taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B6F509FFBFFFD9FF77AFA53A16FAD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (following Opresko & Molodtsova 2021). Corallum attached to substrate; monopodial, unbranched or with a few basal branches, and pinnulate. When present, pinnate branches of first order develop from lowermost pinnules of stem. Pinnules simple, arranged alternately (including lowermost pair) in two lateral rows. Length of pinnules on stem and branches decreasing in a distal direction, forming a triangularly shaped outline. Striatum absent. Spines conical, smooth, simple (or rarely forked), with acute to slightly rounded apex and flared base. Spines larger on polypar side of pinnule. Polyps 2 – 7 mm in transverse diameter.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFD9FF77AFA53A16FAD4.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Alternatipathes bipinnata Opresko, 2005	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 – 4; Table 2)	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MBM 286472, station FX-Dive 172 (17 ° 23 ’ 28 ” N, 153 ° 05 ’ 45 ” E), Kocebu Guyot in the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Western Pacific, depth 1336 m, 1 April 2018.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial and unbranched, maximum width nearly two times as long as corallum height. Lower unpinnulated stem slightly shorter than upper pinnulated stem. Pinnules simple, arranged bilaterally and alternately, about 19 cm long, length decreasing from the lowermost to the uppermost. Pinnular density 9 ‒ 11 per 3 cm for both sides. Spines on pinnules conical with slightly rounded point, with four to five rows of spines visible in lateral view. Polypar spines 0.29 ‒ 0.58 mm high and abpolypar spines 0.06 ‒ 0.24 mm high. Polyps about 4 – 6 mm in transverse diameter, with 1 or 2 polyps per cm.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Colony was reddish brown in situ and became yellowish brown after being preserved in alcohol (Fig. 2). The holotype is about 19 cm high and 39.3 cm wide, with the holdfast about 0.6 - 1.1 cm in diameter. The lower unpinnulated section of stem is about 9 cm in length and the stem diameter is about 1.9 mm near the basal plate. Stem curved to abpolypar side. Pinnules arranged bilaterally and alternately along stem. Pinnules elongated, curved to abpolypar side. The length of pinnules ranges from 5.8 cm to 19.1 cm, decreasing from the lowermost to the uppermost of corallum (Fig. 3). The distance between adjacent pinnules on the same side is 4 ‒ 6 mm, increasing from the bottom to apex of corallum, about 9 ‒ 11 per 3 cm for both sides. The distal angle between pinnules and stem ranges from 60 ° at lower part of stem to 70 ° at upper part. The internal angle between two lateral rows of pinnules varies from 110 ° at lower part of stem to 140 ° at upper part. Spines on pinnules are simple, smooth, conical with blunt apex, and nearly perpendicular to the axis (Fig. 4). On the middle part of the pinnules, the polypar spines are 0.29 ‒ 0.58 (0.44 ± 0.06, n = 20) mm high and 0.50 ‒ 0.79 (0.66 ± 0.09, n = 20) mm wide at the base, and the abpolypar spines are 0.06 ‒ 0.24 (0.12 ± 0.05, n = 20) mm high and 0.25 ‒ 0.58 (0.43 ± 0.09, n = 20) mm wide at the base. On the basal part of the pinnules, the polypar spines are 0.20 ‒ 0.50 mm high and the abpolypar spines are 0.04 ‒ 0.27 mm high. Along the distal parts of the pinnules, the polypar spines are 0.22 ‒ 0.58 mm high, and the abpolypar spines are 0.06 ‒ 0.21 mm high. Spines are arranged in 4 ‒ 5 longitudinal rows in lateral view. There are usually four rows of larger polypar spines and two rows of smaller abpolypar spines. The distance between adjacent spines of the same row is 0.61 ‒ 1.81 mm, about 1 ‒ 2 spines per millimeters. Spines on middle and distal part of stem are simple, smooth, and conical with blunt apex (Fig. 5). Few spines on lower part of unpinnulated stem (Fig. 5 A). Spines on middle stem are 0.04 ‒ 0.06 mm high and 0.14 – 0.28 mm wide at the base. Spines are arranged in 5 – 6 rows in lateral view, 0.05 ‒ 0.10 mm high and 0.17 – 0.36 mm wide at base on upper part of stem. Polyps are in poor preservation, about 4 – 6 mm in transverse diameter, and 1 or 2 polyps per centimeter.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Kocebu Guyot in the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Western Pacific Ocean with water depth of 1336 m.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Composite of the Latin adjective longus (long) and the Latin noun spina (spine), referring to the long spines of the species, a main feature of the species.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Found only from the Kocebu Guyot in the Magellan Seamount Chain with water depth of 1336 m, where the colony attached on rocky substrate. The water temperature was about 3.1 ° C and salinity about 35.8.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFBFFFDDFF77A95538E4FE08.taxon	discussion	Remark. Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. is placed in the genus Alternatipathes based on the alternately arranged pinnules, and the decrease in the length of pinnules to the apex of the corallum. To date, there are four species in the genus Alternatipathes: Alternatipathes alternata (Brook, 1889), Alternatipathes bipinnata (Opresko, 2005), Alternatipathes mirabilis Opresko & Molodtsova, 2021 and Alternatipathes venusta Opresko & Wagner, 2020. Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. is most similar to A. alternata (Brook, 1889) in possessing a monopodial and unbranched corallum and a relatively short unpinnulated lower stem (Molodtsova & Opresko 2017). However, the new species differs from A. alternata by the much larger polypar spines (maximum height 0.58 mm vs. 0.06 mm) and a lower density of spines (1 ‒ 2 per mm vs. 4 ‒ 5 per mm) (Molodtsova & Opresko 2017, Table 2). Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. is different from the type species of the genus, A. bipinnata, by the unbranched colony (vs. branched), the very prominent polypar spines (height 0.29 ‒ 0.58 mm vs. 0.22 ‒ 0.30 mm), the relative short unpinnulated stem (ratio of the length of unpinnulated stem to the total height of stem about 0.47 vs. 0.69), and the relatively much longer pinnules (ratio of the length of the longest pinnule to the total height of corallum 1.0 vs. 0.07) (Opresko 2005, Table 2). Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. is distinguished from A. venusta and A. mirabilis by the larger polypar spines (height 0.29 ‒ 0.58 mm vs. 0.11 ‒ 0.22 mm and 0.04 – 0.06 mm, respectively), the relative short unpinnulated stem (ratio of the length of unpinnulated stem to the total height of stem about 0.47 vs. 0.70 in the latter two species), and the relatively much longer pinnules (ratio of the length of the longest pinnule to the total height of corallum 1.0 vs. 0.23 and 0.32, respectively) (Opresko & Wagner 2020, Opresko & Molodtsova 2021). In addition, the new species also differs from A. venusta by the larger distance between adjacent spines (0.61 – 1.81 mm vs. 0.2 – 0.46 mm, Table 2).	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD2FF77AC9C3BC7FE08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (following Molodtsova et al. 2022). Corallum monopodial, unbranched or rarely branched, and pinnulate. Pinnules simple, arranged alternately or suboppositely in two anterolateral or lateral rows. Length of pinnules on stem and branches usually longest near the middle of the pinnulated section of the corallum. Striatum present or absent. Spines conical, smooth, usually simple, but in some cases forked or multiply knobbed at apex, with acute to slightly rounded apex. Spines often larger on polypar side of axis than on abpolypar side. Polyps elongated in the direction of the skeletal axis from 2 mm to as much as 17 mm in transverse diameter.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD2FF77AC9C3BC7FE08.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	description	(Fig. 6, 7; Table 3)	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MBM 286468, station FX-Dive 220 (10 ° 04 ’ 55 ” N, 140 ° 15 ’ 20 ” E), M 7 seamount, depth 1088 m, 8 June 2019. Paratypes: MBM 286469, station FX-Dive 209 (10 ° 04 ’ 40 ” N, 140 ° 12 ’ 12 ” E), M 5 seamount, depth 998 m, 27 May 2019. MBM 286470, station FX-Dive 213 (10 ° 04 ’ 08 ” N, 140 ° 11 ’ 36 ” E), M 5 seamount, depth 1011 m, 31 May 2019. MBM 286471, station FX-Dive 209 (10 ° 04 ’ 40 ” N, 140 ° 12 ’ 13 ” E), M 5 seamount, depth 1001 m, 27 May 2019.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Corallum monopodial, unbranched and pinnulate, with long unpinnulated lower stem. Pinnules simple, arranged bilaterally and alternately, with longest pinnule near the middle section of pinnulated stem. Pinnular density 3 – 4 per cm. Spines smooth, conical with blunt point. Spines on pinnules usually in 6 longitudinal rows, three to four rows in lateral view. Polypar spines 0.034 ‒ 0.056 mm high and abpolypar spines 0.024 ‒ 0.040 mm high. Spines 0.34 – 0.65 mm apart in each row, 2 or 3 spines per millimeter.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Colony was slightly pink in situ and became reddish brown after being preserved in alcohol. The holotype is approximately 38.1 cm high, 16 cm wide, with lower unpinnulated section of stem 28.1 cm in length, occupying about 3 / 4 of stem length (Fig. 6 A, E). Basal stem is about 1.62 mm in diameter, while only 0.81 mm in diameter near the base of lowermost pinnules and 0.25 mm in diameter on the apex of corallum. Pinnules simple, usually arranged alternately in two lateral rows along the upper portion of stem, with a few exceptions. The distance between pinnules of the same row is 4 – 12 mm (mostly 6 – 9 mm), about 3 pinnules per centimeter on both sides. The length of pinnules ranges from 3 cm to 8 cm, increasing from lower section of pinnulated stem to middle part, then decreasing towards apex. The distal angle between pinnules and stem is near 90 ° along the pinnulated section. The interior angle between the two rows of pinnules varies from 130 ° to 150 °. Spines on pinnules (Fig. 7 A) simple, smooth, conical with blunt point. Spines on the same side nearly equal in size and projecting outwards at approximately right angles to axis (Table 3). On the middle part of the pinnules, the polypar spines are 0.034 ‒ 0.056 (0.045 ± 0.006, n = 18) mm high and 0.18 ‒ 0.29 (0.24 ± 0.03, n = 18) mm wide at base, and the abpolypar spines are 0.024 ‒ 0.040 (0.033 ± 0.005, n = 18) mm high and 0.14 ‒ 0.27 (0.20 ± 0.04, n = 18) mm wide at base. On the basal part of the pinnules, the polypar spines are 0.028 ‒ 0.059 mm high and the abpolypar spines are 0.024 ‒ 0.038 mm high. Along the distal parts of the pinnules, the polypar spines are 0.027 ‒ 0.043 mm high, and the abpolypar spines are 0.018 ‒ 0.042 mm high. Spines on pinnules are usually arranged in 6 longitudinal rows when viewed from the cross section and in 3 ‒ 4 rows from the lateral view. The distance between adjacent spines of same row is 0.34 ‒ 0.65 mm, about 2 ‒ 3 spines per millimeter in each row. Spines on stem simple, smooth, conical with blunt apex (Fig. 7 D). Spines on the middle part of pinnulated stem are 0.023 ‒ 0.036 mm high and 0.09 – 0.22 mm wide at base, arranged in 2 – 4 rows in lateral view. Polyps are in poor condition in alcohol-preserved colony.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. A seamount tentatively named as M 7 in the Caroline Ridge in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean with water depth of 1088 m.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Composite of the Latin adjective longus (long) and the Latin noun caulis (stem) refers to the longer unpinnulated stem of species.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Found from the M 5 and M 7 seamounts located in the Caroline Ridge in the tropical Western Pacific, with water depth of 998 ‒ 1088 m. The water temperature was about 4.4 ‒ 5.1 ° C and the salinity about 34.3 – 34.7.	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
03B6F509FFB4FFD7FF77AE133871FDE4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus Bathypathes Brook, 1889 contains currently 15 species (Molodtsova et al. 2022, Chimienti et al. 2022). Like the new species, only three congeners have alternately arranged pinnules, Bathypathes platycaulus Totton, 1923, Bathypathes pseudoalternata Molodtsova, Opresko & Wagner, 2022 and Bathypathes thermophila Chimienti, 2022. Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov. differs from B. platycaulus by the number of pinnules (15 – 20 per 5 cm vs. 25 – 30 per 5 cm). In addition, the stem diameter of the new species decreases from the base to the apex, while the stem diameter of B. platycaulus increases from 1.5 mm to 1.75 mm in the first 7 cm and then decreases to 0.28 mm at the apex (Totton 1923, Molodtsova et al. 2022). Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov. is different from B. pseudoalternata by the relatively much longer unpinnulated stem (ratio of the length of unpinnulated stem to the total height of stem 0.74 vs. 0.25), less rows of spines visible in lateral view (3 – 4 vs. 5 – 6) and the number of spines (2 – 3 per 1 cm vs. 5 – 6 per 1 cm) (Molodtsova et al. 2022). Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from B. thermophila by the corallum form (unbranched vs. branched), the relatively much longer unpinnulated stem (ratio of the length of unpinnulated stem to the total height of stem 0.74 vs. 0.05), the number of pinnules (9 – 12 per 3 cm vs. 14 – 18 per 3 cm), the larger spines (0.024 ‒ 0.056 mm vs. 0.017 – 0.022 mm), the larger distance between adjacent spines (0.34 – 0.65 mm vs. 0.20 – 0.31 mm,) and the spine rows visible from lateral view (3 – 4 vs. 6 – 7) (Chimienti et al. 2022, Table 3).	en	Lü, Ting, Zhan, Zifeng, Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2024): Alternatipathes longispina sp. nov. and Bathypathes longicaulis sp. nov., two black corals (Antipatharia, Schizopathidae) from seamounts in the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5437 (2): 245-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5437.2.4
