taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A9DF047933FFF9FF70F8CDFC1DD234.taxon	description	Description of workers (figs 17 – 19, 21). Small size, CS 683 [648, 710]. Whole body and appendages yellow. Head slightly longer than broad, CL / CW 1.04 [1.03, 1.06], with feebly convex sides, straight posterior margin of the head with widely rounded corners. Eyes large, EYE 0.18 [-]. Frons wide, FR / CS 0.40 [0.40, 0.41], frontal lobes as wide as the frons, FL / FR 1.00 [-]. Scape short, SL / CS 0.75 [-], without dorso-basal carina, surface smooth and shiny. Promesonotal dorsum slightly convex, metanotal groove shallow. Propodeal denticles very short. Dorsal surface of petiole rounded, petiolar node higher than long, seen in profile NOH / NOL 1.09 [1.04, 1.12]. Head dorsum, posterior head surface, mesosoma dorsum, petiolar node and postpetiole smooth and shiny, ground surface smooth and shiny, or finely microreticulate. First gastral tergite imbricate. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae and long C-shape hairs arising just posteriorly to buccal cavity forming a psammophore. Description of gynes (figs 14 – 16, 20). Small size, CS 864 [858, 870]. Head distinctly broader than long, CL / CW 0.90 [0.89, 0.91], with straight, sub-parallel sides, straight posterior margin with rounded corners. Frons wide, FR / CS 0.44 [-]. Scape short, SL / CS 0.70 [0.70, 0.71]. Head as wide as scutum, MW / CS 0.98 [0.97, 0.99]. Propodeal denticles short. Petiole and postpetiole wide, CS / PEW 1.62 [1.55, 1.68], CS / PPW 1.35 [-]. Whole body and appendages yellow. General appearance of head and mesosoma very feebly sculptured, surface smooth, appears shiny. Frons and genae with very fine longitudinal rugulae, or completely smooth, rest of head smooth. Scutum, scutellum, and anepisternum smooth and shiny, ventral part of katepisternum always smooth and shiny. Petiolar node and postpetiole feebly microreticulate, or smooth and shiny. First gastral tergite imbricate. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae and long C-shape hairs arising just posteriorly to buccal cavity forming a psammophore. Description of males. Head sides feebly convex, posterior margin widely rounded. Scutum broader than head. Propodeal denticles reduced, propodeum rounded in profile. Dorsum of petiolar node without a continuous transverse crest, dorsolaterally sharp and angulate. Whole body and appendages light brown. Head finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sulpturation microreticulate. Scutum, scutellum, anepi- and katepisternum finely rugulose, and smooth in part. Petiole and postpetiole finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047933FFF9FF70F8CDFC1DD234.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Workers and gynes of T. aegeum can be confused with those of T. diomedeum. Both species are less sculptured than relatives in the complex. The head and mesosoma are frequently smooth and shiny, but the imbricate first gastral tergite of T. aegeum is unique within this group. We had only a few samples of T. aegeum, so intraspecific variation is poorly known. Discriminant function D (4 a) = 0.0744 FR + 0.0762 PEW - 0.0616 PPW - 0.1097 POC + 8.0688 for T. diomedeum and T. aegeum workers resulted in 100 % success, and each case (226 individuals) was correctly identified. The mean D (4 a) scores for T. diomedeum workers (n = 223) was - 2.457 ± 0.99 [- 5.379, + 0.294], for nest means (n = 42) - 2.462 ± 0.72 [- 4.047, - 1.266]. The mean scores for T. aegeum workers (n = 3) was 2.457 0.21 [+ 2.290, + 2], for nest mean (n = 1) + 2.457642. For the cumulative discriminant analysis for workers see Tables 3 & 4 and gynes see Tables 5 & 6. Morphometric characters and indices for workers and gynes are provided in Table 7 & 8. FIGURES 14 – 21. Tetramorium aegeum Radchenko, 1992. Gyne mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole, dorsal view (Fig. 14), lateral view (Fig. 15); gyne head, dorsal view (Fig. 16); worker head, dorsal view (Fig. 17); worker mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole, dorsal view (Fig. 18), lateral view (Fig. 19); imbricate microsculpture on the 1 st gastral tergite of gyne (Fig. 20); the most densely sculptured antero-lateral part on the 1 st gastral tergite of worker (Fig. 21).	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047933FFF9FF70F8CDFC1DD234.taxon	materials_examined	Note. In the original description (Karawajew, 1926: 169) the following designation was given for the type material: “ Tal des Pir-sagat (Gouv. Baku) 18. V. 1907., Kaznakow und Schelkownikow (w, q, m) ” without indication of the series number. The syntype material examined by us had no indication for the locality. This makes the status of our syntype material doubtful, but the lack of other available material and the fact that this series is deposited in the original Karawajew collection led us to treat the above series as syntype material. Material examined. Azerbaijan. Only the type material is known.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047936FFE7FF70FE0AFE77D00A.taxon	description	Description of workers (figs 25 – 27). Medium to large size, CS 833 [763, 878]. Whole body and appendages light brown to brown. Head slightly longer than broad, CL / CW 1.04 [1.02, 1.05], with straight sides, straight posterior head margin and rounded corners. Eyes small, EYE 0.17 [0.17, 0.18]. Frons moderately wide, FR / CS 0.40 [0.38, 0.41], frontal lobes usually as wide as the frons, rarely slightly broader, FL / FR 1.00 [1.00, 1.02]. Scape long, SL / CS 0.78 [0.76, 0.80], with a feeble dorsal carina basally. Promesonotal dorsum slightly convex, metanotal groove moderately deep. Propodeal denticles moderately long. Petiolar node very high, NOH / NOL 1.23 [1.06, 1.44] trapezoid seen in profile, steeply rounded backward. Head longitudinally rugulose and microreticulate, posterior surface ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate, appears dull. Mesosoma dorsum and mesopleura ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface coarsely microreticulate. Dorsum of petiolar node ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate, median part smooth. Dorsum of postpetiole rugulose and microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae only (without long C-shape hairs). Description of gynes (figs 22 – 24, 28). Medium to large size, CS 980 [970, 990]. Head, mesosoma and appendages light brown, gaster dark brown. Head broader than long, CL / CW 0.87 [0.83, 0.90] with sides and posterior margin straight. Head trapezoid in full face view, narrower at genae. Frons moderately wide, FR / CS 0.40 [0.38, 0.41]. Scape long, SL / CS 0.76 [0.74, 0.78], without a dorsal carina basally, its surface is smooth and shiny. Head slightly narrower than scutum, MW / CS 1.06 [1.05, 1.07]. Propodeal teeth long and acute. Petiole and postpetiole wide, CS / PEW 1.71 [1.68, 1.75], CS / PPW 1.28 [1.24, 1.33]. Head dorsum, posterior surface and sides ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate. Frons longitudinally rugulose and microreticulate. Scutum and scutellum longitudinally rugulose. Sides of mesosoma, rugoso-reticulate and microreticulate, ventral part of katepisternum always rugulose, or microreticulate. Dorsum of petiolar node and postpetiole coarsely reticulate and microreticulate, medially shiny. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny, 1 st gastral tergite very densely covered by pubescent hairs. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae only (without long C-shape hairs). Description of males. Head sides feebly convex, posterior margin and corners rounded. Scutum much broader than head. Propodeal denticles short but acute, propodeum angulate in profile. Dorsum of petiolar with a transverse crest, dorsolaterally sharp and angulate. Whole body and appendages brownish black. Head, scutum, scutellum, anepi- and katepisternum as well as petiole and postpetiole finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny, 1 st gastral tergite very densely covered by pubescent hairs.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047936FFE7FF70FE0AFE77D00A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The very dense pubescence on the first gastral tergite (Fig. 28) makes the T. densopilosum gynes unique within this group. Tetramorium densopilosum workers cannot be confused with those of T. diomedeum or T. aegeum. The general appearance of the head and mesosoma of T. densopilosum workers is always rugulose and microreticulate, but head and mesosoma of the two latter species are always shiny and usually at least partly smooth.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047936FFE7FF70FE0AFE77D00A.taxon	description	FIGURES 22 – 28. Tetramorium densopilosum Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990. Gyne mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole, dorsal view (Fig. 22), lateral view (Fig. 23); gyne head, dorsal view (Fig. 24); worker head, dorsal view (Fig. 25); worker mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole, dorsal view (Fig. 26), lateral view (Fig. 27); dense pubescence pilosity on 1 st gastral tergite of a gyne (Fig. 28). Tetramorium feroxoide workers usually bear feeble, often parallel rugulae on head and mesosoma. Discriminant function D (3 a) = - 0.1025 FL + 0.0712 MW – 0.0942 SPSP + 8.1089 for T. densopilosum and T. feroxoide workers resulted in 100 % success, and each case (56 individuals) was correctly identified. The mean D (3 a) scores for T. densopilosum workers (n = 8) was - 2.191 ± 0.89 [- 3.512, - 0.918], for nest means (n = 2) - 2.186 ± 0.01 [- 2.193, - 2.180]. The mean scores for T. feroxoide workers (n = 48) was 2.191 ± 0.99 [+ 0.012, + 3.911], for nest mean (n = 2) - 2.186 ± 0.01 [- 2.193, - 2.180]. Separation of T. densopilosum and T. ferox workers is very difficult. With 8 observed workers we are not able to show variation in T. densopilosum. Tetramorium densopilosum workers have a slightly trapezoidal head and the petiolar node is slightly angulate anterordorsally (Fig. 26) in contrast to that of T. ferox, which is rounded. The frontal carinae are more developed in T. densopilosum, and also the erect hairs of mesosoma seem to be longer end denser than those of T. ferox. A discriminant D (4 b) function proves the separation between T. ferox and T. densopilosum: see differential diagnosis of T. ferox. For the results of cumulative discriminant analysis for worker caste see Tables 3 & 4 and for gynes see Tables 5 & 6. Morphometric characters and indices for workers and gynes are provided in Table 7 & 8.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047936FFE7FF70FE0AFE77D00A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from Armenia, Georgia and Eastern Turkey.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047936FFE7FF70FE0AFE77D00A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GEORGIA — USSR, Georgia, Dranda, Kodori stream, 20.05.1975. leg. Zombori (1 w / HNHM, 1 w / PCAS); Georgia, USSR, Novy Afon, 24.05.1975, leg. Zombori (1 w / HNHM); TURKEY — Agri, Cilli Gecidi 30 km N Dogubayazit 1600 mH Strassenrand Steppe leg. Schulz, 30.06.1989 (2 q / PCAS).	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047928FFE4FF70FC17FA4DD53A.taxon	description	Description of workers (figs 32 – 34). Small to large size, CS 753 [647, 930]. Whole body and appendages yellow to brown. Head slightly longer than broad, CL / CW 1.02 [0.97, 1.08], with feebly convex sides, straight posterior margin with widely rounded corners. Eyes small, or medium sized, EYE 0.165 [0.144, 0.185]. Frons moderately wide, FR / CS 0.38 [0.35, 0.41], frontal lobes usually as wide as the frons, rarely slightly broader, FL / FR 1.0 [1.00, 1.04]. Scape moderately long, SL / CS 0.76 [0.73, 0.79], without a dorsal-basal carina, surface smooth and shiny. Promesonotal dorsum slightly convex, metanotal groove shallow. Propodeal denticles moderately long. Petiolar node trapezoid seen in profile, higher than long NOH / NOL 1.12 [0.96, 1.39]. Head longitudinally rugulose and feebly microreticulate, in eastern populations rarely the head can be shiny, posterior surface reticulate, ground surface very feebly microreticulate, appears shiny. Mesosoma dorsum and mesopleura finely ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface feebly microreticulate, or smooth. Dorsolateral part of petiolar node ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate, median part smooth. Dorsum of postpetiole rugulose and microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae only (without long C-shape hairs). Description of gynes (figs 29 – 31). Medium size, CS 955 [857, 1012]. Head distinctly broader than long, CL / CW 0.88 [0.85, 0.93], with straight, sub-parallel sides, straight posterior margin with widely rounded corners. Frons wide, FR / CS 0.42 [0.39, 0.46]. Scape short to moderately long, SL / CS 0.72 [0.67, 0.76]. Head as wide as scutum, MW / CS 1.01 [0.92, 1.12]. Propodeal denticles short. Petiole and postpetiole wide, CS / PEW 1.68 [1.53, 2.09], CS / PPW 1.33 [1.24, 1.42]. Whole body and appendages yellow to brown. Frons and genae with very fine longitudinal rugulae, or completely smooth, rest of head smooth. Scutum, scutellum, and anepisternum smooth and shiny, very fine rugulae can occure, ventral part of katepisternum always smooth and shiny. Petiolar node and postpetiole feebly microreticulate, or smooth and shiny. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae only, without long C-shape hairs. Description of males. Head sides feebly convex, posterior margin widely rounded. Scutum much broader than head. Propodeal denticles reduced, propodeum rounded in profile. Dorsum of petiolar node without a transverse crest, dorsolaterally sharp and angulate. Whole body and appendages brownish black. Head finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate. Scutum, scutellum, anepi- and katepisternum finely rugulose, and smooth in part. Petiole and postpetiole finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047928FFE4FF70FC17FA4DD53A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In general the smooth and shiny sculpture separates T. diomedeum gynes from those of T. ferox and T. densopilosum. Ventral part of katepisternum is always smooth and shiny in T. diomedeum gynes. These characters can also help to distinguish them from the gynes of T. ferox, where the kataepisternum is always finely rugulose or microreticulate. Gynes of T. diomedeum can be confused with those of T. feroxoide by the feeble sculpture of head and mesosoma. However, gynes and workers of T. feroxoide have long C-haped setae on the ventral surface of head. Those of T. diomedeum have only short setae on the ventral surface of head. The colour can also be a good characteristic for the separation between the gynes of the latter two species: T. diomedeum is light brown or sometimes (though not frequently) yellow. The gynes of T. feroxoide are usually dark brown or black. Tetramorium diomedeum workers cannot be confused with those of T. ferox or T. densopilosum. The general appearance of the head of T. diomedeum workers are always shiny, and usually smooth at least in part, these body parts of T. ferox or T. densopilosum are rugulose and microreticulate. In a few cases larger T. diomedeum workers can be confused with those of T. feroxoide by sculpture. However, in the eastern populations (in Turkey where these two species co-occur) sculpture of diomedeum workers is usually very feeble. These characters and the lack of C-shaped setae of T. diomedeum workers (in contrast to those of T. feroxoide) result in clear separation without morphometry. In order to achieve the best separation for the doubtful cases of T. diomedeum and T. feroxoide workers we provide the discriminant function D (7) = 0.0604 CL – 0.0398 FR - 0.0578 SL - 0.0697 NOH + 0.0346 SPSP - 0.0398 EL + 0.0402 POC - 1.0136. This analysis resulted in 98.6 % success, with four erroneously identified cases of the 276 individuals, while 100 % of the nest samples were correctly classified. The mean D (7) scores for T. feroxoide workers (n = 48) was - 1.980 1.11 [- 4.021, - 0.381], for nest means (n = 8) - 2.493 1.13 [- 3.487, - 0.739]. The mean scores for T. diomedeum workers (n = 228) was + 1.980 ± 0.97 [- 0.550, + 4.975], for nest mean (n = 42) + 2,090 ± 0.75 [+ 0.391, + 4.161]. Workers of T. diomedeum can also be confused with those of T. aegeum on the basis of external characters. The sculpture of these species is similar to each other; head and mesosoma are frequently smooth and shiny. For best separation a discriminant D (4 a) function has been provided (see differential diagnosis of T. aegeum). For the results of cumulative discriminant analysis for worker caste see Tables 3 & 4 and for gynes see Tables 5 & 6. Morphometric characters and indices for workers and gynes are provided in Table 7 & 8.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047928FFE4FF70FC17FA4DD53A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern part of the Mediterranean basin: Italy, Croatia, Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece – including the islands of Rhodos and Crete. Geographic variation. Along the wide, decisively east – west geographical range, including small islands, workers of T. diomedeum display a rather strong gradient of morphological variation in characters such as body size, colour and sculpture. Body size indicators (CS) of individuals show moderate correlation with longitude (Spearman r = - 0.391, p <0.01), i. e. eastern populations are smaller. Average CS values of nest means do not correlate significantly (Spearman r = - 0.304, p = 0.06). In the eastern populations workers are paler, body sculpture feebler, and the post-ocular surface of head in particular is smooth and shiny. Smaller workers often bear one pair of standing hairs on genae. This combination of characters is more frequent in the eastern populations and rare in the western ones. Some workers in nest series from Calabria and Syracusa (Italy) also bear this combination of characters, especially in the case of small workers.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF047928FFE4FF70FC17FA4DD53A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BULGARIA — Achtopol, 0 7.10.0 5.1958 leg Pisarski (5 w / HNHM); CROATIA — Karlobag 0 1.10.2004 leg. Csősz, nr. CRO 0 62 (10 w / HNHM); GREECE — Crete, Prov. Herakleion 2 km N Zaros 400 – 500 mH. 25.04.1992. leg. Sanetra (5 w / MSNM); I. Rodi 0 6.1997. „ AT 1.1 ” (3 w, 1 q / NMSM); Kreta 1 km NW Melambes 600 – 700 m Nordostseite Wiese 24. – 04.05.1992. leg. Schulz nr. 624. (3 w / PCAS); Kreta 1 km S Anisraki nahe Kandanos Wiese 700 m, 24. – 0 4.05.1992. leg. Schulz nr. 696. (2 w / PCAS); Kreta 3 km SWW Omalos 1400 – 1600 m Nordwesthang Eichenwald, 24. – 04.05.1992. leg. Schulz nr. 684. (6 w / PCAS); Kreta l km S Anisraki nahe Kandanos Eichenhecke 700 m, 24. – 04.05.1992. leg. Schulz nr. 696. (2 w / PCAS); Kreta, Zaros Bachschlucht 400 m Kiefernwald, 24. – 04.05.1992. leg. Schulz nr. 635. (3 w / PCAS); Peloponnes, Prov Lakonia, Oros Taigetos, 20 km SW Sparti, 36 ° 58 ' N, 22 ° 21 ' E, 1800 – 2100 m, 29.04.2000. leg. A. Schulz nr. 150. (5 w / PCAS); Peloponnes, Prov. Arkadia, Parnon, 10 km SWS Kosmas, 37 ° 04 ' N, 22 ° 43 ' E, 800 m, 26.04.2000. leg. A. Schulz nr. 87. (5 w / PCAS); Peloponnisos 28 km NW Tripolis, Pass zw Vitina u Karakaloú, 1140 mH, 0 6.1994. leg. Schulz, Vock nr. 1391. (3 w / PCAS); Rhodos 5 km E, Agios Isidoros, 36 ° 12 ' N, 27 ° 50 ' E, 600 mH, 17.03.2002. leg. A. Schulz nr. 37. (6 w / PCAS); Rhodos 5 km E, Kattavia, 35 ° 57 ' N, 27 ° 49 ' E, 50 mH, 21.03.2002. leg. A. Schulz nr. 116. (6 w / PCAS); Rhodos 6 km N Kalathos 36 ° 12 ' N, 28 ° 07 ' E 50 mH, 19.03.2002. leg. A. Schulz nr. 60. (5 w / PCAS); Rhodos, 5 km E Kattavia, 35 ° 57 ' N, 27 ° 49 ' E, 50 mH, 21.03.2002. leg. A. Schulz nr. 111. (6 w / PCAS); Rhodos, vic. Lindos und Stadt, 36 ° 06 ' N, 28 ° 05 ' E, 20 – 50 mH, 17. – 23.03.2002. leg. A. Schulz nr. 98. (9 w, 1 q / PCAS); ITALY — Calabria, Prov. Catanzaro 3 km E Savelli, 700 mH, 19.05.1994. leg. Schulz, Gusten, Sanetra nr. 1299. (3 w / PCAS); Calabria, Prov. Catanzaro, 3 km E Savelli, 700 mH, 19.05.1994. leg. Schulz, Gusten, Sanetra nr. 1301. (1 q / PCAS); Calabria, Prov. Catanzaro, 3 km NW Umbriatico, 350 mH, 19.05.1994. leg. Schulz, Gusten, Sanetra nr. 1305. (1 m / PCAS); Calabria, Prov. Cosenza, 4 km N Morano Calabro, 800 mH 21.05.1994. leg. Gusten, Sanetra nr. T. 351. (3 w, 3 q, 5 m / PCAS); Calabria, Prov. Cosenza, 4 km N Morano Calabro, 800 mH, 21.05.1994. leg. Gusten, Sanetra nr. 381. (3 w / PCAS); Calabria, Sambiase 0 4.1926 leg Minozzi (sic) (5 w, 1 q / ZMPA); Campana, Prov. Napoli Monte Faito, 5 rkm NW Moiano, 800 – 1000 mH, 24.09.1997. leg. M. Sanetra, A. Buschinger, R. Schumann nr. T. 763 - 12. (6 w / PCAS); Nicolosi, CT. 600 mH, 10.10.1953 leg. Anonym (5 w / MSNM); Puglie, Leuca 1975. leg. Springhetti (2 w / MSNM); Sicilia, Edlie, Filicudi 0 6.04.1990. leg. Mei (8 w / MSNM); Sicilia, Prov. Catania, Etna, 5 km N Ragalna 1000 – 1200 mH, 12.05.1994. leg. M. Sanetra nr. Td. 317. (3 w / PCAS); Sicilia, Prov. Syrakus, 5 km NE Canicattini Bagni 300 mH, 11.05.1994. leg. M. Sanetra nr. 379. (2 q / PCAS); Sicilia, Prov. Syrakus, 5 km NE Floridia 100 mH, 11.05.1994. leg. M. Sanetra nr. T. 307. (3 w / PCAS); Sicilia, Prov. Syrakus, 5 km NE Floridia, 100 mH 11.05.1994. leg. M. Sanetra nr. T. 308. (3 w / PCAS); Sizilien, Prov. Syrakus, ca 5 km NE, Canicattini Bagni, 300 mH, 29.05.1993. leg. M. Sanetra (3 w / PCAS); TURKEY — Antalya 25 km SW Elmali 90 km E Fethiye, bei Gömbe 1500 mH Wiesengelände mit Bäumen, 23.05.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 907. (3 w / PCAS); Antalya 5 km E Saklikent, 35 km W Antalya 1500 – 1700 mH Kiefernwald und Wiese 28.05.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 936. (6 w / PCAS); Prov. Mersin, Aydincik 7 km E, 50 km E Anamur, 200 – 400 mH, 15.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz nr. 357 - 39 (3 w / PCAS); Prov. Antalya, Demirtas 14 rkm NE, 400 mH 0 4.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. T. 699 - 06. (3 w / PCAS); Prov. Antalya, Demirtas 2 rkm N, 100 mH, 0 4.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. T. 699 - 05. (3 w, 6 q / PCAS); Prov. Kayseri, Incesu 2 rkm NE, 30 km SW Kayseri, 1100 mH, 10.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. T. 697. (3 w / PCAS); Prov. Kayseri, Incesu 2 rkm NE, 30 km SW Kayseri, 1100 mH, 10.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. 267 - 27. (24 w, 1 q / PCAS); Mugla- 10 km NNE Kemer 30 km NEE Fethiye 1000 mH Kiefernwald, 22.05.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 904. (6 w / PCAS); Mugla- Dirimli Gecidi, 100 km W Antalya, 30 km SSE Gölhiser 1600 mH Kiefernwald, 22.05.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 904. (3 w / PCAS); NE Incesu 2 rkm, 30 km SW Kayseri, Prov. Kayseri, 1100 mH, 10.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. T. 696 - 27 (6 w / PCAS); Nur Daglari 7 - 10 rkm, Prov. Antalya W Hassa 1000 – 1200 mH, 11. – 12.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. 312 - 33 (9 w / PCAS); Nurdagi Gecidi, 20 km N Islahiye, Prov. Gaziantep, (ca. 70 km W Gaziantep), 1200 mH 12.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. 225 - 34, (12 w / PCAS);	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792BFFE1FF70F902FB1FD58A.taxon	description	Description of workers (figs 38 – 40). Medium to large size, CS 825 [693, 918]. Whole body and appendages greyish brown to dark brown. Head slightly longer than broad, CL / CW 1.03 [0.99, 1.09], with feebly convex sides, straight posterior margin with widely rounded corners. Eyes small, EYE 0.16 [0.15, 0.18]. Frons moderately wide, FR / CS 0.39 [0.36, 0.41], frontal lobes usually as wide as the frons, rarely slightly broader, FL / FR 1.01 [1.00, 1.03]. Scape long, SL / CS 0.79 [0.74, 0.83], with a feeble dorsal carina basally, its surface very finely microreticulate. Promesonotal dorsum slightly convex, metanotal groove shallow. Propodeal denticles moderately long. Petiolar node moderately high, NOH / NOL 1.05 [0.88, 1.29] trapezoid to cubic seen in profile. Head longitudinally rugulose and microreticulate, posterior surface ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate, appears dull. Mesosoma dorsum and mesopleura ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface coarsely microreticulate. Dorsum of petiolar node ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate, median part smooth. Dorsum of postpetiole rugulose and microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae only (without long C-shape hairs). Description of gynes (figs _ 35 – 37, 41). Medium to large size, CS 999 [955, 1095]. Whole body and appendages black. Head broader than long, CL / CW 0.92 [0.90, 0.94] with sides and posterior margin straight, with widely rounded corners. Head trapezoid in full face view, narrower at genae. Frons moderately wide, FR / CS 0.40 [0.39, 0.42]. Scape long, SL / CS 0.75 [0.70, 0.81], with a feeble dorsal carina basally, its surface smooth and shiny. Head slightly narrower than scutum, MW / CS 1.03 [0.99, 1.08]. Propodeal teeth long. Petiole and postpetiole wide, CS / PEW 1.65 [1.56, 1.78], CS / PPW 1.29 [1.11, 1.43]. Head dorsum, posterior surface and sides ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface microreticulate. Frons longitudinally rugulose and microreticulate. Scutum and scutellum longitudinally rugulose. Sides of mesosoma, rugoso-reticulate and microreticulate, ventral part of katepisternum always rugulose, or microreticulate. Dorsum of petiolar node and postpetiole coarsely reticulate and microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae only (without long C-shape hairs). Description of males. Head sides feebly convex, posterior margin widely rounded. Scutum much broader than head. Propodeal denticles reduced, propodeum nearly rounded in profile. Dorsum of petiolar node blunt, dorsolaterally sharp and angulate. Whole body and appendages black. Head, scutum, scutellum, anepi- and katepisternum as well as petiole and postpetiole finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792BFFE1FF70F902FB1FD58A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The feebly rugulose general sculpture, the microreticulate ground surface, and the relatively sparse pubescence on the first gastral tergite make the T. ferox gynes unique within this group. Tetramorium ferox workers cannot be confused with those of T. diomedeum or T. aegeum. The general appearance of the head and mesosoma of T. ferox workers is always rugulose, microreticulate and dull, but head and mesosoma of the latter two species are always shiny and usually at least partly smooth.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792BFFE1FF70F902FB1FD58A.taxon	description	Tetramorium feroxoide workers usually bear much feebler (and often parallel) rugulae on head and mesosoma than T. ferox workers, but in a few cases T. feroxoide workers can be confused with the smallest T. ferox workers. Discriminant function D (3 b) = - 0.0465 SL + 0.0354 PPW + 93.9076 EYE + 1.5372 for workers of T. ferox and T. feroxoide resulted in 99.4 % success, with only one erroneously identified case of the 177 individuals, while 100 % of the nest samples were correctly identified. The mean D (3 b) scores for T. ferox workers (n = 129) was - 1.748 ± 1.02 [- 4.799, + 0.277], for nest means (n = 22) - 1.560 ± 0.84 [- 3.526, - 0.254]. The mean scores for T. feroxoide workers (n = 48) was + 1.748 ± 0.95 [+ 0.070, + 4.355], for nest mean (n = 8) + 2,421 ± 0.54 [+ 3.073, + 0.539]. FIGURES 35 – 41. Tetramorium ferox Ruzsky, 1903, Gyne mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole, dorsal view (Fig. 35), lateral view (Fig. 36); gyne head, dorsal view (Fig. 37); worker head, dorsal view (Fig. 38); worker mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole, dorsal view (Fig. 39), lateral view (Fig. 40); sparse pubescence pilosity on 1 st gastral tergite of a gyne (Fig. 41). Separation of T. densopilosum and T. ferox workers is very difficult on the basis of traditional characters only, though T. densopilosum workers have slightly trapezoidal heads and the petiolar node slightly angulates anterororsally. Discriminant function D (4 b) = 0.0375 CL + 0.0781 FR - 0.0487 PPW - 0.1302 POC + 1.2872 for T. ferox and T. densopilosum workers resulted in 99.3 % success, with only one erroneously identified case of the 137 individuals, while 100 % of the nest the samples were correctly identified. The mean D (4 b) scores for T. ferox workers (n = 129) was - 1.748 ± 1.02 [- 4.799, + 0.277], for nest means (n = 22) - 1.560 ± 0.84 [- 3.526, - 0.254]. The mean scores for T. densopilosum workers (n = 8) was + 1.656 ± 0.75 [+ 0.983, + 2.910], for nest mean (n = 2) + 1.632 ± 0.04 [+ 1.60, + 1.663]. For the results of cumulative discriminant analysis for worker caste see Tables 3 & 4 and for gynes see Tables 5 & 6. Morphometric characters and indices for workers and gynes are provided in Table 7 & 8.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792BFFE1FF70F902FB1FD58A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widely distributed over the western Palaearctic, from Central Europe to the Caucasus and Turkey.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792BFFE1FF70F902FB1FD58A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. AUSTRIA — Spitzerberg vic. Prellenkirchen, (16 ˚ 57 ' E / 48 ˚ 05 ' N) nr. AUT 002 23.06.2002. leg. B. C. Schlick-Steiner & F. M. Steiner (7 w / HNHM); BULGARIA — Dolno Ezerovo ad Burgas 20.07.1957. leg. W. nr. 70 / 57 (10 w / HNHM); Kărdžali 29.05.1956. leg. Bielawski et Goljan (4 w / HNHM); HUNGARY — Pécs 1929.08.28. leg. Szabó-Patay (10 w / HNHM); Kalocsa 1936.03.23. leg. Erdős (1 w / HNHM); Budapest 1905.04.20. leg. Biró (1 w / HNHM); Budapest 1918.05.12. S. h. leg. Szabó-Patay (10 w / HNHM); ROMANIA — Orşova, 27.06.1957. leg. B. Pisarski nr. 68 / 57 (1 w / HNHM); Black Sea Region, S Euforie, 12 km S Constanta, 20 mh, 04. vii. 2005, leg. A. Schulz (12 w PCAS); SLOVAKIA — Stiavnické vrchy Mts., Súdovce, 48 ° 13.7 ’ N, 18 ° 49.5 ’ E 230 mH 23.05.2007 leg. Wiezik (5 w / HNHM); Medovarce, u Krupiny, Slov. occ. nr. 7779 - 80, 24.6.1989. leg. P. Werner (1 w, 1 m, / Central Europe Czechoslovakia Ex. coll. P. Werner); Slov. occ. Medovarce, u Krupiny, Slov. occ. nr. 7779 - 80 24.6.1989. leg. P. Werner Mess 0 41 (1 q / Central Europe Czechoslovakia Ex. coll. P. Werner); Ajnácskő [Hajnáčka] 1909.06.0 9. leg. Szabó (5 w, 1 m / HNHM); TURKEY — Adana- 10 km E Carmadi Ala Dag Gebirge 1800 – 2000 mH Tannenwald 70 % 31.05.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 958 (6 w / HNHM); Aksaray- 50 km NW Aksaray 10 km NW Acipinar 1000 mH Artemisia Steppe, Straßenrand 0 2.06.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 981 (5 w / PCAS); Aydos Dagi, 32 rkm SE. Halkapinar, Prov. Konya, 1600 – 1800 mH, 0 8.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. 229 (6 w / PCAS, 3 w / HNHM); Aykirikçi, Prov. Kütahya, (39,040 N / 30,120 E) 1027 mH 12.06.2004. leg. A Schulz nr. 196 (2 w, 2 q, 2 m / PCAS, 3 w, 6 g, 6 m / HNHM); Aykirikçi, Prov. Kütahya, (39,040 N / 30,120 E) 1027 mH 12.06.2004. leg. A Schulz nr. 206 (3 w / PCAS, 5 w, 2 m / HNHM); Incesu 2 rkm NE., Kayseri 30 km SW., Prov. Kayseri, 1100 mH 10.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. 267 (6 w / PCAS, 3 w / HNHM); Kars s / Digor 1800 m 15.06.1986. leg. Besuchet-Löbl Burckhardt (4 w, 1 q / PCAS, 1 w / HNHM); Kastamonu- 10 km S Küre 50 km N Kastamonu Straßenrand, 1000 mH 21.05.1990. leg. Schulz (3 w, / PCAS); Kastamonu- 10 km S Küre 50 km N Kastamonu Straßenrand, 1000 mH, 21.05.1990. leg. Schulz (6 w / HNHM); Kastamonu- 10 km S Küre 50 km N Kastamonu Straßenrand, 1000 mH, 21.05.1990. leg. Schulz (6 w / PCAS); K'radžali 29.05.1956. leg. R. Bielawski et A. Goljan Inst. Zool. PAN Warszawa nr. 49 / 56 (4 w / HNHM); Kütahya, 30 km SSE (39. 122 N / 30.080 E) 1140 mH 10.06.2004. leg. A. Schulz 147 (3 w / PCAS, 3 w / HNHM); Sarkisla 15 rkm S., Prov. Sivas, (ca. 80 km SW. Sivas), 1400 mH, 19.05.1997. leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. 247 (12 w / HNHM); Sultandaglani Mountains, vic. Cankurtaran, (38. 155 N / 31. 239 E) 1750 mH 10.05.2003. leg. A. Schulz (3 w, 2 q / PCAS, 6 w, 2 g / HNHM); Tasacu, Silifke nr. TR 037 14.05.1990. leg. Gallé (10 w / HNHM).	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792EFFEDFF70F897FE6FD6C7.taxon	description	Description of workers (figs 45 – 47). Medium to large size, CS 755 [683, 855]. Whole body and appendages usually black. Head slightly longer than broad, CL / CW 1.01 [0.99, 1.06], with feebly convex sides, straight posterior margin with widely rounded corners. Eyes large, EYE 0.17 [0.16, 0.20]. Frons wide, FR / CS 0.40 [0.38, 0.42], frontal lobes usually as wide as the frons, FL / FR 1.00 [1.00, 1.04]. Scape long, SL / CS 0.78 [0.75, 0.80], with a feeble dorso-basal carina. Promesonotal dorsum slightly convex, metanotal groove shallow, or completely absent. Propodeal denticles very short. Petiolar node moderately high, NOH / NOL 1.09 [0.76, 1.40] trapezoid in profile. Material and Methods. Upper line: arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, lower line, in []: minimum and maximum values, n = number of measured specimens. Head dorsum and posterior surface longitudinally rugulose, microreticulate, and sides ruguloso-reticulate, ground surface feebly microreticulate. Mesosoma dorsum longitudinally rugulose ground surface smooth. Dorsum of petiolar node semi-circularly rugulose, ground surface smooth, dorsum of postpetiole longitudinally rugulose and finely microreticulate. First gastral tergite smooth, appears shiny. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae and long C-shape hairs arising just posteriorly to buccal cavity forming a psammophore. Description of gynes (figs 42 – 44). Medium size, CS 893 [852, 952]. Whole body and appendages black. Head broader than long, CL / CW 0.90 [0.85, 0.93] with sides and posterior margin straight, with widely rounded corners. Head trapezoid in full face view, narrower at genae. Frons wide, FR / CS 0.43 [0.41, 0.45]. Scape long, SL / CS 0.75 [0.72, 0.78], without dorsal carina basally, its surface smooth and shiny. Head slightly narrower than scutum, MW / CS 1.04 [0.97, 1.12]. Propodeal teeth long and blunt. Petiole and postpetiole wide, CS / PEW 1.66 [1.48, 2.16], CS / PPW 1.25 [1.18, 1.56]. Material and Methods. Upper line: arithmetic mean ± standard deviation, lower line, in []: minimum and maximum values, n = number of measured specimens. ferox densopilosum feroxoide diomedeum aegeum (n = 16) (n = 3) (n = 15) (n = 36) (n = 2) CS 1000 ± 43.55 1055 ± 36.06 893 ± 31.76 960 ± 40.0 863 ± 8.84 [955, 1095] [1025, 1095] [852.5, 952.5] [860, 1012.5] [857, 870] Head dorsum, posterior surface and sides rugulose, ground surface feebly microreticulate, or smooth and shiny. Frons longitudinally rugulose, ground surface smooth and shiny. Scutum smooth and shiny (or finely rugulose), scutellum longitudinally rugulose, with the median part smooth and shinny. Sides of mesosoma rugoso-reticulate and microreticulate, ventral part of katepisternum always finely rugulose, or microreticulate. Petiolar node and postpetiole reticulate, or microreticulate. Ventral surface of head with a row of short setae and long C-shape hairs arising just posteriorly to buccal cavity forming a psammophore. Description of males. Head sides feebly convex, posterior margin widely rounded. Scutum much broader than head. Propodeal denticles reduced, propodeum rounded in profile. Dorsum of petiolar node without a transverse crest, with a sharp angle dorsolaterally. Whole body and appendages brownish black. Head finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate. Scutum and scutellum finely rugulose, in part smooth. Anepisternum rugulose, ventral part of katepisternum smooth and shiny. Petiole and postpetiole finely rugulo-reticulate, between main sculpturation microreticulate.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792EFFEDFF70F897FE6FD6C7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The very smooth surface of mesosoma, the relatively sparse pubescence and the smooth and shiny first gastral tergite make the T. feroxoide gynes unique within this group. The general appearance of the head and mesosoma of T. feroxoide workers is always finely rugulose, in comparison the head of T. diomedeum is at least partly smooth. Tetramorium feroxoide workers bear usually much feebler and often parallel rugulae on head and mesosoma than T. ferox and T. densopilosum workers, but in a few cases T. feroxoide workers can be confused with the smallest T. ferox or T. densopilosum workers in this characteristic. Discriminant D (3 a) function proves the separation between T. feroxoide and T. densopilosum (see differential diagnosis of T. densopilosum) and D (3 b) function between T. feroxoide and T. ferox (see differential diagnosis of T. ferox). For the results of cumulative discriminant analysis for worker caste see Tables 3 & 4 and for gynes see Tables 5 & 6. Morphometric characters and indices for workers and gynes are provided in Table 7 & 8.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792EFFEDFF70F897FE6FD6C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Middle East between- and south from the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. This species is possibly a Turanian element.	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
03A9DF04792EFFEDFF70F897FE6FD6C7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ARMENIA — Aragats okr. Gjurakana, 19.06.1988. leg. Radchenko nr. 197.88. (2 w, 5 q, 2 m / ZISP); IRAN — Guilán s / Ástárá 1200 m 38 º 24 ' N / 48 º 36 ' E, A. Senglet 26. VI. 73. (1 q); KYRGIZIA — Alatskaia, Kyrgizia, 16.06.1963 leg. Tarbinskij (3 w, 1 q, 1 m); RUSSIA — Neftekumsk, Achikulak, Stavropolskij kraj 0 8.06.2006. leg Csősz nr. Rus _ 009 (12 w / HNHM); TURKEY — Prov. Gaziantep, 7 km N Islahiye, ca. 70 km W Gaziantep, 500 mH, 11.05.1997., leg. A. Schulz, K. Vock, M. Sanetra nr. T 705 - 31. (3 w); Kars, Yerköy, 10 km E Tuzluca 30 km NW Igdir, 1000 mH Steppe 23.06.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 1119. (3 w, 5 q, 3 m); Kayseri, Sultan Salz Sümpfe 10 km W Develi, 40 km S Kayseri Artemisia Steppe 1000 mH 0 1.06.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 968. (6 w, 1 q); Kayseri, Sultan Salz Sümpfe 10 km W Develi, 40 km S Kayseri, Artemisia Steppe 1000 mH 0 1.06.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 965. (6 w, 4 q, 3 m); Kayseri, Sultan Salz Sümpfe 10 km W Develi, 40 km S Kayseri, Artemisia Steppe 1000 mH 0 1.06.1993. leg. Schulz nr. 966. (12 w).	en	Csősz, Sándor, Schulz, Andreas (2010): A taxonomic review of the Palaearctic Tetramorium ferox species-complex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zootaxa 2401: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275889
