identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A987D7FFF83F0390D9FED83E0BFC21.text	03A987D7FFF83F0390D9FED83E0BFC21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) paggii Kotov & Sinev & Berrios 2010	<div><p>Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) paggii sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1–4)</p> <p>Etymology. This species is dedicated to Dr Juan C. Paggi, renowned Argentinean investigator of the South American Cladocera.</p> <p>Type locality. Salar de Lagunillas (Table 1: locality 3).</p> <p>Holotype. Adult parthenogenetic female, MGU Ml 83. Label of the holotype: " Daphnia paggii sp. nov., 1 parth. ♀ from Lagunillas Salt Lake, North Chile, coll. in summer 2002, HOLOTYPE ".</p> <p>Allotype. Adult male, MGU Ml 84.</p> <p>Paratypes. Five parthenogenetic females, MGU Ml 85; three males, MGU Ml 86; one ephippial, one preephippial and three parthenogenetic females, AAK 2008-156.</p> <p>All type specimens are in 90% alcohol.</p> <p>Short diagnosis. Parthenogenetic female. Body almost transparent, subovoid, lacking a caudal spine, a distinct depression between head and rest of body. Rostrum short and rounded, ventral margin of head with shallow pre-ocular and post-ocular depressions, eye capsule located significantly below the level of anteriormost point of head; ocellus present Head shield with slightly projected, rounded fornices, a projection from valves penetrates to about 1/2 of head shield length. Secondary fornix short. A group of relatively long setae in middle of ventral margin, short setae at postero-ventral margin of valve, no setules between them. First abdominal segment with a relatively short (as long as postabdominal claw) process, slightly bent anterior; second segment with a small process, the third segment with a very low, mound-like process; the fourth segment lacking a process. Preanal angle of postabdomen ill-defined, postanal angle not expressed. On outer side of postabdominal claw, the first and second (proximal) pectens and the third (medial) pecten consisting of numerous thin teeth, each approximately two times shorter than claw diameter; the fourth pecten consisting of numerous fine setules not reaching the tip of claw. Body of antenna I well-developed, tips of aesthetascs projected beyond tip of rostrum, antennular sensory seta arise from base of mound of the antenna I and not reaching tip mound. On limb I setae 1-3 long, bearing short setules distally, seta 4 long, with long setules. Limb II with seta 1 somewhat longer than half of a soft seta near it; gnathobase with four anterior setae and 16–19 posterior setae. Limb III with seta 2 of exopodite bearing short setules; inner-distal portion of limb III with setae 1, 2 and 3 long, seta 4 shorter than each of the latter. Gnathobases III–IV with numerous posterior soft setae. Limb V with exopodite supplied with two distal setae and a long, curved lateral seta.</p> <p>Ephippium darkly pigmented, "O"-shaped, two eggs with axes almost parallel to main body axis and located at a very acute angle to dorsal margin, anterior process long, but a posterior process fully absent, postero-dorsal portion of valves incorporated into ephippium.</p> <p>Adult male. Body elongated, dorsal margin of valves almost straight, very slightly elevated above head, distinct depression between head and valves, postero-dorsal angle distinct, but without a caudal spine. Head with rounded rostrum. Abdomen without processes on each of its segments. Postabdomen with distal portion as a short tube, gonopore opens subdistally, without a genital papilla. Antenna I long, antennular sensory seta thin, located distally on end of antenna I body; flagellum long, bisegmented, its distal segment setulated.. IDL of limb I with a bent copulatory hook, and two setae of very different size; anterior setae 2, 3 and 4 smaller that these in female and supplied with long, fine setules. On distalmost endite of limb II, anterior seta 1 slightly bent and asymmetrically setulated.</p> <p>Size. Females up to 2.40 mm, males 1.49–1.81 mm</p> <p>Description. Adult parthenogenetic female. Body almost transparent, subovoid in lateral view, with maximum height in middle, anteriormost and posteriormost extremities of body lies at the level of longitudinal body axis, dorsal margin of valves elevated above head, regularly convex (Fig. 1A), a distinct depression between head and rest of body. Postero-dorsal angle in adults lacking a caudal spine, as a rounded triangle (while smaller females bear a very short caudal spine), ventral margin regularly convex. In ventral view body ovoid, moderately compressed laterally (Fig. 1B).</p> <p>Head with a short, rounded rostrum (Figs 1A, C–D), without a pre-rostral fold (see Ishida et al. 2006; Kotov et al. 2006); posterior margin of head straight; ventral margin of head with shallow pre-ocular and postocular depressions (Fig. 1D, arrows). Eye capsule located significantly below the level of anteriormost point of head. Compound eye relatively small, ocellus distinct, although minute, located far from base of antenna I. In ventral view, head with two depressions, delimiting its topmost portion (Fig. 1E, arrows). Head shield widest in middle, with slightly projected, rounded fornices, a projection from valves penetrates to about 1/2 of its length (Fig. 1F, arrow). Labrum with a wide, fleshy main body supplied distally with series of setules, and a setulated distal labral plate (Fig. 1C, arrow).</p> <p>Carapace subovoid, secondary fornix short (Fig. 1A, arrow), spinules present on whole dorsal margin and on posterior half of ventral margin. A group of relatively long setae in middle of ventral margin (Fig. 1G), short setae at postero-ventral margin of valve (Fig. 1H), no setules between them as in some other species of Daphnia (see Alonso 1996; Ishida et al. 2006).</p> <p>Abdomen relatively short, consisting of four segments, the first (basal most) abdominal segment with a relatively short (as long as postabdominal claw) process, slightly bent forward; the second segment with a small process, the third segment with a very low, mound-like process, covered by transverse rows of minute setules; the fourth segment without a process, with slightly convex dorsal margin (Figs 1I–J, each segment is marked by an arrow).</p> <p>Postabdomen elongated, tapering distally, with ventral margin in general slightly convex, lacking of setules (Figs 1I–J). Preanal margin long, almost straight, with series of minute setules. Preanal angle ill-defined, postanal angle not expressed. Numerous small paired spines of subequal size on anal portion. Postabdominal seta somewhat longer than preanal margin, its distal and basal segments of similar length. Postabdominal claw regularly bent, with a pointed tip. On outer side, four successive pectens along the dorsal margin (Fig. 1K–L, each pecten is marked by arrow): the first and second (proximal) pectens and the third (medial) pecten consisting of numerous thin teeth, each approximately two times shorter than claw diameter; the fourth pecten consisting of numerous fine setules, somewhat shorter than those in the second pecten, not reaching the tip of claw, inner side of claw with uniform setules. Rows of denticles at ventral margin of the claw.</p> <p>Body of antenna I well-developed, with nine aesthetascs of different length terminally (Figs 2A–C), their tips projected beyond tip of rostrum, antennular sensory seta (Fig. 2B–C, arrow) fine, arise from base of mound of the antenna I, short, not reaching tip of mound. Antenna II with coxal part possessing two short sensory setae of different length (Figs 2D–E). Basal segment elongated, distal sensory seta on its posterior face (not represented in our figures) remarkably longer than the basal segment of exopod, minute distal spine at its anterior face (Fig. 2D, arrow). Antennal branches somewhat longer than basal segment, all with series of minute setules. Spines on apical segments rudimentary (Figs 2F–G), spine on the second segment of exopod small (its length about half of diameter of third segment) and thin (Fig. 2D). Antennal formula: setae 0–0–1–3/1–1– 3. Swimming setae subequal in size, each seta with basal and distal segments bilaterally setulated, no chitinous insertion within distal segment (Fig. 2H).</p> <p>Maxilla I as a mound with three seulated setae (Fig. 3A).</p> <p>Limb I without accessory seta; outer distal lobe (Fig. 3B: ODL), with a long seta bilaterally armed distally with short setules, and a short second seta; inner distal lobe (Fig. 3B: IDL), or endite 4, with a single, long anterior seta 1, unilaterally armed distally with short setules. Endite 3 with a long anterior seta 2 and two posterior setae (a–b). Endite 2 with a long and thin anterior seta 3, bilaterally armed distally with short setules, and two posterior setae (c–d). Endite 1 with a long anterior seta 4, armed with long, fine setules distally, and four posterior setae (e–h). Two ejector hooks of different length.</p> <p>Limb II with a subovoid epipodite; distal portion as an elongated lobe bearing a soft, distal seta, and a large, soft, lateral seta. Four endites bearing five setae, among them, a stiff anterior seta (Fig. 3D–E: 1) somewhat longer than half of the soft seta on this endite, armed with short setules distally, a rudimentary seta (Fig. 3D: arrow) on endite 2 (the third one from distal end). Gnathobase with two rows of setae: four anterior setae (Fig. 3F: 1–4), the longest seta 2 as long as a 'filter plate' seta) and numerous (16–19) posterior setae of gnathobasic filter plate (a–p).</p> <p>Limb III with a large, setulated pre-epipodite, ovoid epipodite and a flat exopodite bearing four distal setae (Fig. 3G: 1–4), among them seta 2 distally with short setules, and two lateral (Fig. 3G: 5–6) setae. Innerdistal portion of limb with four endites: endite 4 with a single, long anterior seta, armed distally with short setules (Fig. 3H: 1) and a posterior (Fig. 3H: a) seta, bearing long setules; endite 3 with a single anterior seta (2) and a single posterior (b) seta, both with long setules; endite 2 with a large anterior seta (3) and two posterior setae (c–d); endite 1 with a relatively small anterior seta (4) and four posterior (e–h) setae. The rest of the limb inner-distal portion as a singular large lobe, modified gnathobase, bearing numerous (about 80) posterior soft setae, each with chitinous insertion within basal portion of distal segment (Fig. 3I), a single, relatively long anterior seta (Fig. 3H: 1) in its distal corner, and two short anterior setae (2 and 3) in middle of the filter comb. Limb IV with a large, setulated pre-epipodite, ovoid epipodite and a wide, flat exopodite, bearing four distal and two lateral setae (Fig. 3J: 1–6). Inner-distal portion of this limb with completely fused endites, distally with two setae of unclear homology (Fig. 3K), the most part of limb inner margin is a gnathobase filter plate consisting of numerous (about 55–60) posterior setae.</p> <p>Limb V with a small, setulated pre-epipodite, large, subovoid epipodite, triangular exopodite supplied with two distal setae, among them, more proximal seta rudimentary, and a large, curved lateral seta (Fig. 3L). Inner limb portion as an ovoid flat lobe, with setulated inner margin and a single, large seta.</p> <p>Ephippial female. In contrast to parthenogenetic female, the dorsal margin of the valves is stronger elevated above head, stronger convex in anterior portion and straight in posterior 2/3 of dorsum (Fig. 2I), dorsal wall of carapace additionally chitinised, forming a dorsal plate, supplied with series of fine spinules (Fig. 2K). In anterior view dorsal portion of body strongly compressed laterally (Fig. 2J). Ephippum “O-shaped” (terminology of Paggi 1996), the most part of ephippium darkly pigmented and covered with sculpturing of small rounded cells, anterior process long, but a posterior process fully absent, postero-dorsal portion of valves incorporated into ephippium. Two resting eggs, axes of which almost parallel to main body axis and located under a very acute angle to dorsal margin, egg chambers not separated from each other.</p> <p>Adult male. Body elongated, in general subovoid, dorsal margin of valves almost straight, very slightly elevated above head, distinct depression between head and valves, postero-dorsal angle distinct, but without a caudal spine (Fig. 4A). Head with a rounded rostrum, a small depression on posterior margin of head ventrally to antenna I joint (Fig. 4B). Ventral margin slightly concave, anterior most extremity completely occupied with optic vesicle, in some males a shallow supra-ocular depression dorsally to it (Fig. 4A, arrow), another shallow depression between first and second bunches of muscles of antenna II (Fig. 4A, arrow). Eye relatively small for a male of this subgenus, ocellus minute.</p> <p>Valve with anterior margin almost straight, supplied with exactly marginal, relatively short setae; anteroventral angle prominent anteriorly, supplied with specially long setae (Figs. 4C–D); whole ventral margin with numerous setae located submarginally on inner face of valve (Figs 4C–F). Postero-ventral portion of valve with marginal denticles, and short setae located submarginally on inner face of valve, no setules between these setae (Figs. 4G–H).</p> <p>Abdomen without processes on each of its segments (Figs. 4I). Postabdomen with preanal margin shorter than in female, expressed preanal angle, and distal portion as a short tube, gonopore opens subdistally, without a genital papilla (Fig. 4J–K, arrow). On anal margin, teeth finer than in female. Postabdominal claw short, on its outer surface a two more basal pectens consisting of long and stout setules, and third pecten consisting of numerous finer and shorter setules (Fig. 4L).</p> <p>Antenna I long, slightly and regularly curved, with series of fine setules (Figs. 4B); antennular sensory seta thin, located distally on end of antenna I body (Figs. 4M, arrow); aesthetascs of different length, largest aesthetasc longer than antenna I maximum diameter. Male seta (flagellum) on top of a low, conical, distal (post-aesthetasc) process. This seta long, bisegmented, its distal segment setulated. Antenna II as in female (Fig. 4N), no additional hairs on any segments of exopod or endopod, which are found in many other species. Limb I: ODL large (Fig. 4O), bearing a rudimentary seta and a very large seta supplied with minute setules distally (Fig. 4P); IDL with a bent copulatory hook, and two setae (1 and 1') of very different size, seta 1’ naked; in contrast to female, endite 3 with four setae (additional naked seta of unclear homology marked as 2’, a small sensillum near it), setae 2, 3 and 4 shorter than those in female and supplied with long, fine setules.</p> <p>Limb II: distal most endite with seta 1 slightly bent and asymmetrically setulated (Fig. 4Q).</p> <p>Size. Holotype 2.10 mm, parthenogenetic females 1.35–2.20 mm; ephippial female 2.40 mm; allotype 1.81 mm; adult males 1.49–1.81 mm.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Daphnia paggii sp. nov. belong to a group of D. (Ctenodaphnia) species with rounded fornices (Alonso 1985; Glagolev 1986, 1995). D. paggii sp. nov. differs from D. atkinsoni Baird, 1859, D. bolivari Richard, 1888 and D. triquetra Sars, 1903 in absence of a dorsal extension of the carapace into the head shield that forms a heart-shaped lobe. Our new taxon is close to D. mediterranea Alonso, 1985, D. dolichocephala Sars, 1895 and D. salina Hebert &amp; Finston, 1993 (but the former two have projected, not rounded fornices). But specially, D. paggii sp.nov is close to D. menucoensis Paggi, 1996. Paggi (1996) analysed the species discrimination within this group in detail, and we agree with his conclusions on the species discrimination, so we are concentrated on differences of our new taxon from D. menucoensis only. Daphnia paggii sp. nov. differs from the former in: (1) distinct ocellus; (2) short and rounded rostrum; (3) very short abdominal processes of first and second abdominal segments; (4) smaller seta of ODL specially short, less that twice thicker than large seta diameter; (5) apparently shorter seta 1 on inner-distal portion of limb II; (6) seta 4 of limb I in female supplied with long setules; (7) dorsal part of carapace of ephippial female strongly curved in anterior portion; (8) a posterior process of ephippium fully absent (rare character in representatives of the subgenus Ctenodaphnia) and postero-dorsal angle of carapace incorporated into ephippium; (9) male gonopores are not split-like; (10) seta 1’ of male IDL rudimentary; (11) seta 1 on inner-distal portion of limb II with longer setules. Just characters of gamogenetic specimens seems to be most valuable for differentiation of this species from its congeners, as it was found for other anomopods (Kim et al. 2006; Kotov et al. 2009).</p> <p>Comments. Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) paggii sp. nov. could not be associated with any of clades revealed in South America by Adamowicz et al. (2004, 2009) genetically, including their undescribed new species.</p> <p>Distribution. D. paggii sp. nov. is known only from its type locality. Apparently this is an Andean high mountain endemic, preferring salt waters as does its closest relative, D. menucoensis (see Paggi 1996).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFF83F0390D9FED83E0BFC21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFF13F1C90D9FBC53F88FCC1.text	03A987D7FFF13F1C90D9FBC53F88FCC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyocryptus nevadensis Cervantes-Martinez, Gutierrez-Aguirre & Elias-Gutierrez 2000	<div><p>Ilyocryptus cf. nevadensis Cervantes-Martínez, Gutiérrez-Aguirre &amp; Elías-Gutiérrez, 2000</p> <p>(Figures 5–6)</p> <p>? Ilyocryptus nevadensis Cervantes-Martínez, Gutiérrez-Aguirre et Elías-Gutiérrez 2000, p.313 –317, figs 1–26.</p> <p>Material studied here. Two females from locality 2.</p> <p>Diagnosis of Chilean specimens. Parthenogenetic female. Body triangular-rounded, high, cervical incision shallow, dorsal margin almost straight, postero-dorsal angle expressed (Fig. 5A). No lateral horns or other conspicous structures on valves (Fig. 5B). Moulting incomplete. Head small (Figs. 5C–E), with a distinct prominense where dorsal head pore opens, ocellus minute (Fig. 5C), mandibular articulation narrow (Fig. 5E). Labrum with a projected antero-ventral angle (Fig. 5C) and a pair of lateral projections in middle portion (Fig. 5D). Valves with fine reticulation, relatively large dots within cells well observable (Fig. 5F), setae in anterior bunch longer than the rest (Fig. 5G), while setae at postero-ventral portion not remarkably longer than other setae (Fig. 5A). Each seta in middle of ventral margin with specially long setules (Fig. 5H), each seta on posterior margin with markedly thick basal portion terminating in a single spine-like setule, and with finely setulated distal portion (Fig. 5I). Postabdomen high, height maximal in its middle; anus opens much closer to distal extremity than to base of postabdomen (Fig. 5J). Preanal teeth small, numerous, clustered, spaced regularly and standing approximately at right angles with margin (Fig. 5K), a gap between basalmost cluster and basis of postabdominal setae, as it was previously found in few other species (Kotov &amp; Timms, 1998). Rows of small setules near these teeth in basal part of postabdomen. Paired spines large and numerous, this row continuing along preanal margin up to its middle. Large lateral setae as long or even longer than paired spines (Fig. 5L), proximalmost seta located on preanal margin, not far from anus (Fig. 5J). Postabdominal claws relatively robust, no denticles in their distal or middle portions (Fig. 5M). Two spines on claw base, basalmost member longest. Setules ventrally on claw basal border long. Postabdominal setae long, densely setulated distally with relatively short hairs (Fig. 5N). Antenna I relatively short, proximal segment with a system of rounded hillocks and a terminal “crown” of conical projections (Figs. 6A–B). Distal segment with 4-5 rows of specially small denticles, distal end with a concentric row of hillocks. Two aesthetascs longer than others, and somewhat longer than half distal segment. Antenna II stout, distal burrowing spine almost reaching distal border of basal segment (Fig. 6C). Antennal branches robust, with well-developed denticles (Fig. 6D). Apical swimming setae with distal segments feathered along one side by setules of medium size and by minute setules along other side (Fig. 6E). Proximal and distal lateral swimming setae without hooks on their tips, with distal segments armed asymmetrically and with long setules on basal segments (Fig. 6F). Spine on second segment of exopod relatively long, reaching distal end of third segment (Fig. 6D). Limb I with outer distal lobe bearing single large seta. A long seta, bilaterally armed by short setules distally, near ejector hooks (Fig. 6G). Limb VI with inner margin lined by continuous row of long, fine setules.</p> <p>Size in our sample 0.53–0.64 mm (n=2).</p> <p>Ephippial female, male. Unknown.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See Kotov and Štifter (2006).</p> <p>Possible differences from Mexican populations. I. nevadensis is described from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.755554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.103611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.755554/lat 19.103611)">Lake La Luna</a> in the crater of the volcano Nevado de Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico, (19°06'13''N, 99° 45'20''W, 4680 m.a.s.l.) (Holotype: female, USNM 243648. Paratypes: 2 females, USNM 243649; 1 female, UNAM CL-1072; 2 females, ECO-CH-ZOO 460).</p> <p>Our two females had (1) somewhat longer lateral setae on postabdomen (approximately as long as paired spines, sometimes even longer); (2) finer denticles on sides of postabdomen basally; (3) smaller denticles on antenna I.</p> <p>Unfortunately, two specimens are not enough to speak about a consistence of such differences. In addition, Mexican populations need to be restudied for accurate comparison with other localities, because some fine details were not adequately described by Cervantes-Martínez et al. (2000), see Kotov and Elías-Gutiérrez (2009).</p> <p>Distribution. Previously found only in two adjacent lakes, La Luna and El Sol, in the crater of the volcano Nevada de Toluca, Mexico. Now we added a very distant locality, also in high mountains. The distributional area seems to be disrupted, or the Chilean population may belong to a separate taxon.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFF13F1C90D9FBC53F88FCC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFEE3F1C90D9FC303A06FA34.text	03A987D7FFEE3F1C90D9FC303A06FA34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyocryptus denticulatus subsp. denticulatus denticulatus Delachaux 1919	<div><p>Ilyocryptus denticulatus denticulatus Delachaux, 1919</p> <p>Iliocryptus sordidus var. denticulatus Delachaux, 1919, p. 26 –27, Pl. 1, figs 12–13.</p> <p>Iliocryptus sordidus subsp. denticulatus Delachaux in Smirnov 1976, p. 49, fig. 15 (after Delachaux).</p> <p>Ilyocryptus denticulatus Delachaux in Kotov 2001, p. 190, figs 9–10 (after Delachaux, 1919).</p> <p>Ilyocryptus denticulatus denticulatus Delachaux in Kotov and Štifter 2005, p. 208 –213, figs 1–46; Kotov and Štifter 2006, p. 83 –86, figs 39–40.</p> <p>Material examined. Many females from localities 1–2.</p> <p>Diagnosis, redescription. Populations from localities 1–2 were described in detail by Kotov and Štifter (2005, 2006).</p> <p>Comments. Type localities of I. denticulatus denticulatus are Lakes Huaron and Lavandera (about 5140 m.a.s.l.), Peru; type material was apparently lost.</p> <p>Distribution. The subspecies is an endemic of Andean highlands in Peru (Lakes Huaron and Lavandera) and North Chile, other subspecies, I. denticulatus freyi Kotov et Štifter, 2005 inhabits Patagonia, where it is quite common.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFEE3F1C90D9FC303A06FA34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFEE3F1A90D9F9E03AE6FCF9.text	03A987D7FFEE3F1A90D9F9E03AE6FCF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothrix atahualpa Brehm 1936	<div><p>Macrothrix atahualpa Brehm, 1936</p> <p>(Figures 7–9)</p> <p>Macrothrix atahualpa Brehm, 1936, p. 323 –324, figs 5–7.</p> <p>Macrothrix palearis Harding, 1955, p. 336 –338, figs 24–33; Uéno 1967, p. 557 –558, figs 27–31; Petkovski 1973, p. 177, 179; Smirnov 1992b, p. 47, 50–51, figs 184–189.</p> <p>Echinisca palearis (Harding) in Smirnov 1976, p. 89 –90, figs 114–116; Villagra de Gamundi 1984, p. 309 –313, Pls 1–3.</p> <p>Macrothrix atahualpa (Brehm) in Paggi 1993, p. 111.</p> <p>Material studied here. 21 females from localities 1 and 3.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Parthenogenetic female. Body subovoid in lateral view, dorsal margin without cervical depression; postero-dorsal angle a rounded triangle, located on level of longitudinal body axis. Head ventral margin slightly convex, without ridges. Ocellus very small. Abdomen with a low, robust dorsal process. Dorsal margin of postabdomen distinctly bilobed; preanal margin long, regularly convex, with short transversal series of setules, they became to be shorter basally and fully absent in basalmost part. Reticulation on sides of postabdomen absent. Postabdominal claw regularly bent dorsally, with pointed tip, an external row of 7–10 thin setules in distal half of claw. Postabdominal seta approximately as long as postabdomen, with relatively long distal segment, bilaterally armed with long setules. Antenna I not widened distally, with a low subapical external angulation; sensory seta externally at distance of about 1.5 antennular diameters (at base) from antenna I joint, about 7–8 transverse rows of robust spinules on its inner face, fine spinules at distal end. Lateral seta on proximal endopod segment of antenna II with a series of robust denticles in middle. Limb I without accessory seta; inner distal lobe with three bisegmented setae of different size, largest seta with fine setules, while two other setae armed with strong spinules. A single ejector hook; a fully setulated maxillar process on limb base. A soft seta near scraper 4 on limb II. Exopodite of limb III with small three distal and sole lateral setae; basal endite with only three anterior setae and three posterior setae. Limb IV with exopodite small, bearing only two distal setae of different size; inner distal limb portion with row of only four long, soft setae. Limb V with large, tri-lobed pre-epipodite.</p> <p>Ephippium with two eggs, very dark, with sculpture as a coarse reticulation; dorsal margin almost straight. Adult male poorly described. It is smaller than female, compound eye large, postabdomen in general similar with that in female. Antenna I with two large sensory setae, additional male seta located on special pedestal located somewhat basally than half of antenna I length; difference in size of longest and shorter aesthetascs greater than in female.</p> <p>Size up to 1.15 mm.</p> <p>Redescription of adult parthenogenetic female. Body subovoid in lateral view, maximum height in the middle, height/length = about 0.6, dorsal margin regularly arched from tip of rostrum to posteriormost point, without a cervical depression, carapace not elevated above dorsal margin of head (Fig. 7A). Postero-dorsal angle a rounded triangle, located on level of longitudinal body axis. No particular structures on valves or head. Body moderately compressed laterally. Head large; in lateral view, its dorsal margin evenly convex, no dome above eye; ventral margin slightly convex, without ridges, no projection at base of labrum (Fig. 7B). A special fold runs from mandibular joint anteriorly, it corresponds to a poorly expressed fornix. Compound eye relatively small, ocellus very small (about 1/3–1/4 of eye diameter), located near tip of rostrum. "Dorsal head pore" (dorsal organ) relatively small, ovoid. Labrum large, triangular, with a amall, setulated distal plate. Valve surface with fine reticulation (Fig. 7C). Dorsal margin without serration, ventral margin denticulated. Marginal setae (Figs. 7D–F) variable in length and size in different individuals, but order of their sequence: two smaller setae between each bigger one, characteristic also for many other species (Kotov 1999; Kotov et al. 2004; Kotov 2008b). Usually setae at postero-ventral valve portion longest. The order of setal alternation is not too regular in the posterior portion of the ventral margin.</p> <p>Thorax long, abdomen short, with a low, robust dorsal process (Fig. 7G). Postabdomen with a rectangularrounded distal extremity, and with large "heel" basally. Ventral margin almost straight, no series of setules were found there. Dorsal margin distinctly bilobed; preanal margin long, regularly convex, with short transversal series of setules, they became shorter basally and fully absent in basalmost part (Fig. 7G). On anal margin, groups of robust setules, laterally to them series of finer setules. Reticulation on sides of postabdomen absent. Postabdominal claw regularly bent dorsally, with pointed tip, an external row of 7–10 thin setules in distal half of claw, medial row (immediately on ventral margin as seen laterally) of about 3–4 denticles (Fig. 7I), and inner dorsal row with numerous denticles, two of them more robust than the rest (Fig. 7J). Postabdominal seta approximately as long as postabdomen, with relatively long distal segment, bilaterally armed with long setules (Fig. 7K).</p> <p>Antenna I regularly bent, not widened distally, with a low subapical external angulation (Fig. 7L); sensory seta externally at distance of about 1.5 antennular diameters (at base) from antenna I joint, about 7–8 transverse rows of robust spinules on its inner face, fine spinules at distal end (Fig. 7M). Nine terminal aesthetascs, two of them strongly larger than the rest, but not longer than 1/2 of antenna I length, each aesthetasc with two minute ‘claws’ at apex. Antenna II large (Fig. 7A), coxal region folded, with two small basal sensory setae of slightly different size in middle part (Fig. 8A). Basal segment robust, bearing numerous transverse series of spinules; distal sensory seta long, bisegmented; distal burrowing spine longer than proximal segment of exopod. Antennal branches long (about two times longer than basal segment). Swimming setae 0–0–1–3/1–1–3, spines 0–1–0–1/0–0–1. Length of apical swimming setae (Fig. 8B) subequal, each seta marked by individual number in Fig. 8A, armature of each seta illustrated in Figs. 8C–L. Lateral seta on proximal endopod segment larger than other setae, with a series of robust denticles in middle (Figs. 8J–L). Apical spines relatively short (about half of apical segment length or even shorter), slightly curved. A spine on second segment of exopod longer than half of next segment. Large additional denticles on hind side of segments 2–3 of exopod, they are not homologous to true spines in Macrothrix (Kotov et al. 2004; Kotov 2007b) and some other anomopods (Kotov 2006, 2009a).</p> <p>Figure 8. Macrothrix atahualpa, antenna II of adult parthenogenetic female from Laguna Chungará, Chile. A. General view; B. Distal segment of exopod; C–I. Apical and lateral swimming setae; J–L. Different portions of largest seta of antenna II, located on proximal segment of endopod. Scale bars 0.1 mm.</p> <p>Limb I large, without accessory seta; outer distal lobe (Fig. 9A: ODL) cylindrical, bearing a long apical seta and a short lateral seta. Inner distal lobe massive, with three successive marginal series of setules plus medial series of setules, and three bisegmented setae of different size, largest seta with fine setules, while two other setae armed with strong spinules (Figs. 9B–C). Endite 3 posteriorly with slightly curved, setulated seta (Fig. 9D: a), and straight setae b–c; anteriorly on this endite a short, setulated, bisegmented seta 1 (Fig. 9E). Endite 2 with three long bisegmented setae of subequal size (Fig. 9D: d–f), each with distal segment bearing fine setules distally and forked seta 2 anteriorly (Fig. 9F). Endite 1 with two bisegmented setae (Fig. 9D: g–h) and a fork-like seta 3 (Fig. 9G) anteriorly. A sole ejector hook; a fully setulated seta at inner side of limb base, so-called maxillar process, remainder of gnathobase I (Kotov 1999).</p> <p>Limb II triangular; epipodite subglobular, exopodite a subovoid lobe with three rows of small setules and short seta distally (Fig. 9H). At inner margin of limb, eight robust scrapers (Fig. 9H: 1–8), scrapers 1–2 with delicate feathering, 3–8 with robust denticles, and small sensillum near scraper 1. Posteriorly to scrapers, a system of low hillocks, and a soft seta near scraper 4. Distal gnathobase with four setae (Fig, 9I: 1–4); filter with four long setae.</p> <p>Limb III with small, globular epipodite; exopodite large and flat, with three distal setae (Figure 9J: 1–3), seta 1 with short setules; setae 2–3 with long setules; lateral “group” consists of a single seta 4, similar in armature with 2 and 3. Distal endite (see discussion of its homology in Kotov 1999) anteriorly with three bisegmented setae (Fig. 9K: 1–3), unilaterally armed in distal part, small sensillum near each base of seta 1, 2 and 3. Posteriorly, three setae: seta a thick, strong, with robust spinules distally, setae b and c soft, with fine setules distally. Basal endite smaller than distal one. Anteriorly, a bottle-shaped sensillum and only three (Fig. 9K: 4–6) bilaterally setulated setae; posteriorly, only three soft, setulated setae (d–f) subequal in size. Gnathobase clearly demarcated from basal endite, with large, bottle-shaped sensillum near border with basal endite (Fig. 9K: 1), and three projections distally (2–4), filter plate fully absent.</p> <p>Limb IV with pre-epipodite small, epipodite very large, globular; exopodite small, with distal group of two bilaterally feathered setae of different size (Fig. 9L). Inner margin of limb with 4 setae (Fig. 9L: 1–4), seta 1 naked, setae 2–4 with inflated basal and elongated distal part, the latter pointed at tip, supplied with relatively robust setules. A small sensillum near base of seta 3. Posteriorly, a row of only four long, soft setae, similar in size, bilaterally setulated from base to tip (Fig. 9L: a–d). Distal armature of gnathobase with 4 elements (Fig. 9L: 1–4): a bottle-shaped sensillum (1) near border with basal endite; a large setae 2 with inflated basal segment and elongated, setulated distal segment; a heavy hook 3; and a small, naked seta 4. Posteriorly on gnathobase, a single small seta continues the posterior row of setae of the inner limb face, the sole remain- der of filter plate IV.</p> <p>Limb V with pre-epipodite relatively large, tri-lobed (not illustrated in Fig. 9M); epipodite large, globular. A small lobe with single seta remains of the exopodite. Inner-distal portion a large flap, fringed by fine setules, on inner margin three setae, in size increasing distally (Fig. 9L: 1–3).</p> <p>Size up to 1.15 mm.</p> <p>Ephippial female, male. Absent in our material. See Harding (1955) and Villagra de Gamundi (1984), although their descriptions lack many important details.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. M. atahualpa is a relative of the welll-defined M. paulensis species group (Kotov et al. 2005), sharing with the latter a series of basic synapomorphies (unique or very rare for the genus), first of all (1) large, triangular labrum; (2) a sole ejector hook on limb I; (3) only three anterior and three posterior setae on basal endite of limb III; (4) only two setae on exopodite IV; (5) only four posterior setae on inner portion of limb IV. It differs from members of M. paulensis- group in (1) only somewhat convex ventral margin of head and (2) presence of groups of setules instead of strong spines on inner margin of antenna I. M. atahualpa differs from a relatively similar Australo-African taxon, M. capensis, in a long distal segment of postabdominal seta as it was marked by Harding (1955) and Smirnov (1976).</p> <p>There is a small chance that M. atahualpa is a junior synonym of Patagonian M. magna Daday, 1902, which was earlier regarded as a member of hirsuticornis -group, but the latter idea is now considered incorrect, see Kotov (2007b). At least, M. atahualpa and M. magna are very similar, especially in male morphology (compare illustrations of Daday 1902 and Harding 1955), which is regarded to be specially important for species determination in Cladocera (Kotov 1999; Kim et al. 2006; Kotov 2008b). Unfortunately, the first description of M. magna was lacking many important characters. Our preliminary analysis of Daday’s (1902) illustrations led to conclusion that M. atahualpa differs from M. magna in (1) large basal “heel” of postabdomen; (2) denticles on postabdominal claw located closely and occupying less then half of the claw length; (3) absence of abdominal processes; (4) longer sensory setae on male antenna I. These differences probably indicate existence of two separate taxa (Kotov 1999; 2008b). But our preliminary ideas must be checked with consideration of Daday’s types and new samples from Patagonia. In any case, the Andean M. atahualpa has a closest congener in Patagonia.</p> <p>Comments. Type locality of M. atahualpa is unknown water body in the vicinities of Lake Titicaca (Peru- Bolivia border), no further details in Brehm (1936). Brehm did not specify types of his taxa. Some samples of V. Brehm are found and will be deposited to NHM (V. Kořínek, pers. comm), but no information on Titicaca samples there.</p> <p>Both M. atahualpa Brehm, 1936 and M. palearis Harding, 1955 were described from the same area (Lake Titicaca region), and both descriptions were relatively detailed. Probably Harding (1955) did not know Brehm’s (1936) paper, which was not cited by him. Without any doubts the Harding’s taxon is a junior synonym of Brehm’s species. Smirnov (1992b) marked just M. palearis as valid, but listed M. atahualpa in the list of synonyms. Since that time a new edition of ICZN (2000) appeared, and according to several cases of ICZN (2000), M. atahualpa Brehm, 1936 has priority and this name must be used as valid, while M. palearis Harding, 1955 is a junior synonym of the former.</p> <p>Distribution. M. atahualpa is very common in many high mountain water bodies of Peru, Bolivia, North Argentina (Brehm 1936; Harding 1955; Uéno 1967; Villagra de Gamundi 1984; Valdivia Villar 1988; Paggi 1993) and North Chile.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFEE3F1A90D9F9E03AE6FCF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFE83F1A90D9FCD83A54FAB4.text	03A987D7FFE83F1A90D9FCD83A54FAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothrix oviformis Ekman 1900	<div><p>Macrothrix cf. oviformis Ekman, 1900</p> <p>? Macrothrix oviformis Ekman, 1900, p. 71 –73, Pl. 4, figs 17–19.</p> <p>Material examined here. Seven females from locality 3.</p> <p>Comments. Type locality of M. oviformis is “... einer Lagune in der Nähe von Rio Turbio’ ’ (Ekman 1900) in Santa Cruz, Argentina. Type material is, most probably, lost, at least, absent from Ekman’s Collection in SMNH (Kotov &amp; Gololobova 2005).</p> <p>We did not find any differences of our Andean population from locality 3 from those of M. oviformis described from southernmost portion of South America (Kotov 2007b). But this conclusion must be checked basing on better material from several localities.</p> <p>Distribution. According to present-day data, M. oviformis seems to be distributed both in Patagonia and the Andes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFE83F1A90D9FCD83A54FAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFE83F1290D9F9AD3826FCF9.text	03A987D7FFE83F1290D9F9AD3826FCF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroxus fryeri Kotov & Sinev & Berrios 2010	<div><p>Pleuroxus fryeri sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 10–14)</p> <p>? Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine) in Harding 1955, figs 83–84.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is named after Dr Geoffrey Fryer, FRS, famous British investigator of the Chydoridae, as well as other Cladocera, other Branchiopoda, other Crustacea and their predators, fish.</p> <p>Type locality. Crater Lake, Licancabur Volcano (locality 5).</p> <p>Holotype. Adult parthenogenetic female in 90% alcohol, MGU Ml 81. Label of the holotype: " Pleuroxus fryeri sp. nov., 1 parth. ♀ from Crater Lake, Licancabur Volcano, Chile-Bolivia border, coll. in 04.ii.2007 by V. Gaete, HOLOTYPE ".</p> <p>Paratypes. 40 parthenogenetic females, MGU Ml 82; 40 parthenogenetic females, AAK 2008–149.</p> <p>Other material studied. Five parthenogenetic female from locality 6, AAK 2008-094.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Parthenogenetic female. Body brown, relatively opaque, high for the genus, postero-ventral angle without a tooth. In anterior view, body moderately compressed laterally, with triangular-rounded dorsum, because top of carapace ridged. Rostrum long, protruding downward and slightly posterior. Head shield elongated, its posteriormost portion rounded, postpore distance (PP) = about 3–4 interpore distance (IP). Labrum with a large medial keel having a well-defined apex, protruding behind tip of rostrum. Valves with a distinct reticulation, within polygons a fine punctuation. All setae on ventral margin exactly marginal except of anterior most portion. A row of small setules on posterior valve margin, with bases located exactly marginally. Postabdomen wide, preanal margin slightly concave, shorter than anal margin, the latter concave, preanal and postanal angle expressed, postanal margin approximately as long as anal margin, dorso-distal angle widely rounded and slightly prominent distally. Postanal margin provided with thin postanal teeth, organised in series of 2–4 members. Postabdominal claw massive, with two basal spines, proximal one being half size of distal one or even shorter. Antenna I small, with a well-defined basal peg. Antennular sensory seta arising at one third of antennular length from distal end directly from antenna I body, without any prominences. Antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. All apical "swimming" setae, as well as basal and distal lateral setae of endopod subequal in size, with chitinous insertions within distal segments. Spine on proximal segment of exopod small. Limb I with accessory seta, outer distal lobe with two setae of different length, inner distal lobe with relatively short, naked first seta, second and third setae subequal in size and similarly armed distally with short setules. Two ejector hooks of subequal size. A remnant of maxillar process with a single seta. Number of setae in filter plates II–V 8–9–6(7)–4. Size up to 1.16 mm.</p> <p>Ephippial female, male. Unknown.</p> <p>Description. Parthenogenetic female. Body brownish, relatively opaque. In lateral view body oval, high for the genus (body height/ body length = body height/length = 0.74–0.77 in juveniles, 0.83–0.88 in adults), maximum height in middle (Figs. 10A, 11A). Dorsal margin evenly arched from tip of rostrum to postero-dorsal angle, which is ill-defined, posterior margin slightly convex, postero-ventral angle broadly rounded, without any teeth, ventral margin with a slight prominence in middle. Body moderately compressed laterally (Fig. 11B), with triangular-rounded dorsum, because top of carapace ridged (Figs. 10B, 11C). Head with a long rostrum, protruding downward and posterior (Fig. 10A, C, 11D–F). Ocellus smaller than compound eye, lies closer to base of antenna I than to compound eye. Head shield elongated, with maximum width on level of mandibular articulation, its posteriormost portion rounded (Figs. 10D, 11G), rostrum with a terminal tubercle (Figs. 10E, 11F). Two major head pores (Figs. 10F), sometimes a special inner organ associated with head pores is visible under opical microscope and SEM (Fig. 10G, 11H); postpore distance = about 3–4 interpore distance (Fig. 10D). Lateral head pores minute, normally located asymmetrically to midline (Figs. 10F–G, 11H). Labrum with fleshy main body, small distal labral plate and a large medial labral keel, with well-defined apex (Fig. 10H), projecting beyong tip of rostrum (Figs. 10C, 11D–E) and supplied with 1–2 terminal hillocks (Figs. 10H–J). Valves large, with a distinct reticulation (Fig. 12A), within polygons a fine punctuation (Fig. 12B); in dorsal portion lines of reticulation inflated, forming a sculpture as a series of folds (Figs. 13A– B), while in ventral portion reticulation also expressed, but not forming such sculpture (Figs. 13C–D). Ventral margin armed with numerous setae of different size in different regions, in anterior portion they are naked and located far from margin (Fig. 12C), following setae plumose and located exactly marginally, each of more anterior seta has an expanded basis bearing a spine, following setae longer and lacking expanded bases and spines (Figs. 12D–G). A row of minute setules on posterior valve margin, with bases located exactly marginally (Figs. 12G, 13D).</p> <p>Postabdomen wide (Figs. 12H–I, 13E), its ventral margin almost straight, preanal margin slightly concave, shorter than anal margin, the latter concave, preanal and postanal angle expressed, postanal margin approximately as long as anal margin, dorso-distal angle widely rounded and slightly prominent distally, inflated basis of claws bordered from postanal margin by a distinct depression (Figs. 12J, 13F). Postanal margin provided with thin postanal teeth, organised in series of 2–4 members, they are larger in its distal portion. Laterally on postabdomen series of short, fine setules. Postabdominal seta somewhat longer than preanal margin, with distal segment bearing short, rare setules (Fig. 12I). Postabdominal claw shorter than anal margin, massive, evenly curved, with setules along ventral margin, and two basal spines, proximal one being half size of distal one or even shorter (Figs. 12J–L, 13F).</p> <p>Antenna I small, length about 2.5 less than labral keel length, narrowing distally (Figs. 10C, K, 13G), with a well-defined basal peg. Antennular sensory seta slender, approximately as long as half the antenna I, arising at one third of antennular length from distal end directly from antenna I body, without any prominences. Nine short aestetascs of slightly differing size. Antenna II (Figs. 10L, 13H) relatively short, coxal part with two sensory setae, basal segment robust, with a rudimentary distal spine. Antennal branches relatively elongated, endopod longer than exopod, all segments cylindrical, antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0– 0–1. All apical "swimming" setae, as well as basal and distal lateral seta of endopod subequal in size, with chitinous insertions within distal segments (Fig. 10M). Spine on proximal segment of exopod small. Exopod and endopod apical spines subequal in size.</p> <p>Limb I (Figs. 13H, 14A–D). Distal portion with accessory seta, outer distal lobe (ODL) bears a long terminal seta with distal segment unilaterally armed with minute setules, and a short lateral seta with bilaterally setulated distal segment. Inner distal lobe (IDL) with relatively short, naked first seta, second and third setae subequal in size and similarly armed distally with short setules. Endite 3 with three posterior setae (a–c) and a setulated anterior seta 1 (Fig. 14B), all of subequal length. Endite 2 with three posterior setae d–f, and thin anterior seta 2 bilaterally armed with short setules distally (Fig. 14C), a small sensillum near the latter. Endite 1 with thin posterior setae g–i, a short seta j, and anterior seta 3 (Fig. 14D) somewhat shorter than seta 2, with a sensillum neat its base. Fascicles of thin setules on inner face of limb, plus bunches of longer, thicker setules at ventral margin of limb. Two slender ejector hooks of subequal size. A remnant of maxillar process with a single seta.</p> <p>Limb II (Figs. 14E–H). Exopodite small, subquadrangular, with a short seta. Inner portion of limb with eight scrapers (Fig. 14E: 1–8), 1–2 longer and armed with fine setules (Fig. 14G), others armed distally with thin spinules (Fig. 14H), setae 6–8 shortest. A system of small projections posteriorly to scrapers 2–4, and a small sensillum near scraper 4. Distal armature of gnathobase with a bunch of setules and four setae (Fig. 14F), a bunch of stout setules distally to seta 1, a bunch of fine setules basally to it. Filter plate II with eight setae.</p> <p>Limb III (Fig. 14I). Epipodite ovoid, exopodite sub-rectangular, with four distal setae (1–4) and three lateral setae (5–7). Distal endite with three anterior setae (Fig. 14J: 1–3), basalmost seta (3) shorter, small sensillae near bases of setae 2 and 3. Basal endite with four anterior setae (Fig. 14J: 4–7), slightly increasing in size basally, armed with fine setules distally, a small bottle-shaped sensillum near seta 4. On posterior surface, six soft setae (Fig. 14I), bilaterally armed with fine setules. Gnathobase not clearly separated from basal endite. Distal armature of gnathobase with a large, bottle-shaped sensillum, three setae, and a bunch of setules (Fig. 14J: 1–4), filter plate III with nine setae.</p> <p>Limb IV (Fig. 14K–L). Pre-epipodite rounded, setulated; epipodite without a finger-like projection; exopodite wide, subovoid, with seven setae of unequal size (Fig. 14K: 1–7). Inner-distal portion of limb IV with four marginal setae (Fig. 14L: 1–4). Distalmost seta (1) stout, naked, setae 2–4 setulated, with thick distal segments, sensillae located near setae 2 and 3. On posterior surface, four soft setae (Fig. 14K). Distal armature of gnathobase with four setae (Fig. 14L: 1–4), filter plate with six, rarely seven setae.</p> <p>Limb V (Fig. 14M). Pre-epipodite setulated; epipodite subovoid, without a finger-like projection; exopodite large, subovoid, with a single distal seta 1 and three lateral setae (2–4), distally to seta 1 there are two projections bearing long setules. Inner limb portion as elongated, flat lobe, with setulated inner margin, supplied with setulated setae 1 and 2. Distal armature of gnathobase as a single projection, filter plate V with four long setae.</p> <p>One to two parthenogenetic eggs in brood pouch.</p> <p>Ephippial female, male. Unknown.</p> <p>Size. Holotype 1.13 mm, parthenogenetic females 0.69–1.16 mm.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Among aduncus -like taxa of the southern hemisphere (Frey 1993; Smirnov et al. 2006), only P. fryeri sp. nov. and P. scopuliferus Ekman, 1900 have (1) top of carapace ridged (triangular in anterior view); (2) filter plate of gnathobase III of nine setae. The former differs from the latter in (1) head shield rounded posteriorly; (2) rostrum shorter, not projecting behind apex of labral keel; (3) no denticles at postero-ventral angle; (4) quite projected peg on antenna I; (5) significantly greater size.</p> <p>P. fryeri sp. nov. is the fourth species of South American Pleuroxus which is brown, not transparent. It differs from P. scopuliferus as described below, from P. paraplesius Frey, 1993 having no denticles at posteroventral angle, from P. hardingi Smirnov et al., 2006 in well-developed basal peg of antenna I and all setae on ventral margin exactly marginal.</p> <p>Distribution. It is known only from two localities, Crater Lake in Licancabur Volcano, and Laguna Leja, both in Atacama Desert, North Chile. Harding (1955) illustrated " P. aduncus " from Lagunillas pond in vicinities of Lake Titicaca, habitually similar to our taxon. Unfortunately, description and figures are lacking many important details, and we can finally confirm the presence of P. fryeri sp. nov. in the vicinities of Lake Titicaca. In any case, P. fryeri sp. nov. is an Andean endemic.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFE83F1290D9F9AD3826FCF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFE03F1290D9FCD83A20FABC.text	03A987D7FFE03F1290D9FCD83A20FABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroxus hardingi Smirnov, Kotov & Coronel 2006	<div><p>Pleuroxus hardingi Smirnov, Kotov &amp; Coronel, 2006</p> <p>Pleuroxus hardingi Smirnov, Kotov &amp; Coronel, 2006, p. 1631 –1635, figs 53–75.</p> <p>Material examined here. Many females from localities 3 and 4.</p> <p>Diagnosis, description, differential diagnosis. See Smirnov et al. (2006).</p> <p>Comments. Type localities are pools of the bofedal system in the cordillera del Tunari (part of the Cordillera Oriental) near the city of Cochabamba, Cercado Province, Bolivia (4000–4400 m.a.s.l., 17°10'56"S – 17 17'19"S, 66°07'62" – 66 22'99"W). Holotype: female, MGU Ml 57. Paratypes: 5 females, MGU Ml 58.</p> <p>Distribution. Andean endemic, common in highland water bodies. It was known from pools in the cordillera del Tunari (Bolivia), and from Lagunillas Pond near Lake Titicaca (Bolivia-Peru border) (Smirnov et al. 2006). Here we found two populations from North Chile, so, this taxon is wider distributed in Andes than previously assumed.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFE03F1290D9FCD83A20FABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFE03F2D90D9FA12398DFF29.text	03A987D7FFE03F2D90D9FA12398DFF29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroxus varidentatus Frey 1993	<div><p>Pleuroxus varidentatus Frey, 1993</p> <p>Pleuroxus varidentatus Frey, 1993, p. 177 –184, figs 132–164; Smirnov 1996a, p. 46 –47, figs 151–156; Smirnov et al. 2006, p. 1630 –1631, figs 50–52.</p> <p>Material examined here. Five females from locality 4.</p> <p>Diagnosis, description, differential diagnosis. See Frey (1993), Smirnov et al. (2006).</p> <p>Comments. Type locality of P. varidentatus is “a marshy channel alongside a small wooden church in Pta. Bandera, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina " (Frey 1993). Holotype. female, LPM. Paratypes. 2 females, ALMG GEN 951 A, 5 females, ALMG GEN 951 B; 2 females, AM P40973; 5 females, AM P40974; 2 females, GOS 21292 a, 5 females, GOS 21292 b; 2 females, NHM 1992.31 - 32, 5 females, NHM 1992.33 - 37, 5 females, NHM 1992.33 - 37; 2 females, USNM 251694; 5 females, USNM 251694.</p> <p>Distribution. It was described from the Province of Santa Cruz, South Argentina (Frey 1993), and then found in the Province of Jujuy, in the northern part of the Argentinean Andes (Smirnov et al. 2006). Now we add a North Chilean record, also from Andean highlands. Habitually similar specimens were found in Mexican tropical lowlands (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2006, 2008b), but these populations are strongly isolated from the Andean those and need to be accurately revised.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFE03F2D90D9FA12398DFF29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFDF3F2D90D9FEE03F3AFBFC.text	03A987D7FFDF3F2D90D9FEE03F3AFBFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona glabra Sars 1901	<div><p>Alona glabra Sars, 1901</p> <p>Alona cambouei Guerne &amp; Richard in Richard 1897, p. 289 –290, figs 35–36; Delachaux 1919, p. 28, Pl. 2, fig. 10; Harding 1955, p. 343 –344, figs. 61–64; Uéno 1967, p. 559, figs 35–36.</p> <p>Alona glabra Sars, 1901, p. 49 –51, Pl. 9: figs. 6, 6a; Daday 1905, p. 173 –174, Pl. 11, figs 3–4; Albertina Kameya 1986, p. 135 –136, fig. 6–7; Sinev 2001a, p. 203 –280, figs 1–40; Elmoor-Loureiro et al. 2004, p. 417, figs 12–13.</p> <p>Alona pulchella King in Infante 1980, p. 598 –599, figs 5a–c.</p> <p>Studied material. 6 parthenogenetic females from locality 3; 75 parthenogenetic females from locality 4.</p> <p>Diagnosis, redescription. See Sinev (2001a).</p> <p>Comments. Type locality of A. glabra is " Argentina ", no further information was given by Sars (1901). Lectotype. female, GOS F12326a; Paralectotypes. 40 females, F12326 b.</p> <p>Morphology of the studied specimens completely agrees with the recent redescription of the species (Sinev, 2001a) with one exception. About one third of the studied specimens had tuberculated head shields and dorsal part of valves. Polymorphism in the sculpture of head shield and valves is known for several species of Alona -like animals: Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901; A. guttata Sars, 1862; A. rustica Scott, 1895; Coronatella rectangula (Sars, 1862), and others. Apparently specimens with tuberculated valves and head shield should be treated not as a subspecies, but as varieties (Sinev 2001b).</p> <p>Distribution. Common in Neotropics (Sinev 2001a; Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2006).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFDF3F2D90D9FEE03F3AFBFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFDF3F2A90D9FBD2399EF951.text	03A987D7FFDF3F2A90D9FBD2399EF951.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona nigra Smirnov 1996	<div><p>Alona nigra Smirnov, 1996</p> <p>(Figures 15–18)</p> <p>Alona nigra Smirnov, 1996b, p. 14 –15, figs 97–106.</p> <p>Material studied here. 32 parthenogenetic females, 4 ephippial females, 1 adult male, 1 juvenile male of instar II from locality 3; 24 parthenogenetic females from locality 4.</p> <p>Emended diagnosis. Parthenogenetic female. Body regular ovoid, of moderate height, in adults height/ length ratio about 0.7, maximum height at the middle; body moderately compressed laterally. Dorsal margin convex, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded. Postero-dorsal angle with about 100 setules organised into groups of 12–18 setules in each. Ventral margin with about 55 setae. Head shield with broadly rounded posterior margin, rostrum short and rounded. Three disconnected major head pores. PP = 0.3–0.5 IP. Minute lateral head pores located about 1.5 IP distance from midline, at level of middle major head pore. Labrum of moderate size, labral keel of moderate width, with convex anterior margin and a rounded apex. Pre-ultimate abdominal segment with five-six transverse rows of long setules. Postabdomen of moderate width, with parallel margins in postanal portion, length about 2.5–2.6 height. Dorsal margin almost straight in postanal portion, anal margin concave; distal part of postabdomen two times longer than preanal one, with postanal portion about 1.5 times longer than anal one. Postanal portion of distal margin almost straight, anal portion weakly concave. Preanal angle well-defined, postanal angle not defined, distal margin convex, dorso-distal angle broadly rounded. Postanal margin with 11–13 well-developed marginal denticles, frequently with one-two spinules on anterior margin, near them 11–12 lateral fascicles of setules, distalmost seta of each fascicle largest, in distalmost fascicles 1.5 times longer than a marginal denticles. Postabdominal claw slightly longer than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine about 0.2 of length of claw. Antenna I short and wide, with nine terminal aestetascs. Antennal formula setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Seta arising from basal segment of endopod longer than endopod. Spine on basal segment of exopod longer than middle segment. Apical spines 1.5 times longer than apical segments. Limb I with accessory seta 1.5 times shorter than ODL seta. IDL with three setae, seta 1 well-developed, about 1/3 length of seta 3. Exopodite of limb III with seven setae, seta 5 being longest. Exopodite IV with six setae. Exopodite V with four setae, filter plate V absent. Epipodites IV and V without projections. Limb VI absent.</p> <p>Male. Body low oval, height/length ratio about 0.64, maximum height at the middle. Body moderately compressed laterally. Dorsal margin convex, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded. Postabdomen short and wide, narrowing distally, dorso-distal angle not defined. Preanal angle not defined, postanal angle weakly-defined. Distal part of postabdomens 1.8 times longer than preanal one. Gonopore openings located almost at the end of postabdomen. Wide clusters of short setules in place of marginal denticles. Postabdominal claw very short, 2.5 times shorter than preanal portion of postabdomen, with blunt apex bearing small spine, basal spine long, sinuous, about 1/3 of claw length. Antenna I with ten terminal and two lateral aestetascs, male seta arising at 1/4 length from tip, about 1/4 of antenna I length. Limb I with V-shaped copulatory hook. IDL seta 1 two times smaller than in female, setae 2 and 3 subequal in length, three times shorter and thinner than in female, male seta large, hook-like, 1.5 times longer than seta 3.</p> <p>Size up to 0.65 mm in females and up to 0.42 mm in males.</p> <p>Redescription. Parthenogenetic female. In lateral view body regularly ovoid, of moderate height, maximum height at middle of body (Figs 15A–B). In adults height/ length ratio about 0.7, in juveniles – about 0.63 in of instar I, about 0.65 in instar II (Figs. 15C–D). Dorsal margin uniformly curved, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded, posterior margin uniformly curved, ventral margin in general straight (Fig. 15E). Antero-ventral angle rounded. Both head and valves without any sculpture.</p> <p>Head of moderate size, triangle-round in lateral view, rostrum short, pointing downward. Eye and ocellus large, of subequal size. Distance from tip of rostrum to ocellus similar with that between ocellus and eye. Head shield with maximum width behind mandibular articulation, without any prominent sculpture (Fig. 16A). Rostrum short, more narrow than in most other species of the genus, broadly rounded. Posterior margin of head shield broadly rounded, slightly wavy. Three disconnected major head pores (Figs 16A–B), comparative size of pores variable. PP about 0.3–0.5 IP. Lateral head pores minute, located about 1.5 IP distance from midline, at the level of middle major head pores.</p> <p>Labrum of moderate size. Distal labral plate without setulation. Labral keel wide (heigh less than 1.5 width), with rounded apex (Figs 16C–E). Anterior margin of keel convex, slightly undulated, posterior margin without any setules.</p> <p>Valve subovoid. Ventral margin almost straight, with about 55 setae, first 15 setae long, about ten next setae short, other setae of moderate length (Fig. 15E). A row of about hundred setules along the posterior margin (Fig. 15F), at some distance from one on inner side of carapace, these setules not organized into groups. Postero-dorsal angle bears about hundred short setules organised in groups of 12–18 setules in each, distalmost seta in each group being longest and thickest.</p> <p>Thorax and abdomen subequal in length, dorsal surface of abdominal segments not saddle-shaped. No abdominal projections. Penultimate abdominal segment with five-six transverse rows of long setules (Fig. 15G).</p> <p>Postabdomen of moderate width, with parallel margins in postanal portion, convex distal margin and broadly rounded dorso-distal angle, length about 2.5–2.6 height (Figs 15H–I). Ventral margin almost straight. Inflated basis of claws bordered from distal margin by clear incision. Dorsal margin with distal part two times longer than preanal one, with postanal portion about 1.5 times longer than anal one. Postanal portion of distal margin almost straight, anal portion weakly concave. Preanal angle well-defined, postanal angle not defined. Preanal margin weakly convex. Postabdomen with 11–13 well-developed marginal denticles, frequently with one-two spindles near base on anterior margin (Fig. 15J), and with three-five groups of marginal setules on anal margin and eleven-twelve lateral fascicles of setules on anal and postanal margin, distalmost seta of each fascicle largest, in postanal portion, longest setule in each fascicles 1.5 times longer than a marginal denticles. Additional row of three-five fascicles between lateral fascicles and marginal setules in preanal region. Postabdominal claw slightly longer than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine about 0.2 of length of claw (Fig. 15K), 2-3 setules basally to it on postabdominal claw.</p> <p>Antenna I relatively short and wide, not reaching tip of rostrum, with three clusters of short setules at anterior face (Fig. 16F). Antennular sensory seta slender, two times shorter than antenna I, arising at 2/3 distance from the base. Nine terminal aesthetascs, two longest of them about 1/2 length of antenna I. All aesthetascs projecting beyond anterior margin of head shield.</p> <p>Antenna II short and massive (Figs. 16G–H). Antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Basal segment robust, branches short and broad, basal segments of both branches 1.5 times longer than others. One of terminal setae shorther than two others. Seta arising from proximal segment of endopod longer than endopod. Seta arising from middle segment of endopod of similar size with apical setae. Spine on basal segment of exopod longer than middle segment. Apical spine 1.5 times longer than apical segments.</p> <p>Thoracic limbs. Five pairs.</p> <p>Limb I of moderate size (Figs. 17A–B). Epipodite was not found, accessory seta of moderate length. ODL (Fig. 17A), with a long seta, armed with minute setules in distal part; IDL with three setae and four-five clusters of small setules on ventral face, setae 2 and 3 with subequal in length, similar in length to ODL seta, both with thin setules in distal part, seta 1 of about 1/3 length of ODL seta. Endite 3 with three posterior setae (a– c), and anterior seta 1 shorter than others. On endite 2 there are three setae (d–f), setae e–f robust, armed with robust setules in distal part, seta d shorter than ODL setae, and similar to endite 3 setae. Endite 1 with two 2- segmented setae (g–h), both setulated in distal part, without a flat seta shifted to limb base, present in some other species. A small senssillum on anterior face of limb on both endites 1 and 2. Five rows of thin long setules on ventral face of limb. Two ejector hooks, one of them somewhat larger than the other. Maxillar process with a short seta.</p> <p>Limb II (Figs. 17C) with exopodite elongated, supplied with a short, naked seta (Fig. 17D). Eight scraping setae (1–8), increasing in length distally, scrapers 3 and 5 armed with more robust setules than others. Distal armature of gnathobase with four setae. Filter plate with seven setae, the distalmost one considerably shorter.</p> <p>Limb III with exopodite trapezium-shaped, with seven setae (Fig. 17E: 1–7). Seta 5 being longest, setae 1 and 2 about 1/3 and 1/4 length of seta 5, respectively, other setae shorter, seta 4 geniculated. Setae 1 and 2 armed with short setules in distal part. Distal endite with three setae (Fig. 17E: 1–3), two distalmost members slender, sharp, with distal parts unilaterally armed with sharp denticles; basalmost seta 3 much shorter, bilaterally armed with long setules. Basal endite marginally with four stiff setae (Fig. 17F: 4-7), increasing in size in basal direction. Four soft posterior setae (a–d) increasing in size basally, a small sensillum near the base of distalmost seta. Gnathobase not clearly separated from basal endite. Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements: the first one elongated, cylindrical sensillum, second thin, geniculate seta, others two sharp spines. Filter plate III with seven setae.</p> <p>Limb IV with e xopodite rounded, supplied with six plumose setae (Fig. 17G: 1–6). Seta 4 longest, setae 5–6 and 2 of about 2/3 length of seta 4, setae 3 and 1 of about 1/3 length of seta 4. Inner-distal portion of limb IV with four marginal setae (Fig. 17G: 1–4), distalmost seta slender, sharp, armed with sharp denticles, three flaming-torch setae of similar shape, armed with long setules, decreasing in size basally. Three soft setae (Fig. 17G: a–c) increasing in size basally. Gnathobase with a large sensillum, a 2-segmented seta, and pair of small hillocks distally. Filter plate with five setae.</p> <p>Limb V (Fig. 17H) with setulated pre-epipodite, epipodite was not found; exopodite oval, not divided into two lobes, with four plumose setae, decreasing in size basally, seta 1 four times shorter than seta 4. Inner limb portion an oval lobe, with setulated inner margin. At inner face, two setae (1–2), 1 two times longer than 2. Filter plate absent.</p> <p>Ephippial female (Fig. 18A). Body subrectangular, dorsal and posterior margins of valves almost straight, postero-dorsal angle expressed, ephippium dark brown, almost black.</p> <p>Male. Body shape of instar II juvenile male (Fig. 18B) of same shape as juvenile female of same instar. Adult male is very small in comparison with the adult female, with lower body (Fig. 18G). General shape low oval, body height/body length about 0.64. Both eye and ocellus significantly larger than in female, ocellus larger than eye.</p> <p>Postabdomen of instar II juvenile male more narrow, than that of female, with subrectangular distal portion (Fig. 18C). Gonopore openings located close to the end of postabdomen. Marginal denticles same as in female. Postabdominal claw 1.5 times shorter than preanal portion of postabdomen, basal spine same as in female. In adult male postabdomen short and wide, narrowing distally, dorso-distal angle not defined (Fig. 18H). Preanal angle not defined, postanal angle weakly-defined. Distal part of postabdomen 1.8 times longer than preanal. Gonopore openings located almost at the end of postabdomen. Wide clusters of short setules in place of marginal denticles, in five distalmost clusters setules much thicker than in others. Lateral fascicles of setules similar to these of female, but 1.5 times narrower. Postabdominal claw very short, 2.5 times shorter than preanal portion of postabdomen, with blunt apex bearing characteristic small spine, basal spine long, slightly sinuous, about 1/3 of claw length (Fig. 18I).</p> <p>Antenna I of instar II juvenile male broader than in female, with 9 terminal aesthetascs and an anlage of male seta (Fig. 18D). In adult male, antenna I of same length, but broader than in female, with 10 terminal aesthetascs of similar length and two long lateral aestetascs, male seta arising at 1/4 length from tip, about 1/4 of antenna I length (Fig. 18J).</p> <p>Limb I of instar II juvenile male with U-shaped copulatory hook (Fig. 18E), ventral face of limb with an anlage of copulatory brush seta and a peculiar hillock above it, not present in adult male (Fig. 18F). IDL with anlage of male seta, seta 1 same as in female, seta 2 and 3 much shorter than in female. In adult male, copulatory hook V-shaped, its free arm (= terminal part) little longer than basal one (Figs. 18K–L). A group of five long setules located under copulatory brush, at some distance of it a row of about 11–12 short, robust setules on ventral face of limb. IDL seta 1 two times smaller than in female, setae 2 and 3 subequal in length, three times shorter and thinner than in female, male seta large, hook-like, 1.5 times longer than seta 3.</p> <p>Size. Juvenile females of instar I 0.38–0.41 mm (height 0.24–0.26 mm); juvenile females of instar II 0.45–0.48 mm (height 0.29–0.32 mm); adult females 0.55–0.65 mm (height 0.38–0.46 mm). Single studied juvenile male of instar II 0.42 mm (height 0.27 mm), single studied adult male 0.42 mm (height 0.26 mm).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Alona nigra can be differentiated from the majority of other species of Alona s. lat. belonging to a small set of species with disconnected major head pores. There are only three other known species with this peculiarity (1) paleotropical A. cambouei Guerne &amp; Richard, 1893, (2) Mediterranean A. nuragica Margaritora, 1971, and (3) Australian A. setuloides Smirnov &amp; Timms, 1983. No other species with disconnected head pores are known from America. A. cambouei differs from A. nigra in (1) smaller size (less than 0.5 mm), (2) narrow postabdomen with parallel margins, (3) prominent, sharp distal angle, and (4) smaller size of the antennal spines (see Sinev 2001c). A. nuragica differs from A. nigra in (1) tapering postabdomen with more numerous denticles and lateral fascicles and (2) lateral pores as small round cavities (Alonso 1996). A. setuloides differs from A. nigra in (1) lower body (height/length ratio about 0.5), (2) longer postabdomen with obtuse distal angle and straight distal margin, and (3) the spine on basal segment of exopodite of antenna II being shorter than middle segment (Smirnov &amp; Timms 1983). Also, Alona nigra differs from these species in a densely setulated penultimate abdominal segment. The male of A. nigra clearly differs from males of these species in (1) shape of postabdomen and (2) very small postabdominal claw with the spine at the apex.</p> <p>Comments. Type locality of this species is Lake Uru-Uru, Oruro Department, Bolivia (3686 m.a.s.l.). Holotype: female MGU 3579. Paratypes: females MGU 3571, 35 73, 3574, 3575, 3581, 3587, 3589, 3594, 3595.</p> <p>Our specimens completely fit the initial description of the species (Smirnov 1996b). Complete description of appendages was not provided in the initial description.</p> <p>A. nigra shares numerous affinities with the A. pulchella -group, phylogenetic position of which, according to Van Damme &amp; Dumont (2008a) is uncertain, intermediate between Hexalona - and Cornatellabranches. These similarities include: (1) morphology of IDL setae, (2) absence of third seta on endite 1 of limb I, (3) exopodite IV with plumose setae 1–2, (4) absence of filter plate V and (5) absence of limb VI. Male antenna of A. nigra bears two lateral aesthetascs, which are not present in any groups of Hexalona. The aforementioned A. cambouei is also a member of this group. On the other hand, species of the pulchella -group have more narrow and long postabdomen with parallel margins and prominent distal angle, posteroventral margin of valves with setules not differentiated into groups, small accessory seta of limb I, and more broad rostrum. The morphology of male postabdomen of A. nigra also significantly differs from that of pulchella -group.</p> <p>There are two characters rare for Alona s. lat – disconnected major head pores and densely setulated middle abdominal segment. There are only three species with such morphology of head pores (see above), and only one, A. setosocaudata Vasiljeva &amp; Smirnov, 1969, with densely setulated abdomen (see Sinev &amp; Kotov 2001).</p> <p>In our opinion, pulchella -group and related species, like A.nigra and A. setulosa (see Sinev, 2009b) belong to the Hexalona -branch of Alona -like animals, having two most important features of Hexalona – seven setae on exopodite III and well-developed first IDL seta. Common features between pulchella -group and Coronatella -branch (see Van Damme &amp; Dumont, 2008a) are mostly reductions of limb structures, which independently appears in several unrelated groups of Aloninae (see Kotov, 2000b).</p> <p>Distribution. So far, Alona nigra was found only in saline lakes of the Andes (Bolivia and North Chile); this species seems to be an endemic of the Andes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFDF3F2A90D9FBD2399EF951	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFD83F2390D9F9403913F9F1.text	03A987D7FFD83F2390D9F9403913F9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona altiplana Kotov & Sinev & Berrios 2010	<div><p>Alona altiplana sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 19–22)</p> <p>Alona pulchella King in Megard 1967, p. 46, figs 29–32;</p> <p>Alona pulchella var. cambouei Guerne &amp; Richard in Dominguez 1973, p. 3 –7, figs 13–14.</p> <p>Type locality. Crater Lake, Licancabur Volcano (locality 5).</p> <p>Holotype. Adult parthenogenetic female in 90% alcohol, MGU Ml 95. Label of the holotype: " Alona altiplana sp. nov., 1 parth. ♀ from Crater Lake, Licancabur Volcano, Chile-Bolivia border, coll. in 04.ii.2007 by V. Gaete, HOLOTYPE ".</p> <p>Paratypes. 20 parthenogenetic females, MGU Ml 96; 40 parthenogenetic females, AAK M-0410.</p> <p>Other material studied. 4 parthenogenetic females from locality 4; 13 parthenogenetic females from locality 3; 5 parthenogenetic females from locality 6.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Parthenogenetic female. Body regular oval, of moderately high, in adults height/length ratio about 2/3, maximum height at the middle; body moderately compressed laterally. Dorsal margin convex, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded. Postero-dorsal angle with 35-50 setules not organised into groups. Ventral margin with about 35-45 setae. Head shield with broadly rounded posterior margin, rostrum short and rounded. Three major head pores with a narrow connection between them. PP less then 0.3 IP. Minute lateral head pores located about 1.2 IP distance from midline, at between anterior and middle major head pore. Labrum of moderate size, labral keel narrow, with convex anterior margin and a rounded apex. Postabdomen of moderate length and width, slightly narrowing distally, length about 2.5 height. Dorsal margin weakly convex in postanal portion, anal margin concave; distal part of postabdomen about 1.5 times longer than preanal one, postanal and anal margins approximately of similar length. Preanal angle well expressed, postanal angle not defined, distal margin straight, dorso-distal angle rounded. Postanal margin with 5–6 well-developed, sharp denticles, some of them with additional denticles near base; near them 5–7 broad lateral fascicles setules, the posteriormost seta of each fascicle longest, of same length as a marginal denticle. Postabdominal claw slightly longer than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine straight or weakly curved, about 0.25 of the claw length. Antenna I of moderate size, with nine terminal aestetascs. Antennal formula: setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Seta arising from basal segment of endopod thin, as long as endopod. Spine on basal segment of exopod slightly shorter than middle segment. Spines on apical segments longer than apical segments. Limb I with accessory seta four times shorter than ODL seta. IDL with three setae, seta 1 well-developed, about 1/3 length of seta 3. Exopodite of limb III with seven setae, seta 5 being longest. Exopodite IV with six setae. Exopodite V with four setae, filter plate V absent. Epipodites IV and V without projections. Limb VI absent.</p> <p>Small-sized species, length of adult 0.35–0.50 mm.</p> <p>Description. Parthenogenetic female. In lateral view body regular oval, of moderate height, maximum height at middle of body (Figs. 19A–E, 20A), in adults height/length ratio about 2/3. Dorsal margin uniformly curved; postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded; posterior margin uniformly curved; ventral margin almost straight; antero-ventral angle rounded. Body moderately compressed laterally (Figs. 20B– D).</p> <p>Head of moderate size, triangle-round in lateral view, rostrum short, pointing downward (Fig. 20E). Eye larger than ocellus. Distance from tip of rostrum to ocellus in adults slightly greater than that between ocellus and eye, or equal to the latter. Head shield with maximum width behind mandibular articulation, without a reticulation or sculpture; rostrum short, broadly rounded; posterior margin of head shield broadly rounded (Fig. 19F). Three connected major head pores, connection between pores narrow; PP less than 0.3 IP (Figs. 19G–H, 20F). Lateral head pores minute, located about 1.2 IP distance from midline, at the level of middle major head pore. Labrum of moderate size; distal labral plate without setulation; labral keel narrow (heigh about than 2.5 width), with rounded apex; anterior margin of keel convex, posterior margin without any setules (Fig. 19I).</p> <p>Valve ovoid, with obscure longitudinal lines, well-visible under SEM (Figs. 20A–E, G). Ventral with about 35-45 setae, first 7–11 setae long, next 10 setae short, other setae of moderate length (Fig. 19J). A row of about 100 setules along the posterior margin, this row located on inner side of valve, setules not organized into groups (Figs. 19K–L). Postero-dorsal angle bears 35–50 short setules of similar length, not organised in groups.</p> <p>Thorax and abdomen subequal in length, dorsal surface of abdominal segments not saddle-shaped. No abdominal projections. Second abdominal segment with two transverse rows of long thin setules and groups of shorter setules (Fig. 20H). Postabdomen of moderate width, with almost parallel margins in postanal portion, straight distal margin and almost right dorso-distal angle, length about 2.5 height (Figs 19M–O, 21A–C). Ventral margin straight. Inflated basis of claws bordered from distal margin by clear incision. Dorsal margin with distal part 1.3–1.5 times longer than preanal one, with postanal and anal portions subequal in length. Postanal portion of distal margin straight, anal portion weakly concave. Preanal angle well-defined, postanal angle not defined. Preanal margin weakly convex to slightly sigmoid. Postabdomen with five-six well-developed marginal denticles, frequently with one-two additional minute spinules near base of each denticle, and with four-five groups of marginal setules on anal margin. Eight-eleven lateral fascicles of setules, six-seven distalmost fascicles large, with distalmost seta of each fascicle as long as marginal denticles. Additional row of three-five fascicles between lateral fascicles and marginal setules in preanal region. Postabdominal claw of moderate length, slightly longer than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine about 0.25 of length of claw (Figs 21B, D).</p> <p>Antenna I relatively short and wide, length about 2.5 widht, with two clusters of short setules at anterior face (Figs 21E–F, 22A). Antennular sensory seta slender, three times shorter than antenna I, arising at 2/3 distance from the base. Nine terminal aesthetascs, two longest of them about 1/2 length of antenna I. All aesthetascs projecting beyond anterior margin of head shield (Fig. 21E). Antenna II short and massive (Figs 21E, 22B). Antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Basal segment robust, branches short and broad, basal segments of both branches 1.5 times longer than others. One of terminal setae shorther than two others. Seta arising from basal segment of endopod of same length with endopod. Seta arising from middle segment of endopod of similar size with apical setae. Spine on basal segment of exopod shorter than middle segment. Apical spines longer than apical segments. Mandibles with asymmetrical molar surfaces as shown in Figs. 21G–H.</p> <p>Five pairs of thoracic limbs.</p> <p>Limb I (Fig. 22C), of moderate size; epipodite ovoid; accessory seta very short. ODL (Fig. 22D) with a long seta, armed with minute setules in distal part. IDL (Fig. 22C) with three setae and four-five clusters of small setules on ventral face, setae 2 and 3 2-segmented, shorter than ODL seta, both with thin setules in distal part, seta 1 of about 1/3 length of seta 1. Endite 3 with three posterior setae (a–c), and a shorter anterior seta 1. On endite 2 there posterior setae (d–f), setae e–f long, armed with robust setules in distal part, seta d similar to endite 3 setae a–c. Endite 1 with two 2-segmented setae g–h, both setulated in distal part, without a flat seta shifted to limb base. Six rows of thin long setules on ventral face of limb. Two ejector hooks, one of them somewhat larger than the other. Maxillar process with a short seta.</p> <p>Limb II with exopodite elongated, supplied with a single naked seta of about 2/3 length of exopodite (Fig. 22E). Eight scraping setae (1–8), armed with spinules of similar shape, increasing in length distally. Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements. Filter plate with seven setae, the posteriormost three times shorter than others.</p> <p>Limb III with oval epipodite; exopodite subrectangular, with seven setae (Fig. 22F:1–7). Seta 5 being longest, seta 2 and 2/5 length of seta 5, other setae short. Seta 2 armed with stronger setules in distal part, seta 1 almost naked, all other setae plumose. Distal endite with three setae (Fig. 22F: 1–3), two distalmost members slender, sharp, with distal parts unilaterally armed with sharp denticles; basalmost seta much shorter, bilaterally armed with long setules. Basal endite with four stiff setae, increasing in size toward the base (Fig. 22G: 4–7), a small sensillum near the base of distalmost seta. Four soft setae increasing in size basally (a–d). Gnathobase not clearly separated from basal endite. Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements: an elongated, cylindrical sensillum; thin, bent seta; others two sharp spines. Filter plate III with seven setae.</p> <p>Limb IV with oval epipodite, lacking a finger-like process; exopodite rounded, with six setae (Fig. 22H: 1–6). Seta 4 longest, length of setae 1–3 evenly decreasing basally. Setae 3–6 plumose, seta 2 with short setules, seta 1 almost naked. Inner-distal portion of limb IV with four setae (Fig. 22H: 1–4), seta 1 slender, sharp, three flaming-torch setae 2–4 of similar shape, armed with long setules, decreasing in size basally. Three soft setae increasing in size basally. Gnathobase with a small sensillum, a 2-segmented seta, and a small hillock distally. Filter plate with five setae.</p> <p>Limb V with setulated pre-epipodite, epipodite oval, without a finger-like process. Exopodite oval, not divided into two lobes, with four plumose setae, decreasing in size basally (Fig. 22I: 1–4), seta 1 four-three times shorter than seta 4. Inner limb portion an oval lobe, with setulated inner margin with two setae (1–2), 1 times longer than 2. Filter plate absent.</p> <p>Ephippial female and male unknown.</p> <p>Size. Parthenogenetic female 0.35–0.50 mm (height 0.24–0.30 mm), holotype 0.50 mm.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Alona altiplana sp. nov. is a typical small-sized member of the Alona s. lat, it differs from most species of the same size by the characteristic morphology of postabdomen, which is moderately wide, with almost parallel margins and almost right distal angle, armed with well-developed marginal denticles and lateral setules. A. altiplana sp. nov. is similar in the general appearance and shape of postabdomen to a group of North American species - A. setulosa Megard, 1967, A. borealis Chengalath &amp; Hann, 1981 and A. lapidicola Chengalath &amp; Hann, 1981. A. altiplana sp. nov. differs from A. lapidicola in more narrow postabdomen with almost parallel margins, ocellus smaller than eye, and by absence of incisures on the posterior margin of the head shield. A. altiplana sp. nov. differs from A. borealis in short, broad rostrum and ocellus smaller than eye, from A. setulosa in un-interrupted connection between head pores and more narrow postabdomen with more developed marginal denticles.</p> <p>Comments on taxonomic position. The closest relative of Alona altiplana sp. nov. is North American Alona setulosa, recently redescribed by Sinev (2009b). These two species have similar general habitus, morphology of postabdomen and all appendages. The most apparent difference between the species lies in the morphology of the head pores and armament of postabdomen (see above). Comparison of limb morphology reveals differences only in proportions of some setae of the level common for the closely related species of Alona s. lat., see Sinev (1999, 2001b, c), Van Damme and Dumont (2008a, b), etc. As pointed out by Sinev (2009b), Alona setulosa (and Alona altiplana as well) differs from the pulchella -group mainly in the morphology of postabdomen, which is long and narrow in all species of the group (see Sinev 2001b, c, 2002a, b). But the morphology of antenna I, antenna II, and thoracic limbs of these species is similar to that of pulchella - group. No detailed information about the appendages of A. borealis and A. lapidicopa is available, so relationships between these two species and Alona altiplan a sp. nov. are not clear.</p> <p>Distribution. Alona altiplana sp. nov. is known from the lakes of North Chile and Bolivia; this species seems to be an endemic of the Andes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFD83F2390D9F9403913F9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFD13F3C90D9F9E0390EFCA9.text	03A987D7FFD13F3C90D9F9E0390EFCA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coronatella circumfimbriata (Megard 1967)	<div><p>Coronatella cf. circumfimbriata (Megard, 1967)</p> <p>(Fig. 23)</p> <p>Not Alona circumfimbriata Megard, 1967, p. 37 –50, figs 1–6, Pl. 1, figs 1a–b.</p> <p>Material examined here. A single parthenogenetic female from locality 3.</p> <p>Diagnosis of Chilean population. Parthenogenetic female. In lateral view body irregular oval, of moderate height, maximum height at middle of body, height/length ratio about 0.65 (Fig. 23A). Dorsal margin highly arched. Postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded. Posterior margin slightly curved. Postero-dorsal angle bears about 60 short setules organized in four groups of 15 setules in each, distalmost seta in each group being longest and thickest. Ventral margin almost straight, with about 40 setae. Antero-ventral angle rounded. Valves with thin longitudinal lines. Head of moderate size, triangle-round in lateral view, rostrum short, pointing downward. Eye larger than ocellus. Distance from tip of rostrum to ocellus 1.5 times greater than that between ocellus and eye. Head shield with maximum width behind mandibular articulation, without any prominent sculpture; rostrum short and broad, truncated; posterior margin of head shield broadly rounded. Three narrowly connected major head pores, central pore shorter than others; PP about 0.3 IP; lateral head pores minute, located about 0.6 IP distance from midline, at the level of middle head pore (Fig. 23B). Labrum of moderate size; distal labral plate without setulation. Thorax 1.5 times longer than abdomen, dorsal surface of abdominal segments not saddle-shaped; no abdominal projections. Postabdomen of moderate width, weakly narrowing in postanal portion, with convex distal margin and broadly rounded dorso-distal angle, length about 2.5 height (Fig. 23D). Ventral margin weakly convex. Inflated basis of claws bordered from distal margin by a clear incision. Dorsal margin with distal part 1.5 times longer than preanal one, with postanal portion about 1.5 times longer than anal one. Postanal portion of distal margin weakly convex, anal portion weakly concave. Preanal angle well-defined, postanal angle ill-defined. Preanal margin slightly convex. Postabdomen with seven groups of 3-5 short marginal denticles in postanal portion, and with two groups of marginal setules on anal margin. Twelve broad lateral fascicles of setules, distalmost seta of each fascicle longest and thickest, in postanal fascicles two times longer than marginal denticles, other setules very thin. Additional fascicles above the main row in preanal region. Postabdominal claw of moderate length, equal to preanal portion of postabdomen, with thin setules along concave side. Basal spine about 0.25 of length of claw, cluster of long thin setules located near its base.</p> <p>Antenna I of moderate length and width, not reaching the tip of rostrum (Fig. 23A, not 23E where head was somewhat compressed), with three clusters of long setules at anterior face (Fig. 23E). Antennular sensory seta slender, two times shorter than antenna I, arising at 2/3 distance from the base. Nine terminal aesthetascs, longest of them about 2/3 length of antenna I. All aesthetascs projecting beyond anterior margin of head shield. Antenna II short (Fig. 23F), antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Basal segment robust, branches short, proximal segments of both branches 1.5 times longer than others. Seta arising from proximal segment of endopod shorter than endopod. Seta arising from middle segment of endopod of similar size with apical setae. Spine on basal segment of exopod longer than middle segment. Apical spines longer than apical segments.</p> <p>Five pairs of thoracic limbs. Due to a limited material, limbs were not fully studied, but in general, their morphology is typical for Coronatella (see Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008a). Limb I with ODL bearing a long seta, armed with minute setules in distal part; IDL with three setae and two clusters of small setules on ventral face, seta 1 rudimentary, setae 2 and 3 robust, armed with strong setules in distal portion, seta 3 about 3/4 length of ODL seta, seta 2 slightly shorter (Fig. 23G). Limb III with oval epipodite lacking a process. Exopodite sub-rectangular, with six setae (Fig. 23H: 1–6); seta 4 being longest, setae 2 about 1/4 length of seta 4, other setae shorter. Setae 1 naked, seta 2 armed with strong setules in distal part, all other setae plumose. Limb IV with setulated pre-epipodite, epipodite with short fingerlike process. Exopodite rounded, with six setae (Fig. 23I: 1–6). Seta 4 longest, setae 5–6 of about 2/3 length of seta 4, setae 1–2 of less that 1/2 length of seta 4, seta 3 about 1/3 length of seta 4. Setae 1–2 with short setules in distal portion, setae 3–6 plumose. Inner portion of limb IV with four setae (Fig. 23J: 1–4). Distalmost seta slender, sharp, armed with small setules, three flaming-torch setae of similar shape, armed with long thin setules, decreasing in size basally. Three soft setae increasing in size basally. Gnathobase with a lopsided sensillum, a 2-segmented seta, and pair of small hillocks distally. Filter plate with five setae. Limb V with setulated pre-epipodite, epipodite with short finger-like process. Exopodite irregular oval, not divided into two lobes, with four plumose setae, evenly decreasing in size basally, seta 1 three times shorter than seta 4. Inner limb portion an oval lobe, with setulated inner margin, supplied with two setae, 1 longer than 2. Filter plate absent.</p> <p>Ephippial female and male unknown.</p> <p>Size. 0.42 mm (height 0.28 mm).</p> <p>Comments. In many aspects, including the morphology of appendages, the studied specimen is very similar to North American species Coronatella circumfimbriata (Megard, 1967), recently redescribed by Sinev (2009b). Its type locality is Lake Itasca, Minnesota, U.S.A. Holotype: female, NHM 1966. 3.21.3. Paratypes: females, NHM 1966.3.21.1; females, DGF.</p> <p>It is the only species of Coronatella which has differentiated setules on postero-ventral corner of valves. However, the studied specimen significantly differs from C. circumfimbriata s.str. in (1) shorter basal spine of the claw and (2) shorter postabdominal denticles. The large cluster of long, thin setules on the base of postabdominal claw was never recorded in any species of Coronatella; recently described Paleotropic C. anemae Van Damme &amp; Dumont, 2008 have somewhat similar setules, but only 3-4 in number, shorter and thicker than in our taxon. The southern border of distribution of C. circumfimbriata s.str. is North Mexico (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 1997), it was never reported from South America. From the only known South American species of Coronatella, C. monacantha (Sars, 1901) (see Sinev 2004b) the studied specimen differs not only in the absence of denticles on the valves, but also in armament of postabdomen (C. monacantha has larger denticles and wider, less numerous fascicles of setae), shorter basal spine of postabdomen, and in morphology of exopodite III (in C. monacantha, seta 4 is longer than seta 5).</p> <p>With a high probability, the studied population belongs to a new species, undescribed yet, but its description must be based on better material.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFD13F3C90D9F9E0390EFCA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFCE3F3F90D9FC083A36F861.text	03A987D7FFCE3F3F90D9FC083A36F861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geoffreya Kotov & Sinev & Berrios 2010	<div><p>Geoffreya gen. nov.</p> <p>Etymology. This genus is also named after Dr Geoffrey Fryer.</p> <p>Type species. Geoffreya fryeri gen. nov., sp. nov.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small-sized alonine. Female with body of Aloninae habitus, rounded, somewhat widening posteriorly, moderately compressed laterally. Head shield of alonine habitus, rostrum short, broadly rounded, posterior extremity broadly rounded, notched. Ocellus larger than eye. Two interconnected main head pores, posterior pore larger than anterior one. Lateral head pores minute. Labrum with a low, wide labral keel, with a cluster of setae on anterior margin. Postero-dorsal angle of valves with about 100 thin setules. Thorax of same length as abdomen. Postabdomen short, of moderate width, somewhat narrowing distally, with broadly rounded dorso-distal angle. Dorsal margin with distal part 1.3 times longer than preanal one, with postanal portion about 1.5 times longer than anal one. Postanal portion weakly convex, anal margin concave. Preanal angle well-defined, postanal angle ill-defined. Postanal margin provided with 7–9 well-developed marginal denticles and 11–14 lateral fascicles of setules, distalmost seta of each fascicle longest, in postanal fascicles 1.5 times longer than marginal denticles. Postabdominal claw of moderate length, slightly shorter than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine very short, about 0.05 of claw length. Antenna I of moderate length, with nine terminal aestetasces, no projection at the base of antennular seta. Antenna of moderate size, antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Antennal spines long, well developed, basal and middle segments of exopodite with clusters of large setules in distal part. Five pairs of thorachic limbs.Limb I without accessory seta, IDL with three setae, IDL seta 1 very small, setae 2 and 3 slender, armed with thin setules. Limb II exopodite without seta, eight scraping setae of similar thicknes, filter plate with six setae. Limb III exopodite with four seta only, lateral setae absent. Limb IV exopodite with four seta only, lateral setae absent, inner portion of limb with a distal scraping setae and three flaming-torch setae. Limb V exopodite with four seta, seta 1 longest, filter plate V consist of a single seta.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Geoffreya gen. nov. could be separated from all other genera of Aloninae by the unique morphology of limbs III and IV, both having only four setae (all of them terminal) on exopodite. Seta 1 longer than setae 2–4 of exopodite V is also never recorded for any genera of Aloninae, usually seta 1 is the shortest among exopodite V setae. Other distinctive features of the genus include only six setae in filter plate II; small size of exopodites III–V in comparison with the limb I; two main head pores of different size; postabdominal claw with very short spine; clusters of hard setules on basal and middle segments of antenna I exopodite; very long setules of lateral fascicles of postabdomen.</p> <p>Comments. In external morphology, Geoffreya gen. nov. has a typical Alona -like appearance, but thoracic limbs are unique for the subfamily Aloninae. The first, and foremost, peculiarity is the structure of the exopodites III and IV, each having only four setae, while the majority of Aloninae genera have exopodite III with 6 or 7 setae and exopodite IV – with 6 setae (Kotov 2000a). Reduction of these seta is observed very rarely among alonines: (1) in species of Leydigia exopodite III has from 3 to 7 setae (Kotov 2009b); (2) in the monotypic genus Spinalona exopodite III has 4 setae, but exopodite IV in both cases has 6 setae (Kotov &amp; Elías-Gutiérrez 2002). In the genus Kozhowia, exopodite IV has 4 well developed setae and a single rudimentary seta, and unlike in Geoffreya gen. nov., the terminal setae are reduced (see Kotov 2000b). The reduced number of exopodite III–IV setae is also found in the monotypic genus Indialona, the only member of tribe Indialonini Kotov 2000. However, Geoffreya gen. nov. does not belong to Indialonini, since it has a typical for the Alonini morphology of limbs I–II, in contrast to Indialona with many setae reduced there (see Kotov 2000a). The number of setae in filter plate II of our new genus is also rare for the subfamily: most alonines have seven setae, Geoffreya gen. nov. and Bryospilus (Chiambeng &amp; Dumont 1999) have six setae; Spinalona posessed only five setae (Kotov &amp; Elías-Gutiérrez 2002).</p> <p>Exopodites of limbs III–IV of Geoffreya gen. nov. are especially small in comparison with exopodite V, and the space occupied by limbs is very small in comparison with the most other genera of the subfamily. Such diminution of exopodites, together with shortening of setae, is observed in genera Armatalona (see Sinev 2004a), Bryospilus (see Dumont &amp; Chiambeng 1999), Phreatalona (see Van Damme et al., 2009, Sinev &amp; Kotov, 2000), Monospilus and Graptoleberis (see Alonso 1996), but always in a lesser degree. According to Smirnov (1971), in Monospilus and Graptoleberis with such small exopodites, the exopodite pump is not functioning, and such specific functional-morphological trait seems the case in Geoffreya gen. nov.</p> <p>Geoffreya gen. nov. demonstrates a set of characters which could be related with its mode of life, namely living in muddy bottom sediments. Such peculiarities are: (1) small eye and large ocellus; (2) body widened posteriorly and compressed laterally; (3) broad, robust postabdomen with well-developed lateral setules; (4) strong antennae with large spines and clusters of strong setules (see Kotov 2006, Van Damme et al. 2005; Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008b; Kotov 2009b). These characters are characteristic of Leydigia, Leydigiopsis, Alona s. str. (former quadrangularis -group). In its general appearance, Geoffreya gen. nov. is relatively similar to Alona quadrangularis. But Geoffreya gen. nov. lacks very long seta 5 of exopodite III and lacks very large exopodites IV–V, which create strong exopodite pump necessary for life at low oxygen concentration (Fryer 1968), characteristic of the aforementioned genera. In contrast, the exopodite pump of Geoffreya gen.nov. may be very weak and possibly not functioning. However, the lack of oxygen in muddy bottom sediments is common, but not obligatory: if mud consists mostly of inorganic particles (like clay, ice floor, or salt crystals) and the water body is shallow, well-oxygenated, and wind-stirred, like Lagunillas lake where Geoffreya gen. nov. is found, the favorable conditions can be attained.</p> <p>The position of Geoffreya gen. nov. within the subfamily is not obvious. The numerous reductions of setae and other parts of the thoracic limbs, found in Geoffreya gen. nov., take place in many non-related genera of Aloninae (reduction of the accessory seta and seta i of limb I, reduction of a terminal setae of exopodite III, reduction of two setae in filter plate III, reduction of limb IV), or very rare and even unique for the alonines (reduction of lateral setae on exopodites III–IV, reduction of a seta number in filter plate II). We can only speculate that the genus may be remotely related to the Coronatella -branch of Aloninae (see Van Damme &amp; Dumont 2008b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFCE3F3F90D9FC083A36F861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFCC3F3B90D9FF283A43F9A1.text	03A987D7FFCC3F3B90D9FF283A43F9A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geoffreya fryeri Kotov & Sinev & Berrios 2010	<div><p>Geoffreya fryeri gen. nov., sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology. This taxon is also named after Professor Geoffrey Fryer.</p> <p>Type locality. Salar de Lagunillas (locality 3).</p> <p>Holotype. Parthenogenetic female, MGU <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.9/lat -19.983334)">Ml</a> 91. Label of holotype: " Geoffreya fryeri sp.n., Holotype, ♀, Lagunillas Salt Lake, Primera Región de Tarapacá, Chile, September 2007, coll. Viviana Berrios, 19º59'S, 68º54'W ".</p> <p>Paratypes. 4 parthenogenetic females, MGU Ml 92.</p> <p>All type specimens are in 90% alcohol.</p> <p>Three more parthenogenetic females from type locality were used for the analysis of appendages.</p> <p>Diagnosis. As for genus.</p> <p>Description. Parthenogenetic female. In lateral view body somewhat widening posteriorly (Fig. 24A), especially in smaller adults (Fig. 24B) and juveniles (Fig. 24C), of moderate height, maximum height at middle of body. In adults height/length ratio about 0.7, in a sole studied juvenile of instar II – 0.61. Dorsal margin evenly curved; postero-dorsal and postero-ventral angles broadly rounded; posterior margin significantly convex; ventral margin almost straight; antero-ventral angle rounded. Valves with prominent longitudinal lines.</p> <p>Head of moderate size, triangle-round in lateral view, rostrum short, pointing downward. Eye smaller than ocellus. Distance from tip of rostrum to ocellus 1.5 times greater than that between ocellus and eye. Head shield with maximum width behind mandibular articulation, without any prominent sculpture. Rostrum short, broadly rounded. Posterior margin of head shield broadly rounded, notched. Two large, broadly connected major head pores of very variable morphology (Figs 24D–F), posterior pore 1.5–2 times larger than anterior. PP about 0.8–0.9 IP. Lateral head pores minute, located about 1.5–2 IP distance from midline, at the level between major head pores. Labrum relatively small. Distal labral plate without setulation. Labral keel very wide and low (height about 0.6–0.75 width), with broadly rounded apex (Figs. 24G–J). Anterior margin of keel convex, posterior margin with a cluster of minute setules, visible only at the highest magnification (Fig. 24G).</p> <p>Ventral margin of valve with about 35–45 setae, anterior 10–15 setae long, middle 8–10 setae short, in posterior group of setae length of setae increase posteriorly, posteriormost setae as long as in anterior group (Fig. 24K). Postero-dorsal angle bear about 150 short, very thin setules of same size (Fig. 24L). A row of setules along the posterior margin, on inner side of valve at some distance from the margin, these setules not organized into groups.</p> <p>Abdomen longer than thorax, dorsal surface of abdominal segments not saddle-shaped, without projections and long setules. Postabdomen short, of moderate width, weakly narrowing distally, with a convex distal margin and a broadly rounded dorso-distal angle, length about 2.1–2.2 height (Figs. 24M–N). Ventral margin almost straight. Dorsal margin with distal part 1.3 times longer than preanal one, with postanal portion about 1.5 times longer than anal one. Preanal margin almost straight, anal margin concave, postanal margin weakly convex. Preanal angle well-defined, postanal angle ill-defined. Basis of claws bordered from distal margin by clear incision. Postanal portion of postabdomen with 7–9 well-developed marginal denticles, some with 1–2 additional small denticles near base, and with three-five groups of marginal setules on anal margin. 11–18 lateral fascicles setules, distalmost seta of each fascicle longest, 1.5 times longer than marginal denticles. In postanal portion, fascicles consist of 3–5 setules only, distalmost setules very long and thick, 2 times longer than a marginal denticle. Additional fascicles medially to the main row in preanal region. Postabdominal claw of moderate length, slightly shorter than preanal portion of postabdomen. Basal spine very short, about 0.05 of claw length.</p> <p>Antenna I thick, not reaching the tip of rostrum, with 5–6 clusters of very thin setules at anterior face (Fig. 25A). Antennular sensory seta slender, three times shorter than antenna I, arising at 1/2 distance from the base. Nine terminal aesthetascs, three longest about 1/2 length of antenna I. All aesthetascs projecting beyond anterior margin of head shield.</p> <p>Antenna II short and massive (Fig. 25B). Antennal formula, setae 0–0–3/1–1–3, spines 1–0–1/0–0–1. Basal segment robust, branches short and broad, proximal segments of both branches 1.5 times longer than others. Basal and middle exopod segments with clusters of long, hard setules terminally. Seta arising from basal segment of endopod shorter than endopod. Seta arising from middle segment of endopod of similar size with apical setae. Spine on basal segment of exopod longer than middle segment. Apical spine longer than apical segments.</p> <p>Five pairs of thoracic limbs, limbs III–V are very small as compared with limb I, which is not characteritic of most other Aloninae.</p> <p>Limb I large, epipodite with a finger-like process as long as epipodite itself (Fig. 25C). Accessory seta of absent; ODL with a long seta, armed with minute setules in distal part; IDL with three setae and two-three clusters of setules on ventral face, setae 2 and 3 about 3/4 length of ODL seta, setules of seta 3 longer and thicker than on seta 2, seta 1 minute (Fig. 25D). Endite 3 with four setae a–c and 1). On endite 2 there are three setae (d–f), setae e–f robust, armed with robust setules in distal part, little shorter than ODL setae, seta d similar to endite 3 setae a–c, and rudimentary anterior seta 2. Endite 1 with two 2-segmented setae g–h, both setulated in distal part, without a flat seta shifted to limb base, with rudimentary anterior seta 3. Six–seven rows of thin long setules on ventral face of limb. Two ejector hooks, one of them larger than the other. Maxillar process with short seta.</p> <p>Limb II with exopodite elongated, lacking seta. Eight scraping setae (Fig. 25E: 1–8), evenly increasing in length distally, scraper 8 positioned in a way it appears much longer than scraper 7. A well-developed soft seta near base of scraper 8. Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements. Filter plate with only six setae, the posteriormost considerably shorter.</p> <p>Limb III with epipodite supplied with a finger-like projection as long as epipodite itself. Exopodite widening distally, with four terminal setae only (Fig. 25I: 1–4), lateral setae absent. Seta 4 being longest, seta 2 about 1/3 length of seta 4, setae 3 and 1 short. Distal endite with three setae (25G: 1–3), setae 1–2 slender, sharp, with distal parts unilaterally armed with sharp denticles; seta 3 much shorter, bilaterally armed with long setules. Basal endite with four stiff setae and four soft setae, both increasing in size in basal direction (not illustrated). Distal armature of gnathobase with four elements: the first one elongated, cylindrical sensillum, second thin, geniculate seta, two others are sharp spines; Filter plate III with seven setae (also not illustrated). Limb IV with naked pre-epipodite, epipodite with finger-like projection as long as epipodite itself. Exopodite widening distally, with four terminal setae only (Fig. 25H: 1–4), lateral setae absent. Seta 4 longest, length of setae 3, 2, 1 about 1/3, 2/3 and 1/2 length of seta 4, respectively. Inner-distal portion with four setae, distalmost seta slender, sharp, armed with sharp denticles, distal flaming-torch seta 1.5 times larger than two others. Three soft setae increasing in size basally. Gnathobase with large sensillum, a 2-segmented seta, and a small hillock distally. Filter plate with five setae.</p> <p>Limb V with naked pre-epipodite, epipodite with finger-like projection about half length of epipodite itself. Exopodite polygonal, not divided into two lobes, with four plumose setae (Fig. 25: 1–4), setae 2–4 decreasing in size basally, seta 1 longer than seta 4. Inner limb portion an elongated lobe, with setulated inner margin. At inner face, two setae (1–2), one 1.5 times longer than other. Filter plate with single seta.</p> <p>Ephippial female and male unknown.</p> <p>Size. Single juvenile female II 0.36 mm (heigth 0.22 mm), adult females 0.43–0.55 mm (height 0.28–0.36 mm).</p> <p>Distribution. Geoffreya frye ri is known from single location only; at the moment, it seems to be a microendemic.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFCC3F3B90D9FF283A43F9A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
03A987D7FFC93F3A90D9F9223898FEA1.text	03A987D7FFC93F3A90D9F9223898FEA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leydigia (Leydigia) louisi subsp. louisi louisi Jenkin 1934	<div><p>Leydigia (Leydigia) louisi louisi Jenkin, 1934</p> <p>Leydigia macrodonta var. louisi Jenkin, 1934, p. 283 –285, fig. 14.</p> <p>Leydigia louisi louisi Jenkin in Kotov et al. 2003, p. 240, figs 1–13; Kotov 2009b, p. 16 –17, figs 1–17.</p> <p>Materail studied here. Few females from localities 2 and 4.</p> <p>Diagnosis, description. See Kotov et al., (2003), Kotov (2009b).</p> <p>Comments. Type locality is "River Makalia, Elmenteita district" (Jenkin 1934), Rift Valley Province, central Kenya, Africa. Lectotype: female, NHM 2002.701. Paralectotype: female, NHM 2002.702., on same slide as lectotype.</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical zone: from Kenya (Jenkin 1934) to the southernmost corner of the continent (Kotov 2003), and Neotropical zone: from South Mexico to Argentina, including Patagonia (Kotov et al. 2003; Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2006). Now we can add North Chilean high mountain localities to this range. In South America, the taxon is present in temperate lowlands of the southernmost portion of the continent, also in high mountains in tropical latitudes. In tropical lowlands it is absent.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D7FFC93F3A90D9F9223898FEA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kotov, Alexey A.;Sinev, Artem Y.;Berrios, Viviana Lorena	Kotov, Alexey A., Sinev, Artem Y., Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010): The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism 2430. Zootaxa 2430 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2430.1.1
