taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B78D43FF9BFF88FF44E5ACFF05F84A.taxon	description	The genus is considered to be related to Pezothrips and Ceratothripoides within the Megalurothrips genus-group (Mound & Palmer 1981), particularly because of the presence of a pair of dorso-apical setae on the first antennal segment. However, in contrast to Megalurothrips species, no species of Craspedothrips has a group of microtrichia in irregular rows anterolateral to each spiracle, and there is no posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII. In contrast, most species of Craspedothrips have a distinct ctenidium-like row of microtrichia anterior to each spiracle on tergite VIII (Fig. 17), these being particularly well-developed in hargreavesi, but absent in antennalis and xanthocerus, and variably weak in the other species. Moreover, Neotropical species currently placed in Retanathrips Mound & Nickle (2009) are also related, and future studies, preferably incorporating molecular data, will need to consider the possibility that a single pantropical lineage is involved. Also related are the Oriental genera, Aroidothrips and Filipinothrips, in which the species have paired dorsoapical setae on antennal segment I, three sensoria on segment V, an irregular group of microtrichia near the spiracles on tergite VIII, and sexually dimorphic antennae. Mycterothrips species similarly share the character state of antennal segment I, and many species in that genus exhibit sexual dimorphism in the antennae (Masumoto & Okajima 2006). Species of the grass-associated genus, Plesiothrips, also exhibit these two states, but males of Plesiothrips species have a pair of drepanae on tergite IX, similar to those of Trichromothrips species, and these two genera are possibly less closely related to Craspedothrips. Relationships among these genera of Thripinae remain far from clear. The subgenus Antennothrips was erected for two African species in which females differ from the other members of the genus in lacking craspeda on the posterior margins of the tergites (Figs 7, 32) and sternites, and a third species with this condition is described below (Fig. 25). Males are not known for these three species, and males are known for only two species in the nominate genus. The males of one have no craspeda on the tergites or sternites, but the males of the other have craspeda on the tergites but not the sternites; the presence or absence of craspeda is thus probably not a good indicator of relationships in this group of species. One of the two species assigned originally to Antennothrips is unusual in lacking ocellar setae pair I (Fig. 30). This condition is also shared by one species currently placed in Craspedothrips but that is unique in the genus in having a comb of microtrichia on the posterior margin of the eighth tergite. Considering this structural diversity, and the fact that three new species of Craspedothrips were discovered during one short visit to Kenya (by S. O.), it seems likely that the diversity of African Thripinae remains poorly explored. The chaetotaxy of the fore wing is stable among species of Craspedothrips: first vein with 4 setae near base, then a short gap followed by a row of about 14 – 18 setae (rarely as few as 10), then a sub-apical gap followed by 2 setae; second vein with about 13 – 17 setae; clavus with 5 marginal and 1 discal setae.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9AFF89FF44E0F1FD5FF867.taxon	description	(Figs 2 – 4)	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9AFF89FF44E0F1FD5FF867.taxon	description	Specimens studied. INDONESIA: JAVA, Moeriah mountains, Lectotype female from marginal leaf rolls on unidentified Apocynaceae, 28. ix. 1912, in SMF; BALI, Tabanan, Pura Luhur, 2 females without host data, 11. viii. 2006 (S. Okajima), in LETUA. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Cairns, Crystal Creek, 7 females from Parsonsia ichnocarpus (Apocynaceae), 5. xi. 2008, in ANIC.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9DFF8EFF44E4E7FF10FD6F.taxon	description	(Figs 5 – 7)	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9DFF8EFF44E00AFCD1F9B3.taxon	description	(Figs 8 – 12)	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9DFF8DFF44E2A2FCA9FB2A.taxon	description	(Figs 13 – 19) Female macroptera. Body brown, major setae dark brown; tibiae and tarsi yellow, femora light brown; fore wing including clavus deeply shaded; antennal segment III light brown with base and apex paler, IV brown with dark basal ring separated from most of this segment by narrow pale band. Head wider than long, cheeks convex; ocellar setae pair I arise close together, II just anterior to ocellar triangle, III arise on tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli; postocular setae all small; ocellar triangle with no sculpture, posterior part of vertex with 4 or 5 transverse striae; frons with 6 pairs of prominent setae; compound eyes with no pigmented facets; maxillary palps 3 - segmented. Antennal segment I with paired dorso-apical setae; III – IV with very stout forked sensoria, apex of IV greatly elongate; lateral sensoria on V flattened; VI with 3 sensoria; VIII longer than VII. Pronotum with many transverse lines and many discal setae, posterior submarginal area demarcated; 2 pairs of posteroangular setae, posterior margin with 3 (or 2) pairs of setae. Mesonotum transversely striate, anterior campaniform sensilla present, median setal pair close to posterior margin. Metanotum transversly striate on anterior half, reticulate on posterior; median setae stout, close to weaker lateral pair; campaniform sensilla present. Prosternal ferna slightly separated medially; mesothoracic sternopleural sutures complete; metapre-episternum band-like bearing one seta. Abdominal tergite I transversely sculptured, without craspedum; II – VII with about 10 transverse line laterally, sculpture not extending mesad of discal setae S 2 in IV – VII; II – VIII with broad craspedum on posterior margin, lateral margins of craspedum on VIII form variable number of microtrichia; posteroangular setae on III – VI arise mesad of posterior angle of tergites; VIII with ctenidium-like row of microtrichia terminating at spiracle; IX with one pair of campaniform sensilla, median dorsal setae stout; X short with weak split. Sternites II – VI with narrow craspedum lobed between major setae; II with 2 pairs of minute setae on anterior margin and a third pair sometimes almost medially, and 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; III – VII with 3 pairs of marginal setae, on VII S 1 and S 2 arise well in front of margin. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1350. Head, length (tilted) 80; width 150; ocellar setae pair III 12. Pronotum, length 135; width 185; posteroangular setae — inner 50, outer 40; separation between pronotal striae medially 3 – 5. Fore wing length 700. Antennal segments III – VIII length, 55, 75, 50, 55, 15, 23. Specimens studied. Holotype female, SINGAPORE, from unidentified red flowers, 25. ix. 2007 (D. J. Tree, 498), in ANIC. Paratypes: 3 females collected with holotype. MALAYSIA, SABAH, from Medinilla amplectens flowers (Melastomataceae), vii – ix, 1999 (J. Kanstrup), in ANIC. INDONESIA, BALI, Tabanan, Muncak Sari, Pura Luhur, at 755 m, 4 females without host data, 2. ix. 2006 (S. Okajima), in LETUA.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9DFF8DFF44E2A2FCA9FB2A.taxon	discussion	Comments. Only one antenna remains on the holotype, and there are no antennae left on the paratypes from Singapore, images are therefore included here also of paratypes from Bali. The sensorium on antennal segment III of these paratypes is more slender than that of the holotype (Figs 13, 14), moreover the pronotal posteroangular setae of these paratypes are longer than those on the holotype (Figs 15, 16), with the setae on the paratype from Sabah intermediate in length. The antennae of malaysiae are similar to those of antennalis, but ocellar setae pair III are short, only about as long as the distance between the posterior ocelli, the pronotal posteroangular setae are also shorter, and the transverse striae on the pronotum are more closely spaced. In contrast to most other members of the genus, including antennalis, on sternite VII setal pair S 2 of malaysiae arise at least three times the width of their basal pores anterior to the sternal margin (Fig. 19).	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9EFF8DFF44E14CFDC2F8EC.taxon	description	(Figs 20, 21)	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9EFF83FF44E305FF48FBB1.taxon	description	(Figs 22, 23) Female macroptera. Body and legs brown, tarsi yellow; major setae dark brown; fore wing shaded slightly paler at base, clavus also paler distally; antennal segment III mainly yellow, IV yellow in basal half, V – VIII brown. Head wider than long, cheeks straight, mouth cone extending between fore coxae (head tilted down in available specimens); ocellar setae pair I small, close together, II just anterior to ocellar triangle, III arise on tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli; postocular setae all small; ocellar triangle with no sculpture; postocular part of vertex narrow with 3 or 4 transverse striae; frons with 6 pairs of prominent setae; compound eyes with no pigmented facets; maxillary palps 3 - segmented. Antennal segment I with paired dorso-apical setae; III – IV with short and stout forked sensoria, apex of IV slightly elongate; lateral sensoria on V small and flattened; VI with 3 sensoria, external sensorium short; VIII long than VII. Pronotum with irregular, widely spaced transverse striae, discal setae small, posterior submarginal area scarcely demarcated; 2 pairs of short postero-angular setae with inner pair stout, 3 pairs of postero-marginal setae. Mesonotum transversely striate, anterior campaniform sensilla present, median setal pair close to posterior margin. Metanotum irregularly reticulate; median setae short, not close to lateral pair; campaniform sensilla present. Prosternal ferna slightly separated medially; mesothoracic sternopleural sutures complete; metapre-episternum band-like bearing one small seta. Abdominal tergites I – II and anterior half of III transversely sculptured, IV – VII with sculpture lines not extending to median setae and campaniform sensilla; I with no craspedum; II – VIII with broad band-like craspedum; VIII with ctenidium-like row of microtrichia terminating at spiracle; IX with two pairs of campaniform sensilla, median dorsal setae stout; X short with weak split. Sternites II – VI with broad craspedum lobed between major setae, absent medially on VII; II with 3 pairs of minute setae near anterior margin; II with 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae, III – VII with 3 pairs, on VII S 1 arises well in front of margin, S 2 arises at margin. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1220. Head, length 55; width 115; ocellar setae pair III 25. Pronotum, length 130; width 150; posteroangular setae – inner? 40, outer 50; separation between pronotal striae medially 7 - 10. Fore wing length 610. Antennal segments III – VIII length, 35, 45, 33, 45, 10, 18. Specimens studied. Holotype female, KENYA, Nyanza District, Luanda, at 1140 m, with no host data, 10. iii. 2007 (S. Okajima), in NMK. Paratypes, 8 females taken with holotype, in LETUA and NMK.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF9EFF83FF44E305FF48FBB1.taxon	discussion	Comments. The head of each of the available specimens is tilted down, thus emphasising the length of the mouth cone such that this reaches just beyond the fore coxae. The species is closely related to hargreavesi, but has much shorter setae on the head and pronotum, and antennal segments III and IV have slightly less prolonged apices (Figs 12, 23).	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF90FF81FF44E0BFFAA2FF3A.taxon	description	(Figs 24, 25) Female macroptera. Body bicoloured; head, pronotum and legs yellow, light brown anterolaterally on pterothorax also meso and metanota; abdominal tergites II – VIII light brown but sharply yellow postero-laterally, IX – X light brown; fore wing shaded including clavus but wing apex slightly paler; antennal segments I – II light brown, III almost yellow, IV brown with narrowed apex paler, V – VIII brown shading to light brown; major setae pale. Head wider than long, cheeks straight; ocellar setae pair I small, arising close together, II just anterior to ocellar triangle lateral to first ocellus, III arise on tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli; postocular setae all small; ocellar triangle with no sculpture, posterior part of vertex with 5 or 6 transverse striae; frons with 6 pairs of prominent setae; compound eyes with no pigmented facets; maxillary palps 3 - segmented. Antennal segment I with paired dorso-apical setae; II with no microtrichia, III – VI with microtrichia present; III – IV with apex elongate, greatly so on IV, both with long forked sensoria; inner and outer lateral sensoria on V flattened; VI with 3 sensoria; VIII longer than VII. Pronotum with prominent striae forming transverse reticulation, posterior submarginal area demarcated; 2 pairs of postero-angular setae, 2 pairs of postero-marginal setae. Mesonotum transversely striate, anterior campaniform sensilla absent, median setal pair close to posterior margin. Metanotum irregularly reticulate, reticulation almost concentric on posterior; median setae close to lateral pair; campaniform sensilla present. Prosternal ferna slightly separated medially; mesothoracic sternopleural sutures complete; metapre-episternum band-like bearing one seta. Abdominal tergites without craspedum; I transversely striate / reticulate, anterior half of II – VII with similar transverse lines medially and laterally; VIII with a few microtrichia in a short row terminating at spiracle; IX with one pair of campaniform sensilla, median dorsal setae long and extending beyond posterior margin; X short with weak split. Sternites without craspedum, II with 3 pairs of minute setae near anterior margin and 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; III – VII with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae, on VII S 1 and S 2 arise well in front of margin. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1350. Head, length 100; width 135; ocellar setae pair III 35. Pronotum, length 95; width 165; posteroangular setae — inner 55, outer 70; separation between pronotal striae medially 3 – 6. Fore wing length 820. Antennal segments III – VIII length, 52, 75, 50, 70, 12, 25. Specimens studied. Holotype female, KENYA, Western District, Kakamega Forest, at 1620 m, no host data, 4. iii. 2007 (S. Okajima), in NMK. Paratypes, 1 female collected with holotype, in LETUA, 2 females with similar data except 3. iii. 2007, in LETUA and NMK.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF90FF81FF44E0BFFAA2FF3A.taxon	discussion	Comments. Collected quite close to the original site of antennatus, these two species are closely related. The new species is bicoloured, with the tergal sculpture particularly distinctive, the sculptured lines on the pronotum and metanotum much less closely spaced, and the major sensoria on the antennae more slender.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF92FF81FF44E53CFDB6F9BF.taxon	description	(Figs 26 – 29) Female macroptera. Body brown, also mid and hind femora; mid and hind tibiae yellow, also fore legs; fore wing including clavus light brown; antennal segments I – II and IV – VIII brown, III yellow; major setae light brown. Head wider than long, cheeks straight; ocellar setae pair I short, arising close together, II longer and lateral to first ocellus, III long on tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli; postocular setae all small; ocellar triangle with no sculpture, posterior part of vertex with 5 or 6 transverse striae; frons with 6 pairs of prominent setae; compound eyes with no pigmented facets; maxillary palps 3 - segmented. Antennal segment I with paired dorso-apical setae; II with no microtrichia, III – VI with microtrichia present; III – IV with apex elongate, with stout forked sensoria; inner and outer lateral sensoria on V flattened; VI with 3 sensoria; VIII longer than VII. Pronotum with prominent striae forming transverse reticulation, posterior submarginal area demarcated; 2 pairs of postero-angular setae, 3 pairs of postero-marginal setae. Mesonotum transversely reticulate, anterior campaniform sensilla present, median setal pair close to posterior margin. Metanotum with strong equiangular reticulation; median setae stout, close to lateral pair; campaniform sensilla present. Prosternal ferna slightly separated medially; mesothoracic sternopleural sutures complete; metapre-episternum band-like bearing one seta. Abdominal tergite I without craspedum, with prominent equiangular reticulation, each reticle with curved anterior margin, tergite II with row of 5 similar reticles at anterior; tergites II – VIII with narrow band-like craspedum; V – VIII with no sculpture between median pair of setae, laterally with 5 or 6 weak transverse lines; VIII with lateral ctenidium-like structure weakly developed; IX with two pairs of campaniform sensilla, median dorsal setae long and extending to posterior margin; X short with no split. Sternite II with 3 pairs of minute setae near anterior margin; II – VI with narrow craspedum lobed between marginal setal bases, VII with no craspedum; II with 2 pairs of marginal setae, III – VII with 3 pairs, on VII S 1 and S 2 arise far in front of margin. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1500. Head, length 75; width 150; ocellar setae pair III 50. Pronotum, length 125; width 175; posteroangular setae — inner 75, outer 60; separation between pronotal striae medially 3 – 5. Fore wing length 800. Antennal segments III – VIII length, 55, 75, 48, 65, 10, 20. Male: Similar to female but smaller and paler; pronotum less prominently sculptured; metanotal reticles less uniform, almost concentric on posterior half; tergite I similar to that of female, sculpture on II prominent but more irregular; tergites without craspeda, III – VIII with almost no sculpture; IX with no anterior campaniform sensilla, median dorsal setae short and stout; sternites without pore plates. Antennae with only 7 segments; segment III short and broad, IV – VI elongate with many very long setae (Fig. 29). Specimens studied. Holotype female, KENYA, Western District, Kakamega Forest, at 1620 m, no host data, 4. iii. 2007 (S. Okajima), in NMK. Paratype, 1 male collected with holotype, in NMK.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF92FF81FF44E53CFDB6F9BF.taxon	discussion	Comments. The two specimens on which this species is based bear the same collection data as two females of poecilus, but in contrast to that species there are craspeda on the tergites in the female. Moreover, the sculpture on the first abdominal tergite is unlike that of any other species of Thripinae.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF92FF86FF44E2B6FC47FE39.taxon	description	(Figs 30 – 33)	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
03B78D43FF92FF86FF44E2B6FC47FE39.taxon	materials_examined	The original descriptions of both xanthocerus and carvalhoi are well illustrated. The single female from Uganda on which xanthocerus was based has been examined (in USNM), but the type material of carvalhoi from Angola is not in the Paris Museum and has not been studied. Despite that, there is little doubt about the identity of this species and the above synonymy is based on a long series of xanthocerus from Coffea robusta in Angola (in BMNH). Also the following have been studied (in BMNH): Uganda - a long series from the underside of leaves of Coffea arabica; Tanzania — a series from coffee leaves in association with Hemileia vastatrix; Kenya — three females in association with Hemileia vastatrix at the coffee research station, Kisii. The association of both xanthocerus and antennatus with this coffee fungus remains unclear, whether it involves feeding on the spores or feeding on damaged leaf tissues as is known for some Panchaetothripinae species. Antennal segments III – VI (Fig. 33) are unusually pale in xanthocerus, the pronotal discal area lacks setae and sculpture lines, the metascutum is weakly sculptured (Fig. 31), and on sternite VII setae S 2 arise in front of the posterior margin by a distance equal to about twice the diameter of their basal pores. This species shares with ghesquierei the unusual condition of lacking a pair of setae in front of the first ocellus.	en	Mound, L. A., Masumoto, M., Okajima, S. (2012): The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae). Zootaxa 3478: 49-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7
