identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B6878EFFB8342375C76BBB1789FA1C.text	03B6878EFFB8342375C76BBB1789FA1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aclodini Desutter-Grandcolas 1992	<div><p>Tribe Aclodini Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</p><p>Comments. This tribe was proposed by Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), initially as the group “Aclodae”, including Aclodes Hebard, 1928, Paraclodes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Uvaroviella Chopard, 1923 . The author defines the group and suggests that two species of Heterogryllus Saussure, 1874, H. crassicornis Saussure, 1878, and H. bordoni Chopard, 1970, were located in Aclodes and Paraclodes, respectively. Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), mentions that Heterogryllus only includes H. ocellaris Saussure, 1874, represented by a female collected in Brazil, without precise locality, and that, due to its morphological characteristics, it should be included in Neoaclini (sensu Desutter 1987).</p><p>Nischk &amp; Otte (2000) described several taxa for Ecuador, one species for Paraclodes and three species for Aclodes . Otte (2006) describes five additional species from Costa Rica. Otte &amp; Perez-Gelabert (2009) added 16 species to Uvaroviella, distributed on several Caribbean islands. Subsequently, several taxa described by the above authors will be reassigned to other genera or synonymized, and not all species will retain their original combinations.</p><p>Gorochov (2007) proposed that the Aclodae group comprises a single genus. Uvaroviella, the oldest genus, retained generic status, the others as subgenera: four originally described as genera ( Acla Hebard, 1928, Aclodes, Paraclodes, and Uvaroviella s.s.) and five as new subgenera ( Subacla, Euacla, Reacla, Holacla, and Topacla). The same author adds six species in Uvaroviella s.l., and keeps this taxon in the tribe Phalangopsini; for Paragryllini, it gives a new status, including subtribes described as tribes by Desutter (Paragryllina s.s., Neoaclina and Strogulomorphina). This contribution initiated some synonymization of taxa described by Otte and other authors (Gorochov 2011). Gorochov (2014) proposed a classification for the Phalangopsinae subfamily group. Uvaroviella and Heterogryllus are included in the subtribe Heterogryllina (Phalangopsini), sugesting the probable relationship between both taxa, and indicating that Aclodae is probably junior synonym of Heterogryllina (Gorochov 2014, 2015).</p><p>Desutter-Grandcolas (2014) officially proposed Acla, as a synonym of Aclodes, something that apparently was missing in the author’s contribution of 1992, where A. crassicornis (Saussure, 1878) is included in Aclodes, without any formal nomenclatural act. Recently, Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Faberon (2020) revalidated and elevated Aclodini (=Aclodae) to tribal status and provided the initial opinion on the position of Heterogryllus and the non-relationship with the other Aclodini (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992). Likewise, they contrast with the Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) molecular study and other unpublished studies, highlighting that the Aclodini are a well-defined monophyletic clade within the Paragryllinae, thus supporting the new tribal status (Desutter-Grandcolas 2014, Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Faberon 2020). Also, they morphologically redefine Aclodini, returning to the 1992 classification, assigning generic status to Aclodes and Paraclodes, and synonymizing all the subgenera proposed by Gorochov (2007). They emphasize the incomplete study of morphological characters and that monophyly was not reflected in Gorochov’s proposal (Desutter-Grandcolas &amp; Faberon 2020).</p><p>As noted in the history of the classification of the Aclodae / Aclodini / Heterogryllina, cricket taxonomy remains in constant debate and turmoil. At the Neotropical level, it is based on the classification proposed either by Desutter-Grandcolas or Gorochov. Based on the author a tribe can be a genus or subtribe, and according to the opinion of some other authors the taxa can be in different subfamilies (Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Tíjaro 2020, Cadena-Castañeda &amp; García García 2020, Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2021b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6878EFFB8342375C76BBB1789FA1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo;Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias;Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A.	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias, Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A. (2022): Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia. Zootaxa 5141 (6): 568-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3
03B6878EFFB8342275C76D1B118EFE57.text	03B6878EFFB8342275C76D1B118EFE57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aclodes Hebard 1928	<div><p>Genus Aclodes Hebard, 1928</p><p>Comments. This genus is very speciose, and currently includes 35 species, with a wide distribution from Costa Rica to Peru and northern South America, with a presence on a couple of islands near Venezuela (Cigliano et al. 2022). It differs from the morphologically similar genus Paraclodes, in that the males have the tegmina projecting from the middle of the abdomen onwards and with strong parallel longitudinal veins. The females are distinguished by their tegmina, often reaching the first abdominal tergite posterior margin (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992), except Aclodes cryptos (Nischk &amp; Otte 2000), with the tegmina reaching the middle of the abdomen.</p><p>Uvaroviella, is a Caribbean genus with 17 species that need to be re-studied. Possibly, the three continental species still included in Uvaroviella, which are only known from their females, should be included in the future in Aclodes, after finding the respective males that allow their generic affiliation to be identified.</p><p>For Colombia, Hebard (1928) mentions the presence of Aclodes maculatum (Caudell 1918), described initially from Peru but with notable morphological differences. Hebard, at that time, did not study the internal genitalia; it was not a common practice of the time for the descriptions of Orthoptera . Perhaps with the study of the male genitalia it will be possible to resolve this problem, with the tegmina moderately developed, as occurs in many recently described species.</p><p>Recently, Cadena-Castañeda et al. (2016) recorded the presence of Aclodes nebulosa (Gorochov, 2007) (then known as Uvaroviella (Holacla) nebulosa Gorochov, 2007), in the Rio Ñambi Nature Reserve, south of the department of Nariño. This is the only species with a reliable and confirmed record for Colombia. Now the second species of Aclodes for the country is described, coming from the caves of the Andes in northern Colombia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6878EFFB8342275C76D1B118EFE57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo;Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias;Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A.	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias, Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A. (2022): Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia. Zootaxa 5141 (6): 568-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3
03B6878EFFB9342B75C76AD2174FFE2B.text	03B6878EFFB9342B75C76AD2174FFE2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aclodes paz Cadena-Castaneda & Castellanos-Morales 2022	<div><p>Aclodes paz Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Castellanos-Morales n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 1–6)</p><p>http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:518317</p><p>Type material. Holotytpe. Male. Colombia, Santander, La Paz, Vda San Pablo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.56705&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1869197" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.56705/lat 6.1869197)">La Cuchara</a> 2 (spoon—2 cave), 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales .</p><p>Paratypes. La Cuchara —2 (“spoon cave—1”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.56705&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1869197" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.56705/lat 6.1869197)">Vda. San Pablo</a>, 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 2 male and 2 female , La Cuchara —1 (“spoon cave—1”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.57511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.179583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.57511/lat 6.179583)">Vda. San Pablo</a>, 06°10’46,5”N, 73°34’30,4”W. elev. 1.836 m. 27 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 4 male, 4 females, 1 female subadult, and 3 immatures La Remolina —1 cave (“ Swirl cave —1”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.5765&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.123139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.5765/lat 6.123139)">Vda. Casas Blancas</a>, 06°07’23.3”N, 73°34’35.4”W. elev. 1.890 m. 8 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 female adult and 2 female subadult, 4 males. Melchor Cave, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.595474&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.143889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.595474/lat 6.143889)">Vda. El Tigre</a>, 06°08’38”N, 73°35’43,7”W. elev 1.867 m. 5 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 male, 1 male immature, 7 female immature, 2 female subadults. El Tigre cave (“ Tiger cave ”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.58878&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.142444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.58878/lat 6.142444)">Vda. El Tigre</a>, 06°08’32,8”N, 73°35’19,6”W. elev 1.959 m. 6 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male, 1 female and 1 female subadult. El Toro cave (“ Bull cave ”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.569496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1369166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.569496/lat 6.1369166)">Vda. El Tigre</a>, 06°08’12,9”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.611 m. 14 Dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 females . La Lajita —1 cave, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.569496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1162777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.569496/lat 6.1162777)">Vda. El Amarillo</a>, 06°06’58,6”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.612 m. 1 4 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 males . El Indio cave (“ Indian cave ”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1467776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.625/lat 6.1467776)">Vda. Casas Blancas</a>, 06°08’48,4”N, 73°37’30”W. elev 2.132 m. 20 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales &amp; L. Toro. leg. 1 female . El Molino cave (“ Mill cave ”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.584114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1474166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.584114/lat 6.1474166)">Vda. El Tigre</a>, 06°08’50.7”N, 73°35’02.8”W. elev. 1767 m. 10 dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 immatures . Hoyo Colombia (“ Colombia pit cave”), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.597336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1355276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.597336/lat 6.1355276)">Vda. El Tigre</a>, 06°08’13.7”N, 73°35’15.4”W. elev. 1858 31 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.597336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1355276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.597336/lat 6.1355276)">Gedania cave</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.597336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1355276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.597336/lat 6.1355276)">Vda. El Amarillo</a>, 06°08’7.9”N, 73°35’50.4”W. elev. 1870 7 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales &amp; L. Toro leg 2 male, 2 female and 3 immatures . Colombia, Santander, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.44389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1067834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.44389/lat 6.1067834)">El Carmen de Chucurí</a>, La Peña cave, 06°06´24.42”N, 073°26´38”W. 1177 m. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male and 2 females (CAUD) .</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after the La Paz municipally (type locality). But we also want to dedicate the name of this species to the desire for peace of Colombians and many people from other countries, who have various conflicts in their territories. We keep “ paz ” as a specific epithet for the type locality, but it also means peace in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, coming from the Latin “ Pax ”.</p><p>Description. Male. Mid-sized (Figs. 1A,B). Body predominantly ochre brown with dark brown and yellow stripes. Head brown with almost yellowish and grey spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, flagellum dark brown without light spots (Fig. 1C). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc with few yellow-brown stripes (Fig. 2A), lateral lobes dark brown (Fig. 1D). Fore and middle femora and tibiae brown spotted, with rings, to the femora with one or two rings on the mid-distal section, to the tibiae with three rings, one on the base, the next on the middle, and the last at the apex. Hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost ochre. Tegmina brown with several yellow short hairs (Fig. 1E). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown with diffuse ochre spots (Fig. 2D). Head rounded, almost as wide as high in frontal view (Fig. 1C); maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, dilated from the middle to the apex, and distally truncated (Fig. 1D). Thorax. Pronotal disc rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2A), lateral margins curved and most prominent at the anterior part and upcurved to the posterior margin (Fig. 1D). Meso- and metanotum without glands or modifications.</p><p>Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, only on inner side, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia with three inner spurs and four outer spurs dorsally, and between them with small spines; apex with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the others one; the mid and ventral spurs almost similar in length and longer than the dorsal one. First tarsomere of the hind leg, with one spine on inner side close to apex and four dorsal spines on outer side, apex armed with a spur on both sides, the inner spur longer than the outer one. Tegmina ovoid, reaching to the third abdominal tergite (Figs. 1E, 2A). Mirror subtriangular, wider than long, with reticulated veins; harp with four or five dividing veins; chordal with two main veins (Fig. 2B); lateral field with three to four veins; stridulation file with 135–148 teeth (Fig. 2C). Abdomen with a pair of tentorial depressions for each tergite (Fig. 2D). Epiproctus rectangular longer than wide with the apex almost straight (Fig. 2E). Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid-undulation. Male genitalia. Ps.s. with the distal edge wavy in dorsal view and with a notch in the center (Fig. 3A). Ps.a.l. cylindrical, slightly curving towards the dorsal margin and latero-laterally flattened, with a few hairs on its surface, more conspicuous at the apex (Figs. 3A,B). Ps.p. quadrangular, ventrally with a small hook-shaped extension; distal edge wavy and longer on the outer edge (Fig. 3B). Ec.f. elongated and sclerotic, thickening from the anterior to the posterior region, diverging distally and connecting with a rounded prolongation and abundant microstructures (Fig. 3B, C). En.s. connecting with the ec.f., and sclerosed (Fig. 3B). Ec.a. dorsoventrally flattened rod-shaped, connected anteriorly with endophalic cavity, and posteriorly with ps.p. (Figs. 3B, C). R. wide and sclerotic, internally concave (Fig. 3B).</p><p>Female. Similar to the male in shape and size, ocher or yellowish regions with lighter shades than the male (Fig. 4), being more noticeable on the face (Fig. 5A). Tegmina reduced (Fig. 5B), located on each side and covering the mesonotum and the base of the metanotum (Figs. 5C, D). Tenth tergite unmodified with rounded posterior edge. Epiproctus rectangular, wider than long, with two semicircular scars dorsally (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate subtriangular, with the apex truncated (Fig. 5F). Ovipositor almost as length to the posterior femur; apex in dorsal view flattened and with denticulations on outer edges of upper valves, lower valves protruding into middle of upper valves, and with rounded distal edge (Fig. 5G); in lateral view, the apex of the ovipositor is lanceolate in shape and gently widens towards the apex (Fig. 5H).</p><p>Variations. The main variation noted is between the two sexes; females have lighter shades than males in the yellowish and ocher areas. Some males have four or five veins dividing the harp.</p><p>Measurements (in mm.). male/female: LB: 22–25/20–27. Pr: 3.5–4/4–4.5. Teg: 6–7/1–1.5. HF: 15–18/15– 19. HT: 17–20/17–20. Ov: 12–15.</p><p>Comparison. Aclodes paz n. sp. is related to some species included in the subgenus Euacla (sensu Gorochov, 2007) . Regarding the genitalia, the closest species is Aclodes chamocoru Nischk &amp; Otte, 2000, which differs from the new species. Its tegmina cover the abdomen, and the harp has nine; the mirror is subovoid, wider than long, and crossed with two veins. In contrast, A. paz n. sp. has four or five veins on the harp, the mirror is subtriangular and with reticulate veins. The Ps.al. of A. chamocoru, is conical, and Ps.p. without ventral accessory extension; En.s. is tubuliform, and Ec.f. it does not expand, and difference in the connection area of these two structures.</p><p>Comments. The specimens of the type series are slightly variable in size, as has been observed for other species of the genus. But one of the males from the “Colombian Hole” is unusually small. This male has all diagnostic characteristics to be identified as A. paz n. sp., such as wing venation and genital structure. Measurements of this specimen were not included in the species measurement ranges previously provided and are included below.</p><p>Measurements (in mm.). LB: 14. Pr: 3. Teg: 6. HF: 12. HT: 13.</p><p>Ecological data from type cave. The cave La Cuchara —2 is situated around four kilometers east from the La Paz town, on the eastern side of the Colombian Andean Mountain range. An area of different sedimentary lithostratigraphic units from the Cretaceous age, which are gathered in the formations: Rosablanca, Paja, Tablazo, Simiti and Luna (Medoza-Parada et al. 2009) . The La Cuchara cave has a circular-shaped entrance of around 1.5 meters with narrow, rocky, passageways, stalagmites, and stalactites few developed were observed. Inside the cave, there is a narrow stream with shallow pools forms. The bottom of each well is rocky and contains abundant fine sediment. The water temperature was 17.9°C, the cave temperature 18.1°C, and the water pH was 6.7. The fauna is scarce; there were a few colonies of bats (cf. Carollia sp.) inhabiting the cave ceiling. The base of the food chain is probably limited to crickets and their predators, spiders. Crickets usually occupy the middle and upper parts of rocky cave walls, where they form groups of varying sizes and different stages of development (Fig. 6). This cave has not as yet been registered in any recent speleological inventory of Santander (Castellanos-Morales &amp; Moreno 2018, Dulcey-Ulloa &amp; Lasso 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6878EFFB9342B75C76AD2174FFE2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando;Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo;Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias;Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A.	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias, Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A. (2022): Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia. Zootaxa 5141 (6): 568-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3
