identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B687A8FFBCDF43FC37FE6B611622E5.text	03B687A8FFBCDF43FC37FE6B611622E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iberomeryx Gabunia 1964	<div><p>Genus Iberomeryx Gabunia, 1964</p><p>Iberomeryx Gabunia, 1964: 179 .</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia, 1964 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS (from Mennecart et al. 2021). — Small-sized ruminant with upper molars possessing the following combination of characters: well-marked parastyle and mesostyle in small-column shape; strong paracone rib; metacone rib absent; metastyle absent; unaligned external walls of metacone and paracone; strong postprotocrista stopping against the anterior side of the premetaconulecrista; continuous lingual cingulum, stronger under the protocone. Lower dental formula is primitive (3-1-4-3) with non-molarized premolars. Tooth c is adjacent to i3. Tooth p1 is single-rooted, reduced and separated from c and p2 by short diastemata. The premolars have a well-developed anterior conid. Teeth p2-p3 display a distally bifurcated mesolabial conid. Tooth p3 is the largest premolar. Tooth p4 displays no mesolingual conid and a large posterior valley. Regarding the lower molars, the trigonid and talonid are lingually open with a trigonid more tapered than the talonid. The anterior fossa is open, due to a forward orientation of the preprotocristid and the presence of a paraconid. The internal postprotocristid is oblique and the external postprotocristid reaches the prehypocristid. The internal postprotocristid, postmetacristid and preentocristid are fused and Yshaped. Protoconid and metaconid display a weak Tragulus Brisson, 1762 fold and a well-developed Dorcatherium fold, respectively. The mandible displays a regularly concave ventral profile in lateral view, a marked incisura vasorum, a strong mandibular angular process, a vertical ramus, and a stout condylar process.</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Benara, Georgia, late Oligocene.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687A8FFBCDF43FC37FE6B611622E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Métais, Grégoire;Coster, Pauline;Licht, Alexis;Ocakoğlu, Faruk;Beard, K. Christopher	Métais, Grégoire, Coster, Pauline, Licht, Alexis, Ocakoğlu, Faruk, Beard, K. Christopher (2023): Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (35): 711-727, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35
03B687A8FFBCDF43FC3AFAEF618C23DD.text	03B687A8FFBCDF43FC3AFAEF618C23DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia 1964	<div><p>Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia, 1964</p><p>Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia, 1964: 182 .</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. PIT-7·08, fragmentary maxilla preserving left M1-M3, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687A8FFBCDF43FC3AFAEF618C23DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Métais, Grégoire;Coster, Pauline;Licht, Alexis;Ocakoğlu, Faruk;Beard, K. Christopher	Métais, Grégoire, Coster, Pauline, Licht, Alexis, Ocakoğlu, Faruk, Beard, K. Christopher (2023): Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (35): 711-727, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35
03B687A8FFBEDF4EFE8FFAA8673B203C.text	03B687A8FFBEDF4EFE8FFAA8673B203C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia 1964	<div><p>cf. Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia, 1964</p><p>(Fig. 2 A-I, J-O)</p><p>REFERRED MATERIAL. — Sü-2002, left p3; Sü-2003, left p4; Sü-2005, talonid of a left p4; Sü-2009, right m1; Sü-2010, lingual part of a right M1 or M2; Sü-2020, left p4; Sü-2013, right astragalus; Sü-2014, right astragalus .</p><p>LOCALITY. — Outcrop of unnamed rock unit consisting of c. 40 cm thick tuffite bed containing gastropod operculae superposed by c. 30 cm thick white silty limestone with silicified nodules exposed in a streambed roughly two km northwest of Süngülü, Ardahan Province, Turkey (de Bruijn et al. 2003: fig. 1). Latest Eocene according to de Bruijn et al. (2018, 2019).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Dentition</p><p>The p3 is elongated with a small paraconid, and a hypoconid lower than the protoconid. A sharp crest joins the apex of the protoconid to the hypoconid, and is bifurcated distally, so that the two crests form a circular, postero-lingually opened depression. The paraconid of p4 is more pronounced than on p3, and the crest joining the paraconid to the protoconid corresponds to a wear facet.Two crests extend backward from the apex of the protoconid; the better expressed labial crest joins the distal border of the tooth, whereas the weaker lingual crest stops at the mid-point of the posterior half of the tooth, leaving the talonid distolingually opened.</p><p>The lower molar is brachyodont, and only the hypoconid is completely crescent-shaped. The trigonid is narrower than the talonid, and the protoconid is taller than the metaconid. The anterior fossa is widely antero-lingually open due to the absence of a premetacristid. The preprotocristid extends mesially and is notched; it forms the anterior-most part of the lower molars. The internal posprotocristid is lingually oriented and short, and it joins the very short and posterolabially oriented internal postmetacristid to form a cristid at the rear of the trigonid which is oriented toward the mesially oriented preentocristid. The external postprotocristid is very faint and extends toward the prehypocristid without connecting it because of transverse breakage of Sü-2009. The metaconid is rounded mesially and displays a short external postmetacristid. The combination of an external postprotocristid, an internal postprotocristid, an internal postmetacristid and an external postmetacristid forms a M-structure orΣ- structure which is characteristic of tragulids. The posthypocristid is short and lingually oriented. The entoconid is labio-lingually compressed and its distal side is rounded (devoid of any crest), thus leaving the posterior fossa open on its postero-lingual corner. There are both mesial and distal cingulids and an ectostylid on Sü-2009.</p><p>The fragmentary upper molar (Sü-2010) only preserves the lingual part. The relatively large size of the metaconule suggests it is either a M1 or a M2. The postprotocrista is short, straight, and postero-labially oriented whereas the preprotocrista is labially oriented. The premetaconulecrista extends labially. There is a strong cingulum surrounding the protocone and extending along the mesial border of the tooth; however, there is no protoconule as in Nalameryx (Métais et al. 2009) .</p><p>Postcranials</p><p>Two astragali of similar size are referred to this small taxon on the basis of both their size and morphology. The astragali display non-aligned proximal and distal trochlea, the distal one being slightly rotated medially. The distal trochlea does not show any ridge separating the articular surfaces of the cuboid and the navicular. The astragalo-calcaneal facet is well-developed, and there is a deep fossa for the fibular condyle of the calcaneum. The distal astragalar facet is generally well-developed as it is in primitive Pecora (Métais et al. 2016). The distal part of the internal malleolus facet is wide. Sü-2013 is slightly smaller than Sü-2014, but they are similar in morphology, and we attribute these slight metric differences to intraspecific variation.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Provided in Table 1 for the dental material, and in Table 2 for postcranial material.</p><p>TAXONOMIC ATTRIBUTION</p><p>The dental material displays the characteristics of the genus Iberomeryx, and the astragali strongly resemble those reported from the early late Oligocene Kızılırmak Formation, central Anatolia, Turkey (Métais et al. 2016). The genus Iberomeryx is known by three species: I. miaoi Mennecart, Aiglstorfer, Li, Li &amp; Wang, 2021 recently described from material first identified as Lophiomeryx gracilis Miao, 1982 (Mennecart et al. 2021) and restricted to the late Eocene beds of the Shinao Basin, southern China; I. minor (Filhol, 1882) is known from early Oligocene (MP 23-24) localities of Western Europe (Mennecart et al. 2011); I. parvus is known from the late Oligocene of Georgia (Gabunia 1964) and Central Anatolia (Métais et al. 2016). The material from Süngülü is identified as pertaining to I. parvus on the basis of the combination of these diagnostic features: lower molars lack a metastylid, and show a thin mesial cingulum, p4 with a distinct disto-lingual notch. However, the teeth of type material of I. parvus are higher crowned than that of the material from Süngülü which is also slightly smaller. Therefore, owing to these morphological and size differences, and pending additional fossil data, we prefer to refer our fossil material to Iberomeryx sp. cf. I. parvus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687A8FFBEDF4EFE8FFAA8673B203C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Métais, Grégoire;Coster, Pauline;Licht, Alexis;Ocakoğlu, Faruk;Beard, K. Christopher	Métais, Grégoire, Coster, Pauline, Licht, Alexis, Ocakoğlu, Faruk, Beard, K. Christopher (2023): Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (35): 711-727, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35
03B687A8FFB0DF4FFEA2FB89660622E2.text	03B687A8FFB0DF4FFEA2FB89660622E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sungulusimias Métais & Coster & Licht & Ocakoğlu & Beard 2023	<div><p>Genus Sungulusimias n. gen.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B7E863C3-4D08-4FFB-BF9D-C74C72927E23</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Sungulusimias unayae n. sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687A8FFB0DF4FFEA2FB89660622E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Métais, Grégoire;Coster, Pauline;Licht, Alexis;Ocakoğlu, Faruk;Beard, K. Christopher	Métais, Grégoire, Coster, Pauline, Licht, Alexis, Ocakoğlu, Faruk, Beard, K. Christopher (2023): Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (35): 711-727, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35
03B687A8FFB0DF4DFE8EFAEF66012403.text	03B687A8FFB0DF4DFE8EFAEF66012403.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sungulusimias unayae Métais & Coster & Licht & Ocakoğlu & Beard 2023	<div><p>Sungulusimias unayae n. gen., n. sp.</p><p>(Fig. 3 A-C)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F21B9D32-30F3-4A64-B0C7-F89DDB9ED92C</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Sü-2021, isolated right m2, only known specimen.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from Eosimias Beard, Qi, Dawson, Wang &amp; Li, 1994, Phenacopithecus Beard &amp; Wang, 2004 and Bahinia Jaeger, Thein, Benammi, Chaimanee, Soe, Lwin, Tun, Wai &amp; Ducrocq, 1999 in having m2 with protoconid and metaconid more closely spaced and of similar height and volume, paraconid more cuspidate and more nearly connate with metaconid, stronger mesiobuccal cingulid, and entoconid without strong connection to hypoconulid via the postcristid. Differs from Phileosimias Marivaux, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Benammi, Chaimanee, Crochet, de Franceschi, Iqbal, Jaeger, Metais, Roohi &amp; Welcomme, 2005 in having M 2 with paraconid fully lingual in position and hypoconulid distobuccal in position, being located closer to the hypoconid than the entoconid.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Generic name from the village of Süngülü and the Latin simias (ape). Specific name in recognition of Prof. Engin Ünay, who discovered the type locality and helped collect the holotype and associated fauna from Süngülü.</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Outcrop of unnamed rock unit consisting of c. 40 cm thick tuffite bed containing gastropod operculae superposed by c. 30 cm thick white silty limestone with silicified nodules exposed in a streambed roughly two km northwest of Süngülü, Ardahan Province, Turkey (de Bruijn et al. 2003: fig. 1). Latest Eocene according to de Bruijn et al. (2018, 2019).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The holotype is an isolated right m2 (L = 3.0 mm; W = 2.4 mm). The crown is subrectangular in occlusal outline, although the trigonid is slightly narrower than the talonid. A relatively well-developed mesiobuccal cingulid extends from the base of the paraconid to the level of the hypoflexid. All three trigonid cusps are present, roughly similar in size, and distinctly cuspidate. The protoconid is situated internally rather than peripherally on the trigonid. As a result, the protoconid and metaconid are closely approximated. The metaconid is located slightly posterior to the level of the protoconid, and these two cusps are connected by a protocristid that runs somewhat obliquely with respect to the long axis of the tooth. A short but relatively trenchant paracristid arcs mesiolingually to connect the protoconid with the paraconid. The paraconid is fully lingual in position and almost connate with the metaconid. A short premetacristid fills the gap between the paraconid and metaconid. The postvallid is essentially vertical, separating the trigonid from the broader talonid. The hypoconid is the dominant talonid cusp, being situated near the distobuccal corner of the tooth. It gives rise to a straight, moderately trenchant cristid obliqua, which joins the postvallid near the lingual base of the protoconid. The hypoflexid is moderately deep but partly filled by the mesiobuccal cingulid. The lingual side of the talonid is marked by a relatively tall, isolated entoconid. A notch separates the lingual base of the postvallid from the entoconid, although a weak preentocristid is present. Distobuccally, the entoconid is not strongly connected to the hypoconulid by the postcristid. Instead, the hypoconulid projects slightly distally beyond the rest of the talonid and is more closely associated with the hypoconid than the entoconid.</p><p>COMPARISONS</p><p>Sü-2021 differs from primitive adapiform (e.g. Donrussellia Szalay, 1976)and omomyid primates (e.g. Teilhardina Simpson, 1940, Steinius Bown &amp; Rose, 1984) in having the paraconid and metaconid of m2 closely approximated but not fully connate and in having an enlarged, distally expansive hypoconulid (Rose &amp; Bown 1991). Most late early Eocene and younger adapiforms (adapids, notharctids, and sivaladapids) and stem lemuriforms (e.g. Djebelemur Hartenberger &amp; Marandat, 1992) have reduced or completely lost the paraconid on m2 (Godinot 2014). Sivaladapid adapiforms (e.g. Yunnanadapis Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard, 2016, Laomaki Ni, Li, Li &amp; Beard, 2016) retain a large hypoconulid on their lower molars, but this structure is invariably closely approximated with the entoconid in this clade, and it does not project distally beyond the rest of the talonid as it does in Sungulusimias (Ni et al. 2016) . Anaptomorphine omomyids, best documented from the early and middle Eocene of North America, are much more bunodont than Sungulusimias and they never possess the enlarged, distally expansive molar hypoconulid found in the latter taxon (Godinot 2014). North American and Asian omomyines, including the middle Eocene Nesomomys Beard, Métais, Ocakoglu &amp; Licht, 2020 from Balkanatolia (Beard et al. 2021), are typically less bunodont than their anaptomorphine relatives, but they differ from Sungulusimias in having lower molars with trigonids much narrower than talonids (e.g. Nesomomys, Hemiacodon Marsh, 1872) and much smaller, less bulbous hypoconulids (e.g. Shoshonius Granger, 1910, Mytonius Robinson, 1968). The European microchoerid radiation, which persisted on the Iberian Peninsula as recently as the early Oligocene (Köhler &amp; Moyà-Solà 1999), differs from Sungulusimias in having reduced both paraconid and hypoconulid on m2, with certain taxa (e.g. Pseudoloris Stehlin, 1916) showing enhanced molar shearing related to insectivory and others (e.g. Microchoerus Wood, 1846) developing heavily crenulated enamel in relation to frugivorous adaptations (Godinot 2014).</p><p>The distinctive trigonid and hypoconulid morphology of Sü-2021 allows it to be identified as an eosimiid rather than any other anthropoid clade. Like eosimiids, and in contrast to other stem anthropoids, Sü-2021 retains a lingual, distinctly cuspidate paraconid on m2. Certain stem anthropoids from Africa (e.g. Biretia de Bonis, Jaeger, Coiffait &amp; Coiffait, 1988, Proteopithecus Simons, 1989) sometimes retain small paraconids on m1, but these taxa rarely retain even vestigial paraconids on m2 and their overall molar morphology is more bunodont than that of Sungulusimias (Seiffert 2012) . Among stem anthropoid taxa that are generally recognized as eosimiids, the trigonid morphology of Sü-2021 most closely resembles that of Phileosimias from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Marivaux et al. 2005), from which it differs in having a fully lingual paraconid.In other eosimiids ( Eosimias, Phenacopithecus and Bahinia), the paraconid of m2 is typically less cuspidate and farther removed from the metaconid. The hypoconulid of Sü-2021 flares distobuccally, as it does in Eosimias and Phenacopithecus . In Bahinia, the talonids of m1-2 lack distinct hypoconulids. In Phileosimias and most early African anthropoids, the lower molar hypoconulids can be substantial and cuspidate, but they are located closer to the entoconid than the hypoconid, in contrast to the more central placement of the hypoconulid in Sungulusimias .</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Sungulusimias is the first record of stem anthropoids in Anatolia and only the second example of Paleogene primates from there (Beard et al. 2021). Other eosimiids are known from China (Beard et al. 1994, 1996; Beard &amp; Wang 2004; Ni et al. 2016), Myanmar (Jaeger et al. 1999) and Pakistan (Marivaux et al. 2005), so Sungulusimias is also the westernmost record of this group. Discovery of Anatolian eosimiids is not unexpected, given that eosimiids are well-documented from farther east along the Eurasian Neotethyan margin and that eosimiiforms colonized the African/Arabian Plate prior to its tectonic collision with Eurasia near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (Chaimanee et al. 2012). However, Sungulusimias is apparently younger than the oldest known African anthropoids, which date to the late middle or early late Eocene (Seiffert et al. 2005; Jaeger et al. 2010; Marivaux et al. 2014). What role, if any, Sungulusimias and its collateral relatives may have played in the colonization of Africa by early anthropoids must await better understanding of its anatomy and phylogenetic relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687A8FFB0DF4DFE8EFAEF66012403	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Métais, Grégoire;Coster, Pauline;Licht, Alexis;Ocakoğlu, Faruk;Beard, K. Christopher	Métais, Grégoire, Coster, Pauline, Licht, Alexis, Ocakoğlu, Faruk, Beard, K. Christopher (2023): Additions to the late Eocene Süngülü mammal fauna in Easternmost Anatolia and the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the periphery of Balkanatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (35): 711-727, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a35
