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988, p. 34), because that would have only dichotriaenes in the main body, lacking orthotriaenes (=plagiotriaenes). A further distinction between the two would be the existence of two types of sanidasters in schmidtii and only a single type in fisheri . These alleged differences cannot be properly confirmed from the holotype as it lacks the body part in which the triaenes occur. Moreover, in the many specimens studied by me, there are no clearly different sanidaster types discernible, all specimens having thinner or thicker, shorter or longer sanidasters. A slight discrepancy in sanidaster length was found between the specimens possessing dichotriaenes (9–12 µm) and those possessing plagiotriaenes (10–15 µm), but no further relationships between specimens with predominantly dichotriaenes and predominantly ortho(plagio-)triaenes and the shape of the sanidasters could be detected. Finally, Uriz suggested that the two alleged species would be separated by their depth occurrence, schmidtii occurring in shallow water, fisheri in deep water. Specimens identified as T. schmidtii occurring in deep water were suspected by her to be K. fisheri . Since the holotypes of both alleged species were collected in deep water, at respectively 450–720 m and 324–360 m, this cannot be the difference between the two, as that would mean they are the same species. The choice of a neotype from very shallow waters by Uriz was unfortunate in this respect. Extending this argument, the shallow-water specimens, represented by the ‘Challenger’ specimen, would then belong to an unnamed species. However, in my experience all the many specimens (72) I found on the Guyana shelf, between 21 and 132 m, were closely similar in habitus and measurements, with a normal continuous variation in main body sizes and length of the tubes, no distinct habitus differences are apparent.</p><p>Nevertheless, Uriz is right in the observation that some individuals have predominantly dichotriaenes (with a few plagiotriaenes present) in the basal body (the majority of my specimens, corresponding then to ‘ K. fisheri’), and others have predominantly plagiotriaenes with a few provided with one or more bifid cladi (a minority of three in my specimens, only RMNH 9395, 9725 and 9853). There is no relation with depth and triaene dominance: the specimens with dichotriaenes were collected at 21–132 m, those with predominantly plagiotriaenes from 34– 65 m.</p><p>For the time being I propose to consider the species schmidtii and fisheri as synonyms. To confirm the likely synonymy of the two forms, I present separate SEM illustrations of a fisheri form (Figs 51 b–g) and a s chmidtii form (Figs 52 b–g).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107718FFFFFF14A67D9111FBE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107704FFFFFF14A636909AF815.text	03A800107704FFFFFF14A636909AF815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erylus Gray 1867	<div><p>Genus Erylus Gray, 1867</p><p>Remarks. The genus Erylus has expanded rather spectacularly in the West Atlantic in the past 20 years since successive Brazilian research groups published reports on samples obtained during various projects along the northeast and southeast coasts of Brazil . No less than 10 species are now known from Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011). The neighboring Greater Caribbean also has a considerable number, eight species, two of which are shared with Brazilian waters. Thus, a total of 16 species are known from the Western Atlantic. The taxonomy of Erylus in this region is held hostage by the uncertainty of the precise properties of the two eldest, but insufficiently described, species, viz. Stellettinopsis euastrum Schmidt, 1880 and Stelletta transiens Weltner, 1882 . Several subsequently described Erylus species, E. alleni De Laubenfels, 1934, E. corneus Boury-Esnault, 1973, E. diminutus Mothes, Lerner &amp; Silva, 1999, and E. goffrilleri Wiedenmayer, 1977 may turn out to be a junior synonym of one of these two names. In the continued absence of proper re-descriptions, that also applies to the three species described here from the Guyana shelf .</p><p>Erylus euastrum (Schmidt, 1880) (as Stellettinopsis) is a junior secondary homonym of the Mediterranean Erylus euastrum (Schmidt, 1868) (as Stelletta), which further complicates the taxonomy of Central West Atlantic Erylus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107704FFFFFF14A636909AF815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107703FFF8FF14A3F39411F84C.text	03A800107703FFF8FF14A3F39411F84C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erylus incrustans Lehnert & Van Soest 1999	<div><p>Erylus incrustans Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1999</p><p>Figs 53 a–g</p><p>Erylus incrustans Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1999: 142, figs 1–8.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por.9367, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, bottom muddy sandy with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9884, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. Holotype ZMA Por. 13510, Jamaica, Discovery Bay, Dairy Bull, 70.1 m, 27 June 1996, coll. H. Lehnert #J96/37-1.</p><p>Description. Finger-shaped or irregularly cylindrical (Figs 53 a), up to 3 x 1 cm. Color in alcohol pale red brown or beige. Inside the color is slightly paler. One sample (9367, Figs 53 a) consists of three fragments, the other (9884) of two, in both cases it is not clear whether the fragments are from the same specimen. Surface smooth, detachable, no apparent oscules. One of the paratype fragments shows lighter spots on the surface. Consistency rather soft.</p><p>Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a thick layer of aspidasters and microrhabds, carried by the cladomes of the ortho/plagiotraenes. The choanosomal skeleton is pulpy and confused.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 53 b–g) Oxeas, ortho/plagiotriaenes, aspidasters, microrhabds, spheroxyasters, oxy-/ strongylasters,.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 53 b,b1), fusiform, occasionally strongylote, 702– 813 – 1014 x 18 – 21.7 –27 µm.</p><p>Ortho/plagiotriaenes (Figs 53 c,c1), short-shafted, occasionally plagiodiaenes, rhabdomes 242– 371 –486 x 7 – 13.9 –21 µm, cladi 76– 141 –168 x 6 – 12.7 –18 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds (Figs 53 d,d1), smooth, fusiform, slightly curved, faintly centrotylote, overall size 22–63 x 1.5–4.5 µm, divisible in two size classes, (1) larger (Fig. 53 d), 44– 54.2 – 63 x 2.5– 3.4 –4.5 µm and (2) smaller (Fig. 53 d1), 22– 33.0 – 38 x 1.5– 2.1 –3 µm.</p><p>Aspidasters (Figs 53 e–e4), variable in shape and outline, but always thick-bladed oval with occasionally rather abrupt-squarish apices, with central, vaguely spider-like pattern of smooth areas among the dense fields of rosettes, 126– 144 –169 x 51 – 58.6 –69 µm.</p><p>Spheroxyasters (Fig. 53 f), with smooth center, rays with large conical spines at the apices, overall diameter 13– 14.8 –17 µm, with 9– 12.3 –15 rays.</p><p>Oxyasters/strongylasters (Fig. 53 g), with smooth center, sparingly spined cylindrical rays, at the apices slightly denser spined, overall diameter 32– 37.8 –51 µm, with 5– 5.9 –8 rays.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Jamaica, sandy bottom at 65–70 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Among the many described Erylus species in the Greater Caribbean and North East Brazilian waters, the two specimens reported here are assigned to Erylus incrustans Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1999 as it has almost identical aspidasters and shapes of the other spicules match closely. I compared my material with the holotype, ZMA Por. 13510, from 70 m off N Jamaica . Sizes of the oxyasters in the type are slightly smaller (32–35 µm), and the encrusting habit of the Jamaican holotype is not shared with our specimens. Both features are assumed to be subject to considerable variation. The length of the rhabds of (rare) triaenes of the type were given as 152–163 µm, but my observation of the few triaenes present in the slides made additionally for the present study is that the rhabdomes can be larger than 300 µm. This is apparently not a difference between the Guyana material and the type.</p><p>There are several Erylus species in the general region (including nearby North East Brazil) that appear close. Rather similar aspidasters are found in E. trisphaerus (De Laubenfels, 1953) (as Unimia), recently re-described by Ulgalde et al. 2015. The shape is, however, distinctly trilobed and also smaller in E. trisphaerus, and the aster complement of that species comprises three categories instead of two. The widespread E. formosus Sollas, 1886 has also rather similar aspidasters, but these are longer, narrower, and tapering towards both ends. E. latens Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2007 likewise has narrow aspidasters, but these are more gradually tapering than those of E. formosus . Its aspidasters are up to 302 µm long, almost twice as long as those in the present material. It also has a third category of smooth oxyasters.</p><p>Most other Caribbean and North East Brazilian Erylus species differ clearly in having thin-bladed oval aspidasters, differing among themselves in details of euasters and other spicular details.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107703FFF8FF14A3F39411F84C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107702FFFBFF14A50691D8F992.text	03A800107702FFFBFF14A50691D8F992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erylus surinamensis	<div><p>Erylus surinamensis sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 54 a–i</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9823, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 54 a) Massively encrusting, with low lobes, each crowned by a central oscule. Size of specimen 3.5 x 2.5 x 1 cm, but it appears to be a fragment. Color light beige in alcohol, both outside and inside. Surface smooth. Lobes about 1.5 cm in diameter, oscules up to 7.5 mm in diameter. Consistency firm but compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is the usual crust of aspidasters covered by a dense mass of microrhabds, and carried by the cladomes of triaenes. Choanosome with bundles of fusiform oxeas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 54 b–i) Oxeas, dichotriaenes, orthotriaenes, aspidasters, two size categories of oxyasters.</p><p>Oxeas (54b–c), fusiform, curved, in two almost overlapping size classes, (1) larger (Fig. 54 b,b1), 1230– 1330 –1398 x 39 – 43.5 –54 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 54 c), 642– 880 – 1002 x 21 – 22.7 –25 µm.</p><p>Dichotriaenes (Figs 54 d,d1), with rhabd and cladi of similar length (approaching dichocalthrops), but in a large size range; rhabdomes 260– 616 –800 x 35 – 41 –66 µm, cladomes 410– 644 –860 µm, primary cladi 190– 223 –265 x 24– 44 –54 µm, secondary cladi 23– 122 –270 x 10 – 20.2 –39 µm.</p><p>Orthotriaenes (Figs 54 e,e1), rhabds slightly but clearly longer than the cladi, in a large size range, rhabdomes 240– 340 –680 x 24 – 30.6 –56 µm, cladomes 258– 518 –760 µm, cladi 166– 338 –666 x 13 – 32.8 –48 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds (Figs 54 f), smooth, curved, usually centrotylote, with bluntly rounded smooth endings, in a large size range but not readily divisible in smaller and larger, 37– 49 – 66 x 3 – 4.6 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Aspidasters (Figs 55 g–g2), thin, oval, occurring in two shapes, (1) (Figs 54 g,g1) with the usual aster rosettes densely crowded on both surfaces, with a clear hilum at one of the sides, 200– 220 –248 x 111– 132 –142 µm, and (2) (Fig. 54 g2) entirely smooth without any surface ornamentation, but with similar size, 201– 216 –232 x 110– 122 –133 µm. The ratio of smooth vs. normal aspidasters is 1:2 (n = 155).</p><p>Large oxyasters (Fig. 54 h), sparingly spined with small spines (appear smooth in light microscopy), in a large size range, 27– 37.5 –51 µm, with 4–10 rays.</p><p>Small oxyasters (Fig. 54 i), tending towards spherasters, likewise with sparingly spined rays, 9– 11.6 –15 µm, ray number 11–16.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the country Suriname.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana shelf, deeper water down to 104–130 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Only a few other Central West Atlantic Erylus species have been reported to possess dichotriaenes: E. diminutus Mothes, Lerner &amp; Silva, 1999 and E. soesti Mothes &amp; Lerner, 2001 . These species are dissimilar to the new species because they only have dichotriaenes, not also plagio- or orthotriaenes. E. diminutus, from 183 m off SE Brazil, nevertheless has many features in common: shape, color in alcohol, general dimensions of the megascleres, microrhabds and aspidasters. Differences with the above-described specimen are the apparent lack of differentiation in smaller and larger oxyasters (only a single category of 11–23 µm is present), and the oxeas are strongylote, and on average considerably smaller and thinner. It will have to be demonstrated how these features are variable among individuals.</p><p>Erylus ministrongylus Hechtel, 1965, from shallow-water in Jamaica, has both orthotriaenes and dichotriaenes, like the present species, but the oxeas are strongylote (like E. diminutus), and only about half in length compared to the new species. Aspidasters are very variable, 87–181 x 43 –87 µm, but clearly smaller than in the present new species. Microrhabds and asters appear similar, at least in sizes and ray number.</p><p>Erylus transiens (Weltner, 1882) (as Stelletta) is described as having predominantly orthotriaenes, but it has also triaenes with ‘gespaltenen Zinken’ (Weltner, p. 46, third paragraph, translated here as dichotriaenes). The single category of oxyasters measures on average 16 µm and is said to be smooth. The species is apparently close, but is different from the new species in these characters.</p><p>The presence of about one third of smooth aspidasters is difficult to weigh as a discriminating feature of the present specimen, as there is no previous report of such high occurrence of abnormally developed aspidasters. These smooth aspidasters are definitely not juvenile forms of the normally ornamented aspidasters, because such juvenile forms are smaller than the adult spicules and are characteristically provided with a surface ornamentation of radiating ribs and grooves, testifiying of the original euaster ancestry of this spicule type. Both in SEM and in light microscopy there is no trace of these ancestral aster features, the surface is entirely smooth and transparent through and through. Possibly it is related to the silica content of the environment, close to terrestrial runoff, but these smooth aspidasters have only rarely been observed in other species of Erylus on the Guyana shelf, and only explicitly by Von Lendenfeld in his monograph of the Pacific Erylidae, e.g. in E. sollasii Lendenfeld, 1910 (his pl. II figs 15 and 22). Von Lendenfeld (l.c.) thought these are juvenile spicules, but described further juvenile aspidasters as provided with radiating ribs. The high frequency observed in the present specimen was not observed by Von Lendenfeld. Recently, Sim-Smith &amp; Kelly (2015) reported smooth aspidasters without any ornamentation or ribs in their species Erylus fallax, naming these juveniles, but they appear to be of the same size and shape as the ornamented aspidasters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107702FFFBFF14A50691D8F992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107700FFF5FF14A5379253FB3A.text	03A800107700FFF5FF14A5379253FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erylus rhabdocoronatus	<div><p>Erylus rhabdocoronatus sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 55 a–g</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.75/lat 6.7333)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por 9339, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. Slide of the holotype of Erylus alleni De Laubenfels, 1934, USNM 22268, from Puerto Rico, 68–171 m.</p><p>Description. A fragment of a finger-shaped sponge (Fig 55 a), 2.5 cm high and 8 mm in diameter. Color in alcohol beige, both inside and outside. Surface optically smooth, but microhispid due to being overgrown by a thinly encrusting Spirastrella (see below); no apparent openings. Consistency firm, but fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. The usual surface skeleton is present consisting of a layer of partially overlapping aspidasters covered by a dense mass of microrhabds and carried by the cladomes of subcortical orthotriaenes. Choanosomal skeleton a largely confused mass of oxeas and a few triaenes, with bundles of oxeas traversing the choanosome.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 55 b–g) Oxeas, plagiotriaenes, microrhabds, aspidasters, two categories of oxyasters.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 55 b,b1), fusiform, curved, with sharp points, 261– 513 –648 x 14 – 21.1 –29 µm.</p><p>Ortho/plagiotriaenes (Fig. 55 c), short-shafted; rhabdomes 204– 309 –378 x 9 – 15.3 –24 µm, cladomes 305– 371 –450 µm; cladi 163– 206 –224 x 9 – 11.6 –21 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds (Figs 55 d,d1), curved, centrotylote, all are provided with rounded ends bearing a crown of conical spines (Fig. 55 d1); sizes 36– 48 – 57 x 2.5– 4.1 –6 µm.</p><p>Aspidasters (Figs 55 e,e1), oval, thin, provided with rather spaced out rosettes, 138– 148 –159 x 89 – 94 –102 µm.</p><p>Large oxyasters (Figs 55 f), with almost smooth rays, only occasional spines, variable diameters, 19– 52 –60 µm, ray number 3–6.</p><p>Small oxyasters (Fig. 55 g), with much more rays, but also with few spines; diameters 12– 14.6 –21 µm, ray number 9–14.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom at 76 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name reflects the crown of blunt spines on the apices of all the microrhabds.</p><p>Remarks. The new species differs from the closest species, E. alleni De Laubenfels (1934) in the following features—based on a comparison with a slide made from the holotype USNM 22268 and spicule measurements—(1) the aspidasters are larger (138–159 x 89 –102 µm in the present species vs. 70–114 x 30–81 µm in E. alleni (curiously De Laubenfels gives only 70 x 35 µm); (2) the microrhabds do not have the crown of spines and are on average shorter; (3) oxeas are approximately half as thick in E. alleni; (4) the euaster sizes given by De Laubenfels are half the diameter (30 µm and 7 µm) of those of the new species, but re-measurement yielded sizes on average similar in both species. Perhaps De Laubenfels gave measurements of the rays. However, the shape of the rays of the larger euasters differs clearly in E. alleni by being thinner and curved or slightly flexuous, not rigid like in E. rhabdocoronatus sp. nov.</p><p>Mothes et al. (1999) redescribed E. alleni and also assigned several specimens along the Brazilian coast to that species. Spicules of one of the specimens were depicted in their fig. 4 and these images appear close to those of E. rhabdocoronatus sp. nov., especially the euasters, but there are no spines on the ends of the microrhabds, and the shape of the aspidaster is subtly broader. The larger oxyasters in Mothes et al. ’s E. alleni are dissimilar to those seen in the slide of the holotype of E. alleni examined here.</p><p>Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988) (p. 17) reported Erylus transiens from 100 m off Barbados, which does not conform to Weltner’s (1882) description of that species (perhaps it is E. corneus Boury-Esnault, 1973). These authors suggested E. transiens sensu Sollas (1888) and E. alleni were synonyms. According to Mothes et al. (1999: 375), followed by Muricy et al. (2011: 44), the two species differ in the possession of one ( E. transiens) vs. two categories of oxyasters.</p><p>The decoration of the microrhabds with crowns of spines is intermediate between entirely smooth microrhabds and those that are spined all over such as in Erylus granularis Topsent, 1904 from the Azores and Erylus soesti Mothes &amp; Lerner, 2001 from Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107700FFF5FF14A5379253FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010770EFFF6FF14A65B915DF846.text	03A80010770EFFF6FF14A65B915DF846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault 1973	<div><p>Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973</p><p>Figures 56 a–g</p><p>Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973: 271, text-fig. 10; Muricy et al. 2011: 41, fig. 5E.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5/lat 7.7)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9368, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, bottom muddy sandy with shells, 5 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 56 a) Reddish brown (in alcohol), finger-shaped, or fused and then flattened erect lobes, with smooth surface without visible openings. Length of ‘fingers’ up to approximately 2 cm, diameter of individual fingers 0.5 cm, fused ones about 1 cm or slightly thicker. Internal color yellow. Consistency firm, choanosome crumbly.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is a dense crust of crowded microrhabds, forming an outer layer of about 250–350 in thickness, carried by the cladomes of a subsurface layer of orthotriaenes. The dense crust is pierced regularly by small rounded openings at distances of about 200 µm, presumably these are oscules, diameter 50–120 µm. Choanosomal skeleton consisting mostly of oxeas, which form axial bundles verging toward the surface. Euasters are strewn among the bundles and loose oxeas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 56 b–g) Oxeas, short-shafted orthotriaenes, oxea-like microrhabds, euasters.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 56 b–d), in two size categories, all fusiform and slightly curved, (1) larger (Figs 56 b,b1), 544– 604 –712 x 9 – 13.0 –16 µm, (2) smaller (Figs 56 c,c1,d,d1), 127–196–249 x 3.5–6.4–10 µm.</p><p>Orthotriaenes (Figs 56 e), in a large size range, calthrops-like because rhabds and cladi are approximately equally long, but distinguishable because the rhabds are straight, and the cladi often have their ends curved or sometimes slightly crooked; rhabdomes, 112– 223 –354 x 8 – 13.4 –18 µm, cladomes 192– 316 –452 µm, cladi 84– 181 –256 x 7 – 11.6 –15 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds/microxeas (Figs 56 f), curved, sharply pointed, oxea-like, but occasionally with a swollen central part, in a large size range but not easily divisible in size categories, 42– 68 – 99 x 1.5– 2.4 –3.5 µm.</p><p>Euasters (Figs 56 g), quite variable in size and shape, rays thin and lightly spined, resembling strongylasters or occasionally tylasters, but are best classed as oxyasters because the ray apices are mostly pointed, 9– 16.9 –23 µm, ray number 4–12.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Northeast Brazil, soft bottom, at 42–65 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens are quite similar in shape, size, and spicule details, to the holotype of P. chelotropa, so this identification is made with confidence. Boury-Esnault (1973, p. 272, left hand column) names the asters tylasters, but as stated above, the endings of the spicules under SEM are pointed, even though the spines of the rays are more concentrated at the ends causing the spicules to look sometimes like tylasters in light microscopy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010770EFFF6FF14A65B915DF846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82.text	03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penares sineastra	<div><p>Penares sineastra sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 57 a–e</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.2833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.95/lat 7.2833)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9735, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 38, 7.2833°N 53.95°W, depth 100 m, bottom shell gravel, trawl, 28 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Thin branch fragments (Fig. 57 a) with smooth but irregular surface, possibly part of a group of branches but this cannot be determined with certainty. Nevertheless it is here proposed to treat the fragments as part of a single holotype. Color in alcohol cream or pale beige. No obvious apertures are visible. Largest fragment is approximately 5 cm long and has a greatest diameter of 8 mm, other fragments are thinner or thicker, up to 1 cm thick. Three of the four branch fragments are encrusted by small hydroids. The interior of the sponge is not entirely hollow but is ‘cavernous’ with elongated open spaces; inside it has the same color as outside. Consistency compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface skeleton is a crust, thickness 40–150 µm in cross section, of microrhabds of various sizes forming a dense reticulation around small rounded apertures approximately 50–100 µm in diameter. The crust of microrhabds is carried by the cladomes of individual triaenes and bundles of oxeas. The choanosome has large lacunae of 0.5–1 mm in diameter flanked by axially directed bundles and sheets of oxeas. Diameters of these bundles vary between 200 and 300 µm.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 57 b–e) Oxeas, dichotriaenes, orthotriaenes, microrhabds. No asters.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 57 b,b1), fusiform, often curved, with sharp or more often bluntly rounded endings, in a large size range, possibly with two overlapping size categories, larger (700–1263 µm) and smaller (354–700 µm), overall size 354– 801 – 1263 x 8 – 21.5 –34 µm.</p><p>Dichotriaenes (Figs 57 c,c1), with rhabdomes pointed and cladus length approximately the same, with primary cladi longer than secondary cladi; rhabdome sizes 282– 321 –336 x 28 – 31.2 –39 µm, cladomes 426– 527 –612 µm, primary cladi 164– 187 –207 x 22 – 30.4 –37 µm, secondary cladi 37– 98 –184 x 12 – 21.9 –32 µm.</p><p>Orthotriaenes (Figs 57 d,d1), few in number, always smaller than the dichotriaenes, several occur with one of the cladi bifid, from which it is concluded these are in fact juvenile stages of the dichotriaenes, not a separate spicule type.</p><p>Microrhabds (Figs 57 e–e3), oxea-like with pointed ends which are microspined in adult condition, overall 42–246 x 2.5–12 µm, divisible rather arbitrarily in three (or four) overlapping size categories, (1) large (Figs 57 e,e1,e1a), 141– 182 –246 x 6.5– 9.4 –12 µm, (2) middle-sized (Figs 57 e2,e2a) 63– 80 –102 x 3.5– 4.8 –5.5 µm, and (3) small (Fig. 57 e3), 42– 49 – 54 x 2.5– 3.4 –4 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on shell gravel bottom, at 100 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The species name is a composite noun combining the words sine (L. = without) and astrum, plural astra (L.), referring to the absence of aster microscleres in this species.</p><p>Remarks. The characteristic features of the new species are the fistule-like shape and the absence of aster microscleres. Among the Western Atlantic Penares species none have been reported to lack aster microscleres. P. hartmeyeri (Uliczka, 1929) from Barbados is encrusting, has only orthotriaenes, no dichotriaenes, and oxyasters. P. mastoidea (Schmidt, 1880) (as Stelletta) from Grenada, re-described by Topsent (1923) (p. 9), and reported from Barbados by Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988) (p. 29), is lobate, has very much longer oxeas (up to 3 mm), rare dichotriaene modifications of the orthotriaenes, and large acanthoxyasters. P. chelotropa (cf. above) and P. anisoxia Boury-Esnault, 1973 do not have dichotriaenes and possess oxyasters.</p><p>Elsewhere, there are eight Penares species sharing the lack of aster microscleres with the new species: Mediterranean P. candidata (Schmidt, 1868) (p. 18, pl. IV fig. 19, originally as Papyrula), Australian P. ochracea (Carter, 1886) (p. 458, originally as Pachamphilla), Japanese P. hilgendorfi Thiele, 1898 (p. 18, pl. 5 fig. 1, pl. 7 figs 9–10, originally as Ecionemia), South East African P. alata (Von Lendenfeld, 1907) (p. 195, pl. 39 figs 14–25, originally as Pachamphilla), Californian P. saccharis De Laubenfels, 1930 (1932, p. 37, fig. 16, originally as Papyrula, also reported from the Galapagos Islands by Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Van Soest 1997, p. 394) and New Caledonian P. palmatoclada Lévi, 1993 (p. 16, fig. 2C, originally as Papyrula). South African P. sphaera (Von Lendenfeld, 1907) (p. 227, pl. XXXVII figs 24–35, pl. XXXVIII fig. 1, originally as Papyrula) and Indonesian P. dendyi (Hentschel, 1912) (p. 308, pl. 13 fig. 5, pl. 17 fig. 3, originally as Pachamphilla) share dichotriaenes and the absence of aster microscleres with these species, but they do have microscleres in the form of small spheres (which may under SEM turn out to be asters after all). For all these aster-lacking Penares species, the genus Papyrula Schmidt, 1868 is available. Most species of this ‘group’ also share the possession of dichotriaenes, but that is where the shared features end: there are large differences among these species in the shape of the body, and the sizes of the megascleres, overlapping with the remaining species of Penares . So far no molecular evidence is available to indicate the lack of asters is a genuine synapomorphy. Thus, the synonymy of Penares and Papyrula appears well supported.</p><p>The presence of spines on the microrhabd apices reminds of those of Erylus rhabdocoronatus sp. nov. described above. It strengthens the bond between Erylus and Penares, which is based primarily on molecular studies (Cárdenas et al. 2010). Tangential surface sections of many Penares species are very difficult to differentiate from such sections from Erylus species, especially in the case of E. deficiens Topsent, 1927 . A rearranged generic composition of the subfamily Erylinae may be necessary in which the distinction between these two genera should be reconsidered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010770BFFF2FF14A430922FFACF.text	03A80010770BFFF2FF14A430922FFACF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geodia gibberosa Lamarck 1815	<div><p>Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815</p><p>Figures 58 a–g</p><p>Restricted synonymy: Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: 334; Topsent 1931: 3, pl. I fig. 1; Cárdenas et al. 2009: 28, in part (only type specimen redescription and illustrations thereof).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9795, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970; RMNH Por. 10508, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 58 a) Irregular-lobate individuals, one larger, 13 x 7 x 6 cm, the other 3 x 2 x 2 cm. Color light beige (in alcohol), slightly darker inside, with smooth surface. Small oscula grouped in a sieveplate on top of a lobe in the larger individual. Consistency hard.</p><p>Several CREOCEAN specimens of this species were larger (up to 40 cm high and wide) and more lobateirregular, with larger sieveplates. On-deck photos show they are greyish white in life.</p><p>Skeleton. Cortical region approximately 2 mm in thickness, consisting of a layer of sterrasters and small spheroxyasters carried by the cladomes of subcortical ortho/plagiotriaenes. Small oxeas are scattered among the sterrasters and large oxeas penetrate the cortex, and make up the main mass of the pulpy choanosome, where also the large oxyasters are scattered.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 58 b–g) Large oxeas, ortho/plagiotriaenes, small oxeas, sterrasters, acanthoxyasters, acanthospheroxyasters.</p><p>Large oxeas (Figs 58 b,b1), fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 636– 1099 –1320 x 12– 28 –39 µm.</p><p>Ortho/plagiotriaenes (Figs 58 c,c1), with straight cladomes tapering to rather abrupt endings, with conical to fusiform cladi set out at a low angle, occasionally truly at right angles, thus varying between plagiotriaene and orthotriaene shapes; rhabdome lengths variable, but not divisible in two distinct categories; rhabdomes 402– 774 –952 x 18 – 32.5 –54 µm, cladomes 117– 211 –276 µm, cladi 68– 114 –156 x 13 – 24.5 –41 µm.</p><p>Small cortical oxeas (Figs 58 d,d1), occasionally inequiended, one end being bluntly rounded the other sharply pointed, 155– 220 –278 x 4 – 6.2 –9 µm.</p><p>Sterrasters (Figs 58 e,e1), round, closely similar in size in both samples, 57– 66.8 –74 µm. The rosettes are smooth and have 6–8 conical rays.</p><p>Oxyasters (Fig. 58 f), rays lightly spined, smooth near the center of the spicule; length of rays variable, but no clear subdivision is apparent; diameters between the two samples slightly different, 15–30 µm in RMNH Por. 9795, 12–18 µm in RMNH Por. 10508, overall 12– 16.2 –30 µm; ray numbers variable between 6 and 11.</p><p>Spheroxyasters (Figs 58 g), with blunt-ending conical rays, with spines concentrated near the ray apices, smooth near the center, shape often irregular; diameters 4– 5.8 –8 µm, ray number 8–12.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, Carolinian region and NE Brazil, on reefs, mangroves and sand bottoms, from shallow-waters down to 100 m depth (Guyanan and CREOCEAN specimens 67–77 m), but revision is necessary.</p><p>Remarks. This is a common Central West Atlantic species. For a redescription of the type, the synonymy and further discussion see Cárdenas et al. 2009. These authors assigned mangrove specimens from Panama to this species, but later on, Cárdenas et al. 2011 (p. 9) reassigned their identification to Geodia tumulosa (Bowerbank, 1872) . For that reason, I restricted the references to G. gibberosa above to only the certain citations, pending additional revisions of specimens assigned to it. Anatriaenes were searched for, but not found. The holotype, collected off French Guyana (Lamarck 1815: 333; Topsent 1931: 3; Cárdenas et al. 2009: 28), apparently also lacked anatriaenes. Other specimens are reported to have a few of these spicules, but it appears to be an unstable element.</p><p>The large depth range of the species, from shallow-water (Rützler et al. 2014) down to 100 m (Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988) is bridged by the present records from 67–77 m depth, but as said above, revision of assignments of specimens to this species are necessary.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010770BFFF2FF14A430922FFACF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107709FFCCFF14A6C3941EFAD1.text	03A800107709FFCCFF14A6C3941EFAD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geodia pocillum	<div><p>Geodia pocillum sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 59 a–k</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0833/lat 7.7167)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 10547, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 50, 7.7167°N 57.0833°W, depth 96 m, rectangular dredge, bottom sandy mud, 30 August 1970 .</p><p>Paratypes RMNH Por. 9796, two specimens with same data as the holotype .</p><p>Description. The holotype (Fig. 59 a) is the middle-sized of three inverted cone-shaped individuals. The paratypes (Fig. 59 a1) are the largest and the smallest of the three, respectively 5 cm high and 4 cm in diameter, and the smallest 2.5 cm in diameter; the latter paratype is more globular. The upper side of each has a shallow central depression, 3 cm wide in the largest individual, on the bottom of which are concentrated uniporal oscules (Fig. 59 a2). Color in alcohol beige or pale-orange. Surface smooth. Consistency hard.</p><p>Skeleton. The cortex consists of a mass of sterrasters with scattered small oxeas and strongylospherasters, 1–1.5 mm in thickness, carried by radially arranged triaenes. The choanosome remains largely radial, with bundles of rhabdomes of the triaenes and oxeas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 59 b–k) Oxeas in three categories, orthotriaenes, anatriaenes, protriaenes, sterrasters, oxyasters in two categories, strongylospherasters.</p><p>Long thin oxeas (Figs 59 b,b1), curved, occasionally wispy, gradually tapering to sharp points, usually broken, the few entire ones (n=4) measure 2938–6600 x 13–16 µm.</p><p>Fusiform oxeas (Figs 59 c,c1), straight or slightly curved, 2445– 3367 –4935 x 29– 42 –57 µm.</p><p>Orthotriaenes (Figs 59 d,d1d2), with rhabdomes thinly tapering and often curved, in a large size range but not divisible in size categories; rhabdomes 1640– 2997 –3960 x 30– 57 –72 µm, cladomes 175– 538 –780 µm, cladi 102– 282 –390 x 30– 43 –57 µm.</p><p>Anatriaenes (Figs 59 e,e1), straight, rhabdomes thinly tapering, cladi short and curved evenly, in a large size range but no size categories; rhabdomes 700– 2020 –2730 x 7– 20 –29 µm, cladomes 57– 132 –240 µm, cladi 20– 82 –202 x 6– 17 –23 µm.</p><p>Protriaenes (Figs 59 f,f1), verging toward plagiotriaenes, not common, rhabdomes straight, thinly tapering, in a wide size range but no obvious categories; rhabdomes 810– 1514 –3442 x 7 – 12.3 –16 µm, cladomes 75– 141 –230 µm, cladi 48– 110 –208 x 6 – 9.0 –14 µm.</p><p>Small (cortical) oxeas (Fig. 59 g), straight or slightly curved, 258– 306 –331 x 5.5– 6.6 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Sterrasters (Figs 59 h,h1), oval, uniform in shape and size, 82– 87.4 –93 x 66 – 72.2 –78 µm. Rosettes are warty and have 3–5 conical rays.</p><p>Large oxyasters (Fig. 59 i), thin-rayed, spined entirely except near the centre, 38– 49.3 –63 µm, ray number 7–10.</p><p>Small oxyasters (Fig. 59 j), rays more conical, spined apically but smooth in the lower half, smooth in the center, 19– 24.6 –29 µm, ray number 9–16.</p><p>Strongylospherasters (Fig. 59 k), with smooth center and stunted rays spined apically, 9– 11.6 –15 µm, ray number 10–20.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sand bottom at 96 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Pocillum (noun) (L.) = a small goblet or cup, referring to the shape of the sponge.</p><p>Remarks. The combination of shape, oval sterrasters and the diversity of triaenes and euasters are distinct among the many described Geodia species of the Central West Atlantic.</p><p>Apart from the above treated Geodia gibberosa, tropical Central West Atlantic waters (Greater Caribbean and NE Brazilian regions), contain the following fourteen additional Geodia species (from Van Soest et al. 2016): G. apiarum (Schmidt, 1870), G. corticostylifera Hajdu, Custodio, Russo &amp; Peixinho, 1992 (including G. vosmaeri sensu Boury-Esnault, 1973), G. cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Díaz, 2014, G. cumulus Schmidt, 1870, G. curacaoensis Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014, G. glariosa (Sollas, 1886), G. neptuni (Sollas, 1886), G. papyracea Hechtel, 1965, G. spherastrea Lévi, 1964, G. stromatodes (Uliczka, 1929), G. thomsonii Schmidt, 1870, G. tumulosa (Bowerbank, 1872) . G. tylastra Boury-Esnault, 1973, and G. vosmaeri (Sollas, 1886) . Of these, only G. curacaoensis matches most of the features of the present specimens. The holotype of that species is similar in shape to one of the two present paratypes. However, there are a number of differences: (1) no protriaenes were found in that species, (2) oxeas were not differentiated into separated long-thin and fusiform-thick oxeas, (3) the cladomes and cladi of the orthotriaenes are considerably shorter (cladomes 320–550 µm, cladi 160–270 µm as opposed to 175–780 µm and 102–390 µm), (4) cortical oxeas were longer (320–480 µm vs 258–331 µm) and slightly asymmetrical, (5) the size of large oxyasters is only half of that of the present species. Together these differences are here taken as sufficient evidence for specific distinction. See the discussion in Van Soest et al. (2014) for the features differing in the other twelve tropical Central West Atlantic Geodia species. It may turn out that the Barbados specimen Geodia cf. megastrella sensu Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988) fits better with G. pocillum sp. nov. than with G. curacaoensis, as previously suggested by Van Soest et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107709FFCCFF14A6C3941EFAD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107737FFCFFF14A6E59523FEA1.text	03A800107737FFCFFF14A6E59523FEA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geodia sulcata	<div><p>Geodia sulcata sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 60 a–g</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.75/lat 6.7333)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9336, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Columnar, grey-brown sponge (Fig. 60 a) with a deeply grooved rough surface. Grooves extending over its entire length. Height 12 cm, diameter 8 cm, with terminal vent of 1.5 cm diameter. Diameter largest about halfway the length of the specimen, constricted at the base (but not with a clear stalk) and gradually narrowing to a rounded upper part, with terminal vent flush with the surface. Consistency hard, incompressible. Several specimens photographed on-deck by CREOCEAN in French Gyanan waters have redbrown color outside and light-brown inside. Specimens showed lengthwise grooves which were often branching off or following an oblique course. Size may be up to 20 cm in height, 18 cm in diameter. Larger specimens may have additional oscules at the top of ribs separated by the grooves.</p><p>Skeleton. Cortical skeleton of 5 mm thickness, strictly radiate, consisting of a dense palisade made up of bouquets of oxeas, supported by a subcortical layer of aligned cladomes of the orthotriaenes and a thin layer of small thick-rayed spheroxyasters. In this region a few scattered sterrasters are found (arrows in Fig. 60 b), which are presumed to be proper despite their rareness. Choanosomal skeleton largely radiate, few loose megascleres, high spicular density, with scattered oxyasters.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 60 c–i) Oxeas, orthotriaenes, sterrasters, acanthoxyasters, acanthospheroxyasters.</p><p>Oxeas 1 (Figs 60 c,c1), long, thin, straight, symmetrical, 954– 1244 – 1855 x 9 – 12.1 –18 µm.</p><p>Oxeas 2 (Figs 60 d,d1), fusiform, relatively fat, often curved, 594– 857 – 1110 x 17 – 28.7 –42 µm.</p><p>Orthotriaenes (Figs 60 e,e1), cladi almost at right angles to the shaft, rhabdome straight or slightly curved, tapering to a thin end; rhabdomes 602– 922 – 1262 x 11 – 21.1 –27 µm, cladomes 123– 269 –330 µm, cladi 63– 146 –207 x 9 – 16.7 –21 µm.</p><p>Oxeas 3 (Figs 60 f,f1), cortical, short, thin, straight, symmetrical, 408– 493 –612 x 5 – 6.6 –8 µm.</p><p>Sterrasters (Fig. 60 g), not certainly proper (see below), rounded-globular, 28–38 µm.</p><p>Large, spined acanthoxyasters (Figs 60 h), center smooth, not swollen, prominent hooked spines cover most of the length of each ray, 14.5–18.4–22 µm, with 5–6.6–8 rays.</p><p>Small, spined acanthoxyspherasters (Figs 60 i), with smooth enlarged center, 5.5–7.6–9 µm, with 6–7.5–10 rays.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, muddy sand bottom at 76 m. CREOCEAN specimens were collected between 76 and 83 m.</p><p>Etymology. Sulcatus (L.) means grooved, referring to the grooved surface.</p><p>Remarks. The genus assignment of this new species is tentative and based on the presence of a cortical skeleton of small oxeas with only very few scattered small sterrasters, carried by the cladomes of underlying orthotriaenes. At first the material was assigned to the genus Stelletta, with as characteristic features of the new species the lengthwise grooved surface, the presence of orthotriaenes, three sizes of oxeas, in combination with choanosomal acanthoxyasters and small cortical acanthoxyspherasters. No descriptions of Central West Atlantic Stelletta species match these features. The orthotriaenes are relatively small and thin compared to triaenes of other Ancorinidae . The presence of a few small sterrasters in the slides of the present specimen were at first considered contamination, e.g. from Geodia gibberosa collected in the same station. These are sparingly present in the region between the outer palisade of oxeas and the layer of subcortical cladomes of the orthotriaenes. It nevertheless induced me to consider the possibility that the present specimen could be a Geodia with reduced presence of sterrasters. These spicules were of the same dimension (28–38 µm) as those described e.g. for Geodia tylastra Boury-Esnault, 1973, likewise a grooved species, and several other Geodia species. However, the sterrasters in Geodia species form a thick ectosomal outer cortex differing strongly from the situation in the present species. Still, no Stelletta species is known to have a similar outer cortical layer of aligned small oxeas, whereas many Geodia species have their cortex supported with short cortical oxeas similar in size and shape to those of the present specimen. Furthermore, absence or rareness of aspidasters in the geodiid genus Erylus, forming an ectosomal layer comparable to sterrasters in Geodia, has been reported e.g. for Erylus deficiens Topsent, 1927 . Thus, with considerable hesitation I propose here to erect for the present material a new species of Geodia, with as major distinguishing character the virtual absence of sterrasters.</p><p>Apart from this virtual absence of a cortical layer of sterrasters, the new species shows similarities with four Central West Atlantic Geodia species: G. neptuni Sollas, 1886, G. vosmaeri Sollas, 1886, G. tylastra Boury-Esnault, 1973 and G. corticostylifera Hajdu et al. 1992 all have a grooved and indented surface reminding of that of the new species, and their general spicule complement is closely similar in all four. G. neptuni is large cup-shaped sponge with irregular grooved surface, not as deeply grooved as the new species. Its description by Sollas mentions the presence of an anatriaene and a further differentiation in larger and smaller ‘chiasters’ next to the spherasters, unlike the new species. There is apparently no differentiation in the oxeas, although later descriptions (e.g. Hajdu et al. 1992: table 2) do report cortical oxeas. The cylindrical G. vosmaeri was distinguished by Sollas from G. neptuni by the presence of cortical oxeas, which were upon re-examination found to occur also in G. neptuni . He also described a very thin sterraster layer in the cortex, differing clearly from the thick sterraster layer of G. neptuni . Wiedenmayer (1977) followed by Hajdu et al. (1992) declared the two species synonymous.</p><p>Judging from Muricy et al. ’s (2011) photo of the type of G. tylastra (their fig. 7C) it is in shape inbetween the new species and G. corticostylifera: globular with irregular deep grooves and pits. It is probably the closest to the new species of the four mentioned Central West Atlantic species. It differs in having the oxea length about half of those of the new species and by the presence of tylasters, lacking in the new species. There is no mention in the description of Boury-Esnault of the presence of cortical oxeas, and a differentiation of long-thin and fusiform oxeas has not been noted.</p><p>Hajdu et al. (1992) erected G. corticostylifera on the basis of a semiglobular shape with pitted shape and the modification of the cortical oxeas to styles. Apart from the differentiation in long-thin and fusiform oxeas (which may have been overlooked), the spiculation is quite similar to that of the new species. Small differences in size appear in the cortical oxeas/styles (only up to 500 µm) and the orthotriaenes (only up to 1100 µm), leaving shape and the presence of the sterrasters as the main differences.</p><p>The possibility that variability will be found to exist in shape characters and relative thickness and presence of sterraster layers leading up to the existence of a single variable species encompassing all species discussed here can not be entirely excluded. Further work, supported by molecular sequences is needed to confirm or refute this.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107737FFCFFF14A6E59523FEA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107734FFC8FF14A1629514FB78.text	03A800107734FFC8FF14A1629514FB78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachastrella pacoi Van Soest, Meesters & Becking 2014	<div><p>Pachastrella pacoi Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014</p><p>Figures 61 a–f</p><p>Pachastrella abyssi; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 34, pl. V figs 3–6, text-fig. 15 (Not: Schmidt, 1870: 64, pl. VI fig. 4) Pachastrella pacoi Van Soest et al., 2014: 407, figs 4a–d, 5a–g</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0333/lat 7.6833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9786, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Irregular shaped, thickly flattened fragment (Fig. 61 a), 12 x 8 x 3–4 cm, dark red–brown in alcohol, with rough surface, encrusted with vermetids, serpulids and sponges. No apparent oscules. Consistency hard.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface the skeleton consists of a dense, approximately 150 µm thick, layer of microrhabds. The choanosomal skeleton consists of thin bundles and single oxeas running at right angles to the surface, with inbetween a confused mass of triaenes and microscleres.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 61 b–f) Oxeas, plagiotriaenes, amphiasters, microrhabds, microrhabdose streptasters (sensu Cárdenas &amp; Rapp 2012).</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 61 b,b1), or occasional stylotes, smooth, slightly curved, sharply pointed, in a large size range, 1.800– 2117 – 3000 mm x 17 – 27.0 –51 µm.</p><p>(Small fusiform oxeas, not shown, 210–300 x 6–11 µm, are present as usual, but these are suspected to be from encrusting sponges).</p><p>Plagiotriaenes (Figs 61 c), short-shafted to calthrops-like, quite variable in size, cladomes 61– 221 –350, cladi 30– 171 –280 x 6 – 22.8 –31 µm. No dichotriaenes or spicules with bifid ends were found.</p><p>Amphiasters (Fig. 61 d), quite uniform in shape and size, with usually 10–12 thin, strongly spined rays, 13– 14.2 –15 µm.</p><p>Microrhabds/microstrongyles (Figs 61 e,e1,e2), densely spined with conical or sharp-ending spines, variable in length and thickness, not clearly divisible in shape and size categories, (smaller (Fig. 61 e) 12–15 µm, middle sized (Fig. 61 e1) 16–18 µm, larger (Fig. 61 e2) 22–28 µm), overall 12– 16.6 – 28 x 2 – 3.8 –6 µm.</p><p>Microhabdose streptasters (Figs 61 f,f1), somewhat similar to microrhabds but longer and thinner, with the spines crowned with sharp smaller spines (Fig. 61 f1), 32– 36.1 – 41 x 1 – 1.3 –1.5 µm (these microscleres are termed ‘thin long microrhabds with complicated spines’ in the description of the holotype).</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Bonaire, Barbados, 98–232 m (Guyana Shelf 98 m).</p><p>Remarks. Although the body shape of the present specimen deviates rather strongly from the cup-shaped habit of the type and Barbados specimens, the spiculation is quite similar. The fragment likely does not properly reflect the shape of the specimen.</p><p>P. pacoi is part of a complex of species including P. monilifera Schmidt, 1868 and P. abyssi (see discussion in Cárdenas &amp; Rapp 2012), distinguished on small details of spiculation. It remains to be demonstrated what the phylogenetic status of the species exactly is.</p><p>Puerto Rican Pachastrella dilifera De Laubenfels, 1934 (p. 1) is quite dissimilar to P. pacoi (and also P. abyssi), by possessing acanthomicroxeas and both amphiasters/metasters and spirasters. Re-examination of a slide made from the holotype USNM 22331 revealed that P. dilifera should be reassigned to the genus Poecillastra .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107734FFC8FF14A1629514FB78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7.text	03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters & Becking 2014	<div><p>Characella poecillastroides Van Soest, Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014</p><p>Figures 62 a–g</p><p>Characella poecillastroides Van Soest et al., 2014: 410, figs 6a–d, 7a–e.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9822, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Two fragments of a flattened sponge (Fig. 62 a), overall size 11 x 7 x 2 cm. Surface smooth where not overgrown by a other sponges, but rough and hard in exposed places. Color in alcohol yellowish beige.</p><p>Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton with a crust of acanthomicroxeas, carried by bundles of long oxeas and confusedly arranged plagiotriaenes. Choanosome with confused mass of spicules. The surface bears a crust of Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera (see above).</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 62 b–g) Oxeas, plagiotriaenes, amphiasters, acanthomicroxeas.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 62 b,b1) fusiform, curved, rather abruptly pointed, quite variable in length, 1350– 1943 –2450 x 34 – 55.2 –71 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes (Fig. 62 c), short-shafted, but usually the rhabd and the cladi are distinct, rhabdomes 294– 397 –520 x 24 – 29.5 –36 µm, cladomes 288– 334 –390 µm, cladi 126– 185 –234 x 23 – 26.2 –30 µm,</p><p>Amphiasters (Fig. 62 d), with relatively robust and finely spined rays, overall diameter 16– 18.2 –21 µm.</p><p>Acanthomicroxeas (Figs 62 e–g), in two to three size categories, (1) larger (Figs 62 e,e1) 210–256–282 x 5 – 6.0 –6.5 µm, (2) intermediate (Fig. 62 f), rare (n=4) 76–172 x 2–3 µm and (3) small (Fig. 62 g) 34– 43 – 51 x 2.5– 3.1 –3.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Bonaire, sandy and rocky bottoms at 104–168 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The fragments reported here are closely similar in habit and spicules to the type. The plagiotriaenes are slightly smaller and there is a rare middle-sized acanthomicroxea (70–170 µm), which is not reported from the type.</p><p>The surface is encrusted by what appears to be a Parahigginsia rather similar to what was recently described as P. strongylifera, because of the possession of the characteristic acanthomicroxeas with thin erect spines. See above for a description and discussion. Remarkably, instead of strongyles, the spicules are thickly fusiform oxeas arranged in a confused reticulation. These spicules are also shorter, 171–204 x 9–14 µm than the strongyles of the type (290–370 x 10–18 µm). It remains to be decided whether the present encrustation falls within the variation of P. strongylifera .</p><p>Puerto Rican Characella enae (De Laubenfels, 1934) (as Neothenea, p. 5), (type specimen USNM 22321, slide re-examined), shows a general similarity to C. poecillastroides . It has a flabellate shape, but its megascleres are consistently much longer and thicker than those of C. poecillastroides: oxeas up to 12 mm x 106 µm, plagiotriaenes and dichotriaenes (not found in C. poecillastroides) with cladi similarly up to 100 µm in thickness, amphiasters are 25–30 µm and acanthomicroxeas show less differentiation in size categories.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107733FFC9FF14A6189389F8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107731FFCBFF14A3F39119FD6A.text	03A800107731FFCBFF14A3F39119FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Discodermia dissoluta Schmidt 1880	<div><p>Discodermia dissoluta Schmidt, 1880</p><p>Figures 63 a–g</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Discodermia dissoluta Schmidt, 1880: 87; Zea 1987: 220, pls 221, 265, text-fig. 80; Van Soest et al. 2014: table 2 (p. 436), fig. 21c; Pisera &amp; Pomponi 2015: 1306, figs 2F, 10–11.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0333/lat 7.6833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9787, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Finger-shaped sponges (Fig. 63 a), solitary or in a group of three, partially overgrown with hydroids, with dark-brown color in alcohol (possibly darkened by other sponges with aerophobic properties in the same sample haul), up to 4 cm high and 1.5 cm in diameter. Consistency firm to hard.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is a closed cover of overlapping discotriaenes, carried by occasional perpendicular bundles of oxeas, and overlying a rather open desma network (Fig. 63 b).</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 63 b–g) Tetraclone desmas, oxeas, discotriaenes, acanthomicroxeas, acanthomicrorhabds.</p><p>Desmas (Fig. 63 b) with smooth shaft and cladi, and strongly tuberculated zygomes, size difficult to measure, approximately 420– 508 –630 µm in overall diameter.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 63 c,c1), usually with bluntly rounded, sometimes even flattened apices, slightly curved, 372– 459 –552 x 5 – 7.8 –11 µm.</p><p>Discotriaenes (Figs 63 d), with slightly concave, rounded or oval, occasionally polyangular discs, characteristically 210– 293 –330 µm in diameter, and conical rhabdomes, 48– 74.2 –120 x 10–20 µm.</p><p>Acanthomicroxeas (Figs 63 e–g), in two categories, (1) larger (Fig. 63 e) with sharply pointed ends, 99– 117 –129 x 4 – 4.3 –4.5 µm, (2) smaller (Fig. 63 f), also sharply pointed, 38– 45 – 51 x 3 – 3.7 –4.5 µm.</p><p>Acanthomicrorhabds (Figs 63 g,g1) with bluntly rounded ends, 13– 17 – 19 x 3 – 3.4 –4 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Barbados, Colombia, Bonaire, Curaçao, Bahamas, offshore islands of NE Brazil, Florida, on reefs and sand bottoms, at 10–155 m depth (Guyana Shelf 98 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present material conforms to previous descriptions of this species (Schmidt, 1880; Zea, 1986; Kelly-Borges et al. 1994; Pomponi et al. 2001; Moraes, 2011; Van Soest et al. 2014; Pisera &amp; Pomponi, 2015). The species shows a depth related variation in density of the desma skeleton, with few and thin desmas and discotriaenes in shallow-water specimens resulting in a remarkable compressibility, whereas deep-water species have proper stony lithistid skeletons with dense cover of discotriaenes overlying a strongly zygosed desma skeleton. It is as yet unverified if these skeletal variations are also reflected in the habit. Deep-water specimens appear to be more often finger-shaped, whereas shallow-water specimens tend to occur in dense, closely adhering clusters of lobes [compare shallow-water specimens depicted in Zea (1987) (p. 265) and Moraes (2011) (p. 115) with the deep-water specimens in Van Soest et al. (2014) (fig. 21c) and the present (Fig. 63 a)].</p><p>The species is also widely known for its possession of rich bacterial populations (e.g. Brück et al. 2008) apparently responsible for the production of anticancer substances discodermolides and discodermide (Gunasakera et al. 1990, 1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107731FFCBFF14A3F39119FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107730FFCBFF14A0E192BBF855.text	03A800107730FFCBFF14A0E192BBF855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theonella atlantica Van Soest & Stentoft 1988	<div><p>Theonella atlantica Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988</p><p>Figures 64 a–f</p><p>Theonella atlantica Van Soest &amp; Stentoft, 1988: 48, pl. VI figs 5–6, text-fig. 21; Van Soest et al. 2014: table 2 (p. 436), fig. 21b; Pisera &amp; Pomponi 2015: 1302, figs 2A–E, 4–5.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9825, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 64 a) Three short stubby, stalked sponges with smooth surface. Largest individual/fragment, 3.5 cm high, 2 cm in diameter. Color beige in alcohol. Consistency stony, rough to the touch.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is a regular cover of smooth phyllotriaenes. Microscleres densely strewn over the cladi of the phyllotriaenes. Choanosomal skeleton a dense and strongly zygosed desma skeleton (Fig. 64 b) and occasional bundles of thin oxeotes arranged at right angles to the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 64 b–f) Tetraclone desmas, oxeas, phyllotriaenes, and microrhabds.</p><p>Desmas (Fig. 64 b), smooth inner branches but peripherally the cladi have strongly tuberculated zygomes. Spicules overall approximately 400 µm in size, individual cladi 50–100 µm in diameter.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 64 c,c1), thin, wispy endings, relatively few in number, 350– 1050 x 3 –7.7 µm.</p><p>Phyllotriaenes (Figs 64 d,d1,e), with smooth, irregular cladi (Figs 64 d1), subdivided into primary, secondary and often also tertiary cladi, overall cladome sizes 660–875 µm, rhabdomes conical (Figs 64 d), 65–180 x 30–40 µm. Juvenile spicules (Fig. 64 e) are triaenes with rough surface and three conical cladi.</p><p>Acanthomicrorhabds (Figs 64 f), fusiform, with bluntly pointed apices, densely covered with compound spines, 9–16 x 2.5–3.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Barbados, Bonaire, Florida, hard sandy bottoms, 63–161 m (Guyana Shelf 104–130 m).</p><p>Remarks. The Suriname specimens are closely similar to those of Barbados and Bonaire. Pisera &amp; Pomponi (2015) (p. 1303) gave an extensive description of Florida specimens of the species and their data also match closely. These authors also discovered a second Theonella species among the Florida material, T. wrightae Pisera &amp; Pomponi, 2015, differing from T. atlantica by having oscules on slight elevations at the side of long branches, and a remarkable suite of ectosomal spicules from phyllotriaenes merging into discotriaenes, which also may have tubercles on the upper side. The acanthomicrorhabds of T. wrightae show a much larger variation in length and include cylindrical acanthorhabds of up to 38 µm.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107730FFCBFF14A0E192BBF855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010773FFFC6FF14A43E9434FAAA.text	03A80010773FFFC6FF14A43E9434FAAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thrombus kittonii (Carter 1874) Carter 1874	<div><p>Thrombus kittonii (Carter, 1874)</p><p>Figures 65 a–d</p><p>Corticium kittonii Carter, 1874: 253, Pl. XV figs 48a–c.</p><p>Thrombus kittoni; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 40, text-fig. 18.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9995, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H57, 7.595°N 56.8767°W, depth 94 m, bottom coarse sand shells, 11 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 65 a) Dark brown (alcohol), massive specimen, riddled with vermetid shells. Size 7 x 5 x 4 cm. Surface optically smooth between the shells that are partially protruding. Microscopically irregular and rough to the touch. No oscules, apart from the many open shells. Consistency hard, crumbly.</p><p>Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton consists of the upward directed cladi of the plagiotriaenes and larger trichotriaenes, in the choanosome all triaene types are strewn in the collagenous tissue between the vermetid shells. The latter form the main support of the sponge mass, which would otherwise likely be encrusting, because larger megascleres, which would provide structure, are lacking.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs b–d) Acanthotrichotriaenes, trichotriaenes, acanthoplagiotriaenes, plagiotriaenes.</p><p>Acanthotrichotriaenes (Figs 64 b–c), heavily spined on rhabdome and cladi, but with smooth areas at the centre where rhabdome and cladi meet; cladi trifid, branching almost in one plane; rhabdome and cladi endings bluntly rounded. There appear to be two overlapping categories, (1) rarer (n=6), smaller (Figs 65 b,b1,b2) with rhabdomes 40– 69 x 12–17 µm, primary cladi 13– 20 x 9–12 µm, secondary cladi 20– 29 x 10–16 µm, (2) more common, larger (Figs 64 c,c1) with rhabdomes 72– 91 –108 x 16 – 19.4 –21 µm, primary cladi 12– 18.3 – 30 x 12 – 15.6 –18 µm, secondary cladi 20– 23.8 – 26 x 13 – 14.6 –18 µm.</p><p>Trichotriaenes (Fig. 64 c2), smooth or very lightly spined, probably incipient acanthotrichotriaenes, rhabdomes 72– 98 x 4–10 µm, primary cladi 20– 33 x 4–9 µm, secondary cladi 21– 27 x 5–9 µm.</p><p>Acanthoplagiotriaenes (Figs 65 d), heavily spined with conical spines, with thick blunt-ending rhabdomes thicker than cladi; spines of the rhabdome may be verticillated; cladi are characteristically incurved near the base, but turn outwards at the apices; rhabdomes 144– 159 –171 x 21 – 30.4 –42 µm, cladi 78– 88 –108 x 21 – 26.6 –33 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes (Fig. 65 d1), smooth or very lightly spined, presumably incipient acanthoplagiotriaenes as the cladi are also first incurved and then outcurved; rhabdomes 114– 121 –126 x 9 – 10.7 –12 µm, cladi 57– 69 – 75 x 6 – 7.7 –9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Panama, Barbados, coarse sand and shell bottom at 94–100 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. This is the first time a fullgrown specimen of Thrombus kittonii is reported. Carter’s (1874) type consisted of loose spicules in a sandy deposit near Colon, Panama, whereas Van Soest &amp; Stentoft’s (1988) material was a thin encrustation. The latter was reexamined and was found to have closely similar spicules and sizes: acanthoplagiotriaenes were common, but not as abundant as in the present specimen, whereas the smaller category of acanthotrichotriaenes was the most abundant type . Some smooth triaenes were also observed. Both specimens lack the amphiaster microscleres characteristic for the type species and several other species of Thrombus .</p><p>Sollas (1886) already noted that T. kittonii is quite similar to the West Pacific T. challengeri Sollas, 1886, sharing most of the types and size categories of the acanthotriaenes. With the present specimen we can establish that also the habitus including the vermetid shells is very similar in the two species. The differences are found in the sizes, especially the rhabdomes, of the acanthoplagiotriaenes, which are only about half the length of those of T. kittonii . Other Thrombidae species from the Central West Atlantic region, T. jancai Lehnert, 1998 and Yucatania sphaeroidocladus (Hartman &amp; Hubbard, 1999) (originally as Thrombus) differ clearly, o.a. by possessing amphiaster microscleres.</p><p>Cárdenas et al. (2011) in their molecular phylogenetic study of the Astrophorina found Thrombidae to be at the base of the Astrophorina tree, isolated and well away from mainstream astrophorine groups. This corresponds with the peculiar small-sized acanthose ‘triaenes’ of the group, which may not be homologous to the long-shafted smooth triaenes of the other Tetractinellida . Only in the thrombid genus Yucatania Gómez, 2006 there are longshafted spicules (termed demotriaenes), lacking in Thrombus, that may be considered homologous to normal triaenes, but for their heavy spination and small cladi. The group remains enigmatic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010773FFFC6FF14A43E9434FAAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010773DFFC0FF14A5339541FD1F.text	03A80010773DFFC0FF14A5339541FD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siphonidium ramosum (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Siphonidium ramosum (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 66 a–d</p><p>Leiodermatium ramosum Schmidt, 1870: 21, pl. 3 fig. 1.</p><p>Siphonidium ramosum; Schmidt 1879: 28, pl. 1 fig. 8; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 66, text-fig. 31; Pisera &amp; Lévi 2002: 342, figs 6–8; Mothes &amp; Silva 1999: figs 27–32, 42–46.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.5833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.5833/lat 7.1667)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9824, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Cushion-shaped sponge (Fig. 66 a) with characteristic ‘cut-off’ fistules spread over the surface. Size of single specimen 3 x 2.5 x 2.5 cm, individual fistules 2–4 mm in diameter. Color in alcohol orange–beige. Surface overgrown by sponges, bryozoans, vermetids and serpulids. Consistency hard.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 66 b–c) At the surface there is a special, dense, tightly interlocking mass of knobby desmas (Fig. 66 b), overlying a more open choanosomal skeleton of rhizoclone desmas (Fig. 66 c) with smooth cladi provided with strongly tuberculated zygomes. Bundles of exotyles are arranged at right angles to and slightly protruding from the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 66 b–d) Desmas, exotyles.</p><p>Rhizoclone desmas, of the surface skeleton (Fig. 66 b) 150–200 µm diameter, tuberculated but tending to be smooth at the parts facing outwards.</p><p>Rhizoclone desmas of the choanosome (Fig. 66 c) 200–300 µm in diameter, smooth part of the cladi 30–50 µm in diameter, zygomes approximately 100 µm.</p><p>Exotyles (Figs 66 d,d1), tylostyle-like but with heads protruding outwards and rugose or irregularly spined, pointed ends occasionally wispy or bluntly rounded, in a large size range, 252– 313 –438 x 3.5– 5.3 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, Barbados, SE Brazil, (reported also from E Atlantic and Mediterranean), hard sandy bottom at 104–439 m (previously 150–439 m).</p><p>Remarks. A widespread species in the Central West Atlantic (common at 150 m off Barbados, rare elsewhere). It is reported along the SE Brazilian coast at 30°S and also—if the same species—at greater depths in the Azores and the Mediterranean. Size of the exotyles varies among the localities, but the holotype (measurements of Mothes &amp; Silva 1999, table 1) and the present measurements are in the same range. The Azores specimen described by Topsent (1904) had exotyles of 800– 1000 x 4–6 µm, distinctly longer than the known Caribbean measurements. Further research must establish if S. ramosum may have been erroneously reported from the East Atlantic .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010773DFFC0FF14A5339541FD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010773BFFC3FF14A00E946BFC76.text	03A80010773BFFC3FF14A00E946BFC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Craniella crustocorticata	<div><p>Craniella crustocorticata sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 67 a–f, 68a–f</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.2/lat 7.9333)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 6296, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 80, 7.9333°N 57.2°W, depth 618 m, Van Veen grab, muddy bottom, 1 September 1970 .</p><p>Paratypes RMNH Por. 9326, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 48, 7.75°N 57.0167°W, depth 500 m, muddy bottom, 30 August 1970 (3 specimens); RMNH Por. 9353, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 80, 7.9333°N 57.2°W, depth 618 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.2/lat 7.9333)">Agassiz</a> trawl, muddy bottom, 1 September 1970 (2 specimens) ; RMNH Por. 9354, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 100, 8.0°N 57.4333°W, depth 500 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.4333/lat 8.0)">Agassiz</a> trawl, muddy bottom, 4 September 1970 (1 specimen) .</p><p>Description. (Figs 67 a–c) Globular sponges of 3 cm in diameter (holotype) with the surface provided with evenly spread flat-topped conical elevations, 1–2 mm in height and width, an apical flush oscule (shrunk in the holotype). Conical elevations provided with bundles of protruding megascleres (oxeas and triaenes). Color in alcohol broken white, pinkish, or beige brown. Consistency compressible, bladder-like.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 67 c–f) At the surface there is a thin densely spiculose multilayered crust of tangential cortical oxeas (Figs 67 d–e) overlying extensive subdermal lacunae. The surface crust is carried by strong pillars of choanosomal bundles (Fig. 67 c,f) consisting long oxeas and triaenes, which convene spirally at the center of the sponge body.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 68 a–f) Oxeas, protriaenes, anatriaenes, sigmaspires.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 68 a–b) in two distinct categories, (1) thinner sharply pointed (Figs 68 a,a1), slightly anisoactine, in a large size range, possibly further divisible in longer and shorter, 480– 2345 –6000 x 4.5– 29.8 –54 µm, and (2) strongly fusiform, fat oxeas (Figs 68 b,b1) of the surface skeleton, also in a large size range, possibly divisible in larger and shorter, 324– 596 – 1092 x 24 – 41.9 –86 µm.</p><p>Protriaenes including prodiaene modifications (Figs 68 c–d) in two distinct shapes, (1) with thicker, straight rhabdomes (Figs 68 c,c1) and narrow cladomes, often with straight unequal length cladi (Fig. 68 c1), rhabdomes 2750– 3657 –4200 x 6 – 16.3 –24 µm, cladomes 40– 71.5 –180 µm, (longest-)cladi 202– 267 –348 x 10 – 11.2 –14 µm, and (2) with wispy thin rhabdomes (Figs 68 d,d1) and flaring cladomes (Fig. 68 d1) with thin cladi, rhabdomes 1080– 2100 –3990 x 2 – 4.8 –6 µm, cladomes 60– 144 –200 µm, cladi 66– 244 –360 x 1 – 1.8 –3 µm.</p><p>Anatriaenes (Figs 68 e,e1) variable in length and thickness but no diversity in cladome shape (Fig. 68 e1), rhabdomes 1200– 3640 –6000 x 3 – 16.7 –24 µm, cladomes 29– 124 –181 µm, cladi 24– 136 –216 x 5 – 15.3 –21 µm.</p><p>Sigmaspires (Figs 68 f), small, predominantly C-shaped, 11– 12.8 –15 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, slope, depth 500– 618 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a composite of crusta (L.) = crust and corticatus (L.) = provided with a cortex, referring to the crust-like cortex of tangential cortical oxeas at the surface.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is characterized by a bladder-like consistency and a largely tangential surface skeleton. The former condition is suggested to be possibly related to a seasonal massive reproduction phase (P. Cárdenas, pers. comm.). The latter condition is unlike that of the type species of the genus, and other Craniella species. One could argue that it places the present species outside the genus, but e.g. Craniella azorica (Topsent, 1913) (as Craniellopsis) has its cortical oxeas arranged ‘paratangentially’ (see description and illustration in Cárdenas &amp; Rapp 2015), thus forming a bridge between the new species and the type species Craniella tethyoides Schmidt, 1870 . This was re-described by Sollas, 1888 (p. 55) and Van Soest &amp; Rützler (2002) (their p. 92, fig. 6), but remains not well known. Because the sigmaspires are measured as 35 x 6 µm and the cortical oxeas are ‘radially’ arranged, it is unlikely to be conspecific with the new species.</p><p>Craniella carteri Sollas, 1886 from NE Brazil has similar shape as the new species, but differs in cortical structure (radial arrangement of cortical oxeas) and the lack of sigmaspires.</p><p>Craniella schmidtii Sollas, 1888 from deep water off Culebra, W of Puerto Rico, is described as similar to Craniella cranium, with choanosomal oxeas only up to 1600 x 40 µm and cortical oxeas only up to 414 x 27 µm. Also the triaenes have considerably shorter rhabdomes, while the sigmaspires are given as 19.7 µm. These spicule measurements are sufficiently different to conclude that C. schmidtii is not conspecific with the present specimens.</p><p>Two further Caribbean species Craniella insidiosa Schmidt, 1870 and Craniella lens Schmidt, 1870, both from Florida, were not properly described, nor re-described, and thus remain unrecognizable. In a preparation of the type of C. lens, Sollas (1888) (p. 54) could not find any sigmaspires. Also the anatriaenes of this species had rhabdomes up to 45 µm in diameter, twice as thick as in the present new species.</p><p>Craniella quirimure Peixinho, Cosme &amp; Hajdu, 2005 from intertidal and shallow-water mangroves in NE Brazil, has a different habitus (lacking the flat-topped papilla-like structures of the new species), and the cortical oxeas are arranged perpendicular to the surface; most triaenes are distinctly thinner than those of the new species.</p><p>Trachygellius corticata Boury-Esnault, 1973 was reassigned to Craniella by Muricy et al. 2011, but this is unlikely in view of the small size and rugose condition of the ‘cortical’ oxeas. These appear similar to spined microxeas in Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929) . Craniella cortical oxeas are smooth and much larger. Possibly, Boury-Esnault’s suggestion for a separate genus for her specimen has merit. T. corticata differs strongly from the present new species, e.g. by lacking triaenes and proper cortical oxeas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010773BFFC3FF14A00E946BFC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107738FFDDFF14A7ED90ABF926.text	03A800107738FFDDFF14A7ED90ABF926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fangophilina submersa Schmidt 1880	<div><p>Fangophilina submersa Schmidt, 1880</p><p>Figures 69 a–h</p><p>Fangophilina submersa Schmidt, 1880: 73, pl. X fig. 3; Topsent 1923: 2; Van Soest &amp; Rützler 2002: 94, fig. 7A.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.3883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.297" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.3883/lat 7.297)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9296, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23B, 7.297°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, rectangular dredge, 27 April 1966 (1 specimen) ; RMNH Por. 9309, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 51, 7.6833°N 57.0333°W, depth 98 m, bottom calcareous sand, 30 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9365, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 59, 7.6333°N 56.95°W, depth 96 m, Van Veen grab, bottom sandy mud, shells, 24 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9728, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 2, 7.1667°N 53.6°W, depth 93 m, dredge, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9730, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 21, 6.05°N 53.2°W, depth 42 m, trawl, bottom sandy mud, 26 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9732, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 16, 6.3°N 52.95°W, depth 56 m, trawl, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9811, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23, 7.2976°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, Agassiz trawl, 27 April 1966 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9886, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23C, 7.2967°N 55.3883°W, depth 95 m, Van Veen grab, 27 April 1966 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 10518, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 50, 7.7167°N 57.0833°W, depth 96 m, rectangular dredge, bottom sandy mud, 30 August 1970 (9 specimens) .</p><p>Description. Globular sponges (Fig. 69 a), each with two prominent lateral strongly ‘hairy’ porocalices and a bushy spicular root, yellowish in alcohol, possibly orange in life (information on one of the labels). Between the porocalices and the root the surface is optically smooth, microhispid. Size on average 2–3 cm in diameter, porocalices approximately 1 cm in diameter, spicule palisade of porocalices may be up to 2 cm high. Porocalices differentiated into inhalant and exhalant functions (fide Topsent 1923, following Kirkpatrick 1902). Consistency somewhat compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. Strongly radiate, due to spicule tracts from the porocalices penetrating to the center of the sponge body. Long oxeas form the main spicules of the palisade surrounding the porocalices. Small prodiaenes form a special layer at the surface and on the bottom of the porocalices (Topsent, 1923).</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 69 b–h) Oxeas, plagiomono-, di- and triaenes, orthodi- and triaenes, anatriaenes, prodi- and triaenes, sigmaspires.</p><p>N.B. The diversity of the triaenes and the often broken condition of the rhabds made it virtually impossible to measure sufficient spicules to meet the minimum number of 15 spicules for each spicule type. For that reason I present here the ranges of the spicules only (excepting the sigmaspires which occurred in sufficient numbers).</p><p>Oxeas, sharply pointed, variable in length and exact measurements often problematic due to frequently broken, divisible in two size categories, (1) longer, (Fig. 69 b), measured in the slides 2.8–10 mm x 24–50 µm, but there are also longer oxeas up to 25 mm, and (2) shorter (Fig. 69 c) 780– 1800 x 12–21 µm.</p><p>Plagiotriaenes with characteristic oxhorn-shaped cladi, occurring in similar shaped monaene- (Figs 69 d,d1), diaene- (Fig. 69 d2) and triaene- (Fig. 69 d3) conditions, rhabdomes 1800–2800 x 23–33 µm, cladomes of di- and triaenes 600–700 µm, cladi of mono-, di- and triaenes 360–450 x 24–31 µm.</p><p>Orthotriaenes (Figs 69 e1), with diaene and triaene conditions, rhabdomes 1600– 2700 x 15–22 µm, cladomes 240–612 µm, cladi 125–380 µm.</p><p>Protriaenes, in diaene and triaene conditions, in three distinct categories, (1) robust (Figs 69 f,f1) with thick cladi almost parallel arranged, rhabdomes 2600–400 x 18–32 µm, cladomes 110–144 µm, cladi 162–175 x 17–22 µm, (2) thinner (Figs 69 f2,f2a), with very long thin more widely verging cladi, rhabdomes 2000–4800 x 10–13 µm, cladomes 140–200 µm, cladi 150–430 x 8–16 µm, and (3) thread-like, very thin (Fig. 69 f3) with wispy to curly endings, usually in the diaene condition (only rarely triaenes), rhabdomes 960– 2300 x 2–4 µm, cladomes 16–20 µm, cladi 25–33 x 1–1.5 µm.</p><p>Anatriaenes (Fig. 69 g), variable in size but not divisible in categories, rather sparsely present, rhabdomes 2400–3660 x 12–22 µm, cladomes 100–180 µm, cladi 72–125 x 11–20 µm.</p><p>Sigmaspires (Figs 69 h,h1), spined all over, very variable in shape and length, the longer ones (Fig. 69 h) characteristically double-curved, toxa-shaped, the smaller (Fig. 69 h1) C- or S-shaped, 15– 23.2 –36 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida (?), soft bottom, with 18 specimens in total, it is one of the more common species of the Guyana Shelf; depth occurrence 42–101 m (no depth known for the type material).</p><p>Remarks. The data on the specimens described here are closely similar in all details to Topsent’s (1923) redescription of (part of) the type from the Strassbourg Museum, ZMUS P0160, selected as lectotype by Van Soest &amp; Rützler (2002) (p. 94). The same museum holds several dry fragments, ZMUS P0166, designated paralectotypes. There is also type material in the Berlin Museum, ZMB 6650 (slides) and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, PORb-358. Schmidt’s material was of unknown Caribbean origin, but it is likely that it was from S or W of Florida, where the Agassiz material was collected. The present specimens are the first subsequent record of the species from the Western Atlantic.</p><p>Burton (1956, 1959) reported this species from respectively Zanzibar and West Africa, but these records very likely concern other species of Fangophilina . A slide of the West African record (Atlantide stat. 145) was examined, and this clearly differed in many aspects, such as the lack of plagiomonaenes, and thread-like prodiaenes, while anatriaenes were dominant and of clearly different shape from F. submersa . It is very likely that this slide represents F. kirkpatrickii Von Lendenfeld, 1907 . There are also a few dozen specimens from the Cape Verde Islands in the collections of Naturalis (CANCAP collections) labeled variously F. submersa and F. kirkpatrickii, which appear to conform to Von Lendenfeld’s description and differ from the Guyanan F. submersa .</p><p>Similarly, the Zanzibar record is likely to concern F. gilchristi Kirkpatrick, 1902 or F. hirsuta Von Lendenfeld, 1907 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107738FFDDFF14A7ED90ABF926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107726FFD8FF14A43D9223FD6A.text	03A800107726FFD8FF14A43D9223FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetilla pentatriaena Fernandez, Peixinho, Pinheiro & Menegola 2011	<div><p>Tetilla pentatriaena Fernandez, Peixinho, Pinheiro &amp; Menegola, 2011</p><p>Figures 70 a–i</p><p>Tetilla pentatriaena Fernandez et al., 2011: 53, figs 2–3.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.4333/lat 6.9133)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9321, 9322, 9782, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K104, 6.9133°N 54.4333°W, depth 55 m, Agassiz trawl, 12 April 1969 (15, 16 and 41 specimens) ; RMNH Por. 9329, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23B, 6.8°N 54.19°W, depth 45 m, Agassiz trawl, 12 April 1969 (16 specimens); RMNH Por. 9357, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 21, 6.05°N 53.2°W, depth 42 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom sandy mud, 26 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9358, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 98, 6.7333°N 57.5333°W, depth 19 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom muddy fine sand, 3 September 1970 (3 specimens); RMNH Por. 9359, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 71, 7.25°N 57.2833°W, depth 25 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom sand, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9360, Guyana,‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 92, 7.1667°N 57.2°W, depth 35 m, Van Veen grab, bottom muddy sand, shells, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9361, Guyana,‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 77, 6.55°N 57.198°W, depth 29.6 m, Van Veen grab, 1 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9362, Guyana,‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 72, 7.0833°N 57.2333°W, depth 31 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom muddy sand, shells, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9363, Guyana,‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 75, 6.7167°N 57.2833°W, depth 25 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom sand, 31 August 1970 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9729, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 22, 6.0°N 53.2333°W, depth 36 m, Van Veen grab, bottom calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9731, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 20, 6.1333°N 53.1333°W, depth 39 m, Van Veen grab, bottom fine calcareous sand, 25 August 1970 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9742, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 43, 6.5167°N 53.9333°W, depth 35 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom shell gravel, 28 August 1970 (4 specimens); RMNH Por. 9745, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 120, 7.1°N 57.7167°W, depth 24 m, dredge, bottom muddy sand, 7 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9777, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9854 Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M86, 6.6°N 54.0017°W, depth 42 m, bottom green mud and fine sand, 11 April 1969 (4 specimens); RMNH Por. 9855, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station L90, 6.8°N 54.19°W, depth 45 m, bottom sandy mud, clay, 12 April 1969 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9860, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K103, 6.99767°N 54.4167°W, depth 63 m, sandy mud, clay, 12 April 1969 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9943, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 10539, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K102, 7.1883°N 54.3833°W, depth 81 m, bottom greygreen mud, 18 April 1969 (1 specimen) .</p><p>Description. Small, pear-shaped sponges (Fig. 70 a), with a single apical oscule (Fig. 70 a1) and spiny-hairy surface, anchored in the soft substrate by a long rhizoid. Size quite variable, 3–14 mm high, 2–10 mm in diameter. The apical oscule is up to 2–3 mm in diameter and has a naked rim. Color in alcohol shades of beige. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is a palisade of predominantly oxeas of longer and smaller sizes, along with some anatriaenes and protriaenes. From among this palisade, bundles of protriaenes protrude far beyond the surface, thus causing the sponges to be quite bristly. The choanosomal skeleton is made up of subectosomal bundles of megascleres of various types traversing in a spiral fashion towards the center of the sponge. From the center strong bundles of predominantly anatriaenes unite to form the root system consisting of loose bundles of anatriaenes and smaller oxeas. The choanosomal spicules are frequently provided with long, curled and wispy thin endings.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 70 b–i) Oxeas, prodi- and -triaenes, anatriaenes, sigmaspires.</p><p>N.B. As with Fangophilina submersa, the diversity and length of many of the triaenes precluded taking full measurements of a minimum of 15 of spicules. For that reason I present only the ranges.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 70 b–c) in a wide size range, in the section appearing to be up to 3 mm in length but in the spicule preparation these long spicules are invariably broken; the oxeas are divisible in two shapes, (1) asymmetrical (Figs 70 b,b1), with one end fusiform and the other end thinly tapering, in the spicule slides measured to be 492– 1620 x 5–20 µm, and (2) symmetrical fusiform (Figs 70 c,c1), in the spicule slides measured to be 600– 1260 x 8–24 µm.</p><p>Prodi- and –triaenes, quite variable in rhabdome length and cladome shape and length; the variability of cladome shape does not appear to be correlated with the size; three more or less distinct types can be distinguished, (1) with narrow cladome and straight, thick cladi (Figs 70 d,d1), predominantly three-claded, one or two of which may be shorter, rhabdomes 1100– 1560 x 2–6 µm, cladomes 30–50 µm, cladi 30– 90 x 4–7 µm, (2) with wideflaring cladome (Figs 70 e,e1), predominantly prodiaenes, rhabdomes 965– 1620 x 2–5 µm, cladomes 60–150 µm, cladi 110–155 x 2–7 µm, and (3) very small, thin (Fig. 70 f), usually prodiaenes, with unequal cladi, 90–240 x 0.5–1 µm, cladomes 20–25 µm, cladi 12–30 x 0.5 µm.</p><p>Anatriaenes (Figs 70 g–h), less variable than protriaenes, length of rhabdomes mostly not measurable due to broken condition, which is especially caused by the occurrence of a thinly developed part of the rhabdome just below the cladome between swollen parts above and below this narrow rhabdome part; two types of anatriaenes are apparent, (1) with relatively wide cladome, with evenly curved short cladi (Figs 70 g,g1), rhabdomes (n = 3) 690– 1230 x 1 –2.5 µm, cladomes 30–48 µm, cladi 24– 37 x 2–7 µm, and (2) with narrow cladome (Figs 70 h,h1), with more sharply curved cladi, rhabdomes (n = 5) 900– 1080 x 4–5 µm, cladomes 42–54 µm, cladi 36– 67 x 5–7 µm (according to Fernandez et al. 2011 the latter apparently occur in two length categories, shorter choanosomal anatriaenes and longer (up to 7 mm) anatriaenes from the root bundles).</p><p>Sigmaspires (Fig. 70 i), C- or S-shaped, small and uniform, not heavily spined, 8– 10.7 –13 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Northeast Brazil, sand and mud bottoms at 19–81 m depth (previously 10–35 m). With 115 specimens this is the commonest sponge species on the Guyana Shelf.</p><p>Remarks. The species was described only recently and since most features of the present samples conform to the description of the type and other Brazilian specimens by Fernandez et al. (2011), there is little doubt that the Guyana specimens are conspecific. The diversity of triaenes appears to differ slightly from the Brazilian specimens in the protriaenes/prodiaenes, as the Guyana specimens have the prodiaenes more prominently present, in shapes with very long thin cladi, and very small prodiaenes with strongly unequal cladi. In view of the large spicule diversity these differences appear minor.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107726FFD8FF14A43D9223FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107723FFD8FF14A7739301F857.text	03A800107723FFD8FF14A7739301F857.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agelas schmidtii Wilson 1902	<div><p>Agelas schmidtii Wilson, 1902</p><p>Figures 71 a–b</p><p>Agelas schmidtii Wilson, 1902: 398; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 102, fig. 50; Parra et al. 2014: 329, fig. 12. Agelas sp. sensu Johnson 1971: 109, fig. 12.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.75/lat 6.7333)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9794, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Figs 71 a,a1) Tubular-repent sponges, consisting of thin-walled anastomosed branches issuing from a broader presumably buried basal part. Surface smooth but ‘pitted’ by thin-membranous patches, which may represent shrunken oscules. Color pale yellow-orange (in alcohol). Length of branches 7–12 cm, diameter 1.5 cm, wall of tubes about 3–4 mm in thickness. Consistency toughly compressible, not easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton. A regular tightly meshed anisotropic reticulation of spongin fibers, 50–60 µm in diameter. The ascending fibers may be cored, sometimes heavily, with up to 6 spicules in diameter, the connecting fibres are usually free of coring. Both fibers are echinated profusedly.</p><p>Spicules. Verticillated acanthostyles (Figs 71 b–b2), incipient stages (Fig. 71 b3) smooth.</p><p>Acanthostyles, predominantly short and fat, the shorter spicules with prominent spines in well-separated verticils, the larger and thicker occasionally show reduction of spines and verticils, 87– 162 –218 x 7 – 15.1 –20 µm, with 8– 12.2 –14 verticils of spines.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Virgin Islands, furthermore throughout the Caribbean, NE Brazil, on hard and muddy bottoms, 1–144 m depth (Guyana Shelf, 76 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens conform in all important aspects to the description of Wilson (1902), and the revision of the species by Parra et al. (2014), including the deep-water material reported by Van Soest &amp; Stentoft (1988) from Barbados. A difference with all these descriptions is the average thickness of the acanthostyles (12.2 µm), which exceeds all previous measurements (6–8 µm). However, the thickest spicules in the present material (14 µm) are close to the maximum given by Parra et al. (1914) (13 µm). Possibly, there are environmental influences (e.g. silica content) on the development of the spicules.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107723FFD8FF14A7739301F857	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107722FFDAFF14A7A691C6F90E.text	03A800107722FFDAFF14A7A691C6F90E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymerhabdia kobluki	<div><p>Hymerhabdia kobluki sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 72 a–e</p><p>Hymerhabdia sp. Kobluk &amp; Van Soest 1989: 1215.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9844, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H57, 7.595°N 56.8767°W, depth 94 m, bottom coarse sand shells, 11 May 1966 .</p><p>Additional material. ZMA Por. 12584, Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire, W coast N and S of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.278/lat 12.15)">Kralendijk</a>, 12.15°N 68.278°W, framework cavities, depth 24–30 m, coll. D.R. Kobluk #BO-84-12, 1988 ; ZMA Por. 22017, Colombia, Cartagena, Islas del Rosario, Isla Pavitos, SCUBA, 25 m depth, coll. M. Kielman #82, 11 October 1990.</p><p>Description. (Fig. 72 a) Microlobate sponge encrusting a piece of limestone. The small lobes are separated by thin grooves. Surface microhispid, no oscules are visible (preserved state, likely contracted). Lateral expansion about 3 x 2 cm, thickness 2–3 mm. Color (in alcohol) dull yellow to beige (probably orange in life, because the additional Colombian specimen ZMA Por. 22017 was reported to be orange in life). Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 72 b) The small lobes are V-shaped, dense masses of erect styles, heads buried in a lateral, confused, mass of oxeas. No special ectosomal skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 72 c–e) Styles, oxeas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 72 c–d), straight or slightly curved, predominantly just below the head, in a large range of length and thickness, incompletely sorted into (1) larger thick styles (Figs 72 c,c1) 632–1176 x 12–36 µm, (2) short thick styles 498–570 x 24–31 µm, and (3) short thin styles (Fig. 72 d1) 264–387 x 9–18 µm, presumed to be thin growth stages. Overall size of styles 264– 736 – 1176 x 9 – 24.1 –36 µm.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 72 e,e1), mostly provided with a sharp bend in the middle or slightly excentrally, usually sharply pointed at both ends, but strongylote forms are present, 264– 424 –601 x 9 – 14.9 –19 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Bonaire, Colombian Caribbean, in reef caves at 24–30 m depth (Kobluk &amp; Van Soest 1989) and on sandy bottom at 94 m depth (Guyana Shelf).</p><p>Etymology. Named after the late Professor D.R. Kobluk of the University of Toronto Mississauga, who collected the first specimen of the species from Bonaire.</p><p>Remarks. This species was previously reported by Kobluk &amp; Van Soest (1989) from Bonaire . Apart from this find, Hymerhabdia species have so far not been reported from the Central West Atlantic. The genus is known mostly from the Mediterranean-Atlantic region, with a single species, H. oxeata (Dendy, 1924) (p. 349, originally as Bubaris oxeata) recorded from Northern New Zealand . This species shows considerable similarity with the present new species, virtually the only difference being the smaller size of the oxeas, given as 270 x 12 µm by Dendy, remeasured later by Alvarez &amp; Van Soest (2002) as 180–310 x 5–10 µm. The structure and the great size range of the styles is almost exactly that of the Guyana species . The New Zealand species was made the type of the genus Uplexoa De Laubenfels, 1936, subsequently synonymized with Hymerhabdia by Alvarez &amp; Van Soest (2002) (p. 752). Because now two species with closely similar properties are found to exist it might be in order to revive the genus Uplexoa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107722FFDAFF14A7A691C6F90E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107721FFD4FF14A444931FFEDA.text	03A800107721FFD4FF14A444931FFEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prosuberites laughlini (Díaz, Alvarez & Van Soest 1987) Diaz, Alvarez & Van Soest 1987	<div><p>Prosuberites laughlini (Díaz, Alvarez &amp; Van Soest, 1987)</p><p>Figures 73 a–e</p><p>Eurypon laughlini Díaz, Alvarez &amp; Van Soest, 1987: 33, pl. IA, text-fig. 2.</p><p>Prosuberites laughlini; Nichols 2005: 82, 84 (table 1A); Rützler et al. 2014: 44.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 10543, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 73 a) Thinly encrusting and consolidating pieces of shells and limestone. Lateral extension several cm2, thickness 1–2 mm. Surface provided with faint venal pattern. Microhispid. Color (in alcohol) pale beige. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 73 b) Single tylostyles and groups of tylostyles stand erect on a basal spongin plate, all with points directed upwards, carrying the surface membrane, the longer spicules protruding beyond it. No special ectosomal skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 73 c–e) Tylostyles only.</p><p>Tylostyles, with prominent tyles but grading into the shaft, not abruptly set off from the shaft, in an extreme size range, divisible with considerable overlap in three length categories, with thickness almost the same in all three, (1) larger (Figs 73 c,c1) 984– 1148 –1425 x 11– 13.4 –16 µm, (2) intermediate (Figs 73 d,d1) 402– 555 –719 x 11 – 11.9 –14 µm, and (3) smallest (Figs 73 e,e1) 218–271–336 x 6 – 9.2 –13 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Los Roques (Venezuela), Curaçao, rocky and sandy bottoms, from shallow-water down to 64 m (previously 7–35 m).</p><p>Remarks. The recognition of the true presence of the genus Prosuberites in the Caribbean fauna is rather recent. The earliest records of Prosuberites species, P. microsclerus De Laubenfels, 1936 (from Florida) and Prosuberites geracei Van Soest &amp; Sass, 1981 (from the Bahamas) turned out to be members of the genera Terpios Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 and Protosuberites Swartschewsky, 1905 respectively (see Van Soest et al. 2016). Previous assignments of specimens with the skeletal structure and spiculation described above were made by Díaz et al. (1987) to the raspailiid genus Eurypon as E. laughlini and by Pulitzer-Finali (1986) to the suberitid genus Laxosuberites, as L. psammophilus (a species from the Dominican Republic). Nichols (2005) reassigned E. laughlini to Prosuberites on the basis of molecular sequence analysis. Rützler et al. (2014) by inference reassigned L. psammophilus to Prosuberites . These last authors added a third species, P. carriebowensis Rützler, Díaz, Piantoni &amp; Van Soest, 2014 (from Belize) to the genus. All three species appear quite similar differing in thickness, sand content and surface characters (Rützler et al. 2014), but due to the variability of tylostyle lengths and shapes, the distinction is not easy. The identification of the present material to P. laughlini is made on the basis of comparison with the type material of P. laughlini, paratypes ZMA Por. 0 5839 and 0 5830 from Curaçao. These are strikingly similar in spicular characters to the present specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107721FFD4FF14A444931FFEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010772FFFD5FF14A1039331FA4D.text	03A80010772FFFD5FF14A1039331FA4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polymastia agglutinans Ridley & Dendy 1886	<div><p>Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</p><p>Figures 74 a–e</p><p>Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 488; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 212, pl. XLI fig. 6, XLII figs 1–3; Boury-Esnault 1987: 35, fig. 2.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.255/lat 6.51)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9311, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E62, 6.51°N 56.255°W, depth 38 m, small dredge, 12 May 1966 ; RMNH Por. 9393, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 74 a) Sponges buried in a shelly-stony substratum, the body only detectable by the presence of long, whitish, semi-transparent papillae sticking out far beyond the surface. Body 6 x 4 x 2 cm; papillae 2–4.5 cm long, flattened in preserved condition, 4–8 mm in diameter, rounded ends mostly closed, but occasionally the end is open.</p><p>Skeleton. The main body has a rather confusedly arranged skeleton with individual spicules and some vague bundles carrying the surface debris. The skeleton of the papillae in cross section (Fig. 74 b) consists of an outer palisade of tylostyles, the smallest megasclere category, 100–200 µm in thickness, erected upon a 100–200 µm thick layer of tangentially arranged intermediate styles. The inner skeleton of the papillae consists of longitudinal bundles of subtylostyles, oval in cross section and consisting of about 40 spicules each, diameter varying from 400–700 µm.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 74 c–e) Subtylostyles, styles, tylostyles.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 74 c,c1), largest megascleres, straight, fusiform, with characteristic subapical elongate tyle, 606– 807 –978 x 13 – 17.9 –21 µm.</p><p>Styles (Figs 74 d,d1), intermediate sized megascleres, fusiform but less so than the larger subtylostyles, no tylote swelling, often slightly curved, 294– 445 –558 x 7 – 12.1 –15 µm.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 74 e,e1), smallest megasclere, with prominent apical tyle, usually curved, in a large size range, 91– 151 –189 x 2.5– 4.0 –5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, if correctly identified widespread in the North Atlantic; soft bottom, at 34–38 m depth (Guyana Shelf), down to 800 m elsewhere.</p><p>Remarks. This identification is made with some hesitation. The species has been reported over a large area of the North Atlantic, including the Azores, Western Europe, and West Africa, and from depths of 15–800 m (Boury- Esnault, 1987). The common feature for all the records is the cover of debris of the surface of the sponge in combination with few transparent papillae. Variation of spicule sizes and depth, added to the widespread records, indicate a possible complex of species. Among all the records of the species, the above described specimens stand out by the much longer papillae, length up to 4.5 cm against an average of 1–1.5 cm in the other records. Ridley &amp; Dendy’s (1887) material from 800 m off the Azores had papillae of 1.3 cm in length, and had longer subtylostyles (up to 1200 µm, against up to 978 µm in the present material).</p><p>The present specimens appear closest to Lévi’s (1960) description of the species from Senegal: subtylostyles 475–1000 µm, intermediate styles 200–400 µm, and tylostyles 80–120 µm. The Senegal material originated from 25– 30 m . More to the south, Burton (1956) reported the species from 32–55 m off Sierra Leone, but he did not provide a description other than that there were several specimens of typical form.</p><p>Polymastia species from NE Brazil and the Caribbean are P. janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973), P. nigra Alcolado, 1984, P. tenax Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 and P. fordei Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1999 . These species differ significantly in shape (no cover of debris, shorter papillae and differences in spicule sizes). The type of P. janeirensis, originally described unrecognizably by Boury-Esnault as Suberites, but subsequently emended (Boury- Esnault et al. 1994), has been pictured by Muricy et al. 2011: fig. 9b, and this shows the absence of debris on the surface and the clearly different size and color of the papillae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010772FFFD5FF14A1039331FA4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010772EFFD6FF14A51A9250FD57.text	03A80010772EFFD6FF14A51A9250FD57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudotrachya amaza (De Laubenfels 1934) De Laubenfels 1934	<div><p>Pseudotrachya amaza (De Laubenfels, 1934)</p><p>Figures 75 a–d</p><p>Anomolissa amaza De Laubenfels, 1934: 17 .</p><p>Pseudotrachya hystrix sensu Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 79, pl. X fig. 1, text-fig. 38. (not: Trachya hystrix Topsent, 1892a) Pseudotrachya amaza; Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1999: 149, fig. 19; Boury-Esnault 2002: 218.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9806, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.55°N 57.0833°W, depth 63 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9991, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 75 a) Coarse, irregular massive to digitate sponges, with microconulose, hispid, faintly grooved surface. Several oscules are visible, approximately 3 mm in diameter. Size of largest specimen 8 x 4.5 x 4 cm. Color orange-brown in alcohol. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. Cortical-radiate, with 300–500 µm wide bundles of large styles traversing the choanosome and fanning out near the surface, carrying a dense 200 µm thick cortical palisade of small oxeas. Individual long styles penetrating up to 500 µm beyond the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 75 b–d) Long and short styles/anisoxeas, oxeas.</p><p>Styles/anisoxeas, fusiform, with narrow rounded base and abruptly pointed ends, divided into two more or less distinct but slightly overlapping size categories, (1) larger (Figs 75 b,b1), 1122– 1661 – 2298 x 28 – 41.5 –54 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 75 c,c1), 498– 663 –990 x 11 – 17.1 –26 µm.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 75 d), straight, sharply pointed, 102– 150 –198 x 3 – 4.8 –6 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Puerto Rico, Barbados, Jamaica, sandy bottom at 25–100 m depth (Guyana Shelf 63–65 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens conform closely to previous descriptions. The larger stylote spicules are called oxeas or strongyloxeas by previous authors, because of their fusiform shape, but all are similar. The size categories in these spicules distinguished here are not mentioned by previous authors, but the overall range conforms closely in all descriptions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010772EFFD6FF14A51A9250FD57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010772DFFD0FF14A4189281FB72.text	03A80010772DFFD0FF14A4189281FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Radiella sol Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Radiella sol Schmidt, 1870</p><p>Figures 76 a–e</p><p>Restricted synonymy: Radiella sol Schmidt, 1870: 48, pl. IV fig. 6; De Laubenfels 1936: 150, pl. 2 fig. 2; Boury-Esnault 2002: 213, fig. 10. Polymastia sol; Van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988: 75, fig. 36.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.2/lat 7.9333)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9364, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 80, 7.9333°N 57.2°W, depth 618 m, Van Veen grab, muddy bottom, 1 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. Four circular flattened hemispherical sponges each with a fringe of long spicules. The largest individual is shown in Fig. 76 a. Upper surface provided with a few low papillae arranged around a slightly larger central papilla, hispid inbetween the papillae and covered with a thin layer of sediment. Undersurface conical, smooth. Sizes vary from 11–18 mm in diameter, 3–5 mm in thickness. Color pale beige in alcohol. Consistency tough.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 76 b) In cross section, from lower to upper parts the skeleton consist of a bed with thickness approximately 400–500 µm of long subtylostyles protruding far beyond the central disk as a fringe. Above this, there is a 1 mm thick confused mass of criss crossed tylostyles, on top of which there are tracts of longer and smaller tylostyles approximately 2 mm long, radiating towards the surface. Small tylostyles are concentrated at the surface but are also scattered in the tracts.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 76 c–e) Subtylostyles, tylostyles.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 76 c,c1), longest of the monactinal spicules, from the bottom parts of the skeleton, elongately fusiform, with style-like head (tyles not visible), mostly broken in the slides, unbroken spicules from 1.5–2.1 mm, but presumably considerably longer up to 4 mm or more, thickness 12–36 µm.</p><p>Intermediate tylostyles (Figs 76 d,d1), from the confused and subectosomal region, fusiform with clearly visible but faint terminal tyles, 744– 859 – 1212 x 6 – 14.2 –19 µm.</p><p>Small tylostyles of the ectosomal region (Figs 76 e,e1), with prominent terminal tyles, shaft often curved, usual fusiform, 195– 335 –468 x 7 – 11.1 –13 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana shelf, Florida, Gulf of Mexico (Cuba), also reported from the Arctic but this needs verification; depth range 200–1176 m (Guyana Shelf 618 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens from the Guyana shelf are slightly smaller in diameter than Schmidt’s specimen from 1176 m depth off Cuba (2 cm, cf. Boury-Esnault 2002 (p. 213), and the upper surface is more flattened (cf. Boury-Esnault 2002 (fig. 10C). Schmidt’s drawing has a less convex flattened upper surface than shown by Boury- Esnault. In other aspects the Guyana specimens are closely similar to the type . There is also considerable similarity (perhaps more so than with the type specimen of Radiella sol) with specimens of Trichostemma sarsii Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 (= Radiella sarsii), described from the Azores at 1800 m depth. Possibly, this is a junior synonym of Radiella sol .</p><p>Recently, Plotkin et al. (2016b) sequenced a representative set of polymastiid species and found that the genus Radiella was not monophyletic: Radiella hemisphaerica (Sars, 1872) clustered with Polymastia species, while Radiella sarsii was in the same strongly supported clade with Spinularia spinularia (Bowerbank, 1866), the type species of the genus Spinularia Gray, 1867 . Since Spinularia is an older name than Radiella, Plotkin et al. (2016b) concluded that Radiella is a junior synonym of Spinularia . However, this conclusion is premature because the properties of Radiella are determined by the type species, Radiella sol, which has not been included in the molecular study. Even though it is likely that Radiella sol —because it is quite similar morphologicallly to R. sarsii —is indeed close to Spinularia, I refrain from reassigning the present species to that genus until reliably identified material of Radiella sol has been sequenced.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010772DFFD0FF14A4189281FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010772BFFD2FF14A613943DFE1A.text	03A80010772BFFD2FF14A613943DFE1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerotylus bouryesnaultae	<div><p>Sphaerotylus bouryesnaultae sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 77 a–e</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 6303, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K101B, 7.3783°N 54.3583°W, depth 93 m, rectangular dredge, 17 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 77 a) Globular individual of approximally 1.2 cm in diameter, provided with a single conical papilla 6 mm high 5 mm in diameter. Color beige in alcohol. Upper surface surrounding the papilla has a ‘forest’ of individual long spicules (exotyles) protruding 2–3 mm above the ectosome. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. Similar to Polymastia, consisting of long subtylostyles radiating from the inner core to the surface, a subectosomal layer of intermediate-sized tylostyles arranged at right angles to the radiating subtylostyles, and a surface palisade of small tylostyles. Exotyles pass individually through the outer layers and protrude far beyond the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 77 b–e) Exotyles, subtylostyles, intermediate tylostyles, small tylostyles.</p><p>Exotyles (Figs 77 b) provided with a tylote part with faint tyle (Fig. 77 b1) at the inner end and a rugose elongate swelling at the outer end (Fig. 77 b2), usually rather strongly curved; few of these exotyles could be retrieved undamaged, three measured 4–4.5 mm x 8–12 µm, swollen rugose ends up to 45 x 10 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 77 c,c1,c2), heads elongate with subterminal restricted part, fusiform, distinctly polytylote at the bluntly rounded end (Fig. 77 c2), dominating the skeleton, 840– 1165 – 1458 x 13 – 17.8 –24 µm.</p><p>Intermediate tylostyles, distinct tyles, straight, ending thinly, 528– 718 – 1132 x 9 – 12.1 –16 µm.</p><p>Small tylostyles, globular tyle, usually curved, 105– 119 –147 x 3 – 3.9 –5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom, at 93 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr. Nicole Boury-Esnault (Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille) in acknowledgment of her important polymastiid studies and of her efforts to promote molecular approaches for the phylogeny of sponges.</p><p>Remarks. This specimen represents the first record of the genus Sphaerotylus from the Central West Atlantic. The exotyle spicules of the new species with their curved shaft and elongate exotyles appear distinct among all the known species. The genus was recently reviewed by Plotkin et al. (2016a) including the descriptions of three new species, but none of these were from the Central West Atlantic region. Perhaps the closest species is South African Sphaerotylus strobilis Plotkin, Morrow, Gerasimova &amp; Rapp, 2016 as it has the exotyle swellings also elongately irregular like in the present new species, but these exotyles are only up to 632 µm long in P. strobilis (against 4.5 mm in the present species). Also the other spicules are distinctly different in size, whereas the shape differs with several papillae curved and ridged in S. strobilis . Elsewhere the genus is common in boreo-arctic waters (both in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific), and in Antarctic waters. Only a single record was so far known from the tropical zone, S. exospinosus Lévi, 1993 from New Caledonia, at 570–610 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010772BFFD2FF14A613943DFE1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107729FFD3FF14A1BD95E1FC3E.text	03A800107729FFD3FF14A1BD95E1FC3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hamacantha (Vomerula) agassizi Topsent 1920	<div><p>Hamacantha (Vomerula) agassizi Topsent, 1920</p><p>Figures 78 a–d</p><p>Hamacantha agassizi Topsent, 1920: 11, fig. 2a; Van Soest 1984: 143, fig. 56.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9849, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Thickly to massively encrusting soft sponge (Fig. 78 a), growing together with other encrusting sponges, hydroids and serpulids. Size of fragmented specimen approximately 14 x 10 x 1 cm. Color in alcohol orange-brown. Surface irregularly lobulate, with detachable surface membrane spanning large subdermal spaces.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is a tangential reticulation of intercrossing thin megasclere tracts, 25–40 µm (3–7 spicules) in diameter, with many microscleres interspersed. The surface skeleton is carried by plumose spicule bundles, at their base wide (230–350 µm) and with many spicules included, subdividing and thinning out (100–150 µm) towards the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 78 b–d) Styles, diancistras, sigmas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 78 b,b1), straight or curved lightly, smooth, slightly fusiform, 361– 405 –438 x 6 – 7.3 –9 µm.</p><p>Diancistras (Figs 78 c), in adult condition with fimbriae (razor-surfaces) only extensive at the apices and just below the notches (keyhole-like openings), middle part of shaft rounded; in presumed immature spicules they are elongate sigma-like without clear keyholes; size of mature spicules 119– 125 –147 µm (width approximately 40 µm), size of immature spicules 108– 124 –134 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 78 d,d1), rounded, with one of the apices bird-beak shaped, 11– 12.4 –16 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, Jamaica, 130–151 m depth. Erroneously reported from the Azores by Van Soest (1984) (p. 144).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen agrees closely in shape and spiculation with previous descriptions by Topsent (1920) and Van Soest (1984). A second Hamacantha (Vomerula) species occurring in the Central West Atlantic, H. (V.) tenda (Schmidt, 1880) differs in possessing toxas and lacking sigmas [(cf. Topsent 1920 (p. 9), and Hajdu 2002 (p. 667)]. The sizes of the megascleres and diancistras of that species are distinctly larger than those of H. (V.) agassizi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107729FFD3FF14A1BD95E1FC3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107728FFD3FF14A7EE934AFA7A.text	03A800107728FFD3FF14A7EE934AFA7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylosigma Topsent 1894	<div><p>Genus Tylosigma Topsent, 1894</p><p>Remark. The genus Tylosigma was synonymized with Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) in the Systema Porifera (chapter Hymedesmiidae by Van Soest 2002b), but it is here proposed to be revived as a valid genus. The discovery of a second species with similar characters as the type species H. campechiana Topsent, 1889, and the considerable difference with Hymedesmia s.s. (no tornotes, no echinating acanthostyles) support the valid status. The definition of the genus Tylosigma needs emendation from Topsent’s original definition: Desmacellidae (?) with single tylostyles erect on the substratum, pointed ends outwardly directed, and with sigmas as microscleres.</p><p>Type species Hymedesmia campechiana Topsent, 1889 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107728FFD3FF14A7EE934AFA7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107728FF2CFF14A55F93D2F849.text	03A800107728FF2CFF14A55F93D2F849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylosigma ostreicola	<div><p>Tylosigma ostreicola sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 79 a–e</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9955, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 79 a) Encrusting eroded rims and holes of a dead oyster. Surface hispid-conulose. Colour in alcohol beige. Size several mm2. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 79 b) Single tylostyles penetrating the surface, heads embedded in the substratum. Low spicular density. Tissue crowded with sigmas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 79 c–e) Tylostyles, sigmas.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 79 c–d), curved, thin, with prominent round tyles, in a large size range, but not clearly divisible in categories, 342– 779 – 1092 x 6 – 9.1 –13 µm (diameter of tyles 8.5–15 µm).</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 79 e), with incurved apices, one of which may be faintly rugose, 16– 21.8 –27 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on a dead shell at 64 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name ‘ostrea’ (L.) means oyster, and suffix cola (Gr.) means ‘living on’ or ‘in’, together the compound name refers to its habitat.</p><p>Remarks. The new species was compared to a slide of Tylosigma campechianum (originally Hymedesmia campechiana, see Topsent 1889, p. 14, fig. 8c) in the Paris Museum, registered as MNHN D.T. 1844. The new species differs from it by the lack of a separate small category of tylostyles three/four times as short as the larger tylostyles, and a separate category of very small thick sigmas. The short tylostyles are also provided with a few microspines on the head, which is lacking in the present material. These differences appear too great to assume variability and thus I propose here a new species. Alcolado &amp; Gotera (1986) report T. campechianum from Cuba (as Desmacella).</p><p>The two species are of uncertain affiliation, as the tylostyles remind of the genera Eurypon (Raspailiidae) or Prosuberites (Hymerhabdiidae), but these genera do not have sigmas or other sigmiform microscleres. A combination of tylostyles and sigmas is found in the family Desmacellidae and thus I propose to reassign Tylosigma to that family, until molecular analysis will have been done.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107728FF2CFF14A55F93D2F849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D6FF2EFF14A20791DBFD1F.text	03A8001077D6FF2EFF14A20791DBFD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cornulum johnsoni (De Laubenfels 1934) De Laubenfels 1934	<div><p>Cornulum johnsoni (De Laubenfels, 1934)</p><p>Figures 80 a–e</p><p>Coelosphaerella johnsoni De Laubenfels, 1934: 21 .</p><p>Cornulum johnsoni; Van Soest 1984: 75; Van Soest et al. 1994: 186; Hooper 2002b: 419; Rützler et al. 2014: 56, fig. 31.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.3883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.297" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.3883/lat 7.297)">Material</a> examined. RMNH 10545, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23A, 7.297°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, Van Veen grab, 27 April 1966 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. Slide of holotype of Coelosphaerella johnsoni, USNM 22364, First Johnson- Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition stat. 81, coll. 26 February 1933, depth 200–400 fathoms.</p><p>Description. Tiny, elongately fistular sponge enveloping a piece of dead black coral. Size less than 3x 1 mm. Surface provided with several tiny projections less than 1 mm in height. Color (alcohol) white. Consistency fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 80 a) Tangential intercrossing tylotes cover the organic skin of the fistular body. No trace of choanosomal tracts was observed.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 80 b–e) Tylotes, palmate isochelae, toxas.</p><p>Tylotes (Figs 80 b,b1), with strongly microspined apices, shaft curved, 225– 236 –249 x 4.5– 6.2 –7 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Fig. 80 c), in majority twisted, 15.5– 17.1 –19 µm.</p><p>Toxas (rare), in two size classes, (1) larger (Fig. 80 d) (n=2) 123–148 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 80 e) (n=3) 18–54 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Puerto Rican Deep, soft bottom and shallow cryptic habitats, in a wide depth range, 1–720 m (Guyana Shelf 99–101 m).</p><p>Remarks. Due to the scanty material and the toxas being relatively rare (these were not found on the SEM stub, only in the slide for light microscopy) the illustration is rather deficient. Nevertheless the toxas appeared to occur in larger and smaller sizes conforming to those of the type material from Puerto Rico . The type is much bigger (14 mm in diameter), but the skeleton and the spicules of the present specimens are almost the same. De Laubenfels (1934) gives the size of the tylotes as 9 by 420 µm, which is likely a misprint for 9 by 240 µm (observed in the type slide and in the present specimen), because in his remarks below the description of C. johnsoni he cites the Philippine species Coelosphaera (= Cornulum) toxifera Wilson, 1925 as having ‘much larger megascleres’ at 16 by 360 µm.</p><p>Rützler et al. ’s (2014) images and spicule measurements of a specimen from Belize are also virtually identical to the present specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D6FF2EFF14A20791DBFD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D5FF2FFF14A0C795EBFCC6.text	03A8001077D5FF2FFF14A0C795EBFCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) gracilior (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) gracilior (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 81 a–f</p><p>Cometella gracilior Schmidt, 1870: 49 .</p><p>Asbestopluma gracilior; Rützler et al. 2009: 299.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.0167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.4/lat 8.0167)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9734, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 101, 8.0167°N 57.4°W, depth 500 m, Agassiz trawl, muddy bottom, 4 September 1970 .</p><p>Examined for comparison. BMNH Schmidt slide, 1870.5.3.97, labeled ‘ Cometella gracilior Schmidt n.g.n.sp., 66 (on backside of slide an unpublished genus name), Florida’.</p><p>Description. Stalked, thin-branched tree-like sponge (Fig. 81 a). Upper part a bilateral symmetrically branched ‘body’, with side branches curved upwards, ending in a thin ‘peak’, the lower half is a stalk that is thickest at the bottom. There is a color difference between the cream ‘body’ and the pale brown stalk. Total length 4.5 cm, stalk 2.5 cm, ‘body’ 2 cm. The ‘body’ is 3 mm in widest expansion, the stalk 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Skeleton. The stalk and the ‘body’ axis are supported by a thick bundle of long styles, the skeleton of the side branches consists of long and shorter styles. The surface of the body axis and side branches is covered by acanthotylostrongyles/styles, echinating the axial bundles and forming a tangential ectosomal layer. Microscleres are densely covering the outsides of the ‘body’ parts.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 81 b–f) Styles, acantho(tylo-)strongyles, sigmancistras, anisochelae.</p><p>Styles in two distinct shapes and sizes, (1) long, fusiform styles (Figs 81 b,b1), from the main axis, 777– 988 – 1140 x 22 – 24.3 –26 µm, and (2) shorter subtylostyles (Figs 81 c,c1), faintly polytylote, from the side branches, 576– 671 –729 x 12 – 14.4 –16.5 µm.</p><p>Strongyles (Fig. 81 d) or tylostrongyles, acanthose, thin, curved, 61– 99 –132 x 1.5– 1.9 –2.5 µm.</p><p>Sigmancistras (Fig. 81 e), largely resembling sigmas, but with slightly asymmetrical endings one of which is indistinctly bladed, 23– 25.4 –31 µm.</p><p>Palmate anisochelae (Figs 81 f), with characteristic Asbestopluma -shape, with upturned spur on the median lower ala, and the upper side alae leaving a slight stretch of the shaft clear, 9– 11.3 –13 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, 500–630 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. There is a problem with the original description and depiction of Schmidt’s (1870) Cometella gracilior: he pictures (pl. V fig. 9) a small sponge consisting of a long stalk and a small oval, seemingly smooth body (resembling Rhizaxinella clava Schmidt, 1870, see below, or perhaps Stylocordyla sp.), and with it there is a drawing of a thick style with a peculiar cut-off end. His description (p. 49) is somewhat more elaborate, as he mentions papilla-like outgrowths of the body (not visible in the drawing). The description lacks the mention of microscleres. The slide of Schmidt in the Natural History Museum (London) labeled ‘ Cometella gracilior n.g.n.sp.’ does not show a content conforming to Schmidt’s description and it is quite likely that the slide was not made from the specimen in Schmidt’s drawing (his pl. V fig. 9). As Hajdu &amp; Vacelet (2002) (p. 637, at the bottom of the right hand column) stated, the contents of this slide are styles, subtylostrongyles, sigmancistras and anisochelae, as well as a few sections that make it clear that these conform closely to our Guyana specimen. In fact, the Guyana specimen resembles to a large extent the shape, structure and spiculation of the type of the genus Asbestopluma, A. (A.) pennatula (Schmidt, 1875) . A major difference is the presence of two size categories of anisochelae in A. (A.) pennatula, but otherwise the two species are similar. Since Hajdu &amp; Vacelet (2002) assigned the status of lectotype to BMNH slide 1870.5.3.97, I am confident that the present Guyana specimen indeed belongs to A. (A.) gracilior, despite the discrepancy with Schmidt’s drawing, and to a lesser extent his unrecognizable description. However, there is an alleged type specimen in the BMNH collection, which was obtained in an exchange with the Museum of Comparative Zoology (cf. Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Stone 1992). This specimen has been recently found in the BMNH collection (Ms Emma Sherlock in litteris), labeled ‘Alligator Reef, BMNH 1939.2 . 10.45 (sp) MCZ Exchange (MCZ 8130)’. It has the shape of Schmidt’s pl. IV fig. 9, and in all probability is not an Asbestopluma, but possibly Rhizaxinella clava or Stylocordyla . Thus, it appears we have here a confusing case of either a mislabeled specimen or a mislabeled slide because the two do not match (the specimen likely to represent a Rhizaxinella or Stylocordyla, the slide an Asbestopluma). Since there is only a single specimen and a single slide, lectotype designation of BMNH 1870.5.3.97 might be contested. It is beyond the present study to settle this matter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D5FF2FFF14A0C795EBFCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D3FF29FF14A2079164FDFA.text	03A8001077D3FF29FF14A2079164FDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) lissodendoryxoides	<div><p>Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) lissodendoryxoides sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 82 a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 10512, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. The holotype consists of two fragments (Fig. 82 a), which presumably were originally united into a single mass of 7 x 3 x 2 cm. The shape is in the form of closed fistules and digitations, 0.5–2 cm in length, erected on an encrusting base of similar sizes. Diameter of the erect parts &lt;1 cm. Surface smooth, consistency compressible, not leathery as is usual in Coelosphaera .</p><p>Skeleton. The surface skeleton is a thickly felted mass of intercrossing megascleres, overlying a confused choanosome of loose spicules, with few spicule tracts.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 82 b–g) Tylotes, arcuate isochelae, sigmas.</p><p>Tylotes (Figs 82 b–c), smooth, fusiform, thicker in the middle and subterminally constricted, with elongated tyles, in a large size range, divisible in two size classes with some overlap, (1) larger (Figs 82 b,b1) 378– 413 –456 x 11 – 13.4 –17 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 82 c,c1) 236– 260 –336 x 6 – 9.2 –13 µm.</p><p>Arcuate isochelae (Figs 82 d–e), curved, in two distinct size classes, (1) larger (Fig. 82 d), with the flanking alae characteristically indented near the shaft, 28– 32.3 –36 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 82 e), with alae proportionally longer than those of the larger isochelae, 16– 18.8 –21 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 82 f–g), shape unremarkable, in two size classes, (1) larger (Fig. 82 f), common, 34– 40.4 –48 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 82 g), rare, only a few were encountered (n=5), 18–29 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom at 25–29 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the resemblance to species of the genus Lissodendoryx .</p><p>Remarks. The new species is unlike most Coelosphaera species in shape and consistency, lacking the leathery hollow fistules. In fact, it resembles Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) sigmata (De Laubenfels, 1949) (originally as Xytopsene) in shape and general spiculation. However, a distinct difference, necessitating allocation of the present material to the genus Coelosphaera is the densely felted surface skeleton, which is not found in Lissodendoryx . Other details (spicule sizes, and categories) are also unlike L. (L.) sigmata and conspecificity is judged to be unlikely.</p><p>Only two other Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) species in the Central West Atlantic region lack raphides/ trichodragmas like the present new species. These are Coelosphaera (C.) tunicata (Schmidt, 1870) (originally Desmacidon tunicatum) and Coelosphaera (C.) fistula Little, 1963 . I was able to examine a slide of the type of Desmacidon tunicatum, BMNH 1870.5 . 3.42, from Florida, 186 m depth (103 fthms). The type specimen is kept in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Inv.Zool. PORb-90. It has the usual shape and fistules, while the megascleres are strongyles, the chelae are thick-shafted with short alae, 32 µm according to Schmidt, with sigmas 69 µm. Together these data do not conform to those of the present species. Schmidt (l.c.) reported Desmacidon tunicatum also from Portugal, with different sizes of chelae and sigmas. Topsent (1920) (p. 17) redescribed this material kept in the Strasbourg Museum, MZS Po 128, with label ‘type’, and discovered that it concerns a Hymedesmia . From Schmidt’s treatment of Desmacidon tunicatum and its illustration (his pl. V fig. 21) it is clear that the MCZ Florida material is the true type material.</p><p>The second species lacking trichodragmas, C. (C.) fistula, has much smaller tylotes (only up to 240 x 5 µm) and the chelae are tiny (9–12 mm) and apparently unguiferate. Assuming this species is a Coelosphaera, it is obviously different from our new species.</p><p>Other Central West Atlantic species of Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) all have raphides/trichodragmas.</p><p>Of Coelosphaera (C.) raphidifera (Topsent, 1889) (originally Fibularia raphidifera) from the Campeche Bank in the Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico, I was able to study a slide of the type, MNHN D.T. 1848. This confirmed Topsent’s (1889) (p. 16) description and subsequent (Topsent 1894) (p. 34) discussion of its characters: megascleres strongyles of 300 x 6 µm, large isochelae with sharply pointed alae, and raphides of 60 µm long. The type is not separately preserved, but is located on a large piece of coral along with seven other different sponges, all dry and some also type specimens. The combination Coelosphaera raphidifera was also subsequently used by Hechtel (1969) (p.13) for an obviously different species of Coelosphaera from Barbados: the raphides of his specimen are much longer than Topsent’s species (430 µm) and there are two size categories of sigmas. I propose here to remove the secondary homonymy by naming Hechtel’s material Coelosphaera (Coelosphaera) barbadensis nom. nov., with holotype YPM 7745 . There is also a record of the species from Brazil (Hechtel, 1976, in a table), but this needs further substantiation.</p><p>Further regional raphidiferous species are Coelosphaera (C.) biclavata (Priest, 1881) (originally as Polymastia) and Coelosphaera (C.) hechteli Van Soest, 1984 . Apart from the presence of trichodragmas and the characteristic leathery surface, there are also additional spicule differences with the present new species: only a single category of sigmas (both), only a single category of isochelae ( hechteli), only a single category of tylotes ( biclavata).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D3FF29FF14A2079164FDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D2FF2BFF14A44293F4FCC7.text	03A8001077D2FF2BFF14A44293F4FCC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) colombiensis Zea & Van Soest 1986	<div><p>Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) colombiensis Zea &amp; Van Soest, 1986</p><p>Figures 83 a–g</p><p>Lissodendoryx colombiensis Zea &amp; Van Soest, 1986: 362, figs 2E–F, 4; Rützler et al. 2007b: 1499, figs 1D,4.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9901, 9961, 9988, 10505, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9970, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966; RMNH Por. 10514, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. The six samples all consist of tubular individuals (Fig. 83 a), largest up to 6 cm high, 2 cm diameter, thin-walled (2–3 mm). A larger basal body described by Zea &amp; Van Soest (1986) and Rützler et al. (2007b) was not clearly included in the available material; presumably it has remained behind buried in the sandy bottom. On-deck photos of French Guyanan specimens of the CREOCEAN expedition do have considerable massive basal bodies of up to 10 cm diameter. Tubes end in slightly constricted rims enclosing openings of about 1 cm diameter. Color in alcohol pale yellow-brown; on-deck photos of the species made by the CREOCEAN expedition show it is bright orange in life. Consistency elastic.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface skeleton is barely developed, consisting of tangentially scattered tylotes. The choanosomal skeleton is a tightly meshed triangular network, meshes about 150 µm in diameter, with 2–5 spicules each side. Microscleres scattered in between the spicule bundles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 83 b–g) Strongyles, tylotes, arcuate isochelae, sigmas, raphides.</p><p>Strongyles (Figs 83 b,b1), straight, smooth, slightly thicker and shorter than the tylotes, 171– 181 –198 x 7 – 8.2 –9 µm.</p><p>Tylotes (Figs 83 c,c1), straight, smooth, with faintly developed tyles, distinguished from the similar strongyles by being marginally longer and thinner, 183– 199 –214 x 3 – 4.6 –6 µm.</p><p>Arcuate isochelae, with curved shaft and short alae, in two size categories, (1) larger (Fig. 83 d) 26– 29.2 –34 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 83 e) 13– 17.5 –21 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 83 f), thin, inequiended (one end curved gently rounded, the other abruptly curved), 27– 29.8 –36 µm.</p><p>Raphides (Fig. 83 g), loosely arranged in trichodragmas (Fig. 83 g1), many strewn singly, 60– 65.4 –76 µm, trichodragmas 3–8 µm thick.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Colombia, Florida, Panama, Belize, lagoons, mangroves, sandy bottoms at 0.2–68 m depth (Guyana Shelf 25–68 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens closely match the descriptions of the type material of Zea &amp; Van Soest (1986) and subsequently reported specimens (Rützler et al. 2007b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D2FF2BFF14A44293F4FCC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12.text	03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>Figures 84 a–h</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Pandaros arbusculum Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 88, pl. XVIII fig. 6.</p><p>Echinostylinos unguiferus De Laubenfels, 1953: 528, fig. 6; Collette &amp; Rützler 1977: 309.</p><p>Monanchora barbadensis Hechtel, 1969: 21, fig. 3; Van Soest 1984: 40, Pl. IV figs 3–5, text-fig. 12;</p><p>Monanchora unguifera; Zea 1987: 152, pls 7–9, text-figs 50–51;</p><p>Monanchora arbuscula; Kobluk &amp; Van Soest 1989: 1217; Hajdu et al. 2011: 146–150; Moraes 2011: 131–133; Rützler et al. 2014: 64.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9957, 10546, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 (2 specimens) .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 84 a) Thin encrustations on a dead oyster shell. Two different patches were present, each less than 1 mm thick and 1–2 cm in lateral expansion. Surface optically smooth, no visible oscules. Color (alcohol) beige–orange. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. Hymedesmioid, with thick tylostyles erect on the substratum, with heads embedded in a thin spongin plate. Brushes of thin subtylostyles carry the organic skin. Microscleres numerously present throughout the tissues.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 84 b–h) Slightly different in both specimens, in one (10546) there are tylostyles, subtylostyles, tridentate anchorate isochelae and sigmoid microscleres, in the other (9957) the sigmoids are lacking and the chelae are polydentate.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 84 b,b1 &amp; 84f,f1), robust, curved, with prominent tyles, similar in shape in both specimens, but those of 10546 (Figs 84 b,b1) are slightly longer, 237–438 µm, those of 9957 (Figs 84 f,f1) are 141–321 µm, combined the sizes in the two specimens are 141– 274 –438 x 8.5– 11.6 –16 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 84 c,c1 &amp; 84g,g1), thinner than the tylostyles, straight, with elongate-oval tyles, similar in shape and size in both specimens, 204– 247 –291 x 3 – 4.6 –6 µm.</p><p>Anchorate isochelae (Figs 84 d &amp; 84h), with fimbriae along the entire shaft, with unguiferous-spatulate alae, three in 10546 (Fig. 84 d), five in 9957 (Fig. 84 h), but similar in size, 21– 24.8 –27 µm.</p><p>Sigmoid microscleres (Fig. 84 e), tiny, strongly and evenly curved with finely pointed apices, only found in 10546, 6.5– 7.4 –9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, on reefs and other hard substrates, down to 80 m depth (Guyana Shelf 64 m).</p><p>Remarks. This is interpreted as a variable species, both in growth form (arborescent to encrusting) and in spicule complement (presence or absence of microscleres, megasclere morphologies). The two specimens reported here occurring in the same station on dead oysters testify of the spicule variability, shown in the plate (upper row of spicules are from 10546, lower row from 9957): they are distinct in the number of alae in the anchorate chelae and the presence or absence of sigmoid microscleres.</p><p>No spined microxeas such as reported for this species by e.g. Moraes (2011) (p. 131) have been observed in the present specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077DEFF26FF14A1DB9277FCC0.text	03A8001077DEFF26FF14A1DB9277FCC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crella (Pytheas) chelifera Van Soest 1984	<div><p>Crella (Pytheas) chelifera Van Soest, 1984</p><p>Figures 85 a–f</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.3883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.297" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.3883/lat 7.297)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 10544, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station B23A, 7.297°N 55.3883°W, depth 99–101 m, Van Veen grab, 27 April 1966 .</p><p>Description. Small patches on dead bryozoans, together only a few mm 2 in size. Surface smooth, no openings were observed. Color (alcohol) whitish.</p><p>Skeleton. Ectosomal tangential skeleton (Fig. 85 a) of tightly packed acanthoxeas, carried by bundles of tornotes, towards the substratum replaced by long acanthostyles. Bundles echinated by small acanthostyles. Chelae scattered in the interior and occasionally occurring in the surface crust.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 85 b–f) Acanthostyles, tornotes, acanthoxeas, isochelae.</p><p>Acanthostyles, in two size classes, (1) long, (Figs 85 b,b1) straight, spined heavily in the upper part, but more lightly towards the pointed end, 243– 277 –330 x 9 – 10.8 –13 µm, and (2) short (Fig. 85 c), stubby, spined all over, 72– 95 –111 x 6.5– 8.2 –9 µm.</p><p>Tornotes (Figs 85 d,d1), smooth, slightly different endings on opposite sides, faintly polytylote, 236– 291 –327 x 4.5– 5.7 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Acanthoxeas (Fig. 85 e), straight or slightly curved, heavily and uniformly spined, 112– 137 –159 x 5 – 7.4 –9 µm.</p><p>Arcuate isochelae (Fig. 85 f), rather narrow, with slightly incurved alae, 28– 30.9 –35 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Barbados, on muddy sand at 90–101 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. There are a few small differences between the description of the type from Barbados and the present specimen (megascleres are somewhat thinner in the type, chelae are smaller, 19–24 µm), but overall similarity is great and conspecificity obvious.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077DEFF26FF14A1DB9277FCC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077DDFF26FF14A75095E0F805.text	03A8001077DDFF26FF14A75095E0F805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyloderma tropicale	<div><p>Pyloderma tropicale sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 86 a–d</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 10513, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. The holotype (Fig. 86 a) is fragmented, but assumed to have been originally a single specimen of 10 x 5 cm in lateral expansion, less than 1 cm thick. The fragments are bladder-like with an irregular undulating semitransparent surface sheet with many tiny fistules. The interior is cavernous, with few skeletal structures. Color beige-brown in alcohol. Consistency soft but elastic.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 86 b) Loose choanosomal tracts of 100–150 µm diameter rise up from the substratum and fan out to carry the surface membrane.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 86 c–d) Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas, straight, equidiametrical, with lance-shaped, slightly swollen sharply pointed apices; in shape and position in the skeleton there appear to be two (largely) overlapping categories, (1) shorter and thicker (Figs 86 c,c1), 134– 166 –189 x 6 – 7.3 –9 µm, and (2) longer and thinner (Figs 86 d,d1), 156– 183 –213 x 2.5– 3.4 –4.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy bottom at 25–29 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name reflects the unusual occurrence of a Pyloderma species in tropical waters.</p><p>Remarks. No other sponges with these peculiar lance-shaped oxeas are known from the Central West Atlantic . Assignment of this unusual species to the genus Pyloderma is tentative, but presently the best fit. It can only be tested by comparison of additional material and/or molecular analyses to resolve this systematic hypothesis. The type species of Pyloderma, Southern Ocean Halichondria latrunculioides Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 is pear-shaped and has much larger oxeas (up to 1200 µm), but the form of the latter is also lance-shaped like in the present species (cf. Van Soest 2002a). The only other species of Pyloderma, the New Zealand P. demonstrans Dendy, 1924 has chelae and sigmas, for which reason the (presently unaccepted) genus Manawa Bergquist &amp; Fromont, 1988 was erected. If the present species indeed belongs to Pyloderma, then resurrection of Manawa might be considered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077DDFF26FF14A75095E0F805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077DCFF20FF14A5409163FDA7.text	03A8001077DCFF20FF14A5409163FDA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia (Stylopus) alcoladoi	<div><p>Hymedesmia (Stylopus) alcoladoi sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 87 a–d</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9956, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Thinly encrusting on a dead oyster shell. Color in alcohol brown. Thickness less than 1 mm.</p><p>Skeleton. Hymedesmioid (Fig. 87 a), with long acanthostyles and short acanthostyles erect on the substratum, heads embedded in a basal spongin plate. Choanosome and surface skeleton composed of scattered tornotes.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 87 b–d) Acanthostyles, tornotes.</p><p>Acanthostyles, in two size categories, both with heavily spined heads, (1) larger (Figs 87 b,b1) with spination gradually diminishing towards the pointed end, 135– 176 –213 x 9 – 12.2 –17 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 87 c) spined heavily all over, not infrequently provided with bifid pointed ends 62– 79 –121 x 6.5– 7.2 –9 µm.</p><p>Tornotes (Figs 87 d,d1), smooth, mucronate, slightly swollen pointed apices, almost symmetrical, but one end slightly thinner than the opposite end, 151– 179 –222 x 2 – 2.4 –4 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on shells at 64 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr. Pedro M. Alcolado (Instituto de Oceanología, Havana, Cuba) in recognition of his lifelong dedication to ecology and taxonomy of the Cuban sponge fauna.</p><p>Remarks. No previous records of Hymedesmia (Stylopus) are known from the Central West Atlantic. Recently, a Phorbas species without chelae was described, P. aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Díaz, 2014 . Theoretically, this could be considered close or conspecific as a more mature form of the present species. However, P. aurantiacus is clearly different in possessing styliform tornotes and three separate categories of acanthostyles. Moreover, both tornotes and acanthostyles reach much higher lengths (tornotes up to 590 x 10 µm, large acanthostyles up to 410 x 21 µm) than in the present material. This makes it quite unlikely that the two are conspecific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077DCFF20FF14A5409163FDA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077DBFF22FF14A5EB9313FDA7.text	03A8001077DBFF22FF14A5EB9313FDA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864</p><p>Figures 88 a–e</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 92, pl. XXI fig. 1; Van Soest 1984: 86, pl. VI fig. 7, text-fig. 34. Merriamium tortuganensis De Laubenfels, 1936: 83, pl. 11 fig. 1.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 10520, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Thin encrustation on a calcareous nodule (Fig. 88 a), red-brown in alcohol. Size 2 x 1.5 cm in lateral expansion, about 2 mm in thickness. Surface faintly areolate, but no visible oscules. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is plumose, with columns of megascleres, consisting of tornotes and long acanthostyles, 60–100 µm in diameter, rising up from the substratum. Shorter acanthostyles echinate the columns. At the surface there are numerous areolate porefields the walls of which are supported by single vertically arranged tornotes. The inside of the porefields is strengthened by microscleres. Between the porefields, single tornotes are found in the surface membrane along with numerous microscleres.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 88 b–e) Acanthostyles, tornotes, arcuate isochelae.</p><p>Acanthostyles, divisible in two distinct size categories, (1) large (Figs 88 b,b1), curved, spined all over but less densely towards the pointed end, rather uniform in size, 216– 249 –271 x 9 – 11.6 –13 µm, and (2) short (Figs 88 c,c1), straight, spined densely all over, similarly uniform in size, 104– 118 –126 x 8 – 10.4 –12 µm.</p><p>Tornotes (Figs 88 d,d1), strongylote or faintly tylote-like, subtly inequiended, shaft faintly polytylote, 231– 249 –262 x 3 – 4.2 –5.5 µm.</p><p>Arcuate isochelae (Fig. 88 e), shaft strongly convex, alae short and squarish in outline, 23– 27.6 –30 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean and NE Brazil, encrusting nodules on soft bottom, at 6–68 m depth (Guyana Shelf 67–68 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen conforms to Phorbas amaranthus (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), widespread in the Western Atlantic, reported from the Virgin Islands, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico (as Merriamium tortuganensis De Laubenfels, 1936), Curaçao (Van Soest 1984), Colombian Caribbean (Zea 1987), and NE Brazil (Moraes 2011; Muricy et al. 2011). There are also list records (without descriptions) from Cuba (Alcolado 1976), Bonaire (Kobluk &amp; Van Soest 1989), Jamaica (Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1998) and Belize (Rützler et al. 2000). This species has been repeatedly described, usually with mucronate tornote apices, whereas our specimen has distinctly strongylote endings. A review of the many slides present in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (ZMA collection) revealed that tornote apices are variably more mucronate or more strongylote without a clear correspondence with shape, structure and other spicule shapes and sizes.</p><p>The present find at 67–68 m is the deepest record for the species.</p><p>Four further Phorbas species have been reported from the Central West Atlantic, P. fusifer (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886) (originally Myxilla plumosa var. fusifera), P. hechteli Hajdu &amp; Teixeira, 2011 (originally Anchinoe ramosa Hechtel, 1983), and P. capixaba Hajdu &amp; Teixiera, 2011, all three from (North-) Eastern Brazil, and P. aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Díaz, 2014 from Belize. The latter species differs clearly from the present material by its lack of chelae and the possession of stylote tornotes. P. fusifer is lobate, has only a single category of acanthostyles and oxeote tornotes. P. hechteli is an erect branch or digitation, and likewise has only a single category of small acanthostyles. P. capixaba is bushy, also erect, but more irregular; it has oxeote tornotes and two size categories of arcuate isochelae, unlike the present specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077DBFF22FF14A5EB9313FDA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D9FF23FF14A07691FBFD57.text	03A8001077D9FF23FF14A07691FBFD57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin 1877) Higgin 1877	<div><p>Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877)</p><p>Figures 89 a–f</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Halichondria birotulata Higgin, 1877: 296, pl. 14 figs 11–15.</p><p>Iotrochota birotulata; Ridley 1884: 443; Van Soest 2002: 598, with further synonyms); Rützler et al. 2007c: 175, figs. 1–3.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9940, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Two ramose fragments (Fig. 89 a), each about 4 cm long and 0.6–2 cm wide. Surface conulose, with an oscule of 3 mm in diameter. Color greyish black in alcohol. Consistency soft, fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. Thick spongin-enforced spicule tracts, 70–200 µm in diameter, cored by 20–30 spicules form a reticulation with elongately squarish meshes of 300–500 x 200–300 µm. No special ectosomal skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 89 b–f) Styles, strongyles, birotules.</p><p>Styles, smooth straight, with conical pointed end, occurring in a longer/thinner category (Fig. 89 b,b1), 232– 262 –284 x 3 – 4.6 –6 µm, and a thicker/shorter category (Fig. 89 c), 178– 184 –192 x 7 – 9.0 –10 µm.</p><p>Strongyles, curved, smooth, variably in size and thickness, thicker (Fig. 89 d) and thinner (Fig. 89 e,e1) spicules about equally long, 138– 182 –202 x 2 – 5.4 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Birotules (Fig. 89 f), straight shaft, usually about 12 alae, quite uniform in size, 15– 16.2 –18 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, on various bottoms at 0.1–90 m depth (Guyana Shelf 71 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen keys out in Rützler et al. ’s 2007b key as I. birotulata, having branching habitus and possessing birotules..</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D9FF23FF14A07691FBFD57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077D8FF3DFF14A09F9088FCC6.text	03A8001077D8FF3DFF14A09F9088FCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antho (Acarnia) penneyi (De Laubenfels 1936) De Laubenfels 1936	<div><p>Antho (Acarnia) penneyi (De Laubenfels, 1936)</p><p>Figures 90 a–j</p><p>Holoplocamia penneyi De Laubenfels, 1936: 76,</p><p>Holoplocamia delaubenfelsi Little, 1963: 45, fig. 18. Antho (Plocamia) penneyi; Hooper 1996: 431.</p><p>Antho (Plocamia) delaubenfelsi; Hooper 1996: 430.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9929, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9939, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Two specimens, one is largely encrusting a dead octocoral ( Carijoa riisea), obscuring its presence to the extent that it looks like an arborescent sponge (Fig. 90 a). A cross section of a branch reveals a central octocorallian core and peripheral layer consisting of the encrusting sponge skeleton. Height of specimen 4.5 cm, diameter of branches 6–7 mm, thickness of sponge crust 1–3 mm. The second specimen is thickly encrusting (2–3 mm thickness) a dead gastropod shell upon which isolated small digitations and arboresecent clumps of about 1 cm high are formed, demonstrating that it can be incipient arborescent. In both specimens the surface is hispid. Color in alcohol red-brown. Consistency compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 90 b) A rectangular reticulation, with ascending spongin fibers of 40–60 µm diameter cored by single styles, connected at right angles by spongin fibers cored by single acanthostrongyles. Meshes of the skeleton approximately 200 µm in size. Smaller styles echinate the nodes of the skeleton. Subectosomal skeleton consisting of protruding long styles at their base surrounded by small styles. Scattered subtylostyles and microscleres are found at the surface. Microscleres are also crowded in the meshes of the choanosomal skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 90 c–j) Styles, acanthostrongyles, subtylostyles, toxas, isochelae.</p><p>Styles (Figs 90 c–e) with smooth curved shaft and with narrowed heads, smooth or microspined, in a wide size range, divisible functionally into three categories, (1) long, protruding styles (Figs 90 c,c1) of the ectosomal region, 309– 325 –438 x 8 – 13.7 –16 µm, (2) middle-sized (Figs 90 d,d1) coring the ascending spongin fibers, 108– 172 –255 x 6 – 10.9 –17 µm, and (3) small (Figs 90 e,e1), echinating the nodes, 138– 169 –219 x 9 – 11.8 –14 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 90 f–g), straight, with faintly swollen heads, which are usually microspined, occasionally smooth, in a wide size range, divisible into two more or less overlapping size categories, (1) larger (Figs 90 f,f1), 261– 301 –346 x 2 – 3.1 –4.5 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 90 g,g1), 175– 216 –246 x 2 – 2.1 –2.5 µm.</p><p>Acanthostrongyles (Fig. 90 h), usually with asymmetrical ending, a good portion acanthostylote, with relatively smooth shaft and spined heads and apices, coring the connecting fibers, 156– 199 –228 x 8 – 10.6 –13 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 90 i), with a shallow curve, with smooth, sharp apices 27– 80 –141 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Fig. 90 j), strongly twisted, often somewhat eroded, 10– 12.2 –13 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida /Gulf of Mexico, 2.5–81 m depth (Guyana Shelf 71–81 m).</p><p>Remarks. De Laubenfels’ material originated from 70 m off the S coast of Florida. The overall spicule complement and the skeletal structure of the holotype and the present specimens appear similar, but with individual spicule sizes slightly lower in the type.</p><p>The specimens could be compared with a slide made from the holotype of Holoplocamia delaubenfelsi Little, 1963, USNM 23596, from the Gulf coast of Florida, but from only 2.5 m depth. Similar to my specimens the type of that species completely overgrew a dead shell of an oyster appearing massive, but in fact was only encrusting. Little’s description and drawings of the spicules are closely similar to the present specimens, but also here the sizes of the spicules are slightly smaller. Little differentiated his H. delaubenfelsi from H. penneyi largely on the alleged absence of a twist in the chelae, but other than that they are twisted on average only a quarter turn rather than a half turn as in the present specimens and in De Laubenfels’ material, there are no real differeces. There can be no doubt these spicules are closely comparable, so I here propose to assign H. delaubenfelsi to the synonymy of A. (A.) penneyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D8FF3DFF14A09F9088FCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077C6FF3FFF14A7569509FBC2.text	03A8001077C6FF3FFF14A7569509FBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Clathria) gomezae	<div><p>Clathria (Clathria) gomezae sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 91 a–h</p><p>Clathria (Microciona) echinata; Gómez 2014: 66, figs 11–12, 20C (in part?) (Not: Axociella echinata Alcolado, 1984).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9954, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Paratype RMNH Por. 9302, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Erect, flabellate sponges. The holotype (Fig. 91 a) is a compound individual consisting of three partially anastomosed upright lobes, the paratype is a smaller compound of two such lobes. Size of holotype 18 x 15 cm, with a thicknes of about 1 cm. Surface is irregularly grooved and pitted, with many scattered oscules of about 3–4 mm diameter. Color red-brown (alcohol), if conspecific with Goméz’ specimens, then color in life was likely orange or red. Consistency firmly compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. Irregularly reticulate, with ascending knotted spongin fibers, 60–120 µm in diameter, and interconnecting fibers only slightly thinner, together forming polyangular or rectangular meshes of 500–1500 µm in diameter. Fibers cored by longer styles and echinated by shorter styles. At the surface, fibers end with scattered brushes or bouquets of styles and subtylostyles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 91 b–h) Styles, subtylostyles, cleistochelae, isochelae, toxas.</p><p>Choanosomal styles, shaft fat, smooth, fusiform, with smooth heads or provided with few tiny spines, in two more or less distinct size categories, (1) larger (Figs 91 b,b1), 330– 426 –504 x 19 – 25.8 –31 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 91 c,c1), 168– 214 –250 x 12 – 15.6 –20 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 91 d,d1), straight, with microspined or occasionally smooth heads, in two more or less distinct size categories, (1) larger 253– 345.3 –420 x 3 – 5.3 –7 µm, (2) smaller 141– 176 –242 x 2 – 2.4 –3 µm.</p><p>Cleistochelae (Figs 91 e–f), with closed but not fused outer alae, which are provided with rounded knobs at the point of contact; shaft provided with a prominent indented central plate which varies in size but never fills the internal space; spicules are asymmetrical in the sense that the plate of the shaft is eccentrically placed and the alae are covering the shaft one sided, causing the occurrence of different left and right views; there appear to be two size classes which are slight different, (1) larger (Figs 91 e), with relatively small plate, 33– 44.1 –48 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 91 f), having the plate almost entirely filling the internal space, 18– 21.8 –28 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Fig. 91 g), with narrow alae, 22– 24.4 –27 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 91 h), shallow-curved, thin, with slightly upturned smooth apices, rather uniform in size, 31– 48.2 –61 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Mexican Caribbean, 25–120 m depth (Guyana Shelf 25–64 m). Etymology. Named after Patricia Gómez (Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Mexico) for her important contributions to sponge taxonomy.</p><p>Remarks. Gómez (2014) recently gave a description of specimens from the Campeche Bank and the coast of Yucatan, which appear closely similar to the present material. The habitus and skeleton (her fig. 11) and SEM plate (her fig. 12) are almost indistinguishable from the description and illustrations provided here. Gómez assigned these specimens to Clathria (Microciona) echinata (Alcolado, 1984) (as Axociella), but there appear several differences with this species. The foremost difference is the erect habitus, as C. (M.) echinata is encrusting or at the most massive or semiglobular in shape, quite distinct from the shape of Gómez’ and the present specimens. The subgenus Microciona is restricted to ‘persistently encrusting’ Clathria species (Hooper 2002, p. 441), which does not agree with the habit of Gomez’ and the present specimens. No giant oxeote toxas are present in the above described specimens, whereas these are characteristic and dominant in Alcolado’s species. Gómez cites (but does not show in her SEM plate) broken oxeote toxas of 146–642 µm, which she assumed to be the giant toxas. Since Gómez’ material was obtained in different locations and depths, possibly both C. (M.) echinata and the present species were represented in her material. Sizes for the normal toxas (shown in Gómez’ SEM plate) differ substantially from the above (8–13 µm vs. 30–60 µm, whereas Alcolado gives 40 µm for C. (M.) echinata). These small differences are here interpreted as evidence for specific distinction, but future studies might demonstrate that the differences are subject to variations of a single widespread polymorphic species. This polymorphic species would then also include the encrusting NE Brazilian species Clathria (Microciona) trairae Santos &amp; Pinheiro, 2014, which differs also in only minor details from C. (M.) echinata .</p><p>I reexamined the holotype (ZMA Por. 03332) and paratype (ZMA Por. 03639) specimens of C. (M.) simpsoni Van Soest, 1984, generally considered a junior synonym of C. (M.) echinata . The above-discussed differences with the present specimens also apply to C. (M.) simpsoni, which indeed shares all features with Alcolado’s material except the—probably foreign—trichodragmas. I can see little correspondence between the type specimens of C. (M.) echinata and C. (M.) simpsoni on the one hand and Gómez’ and the present specimens on the other hand.</p><p>The shape of C. (C.) gomezae sp. nov. reminds of Clathria (Clathria) nicoleae Vierro de Barros, Santos &amp; Pinheiro, 2013 from NE Brazil, but that species lacks cleistochelae and has echinating acanthostyles. Its subtylostyles are quasitylotes.</p><p>Further encrusting cleistocheliferous species were described from West Africa (Van Soest et al. 2013) and NE Brazil (Santos &amp; Pinheiro 2014), but variously show small but distinct differences with the present description.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077C6FF3FFF14A7569509FBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077C4FF39FF14A7839564FE87.text	03A8001077C4FF39FF14A7839564FE87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Microciona) snelliusae	<div><p>Clathria (Microciona) snelliusae sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 92 a–g</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.5467&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.5467/lat 6.4417)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9868, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 92 a) Holotype seemingly ramose, but it is in reality thinly encrusting on branching bryozoans and wormtubes, thickness 0.5–1 mm, lateral expansion 2–6 cm. Color in alcohol dark brown-red. Surface smooth, no apparent oscules. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. Hymedesmioid, with single styles and acanthostyles erect on the substratum, occasionally forming groups of styles echinated by the acanthostyles, consolidated by a little spongin. Surface skeleton a loose tangential arrangement of subtylostyles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 92 b–g) Styles, subtylostyles, acanthostyles, palmate isochelae, toxas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 92 b,b1), usually curved, entirely smooth, with head narrower than the shaft, relatively uniform in size and thickness, 201– 293 –332 x 3 – 7.1 –9 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles, straight, with elongate swollen heads, provided with one or two spines, in a large size range, divisible with some overlap into (1) larger (Figs 92 c,c1), 240– 304 –354 x 3 – 4.4 –6 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 92 d,d1), 162– 178 –202 x 1.5– 2.5 –3 µm.</p><p>Acanthostyles (Figs 92 e), rather sparsely spined, heads not swollen, barely thicker than the shaft, 89– 101 –114 x 5 – 6.1 –7 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Figs 92 f), normal shaped, with rather long alae, 12– 15.7 –18 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 92 g), rare, thin, deeply curved, with upturned apices, less than ten were found in the slides, 33–48 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom, encrusting other sessile organisms at 34 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the Netherlands Navy research vessel HMS ‘Snellius’ and its crew in recognition of many valuable contributions to marine science.</p><p>Remarks. Of the Clathria (Microciona) species described by Van Soest (1984), C. (M.) affinis sensu Topsent, 1889, renamed subsequently by Hooper (1996) as C. (M.) campecheae, shows the greatest resemblance to the present material by having essentially the same spicule package. However, the choanosomal styles of C. (M.) campecheae have warty heads and the toxas reach 190 µm, while in the present specimen the styles are entirely smooth and the toxas do not reach more than 50 µm.</p><p>C. (M.) hymedesmioides Van Soest, 1984 and C. (M.) spinosa Wilson, 1902 lack acanthostyles, the former has warty choanosomal styles and the latter has oxeote toxas over 200 µm long. Some similarity in spiculation exists with Clathria (Clathria) calypso Boury-Esnault, 1973 (as redescribed by Vieira de Barros et al. 2013). This species forms small low bushes and spicules include smooth choanosomal styles, subtylostyles, acanthostyles, palmate isochelae and toxas, like the present material. However, compared with the present specimen, C. (C.) calypso has a diversity of longer (up to 700+ µm) and smaller toxas (up to almost 200 µm), and the acanthostyles are significantly smaller (less than 80 µm in length). Also, C. (C.) calypso has a reticulated skeleton of sponginencased tracts, while the present specimen has a hymedesmioid arrangement. Additional Clathria s.l. species described from the Central West Atlantic show obvious, essential differences with the present material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077C4FF39FF14A7839564FE87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077C2FF39FF14A2DD91D1F8E6.text	03A8001077C2FF39FF14A2DD91D1F8E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis (Arndt 1927) Arndt 1927	<div><p>Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis (Arndt, 1927)</p><p>Figures 93 a–k</p><p>Clathria copiosa var. curacaoensis Arndt, 1927: 148, pl. I fig. 3, text-fig. 9.</p><p>Aulospongus schoenus De Laubenfels, 1936: 100, pl. 13 fig. 4.</p><p>Rhaphidophlus schoenus; Van Soest 1984: 112, p. VIII figs1–4, text-fig. 44.</p><p>Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis; Zea et al. 2014: 407, figs 4–6, pl. I figs C–E, with further synonyms.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9944, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 93 a) Encrusting on calcareous debris, with optically smooth, but microconulose surface. Color in alcohol red-brown. No apparent oscules. Lateral size about 3 x 1.5 cm, thickness 0.5–2 mm. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 93 b) The choanosomal skeleton consists of spongin-enforced plumose spicule tracts, 50–100 µm in diameter, cored by 4–10 styles. Tracts sparingly echinated by acanthostyles. Near the surface the tracts fan out to form bouquets consting of various sizes of subtylostyles, the larger supporting the smaller in the bouquets. Microscleres spread throughout the skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 93 c–k) Styles, subtylostyles, peculiar T-shaped subtylostyles, acanthostyles, palmate isochelae, toxas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 93 c,c1), curved, smooth, but occasionally with very faint microspines on the head, in a wide size range, 198– 369 –497 x 7.5– 12.3 –17 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles (Figs 93 d–f), straight, smooth, with faintly swollen heads consistently provided with a few spines, occasionally heavily spined, in three arbitrarily distinguished size categories (may be slightly overlapping), (1) largest (Figs 93 d,d1), 291– 378 –462 x 4 – 6.1 –9 µm, (2) middle-sized (Figs 93 e,e1), 135– 206 –286 x 3 – 3.3 –4 µm, and (3) smallest (Figs 93 f,f1), 98– 112 –141 x 1.5– 1.7 –2 µm.</p><p>T-shaped tylostyles (Figs 93 g,g1–g3), probably abnormally developed versions of the smallest subtylostyles, but the frequency is high enough (about 5%) to consider them worth describing and imaging; the heads are swollen to the extent that they appear to have multiple heads, each swelling with spines of its own; size similar to the smallest category of subtylostyles, 90– 99 –114 x 1.5– 2.2 –3 µm.</p><p>Acanthostyles (Fig. 93 h), short, stubby, with the part of the shaft just below the spined head characteristically free or almost free of spines, 39– 54 – 73 x 3.5– 5.6 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Figs 93 i–j) in two size and shape categories, (1) larger (fig. 93i), normal shaped, with short alae and long free shaft, 12– 13.3 –15.5 µm, and (2) tiny twisted chelae (Figs 93 j,j1), 4– 5.7 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 93 k), thin, shallow-curved, with straight legs, in a large size range 62– 121 –179 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana shelf, throughout the Caribbean, Carolina region, encrusting various hard objects, at 3–71 m depth (previously to 35 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen described above keys out as C. (T.) curacaoensis in Zea et al. ’s (2014) key and also conforms in most aspects to Arndt’s holotype and Zea’s specimens and his review. The only noteworthy difference is the presence in the Guyana shelf specimen of three-four categories of subtylostyles, including a considerable number of abnormally developed spicules of the smallest category. For the time being, these are considered as variability of a widespread species. The present specimen extends the depth occurrence of this shallow-water species from 35 to 71 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077C2FF39FF14A2DD91D1F8E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077C0FF34FF14A3F395EBFD32.text	03A8001077C0FF34FF14A3F395EBFD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Thalysias) complanata	<div><p>Clathria (Thalysias) complanata sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 94 a–f</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9972, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F38, 7.23°N 56.4067°W, depth 81 m, 5 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Ramose sponge, with irregularly dividing and occasionally anastomosing flattened knotty branches. Surface smooth, no apparent oscules. Color in alcohol light brown. Size 12 cm high, branches, 5–8 mm in widest dimension, individual branches up to 8 cm long. Consistency wiry, tough.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface skeleton consists of closely adjacent brushes of subtylostyles with densely crowded microscleres in the surface membrane. The brushes have a basal column of larger subtylostyles carrying a bouquet of smaller subtylostyles. The choanosomal skeleton of the branches consist of an irregular reticulation of knotty amber-colored spongin fibers, with sparse coring of megascleres, and without apparent echinating spicules. Main fibers, 150–200 µm in diameter, ascending in the center of the branches, secondary fibers, 40–60 µm in diameter, branch off irregularly and divide again at right angles. This system of fibers cored with megascleres is separated from the ectosomal skeleton by subdermal spaces of about 300 µm.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 94 b–f) Styles, subtylostyles, isochelae and toxas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 94 b,b1), fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with smooth shaft, and almost exclusively smooth heads, although some were observed with faint spination; large size variability but no clear size categories, 176– 448 –602 x 8 – 13.4 –19 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles, straight, with microspined, subterminally constricted heads, divisible into (1) longer (Figs 94 c,c1) and usually thicker, 301– 380 –498 x 3 – 6.7 –10 µm, and (2) shorter (Figs 94 d,d1) and usually thinner, 141– 205 –258 x 3 – 4.4 –8 µm.</p><p>Isochelae (Fig. 94 e), with prominent alae and thick, sometimes slightly swollen shaft, 15– 20.4 –25 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 94 f), with open curve and slightly upturned, smooth apices, 33– 46.4 –61 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, soft bottom, 81 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Complanatus (L.) = flattened, referring to the smoothly flattened condition of the branches.</p><p>Remarks. The species is uniquely characterized by having smooth flattened branches and lacking echinating (acantho-)styles. No matching descriptions were encountered in the literature on Western Atlantic Clathria s.l. Keys on Caribbean species of Clathria s.l. (Van Soest 1984) and of Clathria (Thalysias) (Zea et al. 2014) did not key out the present species, nor is it recognizable among the Gulf of Mexico species (re-)described by Gómez (2014). NE Brazilian species described (Boury-Esnault 1973; Vierra de Barros et al. 2013; Santos &amp; Pinheiro 2014; Sandes &amp; Pinheiro 2015) and reviewed (Sandes &amp; Pinheiro 2015) also failed to provide a matching species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077C0FF34FF14A3F395EBFD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077CFFF35FF14A1979473FE86.text	03A8001077CFFF35FF14A1979473FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Thalysias) zeai	<div><p>Clathria (Thalysias) zeai sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 95 a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9885, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 95 a) Thinly encrusting worm tubes and coral debris. Three small pieces are considered fragments of a single specimen, together less than 1 cm 2, thickness 0.3–0.6 mm. Surface hispid. No apparent oscules. Color in alcohol pale orange-brown. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. Hymedesmioid, with single styles and acanthostyles erect on the substratum, heads embedded in the basal spongin plate. At the surface there are bouquets of longer subtylostyles carrying smaller subtylostyles; the surface is penetrated by long choanosomal styles causing the hispidation.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 95 b–g) Styles, subtylostyles, acanthostyles, palmate isochelae, toxas.</p><p>Styles (Fig. 95 b,b1), curved, with heavily warty head and smooth shaft, sharply pointed, 261– 426 –719 x 13 – 16.1 –18 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles with faintly swollen, microspined heads, divisible in two distinct size classes, (1) larger (Figs 95 c,c1), 332– 451 –546 x 4 – 5.8 –7 µm, (2) smaller (Figs 95 d,d1), 146– 199 –282 x 1.5– 2.45 –3.5 µm</p><p>Acanthostyles (Fig. 95 e), curved, with heavily warty head and lightly spined shaft, 98– 133 –164 x 4 – 7.9 –10 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Figs 95 f,f1), tiny, strongly or weakly twisted, with short alae and long naked shaft, 9– 11.2 –14 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 95 g,g1), deeply curved, with slightly upturned, rugose apices, 89– 104 –149 µm</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, soft bottom at 67–68 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Professor Sven Zea S., (INVEMAR, Colombian National University), in recognition of his important contributions to sponge taxonomy.</p><p>Remarks. The closest species to this thinly encrusting hispid Clathria (Thalysias) species is C. (T.) minuta (Van Soest, 1984) (as Rhaphidophlus), distributed over the Caribbean and NE Brazil. This shares most of the properties of the new species, but differs decisively in having the palmate isochelae normal, not twisted. Apart from the description of that species in Van Soest (1984) (p. 115, fig. 45, as Rhaphidophlus minutus), there is a SEM plate of the spicules of the holotype in Van Soest et al. 2013 (p. 335, fig. 30) as part of a discussion of the status of another close species, the Cape Verdian C. (T.) minutoides Van Soest, Beglinger &amp; De Voogd, 2013 . Differences in these Amphi-Atlantic minuta -like species are apparently small and subtle. Further such small differences between C. (T.) zeai sp. nov. and C. (T.) minuta are the rounded-warty style heads (more spinose in C. (T.) minuta), the spined nature of the toxa endings (smooth in C. (T.) minuta) and the upper size of the styles (only up to about 430 µm in C. (T.) minuta) against up to 700+ µm in the new species).</p><p>A species also close, but less similar, is NE Brazilian Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973) (as Rhaphidophlus), as redescribed by Galindo et al. (2014). Differences are the smooth styles, the diversity of toxas and the normal-shaped palmate isochelae. A second NE Brazilian species, C. (T.) repens Galindo, Hooper &amp; Pinheiro, 2014, does have twisted palmate isochelae like the present new species but also normal-shaped chelae, and differs further in habitus, in having smooth styles and straight-ended toxas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077CFFF35FF14A1979473FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077CEFF37FF14A51E93BBFC8F.text	03A8001077CEFF37FF14A51E93BBFC8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Axosuberites) riosae	<div><p>Clathria (Axosuberites) riosae sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 96 a–f</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9916, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station J112, 7.305°N 54.605°W, depth 88.5 m, 22 April 1969 .</p><p>Additional non-type material. RMNH Por. 10511, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 96 a) Small digitate sponge with optically smooth surface encrusting a shell. Overall size up to 3 x 2 x 2 cm. Digitations about 1–2 cm high, 0.5 cm thick. Color in alcohol tan or darker brown. Consistency compressible. A second specimen likely to be the same species is thinly encrusting.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 96 b) The digitations have a thin axial column of styles from which diverge bouquets of styles and subtylostyles, at the surface fanning out to form a more or less continuous ectosomal skeleton. No visible spongin. Styles and subtylostyles intermingled, not localized.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 96 c–f) Styles, subtylostyles, isochelae.</p><p>Styles (Figs 96 c,c1), straight or curved, with broadly rounded smooth heads, shaft isodiametrical until the sharply pointed apex, in a large size range, 408– 524 –690 x 8 – 14.1 –17 µm.</p><p>Subtylostyles, straight, with slight narrowing below the elongated heads which are usually microspined, in a large size range, the larger subtylostyles as long or slightly shorter than the styles, the smaller variably thin to slightly fusiform; subtylostyles arbitrarily divisible in two size categories (possibly three sizes), (1) larger (Figs 96 d,d1), 366– 478 –540 x 4 – 7.6 –10 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 96 e,e1), 174– 241 –303 x 3 – 4.4 –6 µm.</p><p>Palmate isochelae (Figs 96 f), varying in the length of the alae, but otherwise closely similar in shape and size, 19– 20.3 –22 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, soft bottom, 25–88.5 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr Pilar Ríos (Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Gijon, Spain) in recognition of her excellent contributions to poecilosclerid taxonomy.</p><p>Remarks. This is the first record of the subgenus Axosuberites from the Central West Atlantic. Specimen RMNH Por. 10511 is a very thin crust and from greater depth than the holotype, but skeletal structure and spiculation are closely similar to the holotype. To be on the safe side it was decided not to include it in the type material.</p><p>The nearest species to this new species is Clathria (Axosuberites) papillat a Van Soest, Beglinger &amp; De Voogd, 2013 from Mauritania in the East Atlantic. This is also basically encrusting with (papillate) digitations, and similarly lacks toxas. The differences are found in the sizes of the spicules, the upper sizes of which are larger in the new species (up to 450 in C. (A.) papillata vs up to almost 700 µm in the new species). The smaller styles often have microspined apices in C. (A.) papillata whereas these are smooth in the new species. Isochelae are also subtly different between the two species.</p><p>Cold-water species of the subgenus tend to have more elaborate shape and more diverse microscleres. The type species, C. (A.) fauroti (Topsent, 1893b) from the Red Sea is a small digitation and it has no microscleres, the West African species and the present new species from tropical Atlantic waters have only palmate isochelae, whereas e.g. the Antarctic C. (A.) flabellata (Topsent, 1916) (as Ophlitaspongia), re-described by Ríos et al. (2004), is flabellate-erect with a complement of several chelae and toxa categories.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077CEFF37FF14A51E93BBFC8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077CCFF31FF14A75791FEFF62.text	03A8001077CCFF31FF14A75791FEFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) arenaria Hajdu & Desqueyroux-Faundez 1994	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) arenaria Hajdu &amp; Desqueyroux-Faúndez, 1994</p><p>Figures 97 a–d, 98a–g</p><p>Mycale fusca; Solé-Cava et al. 1981: 132 (Not: Esperella fusca Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886).</p><p>Mycale arenosa Hajdu &amp; Boury-Esnault, 1991: 506, figs 1–11 (Not: Mycale parasitica var. arenosa Hentschel, 1911). Mycale arenaria Hajdu &amp; Desqueyroux-Faúndez, 1994: 568 (Not: Moraes 2011: 146, no sigmas, surface skeleton is characteristic for subgenus Aegogropila).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9994, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Irregularly massive sponge (Fig. 97 a), encrusting and consolidating shell debris on soft bottom substratum. Size 4 x 4.5 x 2 cm. Surface smooth but irregularly grooved and lobate. Several oscular openings are present, flush with the surface, 2–4 mm in diameter. Consistency soft, cavernous, but resilient.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 97 b–d) The surface skeleton is a tangential layer of single intercrossing megascleres (Fig. 97 b). Rosettes of the largest anisochela category (Fig. 97 b) are common, approximately 150 µm in diameter, consisting of 20+ spicules. The surface membrane in between the megascleres is charged with with scattered sigmas and anisochelae (Fig. 97 c), and very numerous trichodragmas and single raphides (Fig. 97 d). The choanosomal skeleton consists of strong, plumose bundles of megascleres, which fan out in the subectosomal region carrying the surface skeleton. Megasclere bundles at the base approximately 1 mm in diameter, thinning out towards the surface where they comprise 3–7 spicules in cross section.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 98 a–g) Styles, anisochelae, sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 98 a,a1), mycalostyles, fusiform, with faint constriction beneath the rounded heads, the opposite end sharply pointed, 468– 620 –744 x 12 – 15.4 –20 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 98 b), robust, with short alae, 50– 55.9 –63 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 98 c), spurred, with upper alae long, in a large size range, possibly divisible in a larger and a smaller size category, overall 16– 19.4 –24 µm.</p><p>Sigmas, thin, with slightly incurved apices, in two distinct size categories, (1) larger (Fig. 98 d), very common, 32– 40.4 –53 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 98 e), less common, 12– 13.2 –15 µm.</p><p>Raphides in trichodragmas, extremely common, in two size categories, (1) larger (Fig. 98 f), 61– 74.5 – 93 x 11 – 12.4 –15 µm (individual raphides (Fig. 98 f1) less than 0.5 µm thick), and (2) smaller (Fig. 98 g), 17– 26.1 – 33 x 9 – 10.8 –12 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, SE Brazil, soft substratum, 3– 59 m.</p><p>Remarks. The similarity to the Brazilian type material extensively described by Hajdu &amp; Boury-Esnault (1991) and Hajdu &amp; Desqueyrouz-Faúndez (1994) is convincing. However, there are a few differences: the type apparently has two categories of megascleres, which I cannot confirm from the present specimen; nevertheless the overall sizes given for the type are the same as for the present specimen. Hajdu &amp; Boury-Esnault do not report the occurrence of two size categories of sigmas, but since these were fairly rare and very thin, it is possible that either category was overlooked. The presence of a rare anisochela II category of 40 µm is reported for the type, while in the present specimen there is at most a possible additional size category of anisochelae III of about 23–24 µm, which seems different from most other anisochelae by having wider alae. Finally, there is a distinct division into larger and smaller trichodragmas in the present specimen, not reported for the type material.</p><p>In view of the considerable overall similarity of the present material and Hajdu &amp; Boury-Esnault’s material, I consider them both the same species for the time being.</p><p>Moraes’ (2011) record of this species is suspect as he did not mention sigmas and figured an Aegogropila surface skeleton.</p><p>A closely related species is Mycale (Mycale) alagona Cedro, Hajdu &amp; Correia, 2011 from SE Brazil. It shows the same general similarity with my specimen as with the type of M. (M.) arenaria (curved, short alae in anisochela I, dense aggregation of trichodragmas). Differences are three instead of two anisochelae categories and three size categories of sigmas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077CCFF31FF14A75791FEFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077CAFF33FF14A40D95E1FD75.text	03A8001077CAFF33FF14A40D95E1FD75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter 1882) Carter 1882	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) cf. laevis (Carter, 1882)</p><p>Figures 99 a–i</p><p>Restricted synonymy: Esperia laevis Carter, 1882a: 291, pl. XI fig. 16.</p><p>Mycale laevis; De Laubenfels 1936: 116; Hechtel 1965: 46, pl. VI fig.2.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) laevis; Van Soest 1984: 14, pl. I figs 1–4, text-fig. 2; Hajdu &amp; Rützler 1998: 763, figs 14–15,17g.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9850, 9919, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 99 a) Globular, oval, to irregularly massive individuals, largest specimen (of eight) approximately 4 x 2 x 2 cm in size. Color in alcohol red-brown. Surface optically smooth to irregular, with traces of (pore-)grooves, and with a few small oscules; microscopically slightly hispid. Consistency firm, compressible to crumbly.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 99 b) The surface skeleton is a crust of intercrossing individual megascleres, carried by the endings of choanosomal spicule tracts. Individual spicules from these tracts penetrate the surface. Choanosomal tracts originating in a central spicule core, subdividing and radiating towards the surface to carry the surface crust. Spicule tracts about 200 µm in diameter, thinning out towards the surface. Loose megascleres and microscleres are found in the spaces between the tracts.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 99 c–i) Styles, anisochelae, sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 99 c,c1), mycalostyles, uniform in shape and size, fusiform, with subterminal constriction and elongate head, sharply pointed at the opposite end, 542– 606 –654 x 11 – 12.7 –15 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Figs 99 d–f) in three distinct size categories, (1) anisochela I (Fig. 99 d), with relatively long shaft and short alae, especially at the lower end, 87– 94.1 –99 µm, (2) anisochela II (Fig. 99 e), overall similar to anisochela I, but with upper alae longer and unoccupied shaft shorter, 31– 35.6 –42 µm, and (3) anisochela III (Figs 99 f,f1), spurred, and with lower end devoid of side alae, 16– 19.4 –23 µm.</p><p>Sigmas in two distinct size categories, both with incurved apices, (1) larger (Fig. 99 g), 48– 57.4 –66 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 99 h), 13– 18.5 –33 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 99 i), in elongate, pointed packages, 43– 46.2 – 52 x 6 – 13.4 –19 µm, individual raphides robust, about 1 µm in thickness.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, soft bottom at 130 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Preliminarily, these sponges were identified as Mycale (Mycale) laevis Carter, 1882, the common widespread Central West Atlantic reef Mycale . However, the consistent presence of a third anisochela (of type II) differs from previous descriptions of this species (Hechtel 1965; Van Soest 1984; Pulitzer-Finali 1986; Zea 1987; Hajdu &amp; Rützler 1998), which report only anisochelae categories of type I and type III. Further, more subtle differences are the longer and sharply pointed styles, longer anisochelae I, the presence of definitely distinct categories of large and small sigmas, a single size of shorter trichodragmas, and the small oval body. Research into variability of shape and color in Mycale (M.) laevis by Loh et al. (2012) did not yield genetic markers for infraspecific morphotypes. However, none of their specimens from different habitats showed the presence of a third type of anisochelae, so the present differences could point to separate specific status. For the time being the data are interpreted as variation due to the deep occurrence at 130 m, where the normal depth occurrence is 1– 25 m .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077CAFF33FF14A40D95E1FD75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077C8FF0CFF14A02F952FF817.text	03A8001077C8FF0CFF14A02F952FF817.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) quadripartita Boury-Esnault 1973	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) quadripartita Boury-Esnault, 1973</p><p>Figures 100 a–l</p><p>Mycale quadripartita Boury-Esnault, 1973: 278, pl. II fig. 2, text-fig. 31.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) quadripartita; Hajdu &amp; Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1994: 582, figs, 55–63.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.5667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.255/lat 6.5667)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 6310, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station A28, 6.5667°N 55.255°W, depth 37 m, Van Veen grab, 28 April 1966 (1 specimen) ; RMNH Por. 7421, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9394, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9739, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 104, 7.9°N 57.555°W, depth 80 m, bottom muddy sand, Van Veen grab, 4 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9781, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.178&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.178/lat 7.1)">Guayana Shelf Expedition</a>, station E66, 7.1°N 56.178°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 (1 specimen) ; RMNH Por. 9845, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E5, 6.8217°N 56.2225°W, depth 44 m, dredge, 6 April 1966 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9856, 9857, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M88, 6.7133°N 53.975°W, depth 48 m, bottom muddy sand, 12 April 1969 (2 specimens); RMNH Por. 9907 Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G7, 7.28°N 56.7933°W, depth 64 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 (2 specimens) .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 100 a) Upright fistules, occasionally provided with a thinner stalk-like part (in life presumably buried in the sand), length 1–2 cm, diameter 3–5 mm. Color in alcohol pale greyish brown. Consistency compressible, with tough skin.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface skeleton is a thick mass of intercrossing styles overlying large subdermal spaces. Choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 100 a1) with a thick (0.5–1 mm diameter) central column of styles, from which issue at right angles and at regular distances four to five 0.5 mm thick spicule tracts fanning out into thinner tracts carrying the surface skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton crowded with rosettes of anisochela I (Fig. 100 b) and fusiform trichodragmas (Fig. 100 c).</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 100 d–l) Styles, anisochelae, sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 1 00d,d1,e), mycalostyles, fusiform, with narrow necks below elongate slightly swollen heads, in two size categories, (1) larger (Figs 100 d,d1), 522– 644 –734 x 13 – 16.3 –19 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 100 e), 341– 387 –462 x 8 – 10.7 –15 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae in three distinct size categories, the larger anisochela I (Fig. 100 f) and the middle-sized anisochela II (Fig. 100 g) similar in shape with broadly flaring upper alae, the smallest anisochela III (Fig. 100 h) with more narrow alae; anisochelae I, 83– 87.2 –92 µm, anisochelae II, 42– 43.9 –46 µm, anisochelae III, 24– 27.1 –36 µm.</p><p>Sigmas, in a large size range, including very large ones, divisible in three (possibly four) size categories, (1) largest (Fig. 100 i), 168– 200.2 –234 µm, (2) middle-sized (Fig. 100 j), 54– 69.1 –78 µm, and (3) smallest (Fig. 100 k), 13– 20.9 –29 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas, shaped like tight, fusiform packages of about ten spicules, 45– 57 x 8–11 µm, individual raphides (Fig. 100 l), 40– 50 x &lt;1 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, North and East Brazilian coasts, on soft bottoms, 23–80 m depth (previously down to 60 m).</p><p>Remarks. This species has been clearly described and illustrated by previous authors (Boury-Esnault 1973; Hajdu &amp; Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1994). The present material represents the northernmost occurrence of the species, but from the dozen of specimens reported here it can be concluded it is rather common on the Guyana shelf.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077C8FF0CFF14A02F952FF817	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077F6FF0EFF14A3B2937CFBAF.text	03A8001077F6FF0EFF14A3B2937CFBAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>Figures 101 a–j</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Pandaros angulosa Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 89, pl. IX fig. 4.</p><p>Zygomycale parishi; De Laubenfeld 1956: 3 (Not: Rhaphiodesma parishi Bowerbank, 1875) Mycale (Aegogropila) angulosa; Van Soest 1984: 16, pl. I figs 5–6, text-fig. 3 (with additional synonyms). Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 688; Muricy et al. 2011: 158.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9947, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Irregularly ramose (Fig. 101 a), with shorter or longer partially creeping branches, 3 cm or more in length, 0.5–1 cm in diameter, forming masses of up to 4 x 4 x 2 cm. Color in alcohol pale brown. Surface irregular, covered with small lobes occasionally bearing small oscules (&lt;1 mm). Consistency soft to slightly firm.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface skeleton (Fig. 101 b) is of the Aegogropila type, with tangentially intercrossing spicule tracts of 30–90 µm in diameter containing 7–12 spicules in cross section. Anisochelae I form rosettes. Choanosomal skeleton irregularly reticulate, with strong spicule tracts of 150–200 µm in diameter.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 101 c–j) Styles, anisochelae, isochelae, sigmas, toxas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Styles (Figs 101 c,c1), fusiform, tapering gradually to rounded and pointed opposite ends, no obvious constriction or tyle, size 294– 316 –342 x 8 – 9.3 –11 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae, in two distinct size categories, (1) anisochelae I (Fig. 101 d), robust, with long free shaft and short lower alae, 47– 51.1 –59 µm, and (2) anisochelae II (Fig. 101 e), robust, with short free shaft and long upper alae, 18– 21.7 –26 µm.</p><p>Isochelae (Fig. 101 f), uniform in shape and size, thin, elongate, 11– 12.2 –14 µm.</p><p>Sigmas in two size categories, (1) large, robust (Fig. 101 g), 74– 82.2 –92 µm, and (2) small, thin (rare) (Fig. 101 h), 30– 34.0 –36 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 101 i), with shallow curve and upturned apices, occurring in toxodragmas (Fig. 101 i1), length 25– 63.8 –84 µm, dragmas 5–7 µm in thickness.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 101 j), 24– 33.1 – 42 x 6 – 7.7 –9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Virgin Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, NE Brazil, in mangroves, bays and on soft bottoms at 1–58 m depth (Guyana Shelf 25–29 m).</p><p>Remarks. Shape and spicule sizes match closely with previous descriptions of this common species. A similar sister species, M. (Z.) sierraleonensis Van Soest, Beglinger &amp; De Voogd, 2014, was recently described from Sierra Leone in the East Atlantic. It spicules are almost identical in shape and size, but it has a third size category of sigmas. The present specimen confirms this difference.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077F6FF0EFF14A3B2937CFBAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077F5FF08FF14A67E94F6FCE5.text	03A8001077F5FF08FF14A67E94F6FCE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymenancora cristoboi	<div><p>Hymenancora cristoboi sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 102 a–i</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9920, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 102 a) Thinly encrusting on a piece of a dead bryozoan, surface smooth but irregular. Lateral size about 1 x 1 cm, thicknes &lt;1 mm. Color in alcohol pale orange. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. Hymedesmioid, with larger and smaller acanthostyles erect on the substratum, and scattered tornotes and abundant microscleres in the ectosomal and subectosomal regions.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 102 b–i) Acanthostyles, tornotes, anchorate isochelae, sigmas.</p><p>Acanthostyles in a wide size range, divisible into larger partially spined (shaft smooth or sparingly spined) and smaller entirely spined categories, both provided with swollen profusedly spined heads; (1) large acanthostyles (Figs 102 b,b1) 174– 214 –237 x 12 – 14.2 –18 µm, and (2) small acanthostyles (Figs 102 c,c1), 83– 95 –106 x 7 – 8.8 –10 µm.</p><p>Tornotes (Figs 102 d), with mucronate apices, slightly dissimilar at opposite ends, either lightly spined (Fig. 102 d,d1) at one end, these forming a minority, or entirely smooth (Figs 102 d2,d3), forming the majority, size 156– 177 –201 x 3 – 3.6 –5 µm.</p><p>Anchorate isochelae tridentate with incipient fimbriae at opposite ends on the shaft; there are three size categories, the larger and middle-sized chelae (Figs 102 e–f) shaped similarly, the smallest (G= Fig. 102 g) more elongate; (1) largest chelae (Fig. 102 e), occasionally with four alae instead of three, caused by a split in the innermost ala, 36– 49.2 –54 µm, (2) middle-sized chelae (Fig. 102 f), 19– 22.2 –24 µm, and (3) small chelae (Fig. 102 g) almost overlapping in size with the middle-sized chelae but recognizable by shape, 12– 13.6 –18 µm.</p><p>Sigmas, symmetrical, with incurved apices, in a large size range, but divisible in at least two size categories (the smaller possibly further divisible), (1) larger (Fig. 102 h), 69– 81.3 –97 µm, and (2) smaller (Fig. 102 i), 18– 41.4 –54 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom at 130 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr Javier Cristobo (Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Gijon, Spain) to acknowledge his great efforts to unravel poecilosclerid taxonomy.</p><p>Remarks. To date no Hymenancora species have been reported from the Tropical Western Atlantic region. The genus is typically confined to colder and deeper waters. The present species appears close to the Chilean species H. tenuissima (Thiele, 1905) (as Hymedesmia). This differs from the present species in having only a single sigma category and only two chela categories the smaller of which has 5 alae, and all tornotes are heavily spined. Antarctic H. rufa (Kirkpatrick, 1907) (as Hymeraphia) is also similar but lacks sigmas entirely. The nearest record of Hymenancora is likely from Sao Paulo State at 500 m depth off SE Brazil (Hajdu &amp; Lopes 2007, p. 355, as Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla) tenuissima), later reassigned to Hymenancora by Muricy et al. 2011, p. 164. It is possible that these records concern the present new species, but since no description of this material was presented by either Hajdu &amp; Lopes or Muricy et al. it remains uncertain what the exact identity is. Lévi (1963) reported this same species from South Africa (as Ectyomyxilla tenuissima), but his description does not conform to Thiele’s, and this sponge is not likely to belong to Hymenancora .</p><p>I take this opportunity to discuss several homonyms involving the species name tenuissima .</p><p>Hymedesmia tenuissima Thiele, 1905 (p. 454) was transferred to Ectyomyxilla by Lévi (1963) (but see above), to Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla) by Hajdu &amp; Lopes (2007) and subsequently to Hymenancora by Van Soest (2002c).</p><p>Myxilla tenuissima Dendy, 1905 (p. 169) was transferred to Hymedesmia by Topsent (1928) (p. 252) without comment. It is quite clear from Dendy’s description and figures of the spicules, that Topsent was right in considering Myxilla tenuissima to be a Hymedesmia . Topsent’s use of the combination Hymedesmia tenuissima (Dendy) created a secondary junior homonym of Thiele’s Hymedesmia tenuissima, but since the latter is now no longer considered congeneric with Hymedesmia, H. (H.) tenuissima (Dendy, 1905) remains valid.</p><p>The combination Myxilla tenuissima Row, 1911 (p. 345) is a junior primary homonym of Myxilla tenuissima Dendy, 1905 . Even though Dendy’s species is now considered a Hymedesmia, this necessitates proposing a new name (ICZN art. 57.2). From its description, it is very likely that Row’s species is also a Hymedesmia, close to Dendy’s tenuissima, but its black color (vs. Dendy’s yellow) prevents synonymy of the two. In conclusion, I here propose Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) rowi nom. nov. to replace Row’s Myxilla tenuissima .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077F5FF08FF14A67E94F6FCE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077F3FF09FF14A7C3928DFE4A.text	03A8001077F3FF09FF14A7C3928DFE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tedania (Tedania) ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Tedania (Tedania) ignis (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>Figures 103 a–e</p><p>Restricted synonymy:</p><p>Thalysias igni s Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 83, pl. XVIII figs 1, 7. Tedania ignis; Verrill 1907: 339; Van Soest 1984: 49, pl. IV fig. 7, text-fig. 17. Tedania (Tedania) ignis; Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Van Soest 1996: 51.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 6308, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9807, 9837, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.55°N 57.0833°W, depth 63 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9949, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 26–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 103 a) Massive, lobate or lumpy specimens, largest collected specimen 5 x 3 x 3 cm. Surface smooth but rather uneven, with one or two small oscules, presumably shrunk after collection. Color in alcohol beige or off-white. Consistency compressible, fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. The interior skeleton is vaguely reticulate, made up of single styles or thin bundles of a few styles. Many loose styles and onychaetes. The surface is carried by loose bundles of tylotes, partially arranged tangentially.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 103 b–e) Styles, tylotes, onychaetes.</p><p>Styles (Figs 103 b,b1), smooth, usually lightly curved and slightly constricted at the rounded end and with sharp points at the opposite end, rather uniform in length and thickness, 288– 305 –318 x 6 – 7.9 –10 µm.</p><p>Tylotes (Figs 103 c,c1), with strongly developed spines at the heads, with straight smooth shaft, likewise rather uniform in size, 269– 284 –294 x 4 – 4.9 –6 µm.</p><p>Onychaetes, spined throughout, in a large size range, but divisible into (1) longer (Figs 103 d,d1), 231– 260 –285 x 1 – 1.4 –2 µm, and (2) shorter, stubby spicules (Figs 103 e,e1), 67– 81 –135 x 1 – 1.2 –1.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf and throughout the Tropical Western Atlantic, including NE Brazil, in a large variety of habitats, from 0–91 m (Guyana Shelf 26–65 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens have average spicule sizes similar to those measured by Zea (1987) for Colombian specimens, but his and the present material have the spicules larger and thicker (10–20%) than those measured by Hechtel (1965), Wiedenmayer (1977) and Van Soest (1984) for specimens from Jamaica, Bahamas and Curaçao, respectively. Possibly, the phenomenon of silica enrichment from nearby river outflows, suggested by Zea (1987) (p. 234), is responsible for this difference.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077F3FF09FF14A7C3928DFE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077F1FF0AFF14A0DB9517F809.text	03A8001077F1FF0AFF14A0DB9517F809.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tedania (Stylotedania) folium	<div><p>Tedania (Stylotedania) folium subgen. nov. sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 104 a–e</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5/lat 7.7)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9324, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. The sponge forms smooth, thin, leaf-like shapes (Fig. 104 a) with irregular margins. The available material consists of two almost equally large fragments, 7 x 4–5 cm in size, thickness varying between 2 mm at the outer margins to about 1 cm at the attachment to the substratum. Both fragments are presumed to be from the same larger individual attached at several points on shells and rubble. It is likely but not certain that the leaf-like forms were growing erect. There are no identifiable oscules. Color (alcohol) pale beige, with a faint rosy tinge. Consistency soft, limp, easily torn.</p><p>Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is plumose, with a large proportion of loose unorganized spicules and tracts of thicker styles forming wide meshes. No visible spongin. The ectosomal skeleton is tangential and consists of loose thinner styles and onychaetes.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 104 b–e) Styles, onychaetes.</p><p>Styles in two more or less distinct categories, usually recognizable as (1) choanosomal spicules (Figs 104 b,b1), thicker, usually slightly curved, and with mucronate or bluntly rounded points, rather uniform in size, 312– 348 –392 x 5.5– 7.1 –9 µm, and (2) ectosomal tornote-like spicules (Figs 104 c,c1), thin, straight and gradually but sharply pointed, in a large size range, 198– 286 –365 x 2 – 2.4 –4 µm.</p><p>Onychaetes in two distinct size categories, (1) long, straight or slightly wispy (Figs 104 d,d1,d2), with prominent asymmetrically placed tyle, very common, 207– 243 –267 x 1 – 1.1 –1.5 µm, and (2) small and very thin (Figs 104 e,e1,e2), tyle very close to the apex, not common, 42– 51 – 61 x &lt;0.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana shelf, on muddy sand bottom attached to rubble, at 65 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The noun ‘folium’ (L.) means leaf, referring to the leaf-like shape of the sponge.</p><p>Remarks. The two style types of the new species are in majority distinguishable as thick-curved vs. thinstraight, but some overlap is observed where a minority of choanosomal styles is straight. A further subtle distinction, but also with some overlap, is observed in the pointed ending of the spicules: ectosomal styles are invariably tapering gradually and sharply, whereas most choanosomal styles have blunt or mucronate endings.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077F1FF0AFF14A0DB9517F809	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077F0FF05FF14A68692CDFD32.text	03A8001077F0FF05FF14A68692CDFD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cervicornia cuspidifera (Lamarck 1815) Lamarck 1815	<div><p>Cervicornia cuspidifera (Lamarck, 1815)</p><p>Figures 105a–d</p><p>Alcyonium cuspidiferum Lamarck, 1815: 168 .</p><p>Spirastrella cuspidifera; Topsent 1933: 41.</p><p>Xestospongia tierneyi; Wiedenmayer 1977: 117, pl. 15 fig. 3, text-fig. 130 (Not: Prianos tierneyi De Laubenfels, 1953: 534, fig. 10 = Spheciospongia vesparium)</p><p>Spheciospongia cuspidifera; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 94, figs 22–23; Vicente et al. 1991: 217; Rützler 1997: 1393.</p><p>Cervicornia cuspidifera; Rützler &amp; Hooper 2000: 342; Rützler 2002: 174, figs 1–2; Muricy et al. 2011: 64.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5/lat 7.7)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 6306, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970 ; RMNH Por. 9815, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9830, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. Hollow fingershaped sponges (Fig. 105a) protruding from a broader body mass buried in the sediment. The protruding fingers are closed at the apex. No apparent oscules. One of the specimens (Fig. 105a) is 11 cm high, 2.5 cm in diameter, without base, a second is 14 cm high, 3 cm in diameter from a fragmented base of 5 x 3 cm. Color in alcohol orange-brown or dark red-brown (from the discolored label the color of the latter specimen has likely been influenced by being part of a sample containing a verongid species). Surface smooth, but a feeling of friction is felt upon touch. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. (Fig. 105b) At the surface the skeleton consists of erect brushes of tylostyles (pointed ends outward) surrounding open spaces covered by a membrane in which microscleres are crowded. Choanosomal skeleton a largely confused mass of tylostyles, consisting of a mixture of loose spicules and short bundles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 105c–d) Tylostyles, spirasters.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs. 105c,c1) curved, with faint tyles, characteristically with the pointed ends bluntly rounded, in a large size range but not divisible in size categories, 297– 432 –564 x 10 – 12.2 –15 µm.</p><p>Spirasters (Figs 105d), short, curved usually once, with the shaft provided with composite spines concentrated on the ends and on the outer curve, inner curve usually smooth or with low spines; rarely curved 1½ times; occasionally straight, not curved and then provided with spines along the shaft; 13– 14.9 –19 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Belize, Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, NE Brazil, 4–65 m depth (Guyana Shelf 51–65 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens are singular and undivided fingers, not branching at the periphery and/or proliferating, like in many specimens shown in previous studies. Also the diversity of spirasters is less than shown in e.g. Rützler (2002). Despite these discrepancies, it is clear that the Guyana specimens fall within the observed variation of this common sandy bottom species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077F0FF05FF14A68692CDFD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077FEFF06FF14A0E29207FEDA.text	03A8001077FEFF06FF14A0E29207FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplastrella spirastrelloides	<div><p>Diplastrella spirastrelloides sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 106 a–f</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9843, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H57, 7.595°N 56.8767°W, depth 94 m, bottom coarse sand shells, 11 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 106 a) Three fragments presumed to have originally been a single piece, thinly encrusting on sandy rubble. Thickness about 2 mm, lateral size several cm2. Surface microhispid. Color in alcohol dirty white to pale beige. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton. Small groups of tylostyles erect on the substratum rising beyond a thick mass of microscleres.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 106 b–f) Tylostyles, diplasters.</p><p>Tylostyles, slightly fusiform, with prominent rounded tyles, in a large size range, divisible in two-three overlapping categories, (1) largest (Figs 106 b,b1), with prominent tyles, faintly curved especially in the upper half, 528–952 x 15.5–24 µm, (2) middle-sized (Figs 106 c,c1), 324–486 x 12 –14.5 µm, and (3) small (Figs 106 d,d1), 267–374 x 5–12 µm, the latter tend to have slightly irregular tyles. Overall, tylostyles measure 268– 542 –952 x 5 – 15.4 –24 µm.</p><p>Diplasters with conical rays, in two shapes/size ranges, (1) large spheraster-like, slightly extended spicules (Fig. 106 e), 31– 41.6 –48 µm, and (2) small condensed, irregular, spiraster-like spicules (Figs 106 f), 11– 18.3 –26 µm</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy-shelly bottom at 94 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the smaller diplasters resembling compressed spirasters.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is very similar in spiculation to the type species of Diplastrella, Mediterranean D. bistellatus (Schmidt, 1862) (originally Tethya bistellata) as redescribed by Rützler (2002b) (p. 221–222). Differences are the smaller tylostyles, only up to 630 µm, and the less compact smaller spiraster-like microscleres in D. bistellatus . A second species of Diplastrella in the Central West Atlantic is D. megastellata Hechtel, 1965 . This differs strongly in having large (up to 79 µm) irregular, anthaster-like microscleres in addition to small diplasters. See for a detailed view of the spicules Rützler et al. 2014 (p. 36 fig. 14).</p><p>A further dubious species, Diplastrella ministrella, was erected by Gammill (1997), but his description is unrecognizable, contains no information on the spicules and the in situ illustration of the specimen is of low magnification lacking any details that would make it possible to recognize it. No material was apparently kept. It is possible that Gammill’s species is the same as D. spirastrelloides sp. nov., but there is no way to verify this and it seems inescapable to declare the name a nomen nudum in the sense of art.13 of the ICZN. I contemplated using the name ministrella for the present species (which would remove the unavailability of the name), because the present diplasters are indeed small compared to those of D. megastellata . However, the habitat (Bahamian reefs at shallow depth) is clearly different from soft substratum at 94 m depth off Guyana, rendering the conspecificity unlikely. Apart from the above discussed, the genus Diplastrella has four additional species, two in the Mediterranean, one in East Africa, and one in the South Pacific (Van Soest et al. 2016). This distribution pattern appears incomplete and more species are expected to be found.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077FEFF06FF14A0E29207FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077FDFF07FF14A51D9152F966.text	03A8001077FDFF07FF14A51D9152F966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirastrella erylicola	<div><p>Spirastrella erylicola sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 107 a–c</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.75/lat 6.7333)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por 10535, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 107 a) Thinly encrusting (&lt;1 mm) on the holotype of Erylus rhabdocoronatus sp. nov. (RMNH Por. 9339). Microhispid. Lateral size about 1 cm 2. Color in alcohol orange-beige. No apparent openings.</p><p>Skeleton. Single erect tylostyles, heads embedded in the sponge surface it encrusts, protruding through a thick crust of microscleres.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 107 b–c) Tylostyles, spirasters.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 107 b,b1), curved, with prominent heads and sharply pointed apices, 570– 744 –882 x 6 – 9.3 –13 µm (heads 9– 12.8 –18 µm).</p><p>Spirasters (Figs 107 c,c1,c2), in the form of singly curved asters, spines conical, compound; smaller forms are few, supposedly juvenile stages, including thinly spined forms, overall diameters 13– 18.6 –23 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, encrusting another sponge, in muddy sand environment at 76 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name means ‘living on Erylus ’, referring to the fact the holotype encrusts a specimen of Erylus .</p><p>Remarks. The new species differs from the two common Central West Atlantic species of Spirastrella, S. coccinea (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) (as Thalysias) and S. mollis Verrill, 1907 (which was recently extensively described in Rützler et al. 2014), in having very small compact spirasters only. The first of these, S. coccinea, has spirasters up to 61 µm, the second, S. mollis, up to 50 µm. Both show a clear division of large and small spirasters (types 1 and 2 in Rützler et al. 2014) with, in the larger spirasters, 2 spiral turns, whereas the microscleres in the new species described here have a more continuous variation, and are generally more compact showing 1–1.5 (rarely 2) spiral turns only. Detailed shapes are also clearly different among all three species. Tylostyles in the present new species exceed these of the other two in length (up to 822 µm vs. 680 and 520 respectively).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077FDFF07FF14A51D9152F966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077FBFF00FF14A3F39217F870.text	03A8001077FBFF00FF14A3F39217F870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placospongia ruetzleri	<div><p>Placospongia ruetzleri sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 108 a–g</p><p>Placospongia carinata sensu Little 1963: 56, figs 25, 27; Hechtel 1965: 62 (in part, not specimens with spherasters);? Hechtel 1976: 241;? Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão 1978: pages unnumbered, figs 1–2; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 100; Rua et al. 2006: 197; Muricy et al. 2011: 67 (Not: Geodia carinata Bowerbank, 1858).</p><p>Placospongia sp. 1 sensu Van Soest 2009: 11.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9872, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 25–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Paratypes RMNH Por. 9951, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F46, 6.312°N 56.57°W, depth 26–29 m, bottom sand, 7 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9871, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 108 a) Thick crusts with surface divided into polygonal plates separated by pore grooves. Live color of specimens photographed on-deck by the CREOCEAN expedition in French Guyanan waters is redbrown, similar but slightly dulled in alcohol. No visible openings (the oscules and pores in the grooves are invisible due to the closure of the grooves). Size of holotype 5.5 x 4 x 3.5 cm, but the thickness in reality is about 4–5 mm, as it encloses a lump of shell debris. The paratypes are flat encrustations of 3–6 mm thickness. Consistency stony.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface has a thin veneer of acanthomicrorhabds overlying a 1.5 mm thick crust of selenasters, carried by subectosomal bundles of tylostyles of 300–500 µm in diameter. The choanosomal region is notably less spiculous, with spaces of 0.5–1 mm of tissue with only microscleres (acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters/ amphiasters) between the bundles of tylostyles. At the undersurface there is a further layer of selenasters and acanthomicrorhabds.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 108 b–f) Tylostyles, selenasters, spirasters, acanthomicrorhabds.</p><p>Tylostyles with prominent tyles and bluntly rounded opposite ends, straight and evenly thick along most of the shaft, gradually tapering until the rounded end, in two slightly overlapping size classes, (1) larger (Figs 108 b,b1) 618– 856 – 1158 x 11 – 14.6 –19 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 108 c,c1) 324– 395 –479 x 6 – 8.7 –11 µm.</p><p>Selenasters (Fig. 108 d) oval in shape with prominent hilus of 10–13 µm diameter, size (height x diameter) 66– 76.2 –82 x 51 – 59.7 –66 µm; juvenile stages (Fig. 108 e) common, 34– 40.3 – 48 x 15 – 21.1 –27 µm.</p><p>Spirasters (Figs 108 f), quite variable and irregular, the shaft with one or rarely two spiral turns; with rays provided with shorter and longer secondary rays and spines, with the longer rays concentrated at both ends and on the upper curve, with few spines and protrusions in the center region and on the lower curve; overall length also variable, 16– 21.7 –26 µm, thickness of the shaft where free of spines, 2–4 µm.</p><p>Acanthomicrorhabds (Figs 108 g), variable in length and thickness, usually with one or one-and-a-half spiral turn, occasional with two turns, initial stage rough but not spined, size 7– 11.4 – 14 x 1 – 1.4 –2 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana shelf, sandy bottom at 25–34 m; CREOCEAN specimens from French Guyana were from 83 m depth. Elsewhere, Florida, Jamaica, Grenada, Colombia, NE Brazil (the Brazilian records remain uncertain due to insufficient information), depth range 1–34 m, so the entire range is 1– 83 m.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr Klaus Rützler (Smithsonian Institution, Washington), to acknowledge his efforts in placospongiid taxonomy and for his important contributions to sponge biology in general.</p><p>Remarks. This species was already reviewed and described in Van Soest (2009) as Placospongia sp. 1. The Pacific holotype of P. carinata (Bowerbank, 1858) and additional regional specimens were (re-)described by Becking (2013). The Central West Atlantic specimens previously assigned by various authors to P. carinata closely resemble the Pacific P. carinata, but as Van Soest (2009) pointed out there are several consistent differences which along with the geographic separation justify recognition at the species level. The principal difference is the shape of the spirasters/amphiasters, which is much more distinctly amphiaster-like with long rays at both upper and lower ends of the shaft in P. carinata, whereas these spicules are pronouncedly spiraster-like in the new Central West Atlantic species because rays tend to be lengthy only at the upper convex side of the arched microsclere. Less clear, but consistent differences are in the sizes of these spirasters/amphiasters (larger in P. carinata), the megascleres (shorter in P. carinata), and the selenasters (larger in P. carinata).</p><p>All other well-established Central West Atlantic Placospongia species ( P. caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Díaz, 2014, P. cristata Boury-Esnault, 1973, and P. intermedia Sollas, 1888) possess ‘golfball’-shaped spherasters lacking in the present species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077FBFF00FF14A3F39217F870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077FAFF03FF14A44C94C0FCC6.text	03A8001077FAFF03FF14A44C94C0FCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiasterella camelus	<div><p>Hemiasterella camelus sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 109 a–e</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9924, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. The holotype (Fig. 109 a) is bilobate, pale orange-brown in alcohol, with a punctate micronulose surface. Lobes crowned by apical oscules, which appear irregularly compound with several smaller and larger partially connected openings, likely caused by collapse of wider openings. Maximum height of specimen 7 cm, maximum width 6 cm, lobes 4–5 cm diameter at the base, approximately 2 cm diameter at the top. Consistency firm, rather incompressible.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there is a thick cover of aster microscleres carried by loose bundles of both smaller and larger oxeas, which push up the surface into low blunt conules. Inbetween these conules there is a network of inhalant openings 0.2–0.4 mm in size. The skeleton of the choanosome is largely confused, consisting of individual larger oxeas strewn without obvious direction, and crowded asters. Smaller asters rare, found in dissoluted spicule mounts, but not readily detected in a thick sections.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 109 b–e) Oxeas, oxyspherasters.</p><p>Oxeas, straight, fusiform, sharply pointed, occasionally with stylote heads, in two size categories, (1) large and thick (Figs 109 b,b1), 1740– 2006 – 2220 x 27 – 49.6 –58 µm, and (2) small and thin (Figs 109 c,c1), 597– 798 –963 x 9 – 17.4 –24 µm.</p><p>Oxyspherasters, smooth, with sharply pointed conical rays, in two size categories, (1) larger (Figs 109 d), 35– 61 –78 µm, ray number 6– 11.8 –16, and (2) smaller (Figs 109 e), 7– 13.8 –18 µm, ray number 10– 11.4 –12.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy bottom at 130 m.</p><p>Etymology. Camelus (L.) = camel, referring to the shape of the holotype resembling a camel’s two humps.</p><p>Remarks. The only other Central West Atlantic Hemiasterella is H. ajax (De Laubenfels, 1950) (originally Epallax ajax) from an inland mangrove pond in Bermuda . A paratype, BMNH 1948.8.6.49, was examined. It shows considerable similarity to the new species: it is a globular mass with large fusiform oxeas as megascleres and two distinct size categories of oxy(spher)asters as microscleres. There are also compelling differences between the two species. The Bermuda specimen is white (in life as well as in alcohol), the larger oxeas are thinner and longer (1500–3300 x 15–32 µm), there are no small oxeas in the size range below 1000 µm, and the larger oxyasters are not oxyspherasters and all have a small number of rays (usually 3–4). Furthermore, the Bermuda species is only known from a shallow water inland pond, quite the opposite of the new species, which was taken at 130 m depth.</p><p>Some resemblance is also apparent with the recently described Jaspis atolensis Lira &amp; Pinheiro, 2015 from the Atol das Rocas in NE Brazil (depth given as ‘loose above the reef’, thus probably from shallow-water). The shape is dissimilar, but irregularly massive, so not too distinct from H. camelus sp. nov. Its skeleton and spicule complement is not unlike the above-described specimen, but the larger oxeas are only up to 1400 x 13 µm (against up to 2220 x 58 in H. camelus sp. nov.). In view of this and the different depth occurrence, it is likely a related but different species. Assignment to Jaspis Gray, 1867 appears unjustified as the smaller oxeas are not arranged tangentially as in the type species, J. johnstonii (Schmidt, 1862) . Lira &amp; Pinheiro’s (2015) redescription of the type specimen of Schmidt rather contrasts with those of earlier authors (Topsent 1900 as Coppatias johnstonii, and Uriz 2002) by its emphasis on an ‘undifferentiated’ ectosome. This probably relates to the quality of the dry type material rather than to the true properties of Jaspis johnstonii, which does have an ectosomal tangential or paratangential crust of the smaller oxeas. Jaspis atolensis fits probably better in Hemiasterella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077FAFF03FF14A44C94C0FCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077F8FF1CFF14A75693CAF812.text	03A8001077F8FF1CFF14A75693CAF812.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Columnitis squamata Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Columnitis squamata Schmidt, 1870</p><p>Figures 110 a–f</p><p>Columnitis squamata Schmidt, 1870: 25, pl. V figs 3–4; Sollas 1888: 441; Sarà &amp; Bavestrello 1996: 374, figs. 3A, 4A–C, 5A–F; Sarà 2002: 252, figs. 4A–D.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9818, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I120, 6.505°N 54.9833°W, depth 36–37 m, bottom sandy mud, 25 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Lumpy mass (Fig. 110 a), greyish brown to beige brown in alcohol. Surface covered with rounded mounds, several of which bear slightly sunken oscules. Surface also bumpy with barnacles partially or wholly coverd by sponge tissue. Size 10 x 7 cm in lateral dimensions, 1–2 cm thick, mounds 0.5–2 cm in diameter, approximately 0.5–1 cm high. Surface of mounds covered with low flattened tubercles, each with a glassy greyish colored center, and separated by thin grooves. Between the mounds the surface is veined and slightly rough. Microhispid. Consistency firm to hard.</p><p>Skeleton. Typically tethyid, with flattened tubercles in cross section showing cortical bundles of styles fanning out to carry a 200–300 µm thick dense layer of acanthoxyasters. Styles protrude beyond the surface in places, especially in the grooves. Between the bundles of styles masses of megasters complete the cortical skeleton. The choanosome is less densely spiculated, and shows brown-pigmented tissue with scattered (smaller) styles, acanthoxyasters and micrasters. The choanosome is traversed vertically by bundles of large strongylostyles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 110 b–f) Styles, megasters, acanthoxyasters/acanthostrongylasters, micrasters.</p><p>Styles, straight, slightly fusiform but not typical tethyid strongylostyles or strongyloxeas, in two distinct size categories, (1) larger (Figs 110 b,b1), closely resembling (sub-)tylostyles, with elongated tyle, sharply pointed, barely fusiform, 930– 1163 – 1494 x 12 – 19.7 –27 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 110 c,c1), more style-like with barely swollen tyles, 342– 561 –870 x 4 – 6.9 –10 µm.</p><p>Megasters (Fig. 110 d), smooth, with conical, sharply pointed rays, 46– 56.5 –66 µm, with 9– 10.3 –13 rays.</p><p>Acanthoxyasters/acanthostrongylasters (Fig. 110 e), with smooth center and irregularly spined apices (with peculiar proliferated clusters of larger and smaller spines), 15– 22.3 –27 µm, with 8– 10.6 –12 rays.</p><p>Micrasters (Fig. 110 f), tiny, tylaster-like, with smooth center and rather strongly spines apices, 3– 3.8 –5 µm, with 6– 7.4 –8 rays.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, soft bottom, at 30–37 m depth. Remarks. The present specimen conforms closely to (re-)descriptions of Sarà &amp; Bavestrello (1996) and Sarà (2002). A few size discrepancies are noticeable: the upper size of the styles, which is cited as up to 2000 µm by Sarà, were short of 1500 µm in the specimen from Suriname. Likewise, the size of the megasters (up to 80 µm according to Sarà) did not reach over 66 µm in the Suriname specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077F8FF1CFF14A75693CAF812	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077E6FF1DFF14A3B592AEF82F.text	03A8001077E6FF1DFF14A3B592AEF82F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halicometes stellata (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Halicometes stellata (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 111 a–h</p><p>Cometella stellata Schmidt, 1870: 49 .</p><p>Tethya caudata Deszö, 1879: 648 .</p><p>Tethya cometes Schmidt, 1879: 78 .</p><p>Tethya stellata; Sollas 1888: 440.</p><p>Halicometes stellata; Topsent 1898: 112; Topsent 1920: 31; Sarà 2002: 253, fig. 5. (Not: De Laubenfels 1950: 99, fig. 45; Little 1963: 56 = Timea spec.)</p><p>? Halicometes minuta Sarà &amp; Rosa de Barboza, 1995: 167, figs 1–4.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9858 (including slide), Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K102, 7.1883°N 54.3833°W, depth 81 m, bottom grey-green mud, 18 April 1969 (2 specimens) .</p><p>Description. Small oval bodies on a long thin stalk (Fig. 111 a). Only one small complete specimen, now entirely enclosed in Canada balsam on a microscope slide, with body 8 x 6 mm and stalk of 22.5 x 1 –1.5 mm. A second incomplete specimen (without stalk), slightly larger body (9 x 7 mm), with yellowish color in alcohol. Both have the body covered in hispid tubercles.</p><p>Skeleton. The skeleton of the body has an outer layer of micrasters, 0.2–0.5 mm thick, carried by bundles of styles separated by masses of megasters 2 mm in thickness. The bundles of styles number 20 or more spicules, 150–300 µm in thickness, and are separated at 0.5–2 mm distance. The center and lower half of the body contains a thick bundle of styles, a continuation of the stalk, and scattered megasters, oxyasters and micrasters. The stalk has a center column of styles, strengthened by individual megasters, a sheath of exotyles and a thin cover of micrasters.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 111 b–h) Styles/strongyloxeas, exotyles, megasters, oxyasters, micrasters.</p><p>Styles, in the form of strongyloxeas as usual for Tethyidae, fusiform, with narrow blunt heads, widened shafts and bluntly pointed or rounded thin endings, smooth, in two size classes, (1) long and thick (Figs 111 b,b1), 1026– 1315 – 1596 x 15 – 21.0 –28 µm, and (2) shorter and thinner (Figs 111 c,c1), 489– 641 –751 x 3 – 6.2 –8 µm.</p><p>Exotyles (Figs 111 d,d1), in the form of tylostyles with quite diverse malformed heads and thin straight shaft, only a few could be measured entirely, 190–360 x 1–3 µm.</p><p>Megasters (Figs 111 e,e1), shaped as smooth oxyspherasters, quite variable in size and number of rays, 36– 106 –195, with ray number 4– 14.6 –21, RC index (ray length divided by center diameter) 1.78.</p><p>Oxyasters (Fig. 111 f), with irregular shape and few conical rays, 24– 49 –66, ray number 3– 4.4 –7.</p><p>Micrasters (Figs 111 g,g1,h), variable in shape and ornamentation, predominantly strongylaster- or tylaster-like (Fig. 111 g), with smooth center and finely spined blunt rays, younger/smaller forms with more pointed rays and few spines (Figs 111 g1,h), 5– 10.6 –15 µm, ray number 7– 9.4 –13.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, depth range 81–650 m (Guyana Shelf 81 m).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens described above conform in all aspects to the redescription of the type material in Sarà, 2002 (p. 253), originally reported from the Gulf of Mexico . De Laubenfels’ (1950) record from Bermuda, and Little’s (1963) record from Florida are both obviously erroneous and concern the genus Timea, likely Timea hechteli Lehnert &amp; Heimler, 2001 . The description of Halicometes minuta Sarà &amp; De Rosa Barboza, 1995 from the Brazilian SE coast is also very similar to our material. The differences of that ‘species’ with the type of Halicometes stellata appear to be negligible (it concerns the length of the megascleres and robustness of the megasters). Our material appears to be inbetween the two alleged species.</p><p>A slide made of one of the type specimens (USNM 22368) of Halicometes thyris (De Laubenfels, 1934) (originally Tethycordyla) from Puerto Rico was examined. The species has similar megasters (size, shape) as H. stellata, the micrasters are similar in shape (tylaster-like) but somewhat larger (12–28 µm), the styles are larger (2500–3000 µm for the large ones, 1000 µm on average for the smaller ones), no irregular oxyasters and exotyles were observed. These observations preclude synonymization of H. thyris with H. stellata .</p><p>Halicometes perastra De Laubenfels, 1936 from Florida is not a Halicometes, nor a tethyid, as it possesses tylostyles and tylasters. It has been transferred to Timea by Hechtel (1969), but this is uncertain. Possibly, it belongs to the stelligerid genus Adreus Gray, 1867 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077E6FF1DFF14A3B592AEF82F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077E4FF18FF14A24E949DFD32.text	03A8001077E4FF18FF14A24E949DFD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Timea tylasterina	<div><p>Timea tylasterina sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 112 a–e</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9776, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 112 a) Thin ecrustation cementing calcareous rubble. Surface optically smooth. Size about 2 cm 2, consisting of dispersed patches. Color (in alcohol) whitish to greyish.</p><p>Skeleton. Thin single tylostyles arise from the substratum erect or in small diverging groups, protruding barely beyond the surface. Microscleres form a dense mass at the base of the sponge.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 112 b–e) Tylostyles, tylasters.</p><p>Tylostyles (Figs 1 12 b,b1), thin, slightly curved, with rather elongated tyle, sometimes subapical, 204– 292 –388 x 2 – 3.2 –4 µm.</p><p>Tylasters in two categories, (1) larger (Figs 112 c), with 8–10 thick, truncated, smooth rays each ending in a crown with 3–7 conical spines, 13– 14.1 –15.5 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 112 d), with 7–11 short truncated rays each ending in a profusedly spined crown often consisting of double circles of spines, 7– 8.4 –10 µm. A few middle-sized tylasters (Fig. 112 e) occurred with thinner rays, presumably juveniles of the large tylasters.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy bottom at 81 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the tylasters.</p><p>Remarks. Among the many (13) species of Timea recorded from the Central West Atlantic, there are no descriptions matching all aspects of the above described material. Using Leite et al. ‘s (2015) key to the Timea species of the Tropical West Atlantic the new species keys out as Timea stenosclera Hechtel, 1969 . There are indeed several similarities with this species, originally described from Barbados: thin optically smooth encrustation, small sized tylostyles, loose arrangement of megascleres, and two categories of asters. However, the large asters of T. stenosclera are oxyspherasters of up to 25.9 µm (average 19.7 µm) whereas the large asters in the present species are tylasters of up to 15.5 µm. The small asters of T. stenosclera are ‘euasters’ (drawn as thin-rayed oxyasters) of up to 11.8 µm (average 9.7 µm), whereas the small asters in the present species are tylasters with squat, profusedly ornamented rays, 7–10 µm in size.</p><p>The asters of the new species on paper appear similar in shape and size to those of Timea perastra (De Laubenfels, 1936) (as Halicometes), but the tylostyles of that species may be up to 1888 µm long.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077E4FF18FF14A24E949DFD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077E3FF18FF14A0BB92B6F856.text	03A8001077E3FF18FF14A0BB92B6F856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axinyssa ambrosia (De Laubenfels 1936) De Laubenfels 1936	<div><p>Axinyssa ambrosia (De Laubenfels, 1936)</p><p>Figures 113 a–b</p><p>Rhaphisia ambrosia De Laubenfels, 1936: 135 .</p><p>Axinyssa ambrosia; Díaz et al. 1993: 289, figs 5, 10; Zea et al. 2013: 495, figs 1, 3A–C.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0833/lat 7.55)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9331, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.55°N 57.0833°W, depth 63 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 ; RMNH Por. 9999, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. Three lobate-digitate fragments (Fig. 113 a), presumably the upper parts of sponges partially buried in the sand, and two parallel developed, elongate cylindrical specimens (Fig. 113 a1). Size of digitate fragments 5–8 cm high, 2–4 cm in diameter, of cylindrical specimens 20 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter. Color (alcohol) pale orange-beige. Surface irregular, but optically smooth, somewhat ridged and grooved. No apparent oscules. Consistency firm to hard.</p><p>Skeleton. No ectosomal specialization. The choanosomal skeleton is confused but shows arrangement of the spicules in tracts directed towards the surface.</p><p>Spicules. Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas (Figs 113 b,b1) fusiform, sharply pointed, lightly curved, in a large size range, but not divisible in size categories, 618– 784 –954 x 16 – 25.2 –34 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida, Curaçao, Jamaica, Colombia, reefs and sand, at 18–85 m depth (Gyana Shelf 34–65 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens conform to the description of Axinyssa ambrosia as given by Díaz et al. (1993), who also assigned Dictyonella yumae Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 as a junior synonym. Subsequently, Zea et al. 2013 revised both species and concluded that there are small differences between the two and that they are distinct species. In their analysis they restricted the spicule sizes of Axinyssa ambrosia to 490–941 x 4.8–23.8 µm. The Guyana shelf material has slight larger and thicker oxeas (up to 954 x 34 µm), but these fall short of the sizes quoted by Zea et al. 2013 for Axinyssa yumae (up to 1121 x 37.4 µm). Although there are a few fusiform styles among the spicules of the present specimens, they are infrequent. In conclusion, the identity of the Guyana material is most likely to be A. ambrosia and not A. yumae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077E3FF18FF14A0BB92B6F856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077E2FF1AFF14A6749084F8D0.text	03A8001077E2FF1AFF14A6749084F8D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ciocalypta alba Carvalho, Carraro, Lerner & Hajdu 2003	<div><p>Ciocalypta alba Carvalho, Carraro, Lerner &amp; Hajdu, 2003</p><p>Figures 114 a–f</p><p>Ciocalypta alba Carvalho et al., 2003: 2, figs 1–2.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9938, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 114 a) A single fistule of about 2.5 cm long, 15 mm in diameter, encrusting and consolidating several dead mollusk shells. The shape is equidiametrical ending in a short closed pointed apex. The smooth skin is glassy grey, transparent. Inside a darker colored central axis is visible, surrounded by large subdermal spaces. Consistency elastic but fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 114 b–c) is a tangential halichondrioid reticulation of spicule tracts, 2–7 spicules in cross section, intercrossing and anastomosing. The central axis is a thick aligned mass of oxeas, giving off side branches running to the surface, supporting the ectosomal skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 114 d–f) Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas, symmetrical, predominantly slightly curved, sharply pointed, in a large size range, divisible in three almost overlapping size categories, (1) large (Figs 114 d,d1), 576–816 x 9–21 µm, (2) middle-sized (Figs 114 e,e1), 316–512 x 6.5–10 µm, and (3) small (Figs 114 f,f1), 182–308 x 4–7 µm; overall oxea size 182– 453 –816 x 4 – 9.6 –21 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, SE Brazil, in sandy bottom at 12–71 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The single fistule matches all details described by Carvalho et al. 2003: the transparent ‘skin’, the central axis of oxeas and the tangential halichondroid skeleton at the surface, and the sizes and categories of the oxeas. The type material is much bigger, with dozens of fistules, but the present individual fistule is closely similar to one of the fistules of the type.</p><p>Another Central West Atlantic Ciocalypta species is C. gibbsi (Wells, Wells &amp; Gray, 1960) (originally as Ciocalapata), but this has distinctly smaller and thinner spicules. Carvalho et al. 2003 also assigned Topsentia pseudoporrecta Díaz, Pomponi &amp; Van Soest, 1993 to Ciocalypta, but since its fistules are solid and nontransparent, I do not think this is warranted. It differs also clearly from C. alba and C. gibbsi in having very much larger oxeas (up to 1800 µm). The type species of Ciocalypta, European C. penicillus Bowerbank, 1862 has styles as the dominant spicule type, but like Carvalho et al. (2003) I follow here Erpenbeck &amp; Van Soest’s (2002) argument that the genus is characterized by the peculiar fistular shape and species may have oxeas, styles or both as spicules.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077E2FF1AFF14A6749084F8D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077E0FF14FF14A3B292F2FB8A.text	03A8001077E0FF14FF14A3B292F2FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epipolasis tubulata	<div><p>Epipolasis tubulata sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 115 a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9965 (larger specimen), Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 .</p><p>Paratype RMNH Por. 10549 (smaller specimen), same data as holotype.</p><p>Description. (Fig. 115 a) Sponge forms low thick-walled tubes, diameter of the larger tube 1.5 cm, height 2 cm. Largest tube opening 8 mm in diameter. Surface smooth, but irregular around the oscules. Color greyish brown. Consistency compressible. The smaller paratype (Fig. 115 a1) is similar.</p><p>Skeleton. The surface (Fig. 115 b) is a halichondrioid tangential crust of intercrossing spicule tracts and single spicules, 2–10 spicules in diameter. This is carried by choanosomal spicule tracts (Fig. 115 c), likewise 2–10 spicules in cross section, surrounded by a largely confused mass of single spicules and numerous single raphides, partially arranged in thin trichodragmas.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 115 d–g) Oxeote styles, trichodragmas.</p><p>Oxeotes, style-like, smooth, slightly fusiform, usually somewhat curved, with a faint subapical constriction, in two distinct size categories, (1) larger (Figs 115 d,d1), 462– 601 –618 x 12 – 16.3 –19 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 115 e,e1), 192– 286 –324 x 5 – 7.4 –9 µm.</p><p>Raphides, partially in thin trichodragmas (Fig. 115 f), but many raphides (Fig. 115 g) are strewn singly throughout the skeleton; provided with a lanceolate hook at both ends (Fig. 115 g1), 76– 87 –114 x 0.3–0.4 µm; trichodragmas up to 20 µm in diameter.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, at 67–68 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the tubular shape of the sponge.</p><p>Remarks. The genus assignment is tentative. At first the species was assigned to the axinellid genus Dragmaxia (cf. above), because of the combination of smooth stylote spicules with trichodragmas. However, the clear division into a larger and a smaller category of megascleres added to the tangential halichondrioid ectosomal skeleton, precludes membership of the genus Dragmaxia . So far, Epipolasis has been limited to species with large and small oxeas, although stylote modifications are reported in the type species, Spongosorites suluensis Wilson, 1925 . There is one other Epipolasis in the Central West Atlantic, E. profunda Díaz, Pomponi &amp; Van Soest, 1993, but this has much larger spicules (up to 1600 x 29 µm), which are predominantly proper oxeas; trichodragmas are only half as long as those of the new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077E0FF14FF14A3B292F2FB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077EFFF15FF14A7F094B8FE4A.text	03A8001077EFFF15FF14A7F094B8FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymeniacidon heliophila (Wilson 1911) Wilson 1911	<div><p>Hymeniacidon heliophila (Wilson, 1911)</p><p>Figures 116 a–c</p><p>Stylotella heliophila Wilson in Parker, 1910: 2, fig. 1 (nomen nudum).</p><p>Stylotella heliophila Wilson, 1911: 13 (proper description); George &amp; Wilson 1919: 147, pls LVIII fig. 13, LIX figs 18–19, LXVI fis 53a–c.</p><p>Hymeniacidon heliophila; De Laubenfels 1936: 138; Wiedenmayer 1977: 150, pl. 30 fig.8, text-fig.152; Díaz et al. 1993: 298, figs 26, 33; Muricy et al. 2011: 94.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9834, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 65, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, sandy shelly bottom, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9923, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 116 a) Irregular stringy lobes and thin branches, presumably detached from a buried main body, which was not collected. Also thin encrustations on dead shells and carbonate rubble.</p><p>Skeleton. Loosely confused arrangement in the choanosome, tangential at the surface (Fig. 116 b).</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 116 c,c1) Styles only.</p><p>Styles, straight or slightly curved, often with faint tyle, 320– 411 –479 x 3 – 7.6 –9.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Originally described from North Carolina, the species has been reported throughout the Caribbean region and also from Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011). Predominantly known from shallow-water, intertidal and mangrove habitats. The present records from sandy bottoms at 59–130 m depth are by far the deepest occurrence known for the species.</p><p>Remarks. In view of the deep occurrence there is some doubt about the identification. However, similarity with the original description and subsequent morphological information does not warrant erecting a new species for the Guyana Shelf material.</p><p>Authorship of this common Central West Atlantic species has been assigned to Parker (1910) by De Laubenfels (1936) (p.138). However, Parker himself (1910) (p. 2) made it abundantly clear that H.V. Wilson was in the process of describing this species and he only ‘borrowed’ the name for his physiological study. Apart from a figure of the species, there is no taxonomic description, nor a type specimen assignment in Parker’s paper. Effectively, Parker’s use of the name is a nomen nudum in the sense of the ICZN . Authorship and year of publication should go to Wilson (1911), who gave a taxonomic description including information on the spicules. ICZN Art. 50.1 clearly stipulates the case that Parker’s (1910) referral to Wilson as the author of a forthcoming publication, in which the species is to be properly described, is a valid nomenclatorial procedure. In conclusion Hymeniacidon heliophila (Wilson, 1911) is the proper author-year combination for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077EFFF15FF14A7F094B8FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077EEFF17FF14A43E9236FD32.text	03A8001077EEFF17FF14A43E9236FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Topsentia ophiraphidites (De Laubenfels 1934) De Laubenfels 1934	<div><p>Topsentia ophiraphidites (De Laubenfels, 1934)</p><p>Figures 117 a–e</p><p>Restricted synonymy: Ƒiles ophiraphidites De Laubenfels, 1934: 13 .</p><p>Topsentia ophiraphidites; Díaz et al. 1993: 290, figs 6, 12 (with further synonyms and records).</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9303, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9771, 9827, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 1, 7.1667°N 53.5833°W, depth 104–130 m, bottom sandy calcarenite, 24 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. Fistular fragments (Fig. 117 a), which presumably represent the tops of larger masses that remained uncollected, and one small globular sponge with cut-off projection (Fig. 117 a1). The fragments are up to 6.5 cm high, 2–4 cm at their base, 1 cm at their apices, the globular sponge is 4.5 cm diameter and high, with the projection 1.5 cm in diameter. The sponge samples are rather divergent in shape, but spiculation is identical. Color (in alcohol) pale yellowish beige to dark brown. Consistency firm, rough to the touch.</p><p>Skeleton. Largely confused mass of spicules, with vague tracts of the larger spicules running perpendicularly to the surface. Smaller spicules are more frequent at the surface.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 117 b–e) Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas, usually straight or slightly curved, intermediate and smaller oxeas occasionally angularly curved or crooked, in a wide range of shapes and sizes, divisible in overlapping size ranges, (1) large and fat (Figs 117 b,b1), fusiform, 1050–1348 x 34 –63 µm, (2) intermediate (Figs 117 c,c1), with gradually tapering sharp points, some crooked forms occur, 546–858 x 16–26 µm, and (3) small (Fig. 117 d), likewise with sharp points, including a few crooked forms (Fig. 117 e), 295–452 x 7–10 µm; overall oxea size 295– 837 – 1348 x 7 – 28.7 –63 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE Brazil, in a wide depth range, 1–130 m (Guyana Shelf 67–130 m).</p><p>Remarks. The identification is made on the basis of the key to the Central West Atlantic species of Topsentia and description in Díaz et al. (1993). The present material matches their treatment of T. ophiraphidites closely in spiculation and skeletal structure. Specimens of T. ophiraphidites are known to possess fistular outgrowths and are diverse in size and shape. The depth range of the species, previously known down to 55 m, is extended here considerably down to 130 m.</p><p>Two other recognizably described species are present in the region, T. bahamensis Díaz, Pomponi &amp; Van Soest, 1993, which is shaped differently and its spicules do not exceed 800 µm in length, and T. pseudoporrecta Díaz, Pomponi &amp; Van Soest, 1993, which has coarser texture and spicules up to 1800 µm in length.</p><p>The WPD lists Pellina profunditatis Schmidt, 1870 from 532 m off Florida as a Topsentia . The encrusting sponge apparently had a skeleton of oxeas of very variable size, the thickness given as 6–77 µm. This is insufficient to characterize the species. Type material consists of a slide in the BMNH collection, 1870.5.3.102 (source Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Stone, 1992, p. 54) and a 70% alcohol specimen in the MCZ collection, reg.nr. PORb- 122. Neither was recently redescribed.</p><p>Gammill (1997) uses Topsentia amorpha as a name for a sponge from the Bahamas. He ignored the rules of the ICZN by not indicating and keeping type material and his description is unrecognizable. The name is a clear nomen nudum and through that is unavailable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077EEFF17FF14A43E9236FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077ECFF17FF14A0E2948FF81A.text	03A8001077ECFF17FF14A0E2948FF81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudospongosorites suberitoides (Díaz, Pomponi & Van Soest 1993) Diaz, Pomponi & Van Soest 1993	<div><p>Pseudospongosorites suberitoides (Díaz, Pomponi &amp; Van Soest, 1993)</p><p>Figures 118 a–c</p><p>Spongosorites suberitoides Díaz et al., 1993: 299, figs 28, 34; Sandford 1995: 74, fig. 1; Sandford &amp; Brown 1997: 218, figs 1–3; Sandford &amp; Kelly-Borges 1997: 317.</p><p>Pseudospongosorites suberitoides; McCormack &amp; Kelly 2001: 11.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 6293, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station A68, 6.542°N 55.26°W, depth 36 m, Agassiz trawl, 24 March 1969; RMNH Por. 9299, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9778, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I119, 6.505°N 54.9833°W, depth 42 m, Agassiz trawl, 25 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9842, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station D32, 6.7417°N 55.9933°W, depth 49.5 m, bottom sand, shells, 3 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9915, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station J112, 7.305°N 54.605°W, depth 88.5 m, 22 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Irregularly globular to flattened sponges (Figs 118 a,a1), inhabited by a hermit crab (which usually has a gastropod as its primary house), resembling similar Suberites -hermit crab associations (‘mobile’ sponges). Surface undulating but smooth. Usually with a single larger oscule at the opposite side of the hermit crab hole. Color in alcohol yellow to grey. Size variable, from 1 cm to 11 cm in diameter. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface a palisade of spicules, internally confused with vague tracts and large numbers of loose spicules.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 118 b–c) Oxeas only.</p><p>Oxeas, predominantly sharply pointed, occasionally with stylote modifications, in a large size range, divisible in a (1) larger (Figs 118 b,b1), 231–279 µm, and a (2) smaller (Figs 118 c,c1), 99–186 µm category; overall dimensions 99– 214 –279 x 4 – 5.6 –7 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, North Carolina, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Venezuela, on sandy bottoms from the intertidal down to 88.5 m depth (Guyana Shelf 36–88.5 m).</p><p>Remarks. Several studies about the behavior of pagurid crabs, Paguristes hummi and Pagurus impressus, inhabiting this sponge have been published (Sandford 1994, 1995; Sandford &amp; Brown 1997). The species has a wide distribution, which is further extended east and southward, and deeper, by the present records.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077ECFF17FF14A0E2948FF81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077EBFF11FF14A67492A8FE1D.text	03A8001077EBFF11FF14A67492A8FE1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizaxinella clava (Schmidt 1870) Schmidt 1870	<div><p>Rhizaxinella clava (Schmidt, 1870)</p><p>Figures 119 a–d</p><p>Axinella clava Schmidt, 1870: 61 .</p><p>Rhizaxinella clava; Alvarez et al. 1998: 15; Rützler et al. 2009: 297.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9925, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. Stalked sponge (Fig. 119 a) with oval main body (Fig. 119 a1). Total length of specimen 8 cm, body 12 mm high, 8 mm in diameter, stalk approximately 1.5 mm in diameter. Color pale brown in alcohol. Stalk optically smooth, main body microhispid. Oscule (now closed) apical on a slight elevation. Consistency of main body compressible.</p><p>Skeleton. The skeleton of the stalk consists of aligned long styles, penetrating the main body, where intermediate sized styles fan out and carry erect brushes of smaller tylostyles.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 119 b–d) Styles, tylostyles.</p><p>Long styles (Figs 1 19 b,b1), straight, no visible tyles, longest spicules overlapping and intergrading with the intermediate styles (Figs 119 c,c1) of the main body, overall sizes 814– 1334 –1936 x 10–15.4–22 µm.</p><p>Small tylostyles (Figs 119 d,d1) of the surface brushes, straight, style-like but with a faint subterminal tyle or constriction, 186– 323 –474 x 3 – 5.2 –7 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Gulf of Mexico, coarse sand bottom at 130 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. This is the second record of the species, after Schmidt’s (1870) description from the Gulf of Mexico (see Alvarez et al. 1998: 15).</p><p>So far, no type specimen of this species has been positively identified and redescribed. A possible type specimen has been recently found in the BMNH collection (Ms Emma Sherlock in litteris), labeled ‘ Cometella gracilior n.g. n.sp. Alligator Reef, BMNH 1939:2:10:45 (sp) MCZ Exchange (MCZ 8130)’. It has the shape of Schmidt’s pl. IV fig. 9, and in all probability is not ‘ Cometella gracilior ’ (= Asbestopluma (A.) gracilior, see above), but possibly the type of Rhizaxinella clava .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077EBFF11FF14A67492A8FE1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077EAFF13FF14A53893DCFC52.text	03A8001077EAFF13FF14A53893DCFC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites crispolobatus	<div><p>Suberites crispolobatus sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 120 a–c</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9863, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966 .</p><p>Paratypes RMNH Por. 9738, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 103, 7.9°N 57.5167°W, depth 85 m, triangular dredge, 4 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9775, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9814, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9840, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 85, 7.65°N 57.25°W, depth 69 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9879, 9964, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966 (4 specimens); RMNH Por. 9891, Guyana, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station H58, 7.4233°N 56.9067°W, depth 66–69 m, bottom coarse sand, 11 May 1966 (1 specimen); RMNH Por. 9899, 9960, 9985, 10503, 10548, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F40, 7.0033°N 56.4417°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand, 6 May 1966 (23 specimens); RMNH Por. 9932, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 (1 specimen) .</p><p>Description. Erect rounded branches, often with club-shaped endings, and with small side lobes along their length; branches usually divided, but only a few times. The holotype RMNH Por. 9863 consists of a curled branch (Fig. 120 a), similar to other such branches of e.g. paratype RMNH Por. 10548 (Fig. 120 a1), but there are also wedge-shaped lobes, e.g. paratypes RMNH Por. 9985 (Fig. 120 a2). Surface smooth but with irregular folds (possibly deflated as an after-collection artifact, as is often the case in larger Suberites species. There does not seem to be a massive basal body, individual branches have a pointed or thinner stalk-like basis. Sizes quite variable, up to 25 cm long, up to 1–3 cm in diameter. No apparent oscules but these are likely contracted. Color beige in alcohol. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. Typically Suberites -like, with bouquets of smaller tylostyles at the surface and more or less confused choanosomal skeleton. The center of the longer branches is more organized with tylostyles aligned lengthwise.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 120 b–c) Tylostyles only.</p><p>Tylostyles with prominent rounded heads, without obvious lobes except for thin growth stages which may have tuberculate heads; very variable in size, divisible into two size classes with some overlap, (1) larger (Figs 120 b,b1), 456– 724 –858 x 9 – 11.4 –14 µm, and (2) smaller (Figs 120 c,c1), 186– 266 –396 x 3 – 5.9 –10 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, muddy sandy bottom at 51–85 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Crispus (L.) = curly, lobatus (L.) = having lobes, referring to the curled branches with lobes found in this species, at least in the preserved specimens.</p><p>Remarks. At first I assumed these specimens could be excessively ramose Suberites aurantiacus (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) (p. 99, as Terpios) or a similar species, like Suberites lobatus (Wilson, 1902) (p. 399, as Phakellia lobata, slides of the holotype USNM 7684 examined), because spicule sizes are more or less the same of these two species. However, Dr Klaus Rützler (in litteris) convinced me that these have a massive base, and do not form such excessive long branches (see also Rützler &amp; Smith 1993). Possibly, some deeper water records of these two species may conform to the present new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077EAFF13FF14A53893DCFC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A8001077E8FF6CFF14A6589389F9CB.text	03A8001077E8FF6CFF14A6589389F9CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter 1879) Carter 1879	<div><p>Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879)</p><p>Figures 121 a–d</p><p>Suberites angulospiculatus Carter, 1879a: 346, pl. XXVIII figs 8a–b.</p><p>Plakortis angulospiculatus; Van Soest 1981: 3; Zea 1987: 222, fig. 81, Pl. 13 figs 6–7; Moraes &amp; Muricy 2003: 386, fig. 2; Rützler et al. 2014: 16.</p><p>Material examined. RMNH Por. 9918, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 121 a) Pale beige (in alcohol), massive fragments, size of largest 5 x 3 x 2 cm. The fragments are overgrown by a crust with digitations of Haliclona (Gellius) aff. flagellifera, which likely affected color and surface characteristics. No apparent oscules. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. Surface skeleton consists of a tangential crust pierced by regularly distributed pores, 80–250 µm in diameter.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 121 b–d) Diods, triods.</p><p>Diods robust, in a large size variation (Figs 121 b–c), but no clear size categories, 57– 134 –202 x 2 – 5.1 – 8 m.</p><p>Triods (Fig. 121 d), both equiangular and Y-shaped forms, actines 21– 44.1 – 72 x 1 – 3.4 –5 µm (‘cladomes’ 39– 69.5 –123 µm).</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Jamaica, Curaçao, Colombia, Belize, from shallow water down to 130 m.</p><p>Remarks. In the key to the Central West Atlantic Plakortis species provided by Ereskovsky et al. 2014 (pp. 303–304) the present specimen keys out as Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879a) . Few other species of Plakortis have diods larger than 200 µm as found in my specimen.</p><p>Several more species have been described from NE Brazil (Domingos et al. 2013), but all these have distinctly smaller diods. Brazilian records of Plakortis angulospiculatus (cf. Muricy et al. 2011) may belong to one of these new species, at least it is likely that not all belong to P. angulospiculatus, so their presence is here left undecided.</p><p>We noticed a few small spheres (7–10 µm diameter), the significance of which is unclear. Muricy (2011) was the first to report the presence of these spicules in Australian Plakortis species, and subsequently also found them in Brazilian species (Domingos et al. 2013). It remains to be decided if the presence of these, usually uncommon, spheres has taxonomic significance, as there is a distinct possibility that they are a product of high environmental silica content, or more simple spicular reduction (in this case reduced diods).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077E8FF6CFF14A6589389F9CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107797FF6DFF14A5CF95FAFA5D.text	03A800107797FF6DFF14A5CF95FAFA5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plakortis insularis Moraes & Muricy 2003	<div><p>Plakortis insularis Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2003</p><p>Figures 122 a–c</p><p>Plakortis insularis Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2003: 389, fig. 5; Moraes 2011: 68, several unnumbered figs.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.1667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.1667/lat 7.3083)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9852, 9917, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station M97, 7.3083°N 54.1667°W, depth 130 m, bottom coarse sand, 16 April 1969 ; RMNH Por. 9870, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F45, 6.4417°N 56.5467°W, depth 34 m, Van Veen grab, 7 May 1966 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 122 a) Lobate masses with smooth surface. Size of largest specimen 7 x 3 x 3 cm. Color (in alcohol) orange-brown. Consistency firm, corky.</p><p>Skeleton. At the surface there are rounded openings of 100–150 µm surrounded and subdivided into smaller openings by groups of perpendicular diods. Choanosome alveolar, with meshes of 30–40 µm diameter.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 122 b–c) Diods, triods.</p><p>Diods (Figs 122 b), in a large size range, many are curved; they are possibly divisible in (1) larger 81–129 µm, and (2) smaller 11–28 µm spicules; overall sizes 11– 55 –129 x 0.5– 2.4 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Triods (Figs 122 c), mostly equiactinal, actines 10– 31.9 – 38 x 1.5– 3.4 –4.5 µm (‘cladomes’ 22–61 µm).</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil, 1–130 m depth (previously 1–12 m).</p><p>Remarks. Of all the Plakortis simplex -like Central West Atlantic species, the specimens match closest with P. insularis . Using the key in Ereskovsky et al. (2014), likewise P. insularis comes out at the most likely match. The ectosome of my specimens is distinctly reticulate, which distinguishes it from P. edwardsi Ereskovsky, Lavrov &amp; Willenz, 2014 . The diods are very variable in size, but do not seem to be readily divisible in two distinct size categories such as found in P. dariae Ereskovsky, Lavrov &amp; Willenz, 2014 . From P. zyggompha (De Laubenfels, 1936) the present specimens differ in having larger diods (these are only up to 59 µm in the type of P. zyggompha). All these species are very similar and further research is necessary to establish whether they are all valid species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107797FF6DFF14A5CF95FAFA5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107795FF6EFF14A3F394FAF8DF.text	03A800107795FF6EFF14A3F394FAF8DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalonema (Cyliconema) conqueror Tabachnick, Menshenina, Lopes & Hajdu 2009	<div><p>Hyalonema (Cyliconema) aff. conqueror Tabachnick, Menshenina, Lopes &amp; Hajdu, 2009</p><p>Figures 123 a–k</p><p>Hyalonema (Cyliconema) conqueror Tabachnick et al., 2009: 1244, figs 1–2 (affinity).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.2/lat 7.9333)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9355, 9828, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 80, 7.9333°N 57.2°W, depth 618 m, Van Veen grab, muddy bottom, 1 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 123 a) Small thin body tapering to an apical point, length 2 cm, diameter 0.5 cm. No atrial cavity. Tuft twice as long and almost as thick as the body, upper part of tuft provided with a few zoanthids.</p><p>Skeleton. Predominantly consisting of diactins of various lengths and shapes, arranged lengthwise, with scattered (hypo-)dermal pentacins and hexactins. A few dermal pinular pentactins are present, but these are rare. Microscleres predominantly consisting of mesamphidiscs and micramphidiscs, few macramphidiscs, no micropentactins or microhexactins.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 123 b–k) Diactins, hexactins, pentactins, pinular pentactins, macr-, mes- and micramphidiscs. Diactins (Fig. 123 a) of the basal tuft at least 4 cm long, 180 µm thick.</p><p>Diactins of the body (Figs 123 b,b1), symmetrical, thinly tapering to sharp ends, with a vague centrotylote swelling, 1300– 2400 x 9–23 µm.</p><p>Choanosomal asymmetrical diactins, usually curved, with opposed swollen and more tapering ends, with a centrotylote swelling, divisible in two distinct types, (1) entirely smooth, sometimes stylote (Figs. 123 c,c1), 700– 1200 x 6–10 µm and (2) spined at both ends (Figs 123 d,d1), 528– 1100 x 5–10 µm; overall asymmetrical diactins 528– 941 – 1200 x 5 – 7.7 –10 µm.</p><p>Hypodermal pentactins (Figs 123 e–f), in a large size range, with usually smooth, often slightly curved rays with lengths 174– 415 –760 x 5 – 17.3 –37 µm.</p><p>Hypodermal hexactins (Fig. 123 g), in a large size range, usually with smooth rays, but the smaller ones may have spined rays, with lengths 243– 544 –910 x 10 – 19.1 –38 µm.</p><p>Dermal pinular pentactins (Figs 123 h,h1), rare, pinular ray with longest spines halfway, ending in short spines, tangential rays lightly and sparingly spined, only a few were found in the slides (n=7), pinular rays 110–177 x 6–8 µm, tangential rays 54– 96 x 5–10 µm.</p><p>Macramphidiscs (Fig. 123 i), shaft provided with about 10–15 spined warts distributed evenly along it, teeth of umbel smooth-rimmed and slim, (n=8), length x width 145–305 x 60 –125 µm, length of umbels 60–100 µm.</p><p>Mesamphidiscs (Fig. 123 j), umbels together occupying ¾ of the length leaving only a short open shaft, umbels with densely arranged somewhat squarish teeth, shaft provided with spined warts which are often distributed rather irregularly, length 46– 66 –87 µm.</p><p>Micramphidiscs (Fig. 123 k), umbels with ‘flattened’ top, occupying 4/5 of of the length, shaft with several spines or high warts, length 15– 22 –31 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, muddy bottom at 618 m.</p><p>Remarks. No clearly matching descriptions were found for this hyalonematid. Using the key in Tabachnick &amp; Menshenina (2002) the overall features appear closest to those of the subgenus Cyliconema (macramphidisc umbels wider than high, no sieve plates as in subgenus Coscinonema). Apart from the intact (?) specimen RMNH Por. 9355, there is a basalia-only fragment RMNH Por. 9828 from the same station, assumed to be the same species. There is a certain similarity in spiculation with the Brazilian Hyalonema (Cyliconema) conqueror Tabachnick et al., 2009, but this has cup-shaped habitus, and possesses microhexactins and –pentactins, and pinular diactins, all lacking in the present specimen. Ornamented asymmetrical diactins such as found in the present specimen have not been reported in H. (C.) conqueror, unless these were considered ‘pinular diactins’. Similarly, there are similarities with Caribbean H. (Coscinonema) schmidti Schulze, 1899 and H. (Coscinonema) toxeres Schulze, 1887, but these do not match the full set of characters. I refrain from erecting a new species for this material, because I suspect that dermalia have been damaged and I am not confident that the specimen has a complete spiculation. Possibly, this is a juvenile, damaged specimen of H. (C.) conqueror .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107795FF6EFF14A3F394FAF8DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107793FF69FF14A2D9944DFD57.text	03A800107793FF69FF14A2D9944DFD57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleroplegma lanterna (Schmidt 1879) Schmidt 1879	<div><p>Scleroplegma lanterna (Schmidt, 1879)</p><p>Figures 124 a–e</p><p>Auloplegma lanterna Schmidt, 1879: pl. III fig. 17.</p><p>Scleroplegma lanterna; Schmidt 1880: 56, pl. VI fig. 6; Reiswig 2002: 1384, fig. 2.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.05/lat 7.3333)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9718, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 49, 7.3333°N 57.05°W, depth 120–200 m, Agassiz trawl, sandy mud bottom, 30 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 124 a) Globular, clathrate mass of tubules, 4.5 cm diameter, individual tubules/channels about 0.5 cm diameter. There is no discernible osculum or attachment disc. The specimen is dried and deciduous, so tissue and dermalia are largely absent. Consistency fragile.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 124 b–c) Apart from the dictyonal framework, and a few stray pentactins and hexactins, there are no further spicules and microscleres. The two to three-layered dictyonal framework (Fig. 124 b) has oval meshes of about 300 µm in diameter formed by beams of 30–70 µm thickness ornamented with bluntly spined ridges. Lychnisc nodes (Fig. 124 c) with apertures of 25–30 µm diameter.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs. 124 d–e) A few pentactins (Fig. 124 d), rays 210–240 x 8–9 µm, and a single hexactin (Fig. 124 e), rays about 150 x 6 µm, were found in the dried skeleton.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, 120–200 m, elsewhere found near Cuba and the Virgin Islands, 399– 585 m.</p><p>Remarks. my deciduous specimen does not allow to contribute to the variation of this ill-known species. There are a few discrepancies with the type redescribed by Reiswig (2002), such as the absence of a central cavity, but generally it conforms to it as far as the absence of spicules allows to conclude.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107793FF69FF14A2D9944DFD57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107792FF6AFF14A7EA91F8FE87.text	03A800107792FF6AFF14A7EA91F8FE87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucaltis clathria Haeckel 1872	<div><p>Leucaltis clathria Haeckel, 1872</p><p>Figures 125 a–g</p><p>Leucaltis clathria Haeckel, 1872: 159, pl. 28 fig. 3; Borojevic &amp; Peixinho 1976: 1002, fig. 8; Van Soest &amp; De Voogd 2015: 44, fig. 31.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5/lat 7.7)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9314, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. This specimen has been described and pictured previously in Van Soest &amp; De Voogd (2015) (p. 44, fig. 31d), in a comparison with the Indo-West Pacific species Leucaltis nodusgordii (Poléjaeff, 1883) . The habitus, skeleton and spicule details are summarized here, and the illustration is copied from that paper for completeness sake. The habitus (Fig. 125 a) is a mass of dirty-white or light beige (in alcohol) anastomosed, coarse tubes, 5 x 4 x 3 cm in size, individual tubes 5–8 mm in diameter, some are blind-ending, a few are open to form oscules. Skeleton of the tube walls consists of an outer cortical layer formed by the actines of giant tetractines and triactines, a choanosomal layer of small equiradiate tri-and tetractines, and an atrial skeleton of strongly sagittal ‘abruptly curved’ tri-and tetractines. These latter spicules occur in two distinct size categories, which is the main difference with Indo-West Pacific Leucaltis nodusgordii . Spicules (Figs 125 b–g): actines of giant tri- and tetractines: 210–530 x 15–63 µm, actines of small equiangular tri- and tetractines: 40– 55 x 2–3 µm, large abruptly curved triactines (Fig. 125 d) with unpaired actines 111–126 x 6–10 µm, paired actines 122–141 x 8.5–10 µm, small abruptly angled tri- and tetractines with unpaired actines 40– 45 x 3–4 µm, paired actines 50– 65 x 3–4 µm. A few trichoxeas (Fig. 125 g) were found, not certainly proper to the species.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Florida,? Bermuda,? Portugal, NE Brazil, on shelly bottoms at 21–93 m depth (Guyana Shelf 65 m).</p><p>Remarks. As pointed out by Van Soest &amp; De Voogd (2015), the present specimen is almost indistinguishable in habitus, size, skeletal structure and spicule categories and sizes from Leucaltis nodusgordii (Poléaeff, 1883) (as Heteropegma). The one obvious difference is the presence in L. clathria of a second category of large ‘abruptly angled’ triactines with actines clearly twice as long and thick as the smaller atrial spicules. These spicules are not very common, so they might have been overlooked in older descriptions, (Haeckel 1872; Borojevic &amp; Peixinho 1976) of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107792FF6AFF14A7EA91F8FE87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107790FF64FF14A2D992ADFF62.text	03A800107790FF64FF14A2D992ADFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucosolenia salpinx	<div><p>Leucosolenia salpinx sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 126 a–d, 127a–e</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.2667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.2667/lat 6.7667)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9743, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 73, 6.7667°N 57.2667°W, depth 27.5 m, benthic sledge, muddy sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 (type material includes two light microscopic slides).</p><p>Paratype RMNH Por. 9744, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 112, 7.4°N 57.6°W, depth 39 m, triangular dredge, 5 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Figs 126 a–d) Groups of tiny, individual, olynthus-type tubes attached to the tails of Tetilla pentatriaena specimens. Shape trumpet-like (Figs 126 a–b), tapering from a wide apical aperture to a thin attachment tail. Apical aperture surrounded by a fringe of trichoxeas (Fig. 126 d). Tube body hairy (Fig. 126 a), with long single trichoxeas and microdiactines protruding at right or oblique angles from the body. Length of tubes 2–3 mm, width of the tubes 200–250 µm. Color in alcohol transparent-whitish.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 126 c–d) Undifferentiated skeleton consisting of tangential sagittal triactines, tetractines and long thin trichoxeas, together forming the wall of the ascon-type sponge body. Long trichoxeas curve out from the skeleton and protrude far beyond the surface. Microdiactines are lodged in the skeleton between the triactines. Towards the thin tapering end, long thin trichoxeas become proportionally dominant, and at the end only trichoxeas are found in the skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 127 a–e) Triactines, tetractines, trichoxeas, microdiactines.</p><p>Triactines, sagittal, with straight, long, unpaired actine, divisible more or less clearly into (1) those with short, recurved, paired actines and the longest unpaired actines (Fig. 127 a,a1), which are also slightly fusiform, unpaired actines 281– 337 –452 x 2 – 4.4 –6 µm, paired actines 36– 46 – 59 x 1.5– 3.1 –4 µm, and (2) those with variable lengths of unpaired actines (Figs 127 b,b1,b2), which are straight and not fusiform, and possess relatively longer paired actines, which are more gradually curved, unpaired actines 51– 169 –315 x 2.5– 3.9 –5 µm, paired actines 27– 74 – 99 x 2.5– 3.4 –5 µm.</p><p>Tetractines (Figs 127 c,c1,c2), of variable form, with straight unpaired actines much shorter than those of the triactines, apical actine usually much shorter than the basal and paired actines, usually slightly sagittal but occasionally almost equiradiate, unpaired actines 42– 154 –282 x 3 – 3.9 –6 µm, paired actines 24– 75 – 96 x 3 – 3.3 –4 µm, apical actines 14– 24 – 32 x 2 – 2.9 –4 µm.</p><p>Long trichoxeas (Figs 127 d,d1), curved, in a large size variation, those of the main body and the fringe apparently indistinguishable, but those oblique to the surface of the wall and of the thinly tapering distal end of the body clearly longer than the others, with pointed ends frequently finely spined, 310– 468 –984 x 1.5– 1.8 –2.5 µm</p><p>Microdiactines (Figs 127 e,e1), straight, entirely spined, 72– 151 –270 x 1.5– 2.0 –3 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on soft bottom at 27.5–39 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Salpinx (Gr.), a noun in apposition, meaning trumpet, referring to the shape of the body.</p><p>Remarks. The genus assignment of this new species is not certain. At first I thought this was likely a species of Soleneiscus Borojevic, Boury-Esnault, Manuel &amp; Vacelet, 2002a (subclass Calcinea) because of the olynthuslike habitus. Although Soleneiscus species were reported to possess exclusively tetractines as the structural spicules supporting the tube walls, recently Azevedo et al. (2015) described a Soleneiscus from Peru with triactines, S. pedicellatus Azevedo, Condór-Luján, Willenz, Hajdu, Hooker &amp; Klautau, 2015 . The present specimens somewhat resemble S. pedicellatus, but in addition to the triactines, there are also tetractines and diactines, making the new species clearly different. One of the reviewers convinced me that the material described here fits much better in Leucolosenia (combination of sagittal tri-and tetractines and trichoxeas, presence of spined microdiactines), and accordingly I assigned the new species to that genus. The new species is distinct among the few known Central West Atlantic Leucosolenia species by the habitus of single ascon tubes, lacking any side tubes. Florida species L. horrida (Schmidt in Haeckel, 1872) is a globular cluster of anastomosed tubes spined by protruding lanceolate giant diactines, quite dissimilar to the new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107790FF64FF14A2D992ADFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010779FFF67FF14A68794D8FE4A.text	03A80010779FFF67FF14A68794D8FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphoriscus ancora	<div><p>Amphoriscus ancora sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 128 a–d, 129a–e</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.9333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.5167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.9333/lat 6.5167)">Material</a> examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9741, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 43, 6.5167°N 53.9333°W, depth 35 m, Agassiz trawl, bottom shell gravel, 28 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 128 a) Thin flattened oval tube, length 18 mm high, 4 mm in greatest diameter. Oscule naked, with two short root-like holdfasts. Color (in alcohol) dirty white to pale beige.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 128 b–d) Inarticulate, with choanosomal skeleton made up of the apical actines of the cortical tetractines and the unpaired actines of subatrial triactines. No scattered spicules in the choanosome. In cross section (Fig. 128 b) from ectosome to atrium, there are successively the cortical skeleton (Fig. 128 c) consisting of the paired and unpaired actines of large tetractines, choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 128 d) consisting of the apical actines of the cortical tetractines and the unpaired actines of the subatrial triactines, paired actines of the subatrial triactines, and the atrial skeleton consisting of small atrial tetractines, with their apical actines protruding in the atrial cavity. The root skeleton consists of a bundled mixture of thin diactines and peculiar curved anchoring triactines.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 129 a–e) Tetractines, triactines, anchoring triactines, diactines.</p><p>Tetractines divisible in (1) larger cortical tetractines (Figs 129 a), with apical actines as long or longer than the basal actines, sizes: unpaired actines, 151– 216 –330 x 12 – 16.1 –21 µm, paired actines 135– 239 –320 x 8 – 15.4 –21 µm, apical actines 258– 311 –366 x 8 – 17.8 –20 µm, and (2) smaller atrial tetractines (Figs 129 b) tending to be sagittal, with shorter apical actines, sizes: unpaired actines 42– 87 –186 x 3 – 8.6 –12 µm, paired actines 57– 99 –165 x 3 – 7.7 –11 µm, apical actines 9– 26 – 60 x 3 –5.3–15 µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines (Figs 129 c), in a large size range but less diverse and not readily divisible in categories, paired actines may be slightly wavy, unpaired actines 201– 367 –468 x 7 – 10.1 –12 µm, paired actines 129– 218 –324 x 7 – 8.6 –10.5 µm.</p><p>Anchoring triactines (Figs 129 d,d1) from the roots, with characteristically curved unpaired actine and beaklike paired actines, in a large size range, unpaired actines 96– 386 –660 x 7 – 8.6 –10 µm, paired actines 18– 24.8 – 29 x 5 –6.8–9 µm.</p><p>Diactines (Figs 129 e,e1) from the roots, long and thin, 600–1 0 17 – 1230 x 3 – 4.2 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, gravel bottom at 35 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Ancora (Gr., latinized, a female noun) meaning anchor, referring to the shape and function of the beak-like root spicules.</p><p>Remarks. The new species shares its anchoring spicules with those of the Brazilian species Syculmis synapta Haeckel, 1872, assigned to Amphoriscus by Borojevic et al. 2002b (p. 1178). This species is close to the new species, both geographically and morphologically. It differs by having the anchoring spicules all consisting of tetractines (the beak-like part of the spicule has three actines instead of two as in the new species), by the apparent entire lack of triactines (their subatrial position is taken up by tetractines in A. syculmis), and by the possession of a prominent apical fringe of long thin diactines. Despite the morphological similarity these differences merit recognition at the species level.</p><p>Further close, but more dissimilar, species are Caribbean A. amphora (Haeckel, 1872) (as Leucilla) and Venezuelan A. urna Haeckel, 1872 . The shape of A. amphora is similar to that of the new species, but there is no report of anchoring root spicules, and like A. synapta the subatrial spicules are tetractines, not triactines, nor are there any other triactines. The shape of A. urna is more globular, but in other aspects of skeleton and spiculation it is similar to A. amphora .</p><p>Other Amphoriscus species of the region are: Floridian A. oviparus (Haeckel, 1872) (as Sycaltis ovipara) has small cortical triactines overlying the subcortical tetractines, lacking subatrial triactines (but having subatrial tetractines) and lacking root spicules. Cuban A. testiparus (Haeckel, 1872) (as Sycaltis testipara) is similar to A. oviparus (so possesses cortical triactines and subatrial tetractines) but forms groups of tubes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010779FFF67FF14A68794D8FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A80010779BFF62FF14A3F394C1FB5F.text	03A80010779BFF62FF14A3F394C1FB5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grantia kempfi Borojevic & Peixinho 1976	<div><p>Grantia kempfi Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976</p><p>Figures 130 a–d, 131a–h</p><p>Grantia kempfi Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976: 1019, figs 19–20.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.0667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.0667/lat 7.5833)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9941, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 130 a) Tubular sycon-like sponge, with coarsely spined surface and prominent apical fringe. Length 1.5 cm, diameter 0.5 cm at its widest thickness. Color in alcohol dirty white, fringe shiny white. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. (Figs 130 b–d) Syconoid structure (Fig. 130 b). Cortical ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 130 c) consists of a layer of ‘curly’ triactines with characteristically curved unpaired actine, among which giant diactines protrude far beyond the surface. The chamber layer is a regular system of tubar triactines and a minority of tetractines, aligning the choanocyte chambers with unpaired actine directed outwards. Subatrial triactines distinguished from the tubar triactines by their longer unpaired actines. Atrial skeleton (Fig. 130 d) a mixture of tri- and tetractines, the latter having their apical actines protruding in the atrial cavity. The skeleton of the fringe consists of long thin diactines, the region of attachment to the main body is supported by T-shaped triactines distinct from the tubar, cortical and atrial triactines.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 131 a–h) Giant diactines, fringe diactines, at least four types of triactines, tetractines.</p><p>Giant diactines (Fig. 131 a) of the cortical region, asymmetrically fusiform, in a large size range, 168– 727 – 1320 x 15 – 32.6 –51 µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines (Figs 131 b), irregularly three-dimensional, with unpaired actines strongly curled, paired actines almost in one plane, rather uniform in size, unpaired actines 57– 106 –129 x 5.5– 6.6 –8 µm, paired actines 54– 73 – 89 x 5 – 6.3 –7.5 µm.</p><p>Tubar triactines (Fig. 131 c), with paired actines at a low angle, tending towards being T-shaped, unpaired actines 96– 112 –138 x 7 – 8.2 –9 µm, paired actines 63– 76 – 91 x 6 – 6.8 –8 µm.</p><p>Tubar tetractines (Fig. 131 d), with paired and apical actines at a low angle like those of the triactines, unpaired actines 87– 97 –130 x 5 – 5.8 –7, paired actines 57– 92 –105 x 5 – 5.5 –6.5, apical actines 15– 20 – 29 x 3 – 4.4 –6 µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines (Fig. 131 e), sagittal, with curved paired actines, rather uniform in size, unpaired actines 151– 159 –168 x 6.5– 7.4 –8.5 µm, unpaired actines 88– 103 –126 x 5 – 5.4 –6 µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines (Fig. 131 f), sagittal, unpaired actines 61– 89 –135 x 6 – 6.3 –7 µm, paired actines 51– 77 –105 x 5 – 5.6 –6.5 µm.</p><p>Atrial tetractines (Fig. 131 g), sagittal, largely similar in size and shape to atrial triactines but slightly larger, unpaired actines 60– 123 –195 x 5 – 6.4 –8 µm, paired actines 78– 101 –117 x 4.5– 6.3 –8 µm, apical actines 15– 30 – 66 x 3 – 4.6 –6 µm.</p><p>Diactines of the fringe (Fig. 131 h,h1), long, straight, thin, slightly asymmetrical in thickness, 1495– 1748 – 2040 x 3 – 7.6 –12 µm.</p><p>Triactines of the oscular membrane (Fig. 131 i), paired actines longer than unpaired actines, with broader outline, T-shaped, unpaired actines 123– 164 –192 x 4.5– 5.7 –8 µm, paired actines 141– 179 –219 x 5 – 7.3 –10 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil, on sandy bottoms at 19–71 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Shape and general skeletal characters match closely with the type material from Pernambuco, NE Brazil. Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976) (p. 1021) interpreted the curiously curved triactines as ‘triactines des ostioles’. However, this is not my interpretation, as these spicules are numerous and form a distinct cortical layer over the triactines of the chamber region. The spicules with shorter actines indicated as cortical triactines by Borojevic &amp; Peixinho are grading into those lining the choanocyte chambers. They are quite variable with respect to the length of the unpaired actines, and in my opinion belong to the subcortical upper layer of the chamber region. Furthermore there are slight differences in the size ranges of the various spicule types. Nevertheless, I am confident that the more northern and deeper occurrence of the species is well established by the present material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010779BFF62FF14A3F394C1FB5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A.text	03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra hentschelii Brondsted 1931	<div><p>Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931</p><p>Figures 132 a–h</p><p>? Leucandra hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931 (1929): 40, fig. 31;</p><p>Leuconia hentschelii; Borojevic &amp; Peixinho 1976: 1030, fig. 26.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.5167/lat 7.9)">Material</a> examined. RMNH Por. 9740, Guyana, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 103, 7.9°N 57.5167°W, depth 85 m, triangular dredge, 4 September 1970 .</p><p>Description. (Fig. 132 a) Thin tube with rough surface, sitting on a dead coral branch. Length of tube 12 mm, diameter 2.5 mm, atrial opening less than 0.5 mm. Color (in alcohol) dirty white, consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton. The cortical region (Fig. 132 b) is built of tangentially arranged large sagittal triactines (occasionally also tetractines), overlying tangential giant triactines of the subcortical region. The choanosomal region is supported by small triactines, the atrial skeleton consists of similar triactines and small tetractines.</p><p>Spicules. (Figs 132 c–h) Triactines of various sizes and shapes, tetractines.</p><p>Large triactines (Fig. 132 c) of the cortical region, sagittal, with straight unpaired actines, 183– 306 –426 x 12 – 15.6 –20 µm, and curved paired actines, 177– 259 –354 x 11 – 14.5 –21 µm.</p><p>Giant triactines (Fig. 132 d) of the subcortical region, sagittal or almost equiangular, unpaired actines sharply pointed, paired actines often blunt, 326– 504 –710 x 15 – 34.4 –55 µm, paired actines 164– 325 –594 x 15 – 31.9 –53 µm.</p><p>Large tetractines (Fig. 132 e) of the cortical region, rare, equiangular (n=3), actines of the basal radiate system 200–220 x 12–15 µm, apical actines up to 59 x 9 µm.</p><p>Small triactines of the choanosomal region (Figs 132 f), sagittal, often almost T-shaped, unpaired actines 36– 59 – 84 x 6 – 8.6 –12 µm, paired actines 69– 93 –121 x 5 – 8.4 –13 µm.</p><p>Small triactines of the atrial region (Fig. 132 g), sagittal, not easily distinguished from the choanosomal triactines, but tending to have three unequal actines, unpaired actines 80– 96.4 –144 x 6 – 8.2 –11 µm, paired actines 63– 81 –101 x 6 – 7.4 –8.5 µm.</p><p>Tetractines of the the atrial region (Fig. 132 h), sagittal, unpaired actines 46– 77 –120 x 6 – 7.4 –11 µm, paired actines 43– 80 –111 x 5 – 7.2 –9 µm, apical actines, 18– 28 – 39 x 5 – 7.1 –8 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil, gravel bottom at 14–85 m depth (Guyana Shelf 57–85 m).</p><p>Remarks. The present identification is uncertain. The species was originally described from South Africa, at considerable distance from the Guyana Shelf. Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976) record this species from NE Brazil, and their description conforms to a large extent to the Guyana material. Differences are the greater length of the actines of the giant triactines (up to 900 x 60 µm) and the general diversity of triactines and tetractines, which seems smaller than in the present specimen. Still, among the known Brazilian and Caribbean Leucandra ’s this is the only one lacking diactines, like the present specimen. The correspondence with Borojevic &amp; Peixinho’s (1976) specimens, however, still does not mean the Central West Atlantic material conforms to the South African specimens of Brøndsted. It is likely that the two are different species, e.g. because tetractines are apparently rare in Brøndsted’s type material. Borojevic (1967) described specimens from South Africa under this name, but he mentioned the presence of microdiactines, not reported by Brøndsted.</p><p>There is also a rather close similarity with Leuconia typica Poléjaeff, 1883 . Poléjaeff described this species from Bermuda in two varieties, the var. tuba (conforming to the present form) and the var. massa . Poléjaeff did not indicate which of his varieties is the typical variety, which would then take the name of the species, Leucandra typica typica . The various authors that treated this species ignored the varieties or considered them as belonging to the same species. The properties of the present specimen conform fairly well to those of the tubiform variety with a few exceptions: Poléjaeff mentioned the presence of diactines in the choanosome, which are lacking from the present material. The size range of the choanosomal triactines including sagittal smaller triactines is not clearly mentioned, as only the upper size, here called giant triactines is given by Poléjaeff. Von Lendenfeld’s (1885) (p. 1130) record of the species from the east coast of Australia differs considerably from both Poléjaeff’s and the present specimen, and it is unlikely to be the same species.</p><p>Other reports of Leucandra species from the Central West Atlantic differ by having large diactines as a prominent part of the spiculation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.	Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
