identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4A11DEFAB19D87F9CF50CFB7F97C5600.text	4A11DEFAB19D87F9CF50CFB7F97C5600.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus Baird 1850	<div><p>Genus Alycaeus Baird, 1850</p><p>Alycaeus Baird, 1850: 27-28.</p><p>Description for Peninsular Malaysian species.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth. In some species, second whorl grooved.</p><p>Shell shape and size. Conical (pyramidal), flat or globose. Shell height: 3.03-10.91 mm. Shell width: 3.36-15.04 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 0.93-3.21 mm. Spire width: 1.40-4.00 mm. Number of whorls: up to 3-5 ½ . Spire shape always oblong conical. Whorl periphery strongly keeled or rounded. Always umbilicated. Umbilicus open or partially closed.</p><p>Whorl constriction. Position of constriction about 2 ¼– 5 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Always present, varies in length: 0.29-6.52 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture always circular. Apertural margin moderately expanded or very expanded. Aperture height: 1.59-7.30 mm. Aperture width: 1.60-6.59 mm. Peristome single, double or triple. Peristome thickened or not thickened. Peristome notched or winged at suture. Interspace between peristome none, narrow or wide. Peristome orientation varies 4°-55° oblique to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Absent or present. When present, distinction varies (distinct or indistinct), spacing always regular to irregular. Number of spiral lines: 11-60 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Pronounced, indistinct or absent. Even or unevenly spaced. 6-21 radial ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Pronounced, indistinct or absent. Radial ribs sometimes are thicker and whiter compared to radial ribs anterior of breathing tube. Even or unevenly spaced. 6-29 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Pronounced, indistinct or absent. Usually unevenly spaced. 2-25 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave or flat. Rounded or conical. Exterior usually calcareous layered of variable thickness. Exterior texture varies (smooth, finely granulated, flaky, short calcareous spikes, cup-like projection at nucleus, scaffold-like calcareous deposits or appressed radially spiral lamellae). Interior usually proteinaceous layered. Interior sculpture smooth, with multilamellar impression or mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. Varies between and within species (white, pinkish-white, pink, yellow, orange, red, brownish-red. brown, purple). Apical whorls either in white or non-white colours, always fading to white in subsequent whorls.</p><p>Living animal. Body colour variable but lighter than head and tentacle (cream-white, yellow, cream-yellow, light brown, brown, maroon, greenish-black, light grey, grey). Head colour variable (orange, pink, pinkish-brown, brown, maroon, greenish-black, grey, dark grey). Tentacle either uni-coloured (yellow, red, brown, reddish-brown, light grey, dark grey, black), or bi-coloured (green with brown tips, cream-white with pink tips, yellow with red tips). Head and tentacle often darker coloured relative to the body.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Three distinct habitats: rock (crevices, rock walls, solution holes, moss and lichen covered rocks), vegetation (low shrubs, tree trunks) or forest floor (rotten logs, leaf litter). Usually in moist areas but ocassionally found in drier areas. Always in forested habitats.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The genus Alycaeus Baird, 1850, is separated into three subgenera - Alycaeus Baird, 1850, Pincerna Preston, 1907, and Stomacosmethis Bollinger, 1918 (Egorov 2013). However, all of these subgenera (including Pincerna (see Páll-Gergely 2017)) remain inadequately defined as no clear diagnostic characters have ever been identified (Godwin-Austen 1889) and hence will require extensive revision, a task that is beyond the scope of this study and will instead be treated in later studies (B. Páll-Gergely, pers. comm.). Thus, we do not provide a diagnosis for the genus Alycaeus here pending a revision of the Alycaeidae and resolution of diagnostic characters useful for supraspecific groups. Instead, consistent with our study scope, we will only provide a description of characters relevant to Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A11DEFAB19D87F9CF50CFB7F97C5600	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
B7DFEA90BA3825A78EDE0664169FD0C8.text	B7DFEA90BA3825A78EDE0664169FD0C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus alticola	<div><p>Alycaeus alticola sp. n. Figures 7J, 8, 31G</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PHG 77 Bukit Mengapur, Pahang (3°44'42"N, 102°50'16"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PHG 77 Bukit Mengapur, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12977. Paratypes. PHG 77 Bukit Mengapur, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6888/1, BOR/MOL 8398/26.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PHG 77 Bukit Mengapur, Pahang: BOR/MOL 8397(11).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Latin for "dweller at heights". Named after the species’ apparent ecological preference for habitats at higher and drier parts of limestone hills.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 5.08-6.04 mm. Shell width: 5.04-5.87 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.64-2.23 mm. Spire width: 2.32-2.71 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¾ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.42-0.58 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.40-2.70 mm. Aperture width: 2.32-2.72 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, slightly notched at suture. Peristome orientation 35-38° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct, regularly spaced. Approximately 22-44 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 10-14 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and regularly spaced at the middle until prior to aperture. Approximately 7-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with very thin calcareous layer, with indistinct appressed multilamellae. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth, with indistinct appressed multilamellae and indistinct mamilla.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow, fading to white posterior of constriction. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white with fine brown blotches. Head brown. Tentacles brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on rock surfaces covered with powdery lichen at higher and drier areas of the limestone hills, often at open places exposed to ambient sunlight. They never appear on wet and mossy sections of limestone rocks and are rarely seen in lower parts of limestone hills that are shaded by forest cover.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to Bukit Mengapur, Pahang.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus alticola sp. n. varies in the degree of ultimate whorl expansion within population but has a consistently more expanded and globose whorl compared to A. costacrassa sp. n., A. selangoriensis sp. n. and A. kapayanensis . Alycaeus alticola sp. n. shares similar shell shape with Alycaeus charasensis sp. n. but differs in the presence of pronounced radial ribs and spiral lines, as well as less expanded ultimate whorl.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>A. alticola sp. n. is among the larger yellow, conical shelled Alycaeus in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B7DFEA90BA3825A78EDE0664169FD0C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
C8E6DCB5D19CE079DE4AFEAA526D5717.text	C8E6DCB5D19CE079DE4AFEAA526D5717.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus altis subsp. pirus Moellendorff 1902	<div><p>Alycaeus altis pirus Moellendorff, 1902 Figures 9, 31U</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis altispirus Möllendorff, 1902: 144-145; Maassen 2001: 23; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) perakensis altispirus: Zilch 1957: 147, plate 6, figure 32.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Kelantan.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Lectotype . Kelantan: SMF 109738 (Seen). Paralectotypes. Kelantan: SMF 109739/3(Not seen).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 6.40 mm. Shell width: 6.30 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 2.37 mm. Spire width: 2.68 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 5 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.77 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.87 mm. Aperture width: 3.36 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, notched at suture, upper palatal section folded posteriorly into a wing-like structure. Peristome orientation 36° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Absent.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 8 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 16 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced from the middle section until prior to aperture. Approximately 10 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Unknown.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Unknown. Appears to be restricted to Kelantan.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus altispirus is most similar to Alycaeus regalis sp. n. in having a large shell (shell height: 6.40-7.18 mm, shell width: 5.86-6.87 mm) and tall spire (spire height: 2.32-2.90 mm) but differs in the ultimate whorl being more keeled-like, upper palatal section folded posteriorly into a wing-like structure and peristome orientated oblique to the coiling axis. Unlike Alycaeus perakensis, Alycaeus altispirus is smaller (smaller by about 0.23 mm in shell height, 0.25 mm in shell width) and has a much less expanded ultimate whorl.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>To date, this species is only known from the four type specimens collected by John Waterstradt ( Möllendorff 1902, Zilch 1957) presumably from the same locality as A. kelantanensis, on Pulai Princess Cave hill (4°47'38"N, 101°56'31"E), Kelantan (see Discussion under A. kelantanensis; Waterstradt 1902, Liew et al. 2014). Yet no recent shells have been found on surveyed limestone hills near the locality (about 5 km from Pulai Princess Cave hill) or elsewhere in Kelantan. At the time of its description, Möllendorff (1902) considered A. altispirus a subspecies of A. perakensis but did not elaborate why. We disagree with this decision because the two taxa differ markedly from each other in shell shape especially the degree of expansion and shape of the ultimate whorl as well as their very disjunct distribution range. As such, we consider A. altispirus a species on its own.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8E6DCB5D19CE079DE4AFEAA526D5717	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
4311DEC1FF0CD87C6F129005920E0D8E.text	4311DEC1FF0CD87C6F129005920E0D8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus balingensis Tomlin 1948	<div><p>Alycaeus balingensis Tomlin, 1948 Figures 7 A–B, 10, 31A</p><p>Alycaeus balingensis Tomlin, 1948: 224-226, plate 11, figure, 3; Maassen 2001: 21; Clements et al. 2008: 2760; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>KDH 01 Bukit Baling, Kedah (5°40'50"N, 100°54'25"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntype. Bukit Baling, Kedah: NHMUK 1948.10.2.4/1 (1 specimen seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>KDH 01 Bukit Baling, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6524/1, BOR/MOL 6853/1, BOR/MOL 8356/13, BOR/MOL 8357/27, ZRC 1997/4, ZRC 1975.2.21.1-85/85. KDH 02 Gunung Pulai, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6856/1, BOR/MOL 8360/18, BOR/MOL 8361/26. Mykarst-171 'Tasik Temenggor Hill S2', Perak: BOR/MOL 6245/1.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape and size.</p><p>Globose. Shell height: 4.75-5.87 mm. Shell width: 5.11-6.00 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.23-2.16 mm. Spire width: 2.09-2.54 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ⅛. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 3 ¾ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.70-0.82 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.60-3.13 mm. Aperture width: 2.69-3.22 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, slightly notched at suture. No interspace. Peristome orientation 4-8° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Absent.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-16 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 7-10 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs initially indistinct and dense, but increasingly becomes pronounced and evenly-spaced towards the aperture. Approximately 2-4 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered by calcareous layer, with short calcareous spikes. Interior covered by proteinaceous layer, smooth.</p><p>Shell colour. Red, yellow or white at apical whorls. All colours fade to white towards ultimate whorl.</p><p>Living animal. Body greenish-black. Head greenish-black. Tentacle green with brown tips.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives in crevices on wet limestone boulders and shrubs close to the ground. In forested areas of limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution. Restricted to northern Perak (mykarst-171) and northeastern Kedah (Bukit Baling and Gunung Pulai).</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus balingensis shares similar shell shape (globose whorls) with Alycaeus liratulus and Alycaeus thieroti but differs in having whorls with denser and more pronounced radial ribs, absence of spiral lines, operculum exterior with short spikes and greenish-black body.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Alycaeus balingensis is listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List as it was known only from the actively quarried Bukit Baling at the time of assessment (Clements 2009). Given that new populations have now been discovered in two other localities in Kedah and Perak, the conservation status of A. balingensis should be revised.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4311DEC1FF0CD87C6F129005920E0D8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
4B673B16195781472C33A94D9F4A9C07.text	4B673B16195781472C33A94D9F4A9C07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus carinata Maassen 2006	<div><p>Alycaeus carinata Maassen, 2006 Figures 11, 31Q</p><p>Alycaeus carinata Maassen, 2006: 137-138, figures 10-13; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang (3°58'54"N, 103°08'39"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang: RMNH 104428 (Not seen). Paratypes. PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang: RMNH 104427/2 (1 specimen seen), HW /58 (Not seen), ANSP /2 (Not seen), HW /200 (Not seen). PHG 75 Bukit Tenggek, Pahang: RMNH 104426/2 (Not seen), HW /37 (Not seen).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Almost flat, conical. Shell height: 2.2-3.0 mm. Shell width: 4.0-4.6 mm. Shell measurements derived from Maassen (2006) and re-examination of one paratype (RMNH 104427).</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 3.0 mm. Spire width: 4.5 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery strongly keeled except posterior of the constriction, where it becomes rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 3 ¾ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.3 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.2 mm. Aperture width: 2.0 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, winged at suture. Interspace narrow. Peristome orientation is 30-55° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 25 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs indistinct to absent, only unevenly spaced radial growth lines present.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 13 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs indistinct to absent, only unevenly spaced radial growth lines present.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior and interior composition and sculpture not examined. Maassen (2006) considered the operculum entirely proteinaceous.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow to brown. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on limestone walls in a large, collapsed cave (Maassen 2006). Probably prefers very moist environments only (Maassen 2006).</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to Bukit Sagu and Bukit Tenggek, Pahang.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus carinata is distinguished from all other Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus species by its strongly keeled periphery, relatively low spire, very expanded ultimate whorls and very oblique peristome orientation with respect to the coiling axis (Maassen 2006).</p><p>Discussion .</p><p>Interestingly, no A. carinata was found during the 1950s University of Malaya, Singapore expedition to the type locality although congeners Alycaeus charasensis sp. n. and Alycaeus expansus sp. n. were obtained (ZRC collection lots). This suggests A. carinata may be restricted to upper sections of limestone hills that became accessible only during quarrying in the 1990s. However, viable habitats at Bukit Sagu and Bukit Tenggek are now very likely lost to quarrying (Schilthuizen and Clements 2008, Liew et al. 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B673B16195781472C33A94D9F4A9C07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
E32278950BC40744EE56A91C11729A39.text	E32278950BC40744EE56A91C11729A39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus charasensis	<div><p>Alycaeus charasensis sp. n. Figures 7K, 12, 31H</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PHG 73 Bukit Charas, Pahang (3°54'35"N, 103°08'48"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PHG 73 Bukit Charas, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12981. Paratypes. PHG 75 Bukit Tenggek, Pahang: BOR/MOL 264/2. PHG 73 Bukit Charas, Pahang: BOR/MOL 267/3, BOR/MOL 6891/1.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PHG 73 Bukit Charas, Pahang: BOR/MOL 8399/14, BOR/MOL 8401/26, BOR/MOL 8402/166, BOR/MOL 12982/120, ZRC 1975.2.21.431-434/4, ZRC 1975.2.22.444-677/234, ZRC 1975.2.24.132- 153 /22, ZRC 1975.2.24.1-43/43, ZRC 1975.2.24.93-131/38, ZRC 1975.2.24.83-89/6. PHG 75 Bukit Tenggek, Pahang: ZRC 1975.2.24.44-/&gt;1.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Subspecific epithet named after the type locality, Bukit Charas.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 5.09-5.82 mm. Shell width: 5.23-6.62 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.57-2.11 mm. Spire width: 2.38-2.77 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ⅞ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.46-0.57 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.58-2.90 mm. Aperture width: 2.47-2.84 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, slightly notched at suture. Peristome orientation 34-43° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct, regularly spaced. Approximately 16-60 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs indistinct, unevenly spaced. They are sometimes absent and are replaced by evenly spaced radial growth lines.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thick, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced at the middle until prior to aperture. Approximately 7-19 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thin calcareous layer, with indistinct appressed multilamellae. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth, with indistinct appressed multilamellae.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow, fading to white posterior of constriction. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white with fine brown blotches. Head brown. Tentacles brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on rock surfaces covered with powdery lichen at higher and drier areas of the limestone hills, often at open places exposed to ambient sunlight. They never appear on wet and mossy sections of limestone rocks and are not found in lower parts of limestone hills that are shaded by forest cover.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to Bukit Charas and Bukit Tenggek, eastern Pahang.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus charasensis sp. n. shares similar variability in shell shape with Alycaeus alticola sp. n. but consistently differs in having a larger shell, wider ultimate whorl, widely spaced spiral lines and uneven, widely spaced radial growth lines in place of radial ribs. Alycaeus charasensis sp. n. is distinguished from other tall spired, conical yellow shelled Alycaeus in Peninsular Malaysia by its lack of distinct radial ribs.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>A. charasensis sp. n. is among the larger yellow, conical shelled Alycaeus in Peninsular Malaysia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E32278950BC40744EE56A91C11729A39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
9DEBFD7E8426ECD11830DD9F72F67C4E.text	9DEBFD7E8426ECD11830DD9F72F67C4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus clementsi	<div><p>Alycaeus clementsi sp. n. Figures 7L, 13, 31J</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis : Benthem Jutting 1960a: 13. [not Alycaeus perakensis Crosse, 1879]</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Gua Kelam, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis (6°38'41"N, 100°12'09"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Gua Kelam, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 12970. Paratypes. Gua Kelam, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 276/3, BOR/MOL 6865/1, BOR/MOL 8371/2. Bukit Ayer, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 8365/2. Hill 9 km along the road from Kangar to Kaki Bukit, Perlis: BOR/MOL 270/1. KDH 10 Bukit Kodiang, Kedah: BOR/MOL 12969/1, BOR/MOL 8377/62. KDH 04 Gunung Keriang, Kedah: BOR/MOL 8407/7, BOR/MOL 12968/1. Limestone hill north of Sungai Ewa, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah: BOR/MOL 265/3.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>Gua Kelam, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6194/4, BOR/MOL 6867/1, BOR/MOL 8370/11, BOR/MOL 8373/3, ZRC 1997.21/2. Bukit Ayer, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6251/6, BOR/MOL 6861/1, BOR/MOL 8364/10. PRS 40 Bukit Merbok, Perlis: BOR/MOL 7071/1. KDH 04 Gunung Keriang, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6246/8, BOR/MOL 6252/20, BOR/MOL 6864/1, BOR/MOL 8369/40, BOR/MOL 8378/1, BOR/MOL 12971/1, BOR/MOL 6191/10, ZRC 1997.19/2. ZRC 1997.20/2, ZRC 1975.2.22.67-98/32. KDH 10 Bukit Kodiang, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6872/1.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Gopalasamy Reuben Clements, in recognition of his contribution to the study of land snail biogeography on Peninsular Malaysian karsts.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 5.65-6.98 mm. Shell width: 5.71-7.32 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.87-2.62 mm. Spire width: 2.39-3.32 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5 ⅛. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¾ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.59-0.90 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.95-3.88 mm. Aperture width: 2.83-3.49 mm. Peristome double, thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 25-45° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 11-34 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-16 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 11-16 radial ribs per 1 mm</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, unevenly spaced immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced from the middle section until prior to aperture. Approximately 11-16 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum . Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thin calcareous layer, surface finely granulated with a scattered arrangement of calcareous blunt spikes. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. Yellow at the first 4 whorls. Fades to white towards aperture.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pink. Tentacles cream-white, tips pink.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on wet limestone rock walls and crevices. In shady forests on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>In Perlis, retricted to limestone hills of the Nakawan Range. In Kedah, restricted to limestone hills of the Langkawi archipelago, Kodiang and Gunung Keriang.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus clementsi sp. n. is similar to A. kelantanensis in its shell colouration. Despite shell size of A. clementsi sp. n. being variable within populations across its range, A. clementsi sp. n. is distinguished from A. kelantanensis by its consistently large shell (larger by about 2.13 mm in shell height, 2.32 mm in shell width), thick expanded peristome, spiky operculum exterior as well as the animal colouration.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Historically, Alycaeus clementsi sp. n. shells from Kaki Bukit, Perlis were misidentified as A. perakensis in Benthem Jutting (1960a). Shells of A. clementsi sp. n. in Perlis usually have thicker peristome compared to shells from Kedah albeit all other diagnostic characters remain identical. Shell size of A. clementsi sp. n. is variable within populations across its range and does not appear to have any geographical pattern. This species may occur in Thailand at areas adjacent to Perlis and northern Kedah.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9DEBFD7E8426ECD11830DD9F72F67C4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
223367DE7A0D3E1D681021D3DFA6D4F5.text	223367DE7A0D3E1D681021D3DFA6D4F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus conformis Fulton 1902	<div><p>Alycaeus conformis Fulton, 1902 Figures 7E, 14, 31D</p><p>Alycaeus conformis Fulton, 1902: 68-69; Sykes 1903: 198; Laidlaw 1928: 34; Laidlaw 1932: 36; Venmans 1956: 81, figure 1; Robertson et al. 1987: 2; Chan 1997: 37; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72; Páll-Gergely et al. 2016: 20160151; Foon et al. 2017: 10, figure 4B.</p><p>Alycaeus confirmis [sic]: Maassen 2001: 21.</p><p>Alycaeus coniformis [sic]: Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72, figure. 1B.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Perak.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntypes. Perak: ANSP 84690/2 (Seen), NHMUK 1902.5.28.22-23/2 (Seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>KTN 01 Gunung Reng, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6836/2. KTN 66 Batu Tongkat, Kelantan: ZRC 1975.2.21.88/1. Lojing, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6526/1. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6884/1. PHG 01 Kota Gelanggi, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6887/1, BOR/MOL 8396/2. Mykarst-122 Bukit Merah, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12986/1. PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12987/1. PHG 05 Bukit Cintamanis, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6893/1, BOR/MOL 8403/2, BOR/MOL 8404/2. PHG 72 Bukit Panching, Pahang: ANSP 439103/1. Perak: ZRC 1975.2.21.86/1, RMNH 153478/2. PRK 23 Gunung Rapat, Perak: BOR/MOL 10057/1. SGR 02 Bukit Takun, Selangor: BOR/MOL 6809/1, BOR/MOL 8316/2. SGR 01 Batu Caves, Selangor: ZRC 1975.2.21.87/1, ZRC 1990.10274-10288/14. Endau-Kluang, Johor: BOR/MOL 6458/1, BOR/MOL 6459/1.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth at first whorl, becomes grooved in the second whorl. Grooves arranged parallel to each other and tilted anteriorly at 45° to the coiling axis.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 8.77-10.19 mm. Shell width: 7.16-8.19 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 2.37-3.21 mm. Spire width: 3.24-3.66 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ⅜. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 4.70-5.76 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 4.11-5.14 mm. Aperture width: 4.27-4.93 mm. Peristome double, thickened, slightly notched at suture. Interspace narrow. Peristome orientation 10-16° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct, regularly spaced. Approximately 11-59 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 10-17 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs more pronounced and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-13 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Ribs absent. Only radial growth lines.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, conical. Exterior covered by thick calcareous layer. Exterior has radially spiral lamellae of 6 revolutions. Interior covered by proteinaceous layer, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. First 3 whorls usually red or pink. All colours fade to white towards ultimate whorl.</p><p>Living animal. Body grey. Head grey. Tentacles dark grey to black.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives under large rotten logs and on leaf litter. In wet, shady forests in both limestone and non-limestone areas.</p><p>Distribution. Localised in Perak but widespread in Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor and Johor. Elsewhere, in Phuket, southern Thailand ( Páll-Gergely et al. 2016).</p><p>Differential diagnosis Alycaeus conformis is most similar to Alycaeus gibbosulus in shell shape but differs in having a less expanded penultimate whorl, finer radial ribs anterior of breathing tube, shorter constriction whorl, shorter breathing tube, less oblique peristome and multilamellated operculum exterior. The animal body is dark grey in A. conformis compared to brown in A. gibbosulus .</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Fulton (1902) stated the type locality of A. conformis as Perak without further specifying the location. Perak is a large state in western Peninsular Malaysia. During recent intensive sampling across limestone hills in Perak, Alycaeus conformis was only discovered at one locality, Gunung Rapat. Alycaeus conformis has also been reported from Kelantan (Sykes 1903, Laidlaw 1928), Selangor (Laidlaw 1932, Venmans 1956), Pahang and Johor. Venmans (1956) described the radular morphology of A. conformis from Batu Caves, Selangor. Páll-Gergely et al. (2016) described the microstructures associated with the breathing tube of A. conformis from Phuket Island, Thailand. The shells of A. conformis are often coated in a layer of organic matter when alive (Figure 5E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/223367DE7A0D3E1D681021D3DFA6D4F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
3E4637279E165B88D9AA6C7E50DCEBEB.text	3E4637279E165B88D9AA6C7E50DCEBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus costacrassa	<div><p>Alycaeus costacrassa sp. n. Figures 7M, 15, 31N</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis var. minor nomen nudum, Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Mykarst-065 Batu Balong, Pahang (3°42'41"N, 101°51'25"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Mykarst-065 Batu Balong, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12995. Paratypes. Mykarst-065 Batu Balong, Pahang: BOR/MOL 8320/2, BOR/MOL 6811/4, BOR/MOL 8319/6.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>KTN 06 Gua Ikan, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6631/1. KTN 148 unnamed hill, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 12993/1. KTN 95 Gua Panjang, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 12994/12. PHG 15 Gua Bama, Pahang: BOR/MOL 243/1, BOR/MOL 6235/4, BOR/MOL 6818/2, BOR/MOL 8323/2, BOR/MOL 8324/6. Mykarst-169 Gua Gajah, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6250/5, BOR/MOL 12992/1. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6628/3, BOR/MOL 6882/1. PHG 05 Bukit Cintamanis, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6634/2, BOR/MOL 6892/2. PHG 01 Kota Gelanggi, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6635/1, ZRC 1975.2.24.356-372/7, ZRC 1975.2.24.373-402/30. PHG 16 Gua Sai, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6637/80, BOR/MOL 6638/30, ZRC 1975.2.21.557-564/10. Ulu Keniyam Kechil, Pahang: ZRC 1975.2.22.660-692/32.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In Latin - costa crassa, meaning thick ribbed. Named after the species’ diagnostic widely spaced, pronounced radial ribbing of the whorls.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 3.47-6.37 mm. Shell width: 3.42-6.12 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.06-2.43 mm. Spire width: 1.53-2.79 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5 ¼ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 5 whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.30-0.67 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 1.79-2.89 mm. Aperture width: 1.62-2.84 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, winged at suture. Peristome orientation 26-39° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 19-52 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-18 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 11-17 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced and ueneven immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced towards the aperture. Approximately 10-21 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thick but flaky calcareous layer, surface finely granulated. Interior proteinaceous layered, smooth, with indistinct mamilla.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow, fading to white posterior of constriction. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pinkish brown. Tentacles reddish-brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on wet limestone walls covered with mosses. Occassionally found in crevices, on lower parts of tree trunks. In shady forests on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Widespread from southern Kelantan to central Pahang.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus costacrassa sp. n. most resembles A. selangoriensis sp. n. in its thick operculum, pronounced radial ribbing and spiral lines but has a narrower ultimate whorl and a more circular peristome without posterior folding at the upper palatal section. Alycaeus costacrassa sp. n. also resembles A. kapayanensis in shell shape but differs in its consistently more pronounced radial ribs as well as operculum with thicker calcareous exterior.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Shells of A. costacrassa sp. n. are consistent in their diagnostic characters but vary considerably in shell size and whorl convexity across its range. Populations in Gua Sai and Gua Bama have the smallest shells (Shell height: 3.47-4.46 mm, Shell width: 3.42-4.27 mm, Figure 15 M–Q) with less rounded whorls. Gua Gajah shells are intermediate in size (Shell height: 4.85 mm, Shell width: 4.67 mm, Figure 15 R–V) with rounded whorls. Batu Balong and Gua Panjang have larger shells (Shell height: 4.99-5.94 mm, Shell width: 4.66-5.58 mm, Figure 15 A–E) with rounded whorls. It is possible that A. costacrassa sp. n. may contain several cryptic species pending availability of molecular data for investigation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E4637279E165B88D9AA6C7E50DCEBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
F4EA8B5B93217E3BDB113CE3D1F83CAC.text	F4EA8B5B93217E3BDB113CE3D1F83CAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus expansus	<div><p>Alycaeus expansus sp. n. Figures 7N, 16, 31I</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang (3°58'54"N, 103°08'39"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12983. Paratypes. PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang: BOR/MOL 269/2, BOR/MOL 6358/4. PHG 75 Bukit Tenggek, Pahang: BOR/MOL 273/2.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PHG 72 Bukit Panching, Pahang: BOR/MOL 247/1, ZRC 1975.2.24.352-355/3, ANSP 439118/8. PHG 73 Bukit Charas, Pahang: BOR/MOL 245/1, BOR/MOL 6367/1, BOR/MOL 6890/1, BOR/MOL 8400/9, BOR/MOL 12984/1, ZRC 1975.2.21.956-1015/63, ZRC 1975.2.21.876-955/81, ZRC 1975.2.21.435-488/53, ZRC 1975.2.21.732-831/101. PHG 74 Bukit Sagu, Pahang: ZRC 1975.2.21.532-556/26. PHG 75 Bukit Tenggek, Pahang: ZRC 1975.2.24.723-725/2, ZRC 1975.2.21.489-531/44.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Latin, meaning expanded. In reference to the very expanded peristome and globose whorls.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 4.11-5.88 mm. Shell width: 3.87-5.96 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.33-1.85 mm. Spire width: 1.88-2.57 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.44-0.62 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture very expanded, ocassionally forming wing-like extensions at columellar and upper palatal sections. Wing-like extension at columellar section of the aperture is angular. Aperture height: 1.81-3.44 mm. Aperture width: 1.78-3.13 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 27-32° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 18-40 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs indistinct, evenly spaced. Approximately 6-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 11-17 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs indistinct, unevenly spaced to absent.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, conical. Exterior covered with thick calcareous layer, surface finely granulated. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pink. Tentacles cream-white, tips pink.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on wet rock surfaces and crevices covered with mosses at higher areas and wang of limestone hills. In shaded forests.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to the Kuantan Hills of eastern Pahang (comprises of Bukit Tenggek, Bukit Sagu, Bukit Charas and Bukit Panching).</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus expansus sp. n. is distinguished from all other Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus by its very obtuse ultimate whorl, very expanded peristome with wing-like extensions at columellar and upper palatal sections, thick operculum and animal colouration.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Prior to this study, shells of A. expansus sp. n. from Bukit Charas and Bukit Panching were labelled as A. kelantanensis (BOR/MOL and ZRC collection lots). Shells of A. expansus sp. n. is consistent in its diagnostic obtuse ultimate whorl and very expanded peristome across its range but varies in shell size and spire height for each hill population. Shells from Bukit Sagu and Bukit Tenggek (the northern two of the Kuantan Hills) tend to be larger with ultimate whorl always obtused and spire low. Shells from Bukit Charas and Bukit Panching (the southern two of the Kuantan Hills) tend to be slightly smaller and more variable in ultimate whorl shape (obtuse to normal) and spire height (tall to low). It is possible that A. expansus sp. n. may contain two cryptic species pending availability of molecular data for investigation. Unfortunately, populations on Bukit Panching, Bukit Tenggek and Bukit Sagu are now likely lost to limestone quarrying (see Discussion in A. carinata).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4EA8B5B93217E3BDB113CE3D1F83CAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
743202F2E4D708DE99CA186D01ED02C3.text	743202F2E4D708DE99CA186D01ED02C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus gibbosulus Stoliczka 1872	<div><p>Alycaeus gibbosulus Stoliczka, 1872 Figures 7 F–G, 17, 31E</p><p>Alycaeus gibbosulus Stoliczka, 1872: 268-269, plate 10, figure 14; Pfeiffer 1876: 58; Nevill 1878: 295; Crosse 1879b: 339; Morgan 1885b: 402; Möllendorff 1886: 310; Tenison-Woods 1888: 1068; Kobelt 1902: 344; Sykes 1902: 62; Benthem Jutting 1960a: 13, 19; Davison 1995: 236; Maassen 2001: 21; Clements et al. 2008: 2760; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72, figure 1F; Foon et al. 2017: 12, figure 4C.</p><p>Alycaeus chaperi Morgan, 1885a: 70.</p><p>Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) gibbosulus: Möllendorff 1891: 342; Kobelt and Möllendorff 1897: 150; Möllendorff 1902: 144.</p><p>Alycaeus gibbosulos [sic]: Berry 1963: plate 4.</p><p>Dioryx pyramidalis: Habe 1965: 111-112, plate 2, figures 3-4; Maassen 2001: 21. [not Alycaeus pyramidalis Benson, 1856]</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) gibbosulus: Laidlaw 1928: 34; Chan 1998b: 1.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Penang Island.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntypes. Penang Island: 12 shells deposited at the Indian Museum, Kolkata (Nevill 1878) (Not seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>Botanic Garden, Penang Island: BOR/MOL 8525/1, BOR/MOL 8526/12. KDH 01 Bukit Baling, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6855/1, BOR/MOL 8358/1, BOR/MOL 8359/23, BOR/MOL 12996/1, ZRC 1975.2.21.182-207/25, ZRC 1975.2.21.144-150/6, ZRC 1997.17/4, ANSP 423057/2. KDH 02 Gunung Pulai, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6857/1, BOR/MOL 8362/16. KDH 10 Bukit Keplu, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6871/1, BOR/MOL 8375/51, BOR/MOL 8376/1, BOR/MOL 6190/1. PRK 62 Gua Dayak, Perak: BOR/MOL 279/1. Mykarst-171 Tasik Temenggor Hill S2, Perak: BOR/MOL 6244/1. PRK 55 Gunung Pondok, Perak: BOR/MOL 6850/1, BOR/MOL 8351/3, BOR/MOL 8352/7, BOR/MOL 11523/1, BOR/MOL 11538/2, ZRC 1972.2.21.140-142/3. Limestone outcrop 50m from roadside, Kampung Pahit, Klian Intan, Perak: BOR/MOL 6875/1, BOR/MOL 8381/3, BOR/MOL 8382/1. Mykarst-027 Gunung Kanthan North, Perak: BOR/MOL 9106/2. Mykarst-025, Perak: BOR/MOL 9382/10, BOR/MOL 9416/2, BOR/MOL 9436/17, BOR/MOL 9500/11. PRK 23 Gunung Rapat, Perak: BOR/MOL 10286/1. PRK 59 Bukit Batu Kurau, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.21.180-181/4. Sungai Siput, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.21.143/1. Capis, upper Perak: ZRC 1975.2.21.1020-1022/3. Gua Kelam, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 278/1, BOR/MOL 6866/1, BOR/MOL 6868/1, BOR/MOL 8372/4, ZRC 1975.2.21.152-179/27. PRS 19 Bukit Chuping, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6860/3, ZRC 1975.2.21.151/1. Bukit Ayer, PRS 64 Wang Ulu, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6862/1, BOR/MOL 8366/5, BOR/MOL 8367/3, BOR/MOL 12960/1. PRS 17 Gunung Chabang, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6870/1. PRS 40 Bukit Merbok, Perlis: BOR/MOL 8139/1. TRG 01 Bukit Bewah, Terengganu: BOR/MOL 6662/10, BOR/MOL 13002/1. Malakka (= Peninsular Malaysia): RMNH 153521/2.</p><p>Description .</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth at first whorl, becomes grooved in the second whorl. Grooves arranged parallel to each other and tilted anteriorly at 45° to the coiling axis.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 9.20-10.15 mm. Shell width: 8.46-9.75 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 2.32-3.07 mm. Spire width: 3.32-3.67 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ⅛. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 5.28-6.52 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 4.11-5.14 mm. Aperture width: 4.27-4.93 mm. Peristome double, thickened, slightly notched at suture. Interspace narrow to wide. Peristome orientation 18-24° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct, regularly spaced. Approximately 20-44 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 14-21 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs more pronounced and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-14 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Ribs absent. Only radial growth lines.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, conical. Exterior covered by thick calcareous layer. Exterior has scaffold-like calcareous deposits overlaid on radially spiral lamellae. Interior covered by proteinaceous layer, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. First 3 whorls usually red, purple or pink. All colours fade to white towards ultimate whorl.</p><p>Living animal. Body brown. Head brown. Tentacles light to dark grey.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives under large rotten logs or on leaf litter. In wet, shady forests in both limestone and non-limestone areas.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Widespread from Perlis to Perak on the west coast and in parts of Kelantan and Terengganu on the east coast but not found in Selangor, Pahang and the southern states of Peninsular Malaysia. Elsewhere, in Trang, southern Thailand (as Dioryx pyramidalis (Benson, 1856), in Habe (1965)).</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus gibbosulus is most similar to A. conformis in shell shape but differs in having a more expanded penultimate whorl, coarser sculpture, more oblique peristome, longer constriction whorl, longer breathing tube (longer by 0.66 mm), ultimate whorl that is very obtused prior to constriction and scaffold-like calcareous deposits at the operculum exterior. The animal body is brown in A. gibbosulus compared to grey in A. conformis .</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>The syntypes of A. gibbosulus is housed in the Indian Museum, Kolkata, India (Nevill 1878) but was not examined in this study. Nevertheless, topotypic specimens from Penang Island (BOR/MOL 8525, BOR/MOL 8526) match the illustration of the type by Stoliczka (1872). This is considered to be sufficient for positive species identification.</p><p>This species is closely related to A. conformis and has historically been confused with it. Studies that reported A. gibbosulus in various localities are as follows: Penang (Stoliczka 1872, Crosse 1879b, Tenison-Woods 1888, Kobelt 1902, Laidlaw 1928, Möllendorff 1891), Perlis (Benthem Jutting 1960a), Perak (Crosse 1879b, Möllendorff 1886, Möllendorff 1891, Davison 1995, Chan 1998b) and Kelantan (Sykes 1902, Möllendorff 1902). Möllendorff (1886) reported that Perak shells differ from Penang shells in being paler as well as possessing a wider ultimate whorl. These shell forms are well within the morphological variation of A. gibbosulus . An erroneous record of Dioryx pyramidalis Benson, 1856 in Peninsular Malaysia has been traced back to a mistake by Habe (1965) in which specimens of A. gibbosulus from northern Malay Peninsula were misidentified as Alycaeus pyramidalis Benson, 1856. The species Alycaeus chaperi Morgan, 1885b, is also a synonym of Alycaeus gibbosulus ( Möllendorff 1886, Möllendorff 1891).</p><p>Alycaeus gibbosulus has been reported to exist sympatrically with A. conformis in Gunung Rapat, Perak (Foon et al. 2017). Elsewhere range overlaps between A. gibbosulus and A. conformis remain unresolved. In Kelantan, Sykes (1902) mentioned a collection of shells with typical A. gibbosulus characters and some which were "much less gibbous". These less gibbous shells are likely A. conformis, which is common in Kelantan. Hence, it is possible that both A. gibbosulus and A. conformis exist sympatrically in Kelantan. In Pahang where only A. conformis records are confirmed, an aberrant record of A. gibbosulus from Kuala Tahan (Benthem Jutting 1960a) warrants investigation. The shells of A. gibbosulus are sometimes coated in a layer of organic matter when alive (Figure 7F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/743202F2E4D708DE99CA186D01ED02C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
FC00A793330D293DCB6AD6A9B859DAF2.text	FC00A793330D293DCB6AD6A9B859DAF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus ikanensis	<div><p>Alycaeus ikanensis sp. n. Figures 18, 31L</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis var. minor nomen nudum, Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>KTN 06 Gua Ikan, Kelantan (5°21'14"N, 102°01'33"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. KTN 06 Gua Ikan, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 12972. Paratypes. KTN 06 Gua Ikan, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6834/23.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>KTN 06 Gua Ikan, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6193/2, BOR/MOL 6632/17.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the type locality, Gua Ikan.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 4.02-4.58 mm. Shell width: 3.58-4.16 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.42-1.78 mm. Spire width: 1.83-2.03 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.35-0.42 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 1.59-1.87 mm. Aperture width: 1.60-1.96 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 16-27° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 22-30 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-19 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 13-18 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and unevenly spaced towards the aperture.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with very thin and indistinct calcareous layer, surface finely granulated, with very indistinct appressed multilamellae. Interior proteinaceous layered, smooth, very indistinct appressed multilamellae.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow, fading to white posterior of constriction. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on limestone walls and boulders covered with mosses. In shady forests on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to Gua Ikan, central Kelantan.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus ikanensis sp. n. is distinctive in being the smallest species among conical, yellow shelled Alycaeus species in Peninsular Malaysia. Alycaeus ikanensis sp. n. is distinguished from A. costacrassa sp. n. by its consistently much smaller shell (smaller by about 0.62 mm in shell height, 0.90 mm in shell width) and narrower ultimate whorl.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Limestone hills adjacent to the type locality Gua Ikan may also harbour populations of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC00A793330D293DCB6AD6A9B859DAF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
A71DE5D2E9B438DD2BFC57C6A576C002.text	A71DE5D2E9B438DD2BFC57C6A576C002.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus jousseaumei Morgan 1885	<div><p>Alycaeus jousseaumei Morgan, 1885a Figures 7 H–I, 19, 31F</p><p>Alycaeus jousseaumei Morgan, 1885a: 70; Morgan 1885b: 402, plate 8, figure 4; Möllendorff 1886: 312; Möllendorff 1891: 343; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72, figure 2B; Foon et al. 2017: 12, figure 4D.</p><p>Alycaeus (Chamalycaeus) jousseaumi [sic]: Kobelt and Möllendorff 1897: 151.</p><p>Alycaeus (Chamalycaeus) jousseaumei: Kobelt 1902: 357; Laidlaw 1928: 36; Chan 1998a: 4; Chan 1998b: 1.</p><p>Chamalycaeus jousseaumei: Benthem Jutting 1960a: 13; Berry 1963: plate 4; Maassen 2001: 24; Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Mont Lano (= PRK 18 Gunung Lanno), Perak (4°31'31"N, 101°08'48"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntypes. Mont Lano (= PRK 18 Gunung Lanno), Perak: MNHN IM-2000-31800/1 (Not seen), MNHN IM-2000-31801/1 (Seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PRK 01 Gunung Tempurung, Perak: BOR/MOL 6847/1, BOR/MOL 8346/3, BOR/MOL 11136/11, BOR/MOL 11211/37, BOR/MOL 11408/10. PRK 15 Gunung Keroh, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.21.247-248/2. PRK 18 Gunung Lanno, Perak: BOR/MOL 6841/1, BOR/MOL 6916/3, BOR/MOL 8337/2, BOR/MOL 8338/2. PRK 23 Gunung Rapat, Perak: BOR/MOL 293/5, BOR/MOL 6255/1, BOR/MOL 6844/1, BOR/MOL 6846/1, BOR/MOL 6848/1, BOR/MOL 7133/6, BOR/MOL 8341/14, BOR/MOL 8342/2, BOR/MOL 8345/22, BOR/MOL 8347/25, BOR/MOL 8348/4, BOR/MOL 10046/8, BOR/MOL 10202/3, BOR/MOL 10228/9, BOR/MOL 10253/10, BOR/MOL 12963/1, BOR/MOL 12998/2, ZRC 1997.18/2. PRK 27 Gunung Datok, Perak: BOR/MOL 10412/9, BOR/MOL 10441/8, BOR/MOL 10474/30, BOR/MOL 10494/8. PRK 34 Gunung Tasek, Perak: BOR/MOL 6839/1, BOR/MOL 8336/6, BOR/MOL 10788/7, BOR/MOL 11054/1. PRK 42 Gunung Bercham, Perak: BOR/MOL 10593/4. PRK 47 Gunung Kanthan South, Perak: BOR/MOL 9101/2, ZRC 1975.2.21.2/2. PRK 53 Hill KF, Perak: BOR/MOL 10658/12, BOR/MOL 10689/13, BOR/MOL 10717/5. Mykarst-189, Perak: BOR/MOL 6842/1, BOR/MOL 8339/8. Mykarst-068, Perak: BOR/MOL 6843/1, BOR/MOL 8340/1, RMNH 153708/3. Mykarst-025, Perak: BOR/MOL 9383/1. Mykarst-027 Gunung Kanthan North, Perak: BOR/MOL 9053/3, BOR/MOL 9374/1. Mykarst-070 Kramat Pulai, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.21.238-245/8. Perak: RMNH 153477/1.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Flat. Shell height: 7.50-8.76 mm. Shell width: 12.42-15.03 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.77-2.27 mm. Spire width: 2.94-3.45 mm. Number of whorls: up to 3. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 2 ¾ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 5.44-5.97 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, very expanded. Aperture height: 4.88-7.30 mm. Aperture width: 4.92-6.59 mm. Peristome triple. The first (most anterior) peristome is moderately expanded but not thickened. The second (outer) peristome is very expanded but not thickened. The second peristome is impressed on the thickened third (inner), non-expanded peristome. Interspace between first and second peristome wide. Interspace between second and third peristome narrow. Peristome orientation is 44-55° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Absent.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs indistinct, evenly spaced. Approximately 10-18 ribs in 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced and thick, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-15 ribs in 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 10-25 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Flat, conical. Exterior calcareous, smooth but occasionally with calcareous deposits. Interior covered by proteinaceous layer, smooth.</p><p>Shell colour. First 3 whorls usually red, orange, purple or white. Ultimate whorl white. Whorl constriction generally white, occasionally red.</p><p>Living animal. Body light grey to light brown. Head pinkish-brown to dark grey. Tentacles brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on limestone rock surfaces and crevices. In wet, shady forests on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to the karsts of Kinta Valley, Perak. Its known northern limit is at Gunung Tchehel and southern limit at Gunung Tempurung.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus jousseaumei is distinguished from all other Alycaeus species in Peninsular Malaysia by its very low spire, very expanded, obtuse ultimate whorl and very expanded, double peristome with wide interspace.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Alycaeus jousseaumei is morphologically unique and unmistakable among Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus . Alycaeus jousseaumei has been subjected to attempts of supraspecific reclassification. Morgan (1885a) initially placed A. jousseaumei in the genus Alycaeus but Kobelt and Möllendorff (1897) reassigned A. jousseaumei in Chamalycaeus without any justification. The genus Chamalycaeus in Peninsular Malaysia is characterised by its small to minute shell (shell width &lt;6.0 mm), discoid shell shape, strong radial ribs and a breathing tube of variable length (Kobelt 1902, Maassen 2001, Egorov 2013, Foon et al. 2017). Alycaeus jousseaumei is clearly not a Chamalycaeus species. Thus, Alycaeus jousseaumei is herein reassigned back to Alycaeus . Alycaeus jousseaumei is remarkably similar to A. kapayanensis in being range-restricted to the karsts of Kinta Valley (Morgan 1885a, 1885b, Möllendorff 1886, Möllendorff 1891, Benthem Jutting 1960a, Chan 1998a, 1998b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A71DE5D2E9B438DD2BFC57C6A576C002	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
9223C232D5583D1CFCE857875E97CF68.text	9223C232D5583D1CFCE857875E97CF68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus kapayanensis Morgan 1885	<div><p>Alycaeus kapayanensis Morgan, 1885b Figures 7O, 20, 31M</p><p>Alycaeus kapayanensis Morgan, 1885b: 403, plate 8, figure 5; Benthem Jutting 1960a: 13; Maassen 2001: 22; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72.</p><p>Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) kapayensis [sic]: Möllendorff 1891: 342.</p><p>Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) kapayanensis: Kobelt and Möllendorff 1897: 150.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) kapayanensis: Kobelt 1902: 346; Laidlaw 1928: 35.</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis var. minor nomen nudum, Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Alycaeus kapayanesis [sic]: Foon et al. 2017: 12, figure 4E.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Gunong Lano (= PRK 18 Gunung Lanno), Perak (4°31'31"N, 101°08'48"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntype. Perak, Gunong Lano (= PRK 18 Gunung Lanno), Perak: MNHN IM-2000-31792/45 (1 specimen seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PRK 01 Gunung Tempurung, Perak: BOR/MOL 11142/11, BOR/MOL 11229/1, BOR/MOL 11385/2, BOR/MOL 11414/3. PRK 23 Gunung Rapat, Perak: BOR/MOL 241/2, BOR/MOL 6845/1, BOR/MOL 8343/4, BOR/MOL 8344/2, BOR/MOL 10031/4, BOR/MOL 10230/10, BOR/MOL 10259/4, BOR/MOL 12985/1. PRK 27 Gunung Datok, Perak: BOR/MOL 10482/4, BOR/MOL 10502/3. PRK 29 Gunung Lang, Perak: BOR/MOL 244/1, BOR/MOL 13005/13. PRK 34 Gunung Tasek, Perak: BOR/MOL 6840/5, BOR/MOL 6905/1, BOR/MOL 8405/11, BOR/MOL 8406/20, BOR/MOL 10793/52, BOR/MOL 11028/29, BOR/MOL 11065/5. PRK 42 Gunung Bercham, Perak: BOR/MOL 10629/1. PRK 47 Gunung Kanthan South, Perak: BOR/MOL 9081/38, BOR/MOL 9161/12, ZRC 1975.2.22.229/1. PRK 53 Hill KF, Perak: BOR/MOL 10671/3, BOR/MOL 10696/6. Hill 10 km NE of Sungai Siput town, Perak: BOR/MOL 246/1. Mykarst-025, Perak: BOR/MOL 9425/1, RMNH 153570/1. Mykarst-027 Gunung Kanthan North, Perak: BOR/MOL 9041/2. Limestone outcrop opposite Jalan Jalong-Lasah Chinese cemetery, NE of Sungai Siput, Perak; BOR/MOL 6876/1, BOR/MOL 8383/21, BOR/MOL 8384/1. Sungai Siput North, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.22.183-189/7, ZRC 1975.2.22.383-443/61, RMNH 153569/101, ZMA 33450/1.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 4.85-5.34 mm. Shell width: 4.44-5.09 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.66-2.03 mm. Spire width: 2.11-2.39 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ⅝ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.29-0.51 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.01-2.77 mm. Aperture width: 2.13-2.36 mm. Peristome single, not thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 29-32° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 27-48 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 11-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 10-19 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced at the middle until prior to aperture. Approximately 11-23 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with very thin calcareous layer, with indistinct appressed multilamellae. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth indistinct appressed multilamellae.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body yellow. Head orange. Tentacles red.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on both dry, bare rock and wet limestone walls covered with mosses or tree roots. Although it inhabits forested areas, A. kapayanensis has also been found on revegetated limestone walls at former quarries.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to the karsts of Kinta Valley, Perak. Its known northern limit is at the Sungai Kerdah karst region, northeast of Sungai Siput Utara town and southern limit at Gunung Tempurung.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus kapayanensis is similar to A. costacrassa sp. n. but differs consistently in having less pronounced spiral ribs and much thinner operculum. Alycaeus kapayanensis also resembles A. selangoriensis sp. n. but is consistently smaller shelled (smaller by about 0.96 mm in shell height, 1.6 mm in shell width), has less whorls, less expanded ultimate whorl and thinner operculum.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Historically, many Peninsular Malaysian Alycaeus with small, yellow and conical shells were lumped under A. kapayanensis out of convenience (ZRC collection lots). We systematically and empirically examined these shells from across the peninsula and concluded that A. kapayanensis is restricted to Kinta Valley. Superficially similar species elsewhere differ consistently in shell, operculum and animal characters and are thus described as new taxa: Alycaeus costacrassa sp. n., Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n., Alycaeus ikanensis sp. n., Alycaeus alticola sp. n. and Alycaeus charasensis sp. n. In Kinta Valley, many A. kapayanensis shells have previously been labelled as " A. perakensis var. minor ", a nomen nudum (Clements et al. 2008, ZRC collection lots). The only morphological variability in A. kapayanensis is the degree of expansion of the ultimate whorl.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9223C232D5583D1CFCE857875E97CF68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
52D4660F3B30E0B950055978A4227791.text	52D4660F3B30E0B950055978A4227791.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus kelantanensis Sykes 1902	<div><p>Alycaeus kelantanensis Sykes, 1902 Figures 7 P–Q, 21, 31K</p><p>Alycaeus kelantanense Sykes, 1902: 60-62, Figure 11-12.</p><p>Alycaeus kelantanensis: Möllendorff 1902: 135-149; Laidlaw 1928: 35; Berry 1965: 28; Schilthuizen et al. 1999: 353; Maassen 2001: 22; Clements et al. 2008: 2760; Liew 2010: 101; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72, figure 2C.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Kelantan, Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntype. Kelantan: RMNH 153594/1 (Seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>KTN 01 Gunung Reng, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6837/1. KTN 45 unnamed hill at Kampung Bayu, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6236/6, BOR/MOL 12974/1. KTN 66 Batu Tongkat, Kelantan: ZRC 1975.2.21.838-875/44. KTN 77 Bukit Sejuk, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6199/3, BOR/MOL 6231/1. KTN 95 Gua Panjang, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6200/6, BOR/MOL 6829/1, BOR/MOL 8329/13, BOR/MOL 8330/5. KTN 109 part of Gua Panjang, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 12973/1. KTN 134 Gua Batu Boh, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6828/1, BOR/MOL 8328/3, BOR/MOL 8409/3. KTN 135 Gua Serai, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 242/1. KTN 136 Gua Musang, Kelantan: ZRC 1975.2.21.250-349/102, ZRC 1975.2.24.452-476/25, ZRC 1975.2.24.309-351/43. KTN 139 unnamed hill, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6197/5. KTN 148 'Hill 001', Kelantan: BOR/MOL 12976/4. KTN 149 unnamed hill, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6833/1, BOR/MOL 8333/11. KTN 176 Batu Lesong, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6830/1, BOR/MOL 8331/7, BOR/MOL 8332/8. Mykarst-168, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6189/2, BOR/MOL 6838/2. Mykarst-186 Gua Madu, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6234/1, BOR/MOL 6825/1, BOR/MOL 8327/7, ZRC 1975.2.21.350-430/91. Limestone outcrop 3 km north of Felda Ciku 5 settlement, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6238/3. Bukit Gua Peraling, Kelantan: ZRC 2.24.440-451/12. Kelantan: RMNH 153593/3, ZMA 33451/2. PHG 40 Gua Layang, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6822/1, BOR/MOL 8325/2, BOR/MOL 8326/7. PHG 114 ‘Boomerang’ Hill, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6188/2. Unnamed limestone hill north of Jalan Lipis-Gua Musang Lama, Felda Chegar Perah I and II, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6233/1, BOR/MOL 6814/1, BOR/MOL 8321/5, BOR/MOL 8322/3.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 3.33-5.04 mm. Shell width: 3.36-5.04 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.08-1.76 mm. Spire width: 1.40-2.25 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 3 ⅝ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.38-0.67 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded to very expanded. Aperture height: 1.82-2.73 mm. Aperture width: 1.69-2.46 mm. Peristome double, thickened, folded posteriorly into a wing-like upper palatal structure, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 26-34° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 15-28 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 12-18 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 12-29 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced at the middle, absent again towards the aperture. Approximately 11-20 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thin calcareous layer, with very indistinct appressed multilamellae. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth, with indistinct mamilla.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls white throughout. First 3 whorls occasionally yellow.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pinkish. Tentacles yellow, with red tips.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives in rock crevices and limestone solution holes. In moist, shady forests. Occur on both limestone and non-limestone areas.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Widespread across southern Kelantan.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus kelantanensis varies in shell size and whorl convexity but can nevertheless be distinguished from other similar sized Alycaeus by its rather angular and winged double peristome, pronounced and widely-spaced radial ribs and spiral lines, as well as the red-tipped yellow tentacles of its soft body. Alycaeus kelantanensis is similar to A. clementsi sp. n. in shell colour but differs in being consistently smaller shelled (smaller by about 2.13 mm in shell height, 2.32 mm in shell width), having smooth operculum exterior and a more angular double peristome.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>The type specimen for A. kelantanensis was collected by John Waterstradt, likely from the Pulai Princess Cave hill (4°47'38"N, 101°56'31"E), south of Gua Musang, Kelantan (after Liew et al. 2014, Waterstradt 1902). Alycaeus kelantanensis shells from across its range are consistent in their diagnostic characters but varies in shell size within and between populations. Aside from the locations listed above, this species has also been recorded from limestone hills near Kuala Betis, 25 km west of Gua Musang, Kelantan (Berry 1965) and in the non-limestone Lojing Highlands, Kelantan (Liew 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/52D4660F3B30E0B950055978A4227791	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
8E3FFEE4F53D2E8C355DDBF44BEF432C.text	8E3FFEE4F53D2E8C355DDBF44BEF432C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus kurauensis	<div><p>Alycaeus kurauensis sp. n. Figures 7R, 22, 31P</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PRK 59 Bukit Batu Kurau, Perak (4°55'45"N, 100°49'02"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PRK 59 Bukit Batu Kurau, Perak: BOR/MOL 12967. Paratypes. PRK 59 Bukit Batu Kurau, Perak: BOR/MOL 6851/10, BOR/MOL 8408/2.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PRK 59 Bukit Batu Kurau, Perak: BOR/MOL 8353/22, ZRC 1975.2.22.230-284/54.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the type locality, Batu Kurau.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 5.04-5.56 mm. Shell width: 5.34-6.06 mm</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.08-2.06 mm. Spire width: 2.34-2.52 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 3 ⅝ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.45-0.62 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.51-2.84 mm. Aperture width: 2.34-2.65 mm. Peristome double, thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 35-45° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 24-36 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 7-16 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-16 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction. At the middle section, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced from the middle section until prior to aperture. Approximately 10-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thick calcareous layer, smooth. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-yellow. Head orange. Tentacles red.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on both dry and wet limestone walls. In shady forests and cliffs on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to Batu Kurau, Perak.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus kurauensis sp. n. is similar to Alycaeus perakensis in conical shell shape and radial ribs spacing but differs in being consistently smaller (by about 1.33 mm in shell height, and by about 1.85 mm in shell width), has a less expanded ultimate whorl and peristome, a thick operculum with smooth exterior as well as body and tentacle colouration. Alycaeus kurauensis sp. n. is also similar to Alycaeus kapayanensis in size and colour but differs in having a wider ultimate whorl, thicker operculum with smooth exterior and more widely spaced radial ribs.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>A nomen nudum " Alycaeus perakensis var. minor " was used for this subspecies in the ZRC collection. A. kurauensis sp. n. is quite consistent in all aspects of shell shape except in the ultimate whorl, which varies in the degree of expansion but never as expanded as A. perakensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E3FFEE4F53D2E8C355DDBF44BEF432C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
979A952EC5FBC9E63FF18D5D2E6BDB7D.text	979A952EC5FBC9E63FF18D5D2E6BDB7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus liratulus Preston 1907	<div><p>Alycaeus liratulus Preston, 1907 Figures 7C, 23, 31B</p><p>Alycaeus (Pincerna) liratula Preston, 1907: 206; Robertson et al. 1987: 4; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72; Mienis 2014: 37.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) liratulus: Laidlaw 1928: 35; Benthem Jutting 1959: 77; Maassen 2001: 22; Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Alycaeus liratulus: Marwoto 2016: 17.</p><p>Pincerna liratula: Páll-Gergely 2017: 213-219, figure 1C.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Kelantan.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntypes. Ke-lan-tan (=Kelantan): ANSP 99391/1 (Seen), NHMUK 1907.5.20.191-192/2 (1 specimen seen), HUJ 22445 (Not seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>Mykarst-186 Gua Madu, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6826/2. KTN 136 Gua Musang, Kelantan: ZRC 1975.2.22.4-7/4. KTN 176 Batu Lesong, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6831/1. KTN 149 unnamed hill, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6832/1, BOR/MOL 8334/3. Mykarst-168, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 8411/2.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape and size.</p><p>Globose. Shell height: 5.62-6.70 mm. Shell width: 5.195-6.08 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.42-2.01 mm. Spire width: 2.30-2.83 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ⅛. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 3 ¾ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 1.13-1.25 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.78-3.16 mm. Aperture width: 2.88-3.43 mm. Peristome double, thickened, slightly notched at suture. No interspace. Peristome orientation 9-20° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 11-14 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 6-7 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-12 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming distinct and unevenly spaced at the middle and then absent again prior to aperture.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered by calcareous layer. Exterior nucleus with calcareous, cup-like projection. Interior covered by proteinaceous layer, smooth, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. Off white, apical whorls occasionally pinkish white.</p><p>Living animal. Body maroon. Head maroon. Tentacles red or brown tipped.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on shrubs close to the ground. In forested areas of limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Restricted to central and southern Kelantan. Elsewhere, isolated records in northern Sumatra, Indonesia (Benthem Jutting 1959, Marwoto 2016) need to be verified.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus liratulus is most similar to Alycaeus thieroti in shell shape but differs in having a larger shell (larger by about 1 mm in shell height, 0.8 mm in shell width), wider-spaced radial ribs and spiral lines, longer breathing tube (longer by 0.65 mm) and flat operculum with cup-shaped calcareous extension at the nucleus exterior.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Confusion between A. liratulus and A. thieroti due to similarity in shell shape and poor original descriptions have led to many misidentifications in the past (see Discussion in Alycaeus thieroti). Isolated records of A. liratulus from northern Sumatra (Benthem Jutting 1959, Marwoto 2016) have to be re-examined. Laidlaw (1928) considers A. liratulus as closely related to the A. globosus of Borneo, an opinion we concur based on its globose shell. However, A. globosus differs from A. liratulus in the arrangement and density of radial ribs, short breathing tube and absence of a cup-shaped projection at the operculum exterior.</p><p>Supraspecific classification was attempted for A. liratulus by Preston (1907), who created a new subgenus Pincerna based on the sole diagnostic character of the cup-shaped protrusion on the operculum exterior of A. liratulus . However, the operculum structure is an unsuitable diagnostic character because analogous structures have also been found in Alycaeus kukenthali Sarasin &amp; Sarasin, 1899 and Alycaeus ochraceus Godwin-Austen, 1893, two species unrelated in shell shape to A. liratulus (Sarasin and Sarasin 1899, Laidlaw 1928, Páll-Gergely 2017). Note that we maintained Pincerna as a subgenus of Alycaeus although Pincerna was recently elevated to genus level ( Páll-Gergely 2017). See Remarks section under genus Alycaeus for discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/979A952EC5FBC9E63FF18D5D2E6BDB7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
3301A013AA937836D472F9776624E312.text	3301A013AA937836D472F9776624E312.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus perakensis Crosse 1879	<div><p>Alycaeus perakensis Crosse, 1879a Figures 7S, 24, 31V</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis Crosse, 1879a: 206-208, plate 7, figure 7; Crosse 1879b: 339-340; Möllendorff 1886: 310; Sykes 1903: 195; Tension-Woods 1888: 1068; Tielecke 1940: 345; Davison 1995: 236; Schilthuizen et al. 1999: 353; Clements et al. 2008: 2760; Foon et al. 2017: 13, figure 4F.</p><p>Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) perakensis: Möllendorff 1891: 342; Kobelt and Möllendorff 1897: 150.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) perakensis: Kobelt 1902: 348; Laidlaw 1928: 35; Chan 1998a: 4; Chan 1998b: 1.</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis perakensis: Maassen 2001: 23; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 72.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Buket Pondong (= PRK 55 Gunung Pondok), Perak (4°46'57"N, 100°50'01"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntypes. Buket Pondong (= PRK 55 Gunung Pondok), Perak: MNHN IM-2000-31793/1 (Seen), MNHN IM-2000-31794/1 (Seen), MNHN IM-2000-31795/1 (Seen).</p><p>Other materials.</p><p>KDH 01 Bukit Baling, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6525/1, BOR/MOL 6854/5, BOR/MOL 8527/1, BOR/MOL 8528/2. KDH 02 Gunung Pulai, Kedah: BOR/MOL 6858/2. PRK 55 Gunung Pondok, Perak: BOR/MOL 272/1, BOR/MOL 6849/1, BOR/MOL 8349/29, BOR/MOL 8350/23, BOR/MOL 11479/46, BOR/MOL 11506/31, BOR/MOL 11539/50, BOR/MOL 11563/20, ZRC 1997.25/5, ZRC 1975.2.22.175-182/12, ZRC 1975.2.22.36-66/31, ANSP 423056/2. PRK 61 Gua Badak, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.22.160-174/15. PRK 62 Gunung Dayak, Perak: BOR/MOL 277/5, BOR/MOL 6201/3, ZRC 1975.2.22.127-159/33. PRK 64 Bukit Kepala Gajah, Perak: BOR/MOL 6852/1, BOR/MOL 8354/33, BOR/MOL 8355/5, BOR/MOL 10088/31, BOR/MOL 10124/15, BOR/MOL 10136/18, BOR/MOL 10166/21, BOR/MOL 13001/2. Mykarst-171 Tasik Temenggor Hill S2, Perak: BOR/MOL 6243/1. Hill 40 m east of Sungai Siput Hospital, Perak: BOR/MOL 271/1, BOR/MOL 6877/1, BOR/MOL 8385/24, BOR/MOL 8386/1. Limestone outcrop 50m from roadside, Kampung Pahit, Klian Intan, Perak: BOR/MOL 6874/1, BOR/MOL 8379/22, BOR/MOL 8380/9. 'Bat Cave’ Hill, roadside towards Perlop 1 and 2 oil palm plantations, Perak: BOR/MOL 6878/1, BOR/MOL 8387/17, BOR/MOL 8388/5, BOR/MOL 9770/11, BOR/MOL 9799/3, BOR/MOL 9833/1, BOR/MOL 9877/4. Batu Kebelah, Kampung Kenang Baru, Jalong Tinggi, Perak: BOR/MOL 6879/1, BOR/MOL 8389/5, BOR/MOL 8390/5, BOR/MOL 9546/23, BOR/MOL 9565/2, BOR/MOL 9573/5, BOR/MOL 9585/17. Lenggong, Perak: ZRC 1997.24/4 specimens. Perak: RMNH 153573/3, RMNH 153574/2. Banang Pupo, Yala, Thailand: ANSP 446394/3.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 5.98-7.27 mm. Shell width: 6.48-8.62 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.83-2.64 mm. Spire width: 2.80-3.39 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.61-0.88 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, expanded. Aperture height: 3.06-4.32 mm. Aperture width: 2.86-4.10 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 43-49° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 17-35 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-14 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, widely and regularly spaced, approximately 9-16 ribs per 1 mm. Prior to aperture, radial ribs become absent.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thin calcareous layer, surface finely granulated with a scattered arrangement of calcareous spikes. Interior covered with proteinaceous coating, smooth.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pink. Tentacles brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on both dry and wet limestone walls. Some individuals have been spotted on tree trunks and fallen logs beside limestone cliffs. In shady forests on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range and habitat.</p><p>Restricted to central and northern Perak as well as northeastern Kedah (Bukit Baling and Gunung Pulai). Elsewhere, in Yala, Thailand (Sykes 1903, Laidlaw 1928, ANSP 446394).</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis is most similar to Alycaeus roebeleni in conical shell shape but differs in being smaller (smaller by about 0.97 mm in shell height, 1.96 mm in shell width), aperture margins more circular and has a less expanded ultimate whorl. Alycaeus perakensis is distinguished from Alycaeus kapayanensis and Alycaeus kurauensis sp. n. by its much larger shell (larger by about 1.43 mm in shell height, 2.32 mm in shell width), more expanded penultimate whorl, operculum exterior with spikes and more oblique peristome. Shells of A. perakensis vary in the degree of expansion of the ultimate whorl.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Historically, the lack of access to type specimens and poor original diagnosis have led to the misidentification of A. selangoriensis sp. n., A. clementsi sp. n. and A. kapayanensis as A. perakensis (Laidlaw 1932, van Bethem Jutting 1960a, Clements et al. 2008). Alycaeus perakensis shells are consistent in shell size and spire height but varies in the degree of expansion of the ultimate whorl with no particular geographic pattern. Tielecke (1940) used A. perakensis as a representative species for Alycaeus in his comparison of cyclophorid reproductive anatomy. Möllendorff (1894) considered A. perakensis to be closely related to A. roebeleni . Alycaeus perakensis shells were also collected from Biserat and Banang Pupo, Yala, southern Thailand (Sykes 1903, Laidlaw 1928, ANSP 446394).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3301A013AA937836D472F9776624E312	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
FF3F4A221DE51B03A2BFC1BD1A8F1774.text	FF3F4A221DE51B03A2BFC1BD1A8F1774.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus regalis	<div><p>Alycaeus regalis sp. n. Figures 7T, 25, 31T</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis altispirus : Tarruella and Domènech 2011: figure 2E. [not Alycaeus altispirus ( Möllendorff, 1902)]</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang (3°41'50"N, 102°26'04"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12990. Paratypes. PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12991/11. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6629/14.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6232/3, BOR/MOL 6240/4, BOR/MOL 6881/1, BOR/MOL 8393/5, ZRC 1975.2.22.581-600/20. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6883/1.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Latin, meaning royal. In reference to the species’ tall spire and colour reminiscent of the yellow royal parasol which is part of the regalia of Southeast Asian kingdoms.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 6.57-7.18 mm. Shell width: 5.86-6.87 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 2.32-2.90 mm. Spire width: 2.88-3.21 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 5 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.62-0.81 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, very expanded. Aperture height: 2.91-3.66 mm. Aperture width: 2.95-3.59 mm. Peristome double, sometimes thickened, slightly notched at suture. Peristome orientation 4-17° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Regularly spaced. Approximately 20-36 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 7-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 6-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced and uneven immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced from the middle section until prior to aperture. Approximately 8-16 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Flat. Exterior with proteinaceous coating and indistinct appressed multilamellae. Interior with proteinaceous coating, smooth, mamillated. Operculum interior sometimes with a hard, ligament-like proteinaceous extension embedded within the columellar muscle of the animal when alive.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pinkish-brown. Tentacle tips brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>This species lives on dry rock surfaces covered with powdery lichens. They never appear on wet and mossy sections of limestone rocks.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to limestone karsts at central Pahang (Gunung Senyum and Gunung Jebak Puyuh) only.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus regalis sp. n. is most similar to A. altispirus in shell size (shell height: 6.40-7.18 mm, shell width: 5.86-6.87 mm) and tall shell spire (spire height: 2.32-2.90 mm) but differs in the ultimate whorl periphery being rounder, upper palatal section lacking the posterior folding and peristome orientated parallel to the coiling axis.</p><p>Discussion .</p><p>Prior to this study, specimens of A. regalis sp. n. from Gunung Senyum were always labelled as Alycaeus perakensis altispirus (Tarruella and Domènech 2011; ZRC collection lots) even though they clearly differ from each other, especially in the aperture shape. Alycaeus regalis sp. n. occur sympatrically with A. costacrassa sp. n. and A. senyumensis sp. n. although the two are separated by their habitat preferences. Alycaeus regalis sp. n. appear to prefer drier habitats whereas A. costacrassa sp. n. and A. senyumensis sp. n. are always found on wet rocks with mosses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF3F4A221DE51B03A2BFC1BD1A8F1774	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
E05F7E97C89CE75DFF76270954178F53.text	E05F7E97C89CE75DFF76270954178F53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaues roebeleni Moellendorff 1894	<div><p>Alycaues roebeleni Moellendorff, 1894 Figures 26, 31W</p><p>Alycaeus roebeleni Möllendorff, 1894: 146-156; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 73, figure 3A.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) roebelini [sic]: Laidlaw 1928: 35.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) roebeleni: Zilch 1957: 147, plate 6, figure 27.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Samui Islands (= Koh Samui archipelago), Thailand.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Lectotype . Koh Samui, Thailand: SMF 109317 (Seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PRS 11 Bukit Tok Seri, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6863/1, BOR/MOL 8368/2. PRS 17 Gunung Chabang, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6230/1, BOR/MOL 6869/1, BOR/MOL 6873/6, BOR/MOL 8374/8. PRS 19 Bukit Chuping, Perlis: BOR/MOL 6859/1, BOR/MOL 8363/30, BOR/MOL 12980/1, ZRC 1975.2.22.99-126/29. Koh Samui, Thailand: RMNH 153575/2, ZMA 317517/1, ANSP 81380/2. Mountain north of Phatthalung, Thailand: ANSP 446393/1.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 7.20-8.01 mm. Shell width: 8.94-10.08 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 2.17-2.74 mm. Spire width: 3.13-3.68 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.71-0.94 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, very expanded. Aperture height: 4.39-5.21 mm. Aperture width: 4.08-5.01 mm. Peristome single to double, not thickened. Peristome orientation 44-49° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 23-37 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-9 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 7-10 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, unevenly spaced immediately posterior of constriction.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thin calcareous layer, smooth. Interior covered with thick proteinaceous coating, smooth, mamillated.</p><p>Shell colour. Yellow at apical whorls. Either fades to white towards ultimate whorl or remain yellow throughout.</p><p>Living animal. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on limestone rock crevices covered by mosses. In shady forests on limestone hills.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to limestone hills of the Chuping geological formation in central Perlis. Elsewhere, in Koh Samui and Phatthalung, southern Thailand ( Möllendorff 1894, materials examined).</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus roebeleni is most similar to A. perakensis in shell shape but is larger (larger by about 0.97 mm in shell height, 1.96 mm in shell width), spire taller and wider (taller by about 0.22 mm in spire height, wider by about 0.31 mm in spire width), penultimate whorl wider as well as peristome more expanded ( Möllendorff 1894). Alycaeus roebeleni also differs from A. perakensis in its operculum, which has a smooth exterior and thick, brown proteinaceous layer at the interior. The spire height of A. roebeleni is quite variable across its range but never as tall as A. perakensis .</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>This species was considered closely related to A. perakensis by Möllendorff (1894), which we concur with, based on examined specimens. However, contrary to the Möllendorff (1894) claim that the operculum is entirely proteinaceous, we show that A. roebeleni has proteinaceous interior and calcareous exterior layers. Despite clear distinctions made between A. roebeleni and A. perakensis in Möllendorff (1894), the two species remain confused by past workers. An A. roebeleni collection lot in ZRC was originally labelled as A. perakensis (ZRC 1975.2.22.99-126). A specimen labelled as A. roebeleni from Banang Pupo, Yala, Thailand is actually A. perakensis (ANSP 446394). Alycaeus roebeleni minor Möllendorff, 1894, from Biserat, Yala, Thailand is also likely A. perakensis (see Remarks in A. perakensis). The Perlis population appears to be the southern-end of the distribution range for A. roebeleni .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E05F7E97C89CE75DFF76270954178F53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
74DA7D7581C4D2D2D8EE1D1B7F710CFA.text	74DA7D7581C4D2D2D8EE1D1B7F710CFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus selangoriensis	<div><p>Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n. Figures 7U, 27, 31O</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis : Laidlaw 1932: 37. [not Alycaeus perakensis Crosse, 1879a]</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) perakensis: Chan 1997: 37. [not Alycaeus perakensis Crosse, 1879a]</p><p>Alycaeus kapayanensis: Venmans 1956: 83. [not Alycaeus kapayanensis Morgan, 1885b]</p><p>Alycaeus perakensis var. minor nomen nudum, Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>SGR 01 Batu Caves, Selangor (3°14'17"N, 101°41'02"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. SGR 01 Batu Caves, Selangor: BOR/MOL 12988. Paratypes. SGR 01 Batu Caves, Selangor: BOR/MOL 6808/1, BOR/MOL 8314/9, BOR/MOL 12989/1. SGR 02 Bukit Takun, Selangor: BOR/MOL 6810/7, BOR/MOL 8318/2.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>SGR 01 Batu Caves, Selangor: BOR/MOL 268/2, BOR/MOL 6371/&gt;1, BOR/MOL 8315/24, ZRC 1975.2.22.285-382/98, ZRC 1997.23 /5, RMNH 153568/16, ZMA 33474/1. SGR 02 Bukit Takun, Selangor: BOR/MOL 6627/14, BOR/MOL 8317/6, ZRC 1975.2.22.190-228/39, ZRC 1975.2.24.403-439/37, ZRC 1997.22/5.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Selangor, the state that the type locality of this species is part of.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 5.07-5.44 mm. Shell width: 5.06-5.88 mm.</p><p>Spire . Spire height: 1.81-2.00 mm. Spire width: 2.35-2.50 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5 ¼ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 5 whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.52-0.71 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, expanded. Aperture height: 2.68-2.37 mm. Aperture width: 2.33-2.61 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, upper palatal section folded posteriorly into a wing-like structure, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 35-40° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 20-33 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 7-20 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 11-21 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs absent immediately posterior of constriction, becoming pronounced and evenly spaced at the middle until prior to aperture. Approximately 9-14 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior covered with thick but flaky calcareous layer, surface finely granulated. Interior proteinaceous layered, smooth, with indistinct mamilla.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pinkish-brown. Tentacles reddish-brown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on wet limestone walls covered with mosses, in forested areas. It can also be found in areas with substantial human disturbance such as on the limestone walls of the temple at Batu Caves.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Restricted to Batu Caves and Bukit Takun, Selangor.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n. is most similar to A. kapayanensis but differs in having a consistently larger shell (larger by about 0.96 mm in shell height, 1.6 mm in shell width), more expanded ultimate whorl and thicker operculum with calcareous exterior. The upper palatal section of the peristome in A. selangoriensis sp. n. is always folded posteriorly and downwards, creating a wing-like extension prior to the notch at the suture, a feature not present in the simple circular expanded peristome of A. kapayanensis . Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n. resembles A. perakensis in having a moderately expanded ultimate whorl but differs in being smaller shelled (smaller by about 1.37 mm in shell height, 2.08 mm in shell width).</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Historically, Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n. shells have been assigned to superficially similar congeners A. perakensis and A. kapayanensis (Laidlaw 1932, Venmans 1956, Chan 1997, ZRC and RMNH collection lots). Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n. has also been labelled as " Alycaeus kapayanensis var. minor ", a nomen nudum (Clements et al. 2008, ZRC collection lots). Alycaeus selangoriensis sp. n. is morphologically consistent in having a very expanded ultimate whorl but varies in spire height. Venmans (1956) described and found that the radula and jaw of A. selangoriensis sp. n. differ substantially from A. thieroti and A. conformis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/74DA7D7581C4D2D2D8EE1D1B7F710CFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
CC033C91009F950C4FDD033401274E0A.text	CC033C91009F950C4FDD033401274E0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus senyumensis	<div><p>Alycaeus senyumensis sp. n. Figures 7 V–W, 28, 31R</p><p>Alycaeus kelantanensis: Clements et al. 2008: 2760.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang (3°41'50"N, 102°26'04"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12965. Paratypes. PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6880/2, BOR/MOL 12966/69. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 8395/6, BOR/MOL 12964/2.</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 275/1, BOR/MOL 6195/6, BOR/MOL 6239/4, BOR/MOL 6249/11, BOR/MOL 8391/41, BOR/MOL 8392/29, ZRC 1975.2.22.444-543/100, ZRC 1975.2.22.626-632/7. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6630/13, BOR/MOL 8394/27.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the type locality, Gunung Senyum.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 4.49-5.01 mm. Shell width: 3.96-4.41 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.47-1.94 mm. Spire width: 2.05-2.28 mm. Number of whorls: up to 5 ¼ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus partially closed.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 5 whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.44-0.57 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, very expanded especially at columellar section. Aperture height: 2.17-2.36 mm. Aperture width: 2.02-2.20 mm. Peristome double, thickened, upper palatal section folded posteriorly into a wing-like structure, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 21-28° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Indistinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 14-24 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, white and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 14-21 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs unevenly spaced, sometimes distinct but usually absent.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, conical. Exterior covered with thin calcareous layer, surface finely granulated. Interior covered with proteinaceous layer, smooth.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow or brownish-red. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white. Head pink. Tentacles yellow or red.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives on both wet, mossy limestone rock walls and boulders. In shady forests on limestone hills. Some living individuals were observed dangling on mucous threads under rock overhangs.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Restricted to limestone karsts at central Pahang (Gunung Senyum and Gunung Jebak Puyuh) only.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus senyumensis sp. n. is distinguished from other Alycaeus by its peristome that is distinctly expanded and angled at the columellar section and partially obscuring the umbilicus, narrow ultimate whorl, strong radial ribs, shallow suture and small shell. Alycaeus senyumensis sp. n. is differentiated from the sympatric A. regalis sp. n. and A. costacrassa sp. n. by its much smaller shell and expanded peristome angled at the columellar base.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Historically, Alycaeus senyumensis sp. n. specimens were labelled as A. kelantanensis (Clements et al. 2008, ZRC collection lots). Alycaeus senyumensis sp. n. occur sympatrically with A. costacrassa sp. n. and A. regalis sp. n. although syntopically only with A. costacrassa sp. n. This is the only Alycaeus species we observed dangling from mucous threads during our fieldwork. Such behaviour in Alycaeus has been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo before (Schilthuizen et al. 1999, Deeleman-Reinhold 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC033C91009F950C4FDD033401274E0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
E4F3ED4DDF94DF97C4DBBBF4A6F331C7.text	E4F3ED4DDF94DF97C4DBBBF4A6F331C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus thieroti Morgan 1885	<div><p>Alycaeus thieroti Morgan, 1885b Figures 7D, 29, 31C</p><p>Alycaeus thieroti Morgan, 1885b: 403-404, plate 10; Venmans 1956: 82, figure 3; Benthem Jutting 1960a: 13; Sykes 1903: 197; Chan 1997: 37; Maassen 2001: 23; Clements et al. 2008: 2760; Tarruella and Domènech 2011: 73; Foon et al. 2017: 13, figure 5A.</p><p>Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) thieroti: Möllendorff 1891: 342; Kobelt and Möllendorff 1897: 151.</p><p>Alycaeus (Alycaeus) thieroti: Kobelt 1902: 352; Laidlaw 1928: 35; Laidlaw 1932: 36.</p><p>Alycaeus liratulus: Liew 2010: 101. [not Alycaeus liratulus (Preston, 1907)]</p><p>Pincerna thieroti: Páll-Gergely 2017: 213-214.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>PRK 18 Gunung Lanno, Perak (4°31'31"N, 101°08'48"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Syntype. Gunong Lano (= PRK 18 Gunung Lanno), Perak: MNHN IM-2000-31799/5 (1 specimen seen).</p><p>Other examined materials.</p><p>Endau-Kluang, Johor: BOR/MOL 6466/1, BOR/MOL 6467/1. KTN 01 Gunung Reng, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6835/1, BOR/MOL 8335/6. KTN 95 Gua Panjang, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 12962/5. Lojing, Kelantan: BOR/MOL 6528/2. PHG 01 Kota Gelanggi, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6886/2, BOR/MOL 6636/1. PHG 02 Gunung Senyum, Pahang: BOR/MOL 12961/4. PHG 03 Gunung Jebak Puyuh, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6885/3. PHG 05 Bukit Cintamanis, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6633/1. PHG 75 Bukit Tenggek, Pahang: ZRC 1975.2.22.8-11/2. PHG 77 Bukit Mengapur, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6889/1. Unnamed limestone hill north of Jalan Lipis-Gua Musang Lama, Felda Chegar Perah I and II, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6815/1. Gunung Tangkup, Kenong Rimba, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6237/1. Gunung Kesong, Kenong Rimba, Pahang: BOR/MOL 6253/2. PRK 55 Gunung Pondok, Perak: BOR/MOL 8410/1. PRK 23 Gunung Rapat, Perak: BOR/MOL 10056/4, BOR/MOL 10258/2. PRK 62 Gunong Dayak, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.22.1/1. Mykarst-025, Perak: BOR/MOL 9415/1, BOR/MOL 12422/1. Lenggong, Perak: ZRC 1975.2.22.2-3/2. SGR 02 Bukit Takun, Selangor: ZRC 1997.27/5.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape and size.</p><p>Globose. Shell height: 4.55-5.68 mm. Shell width: 4.36-5.34 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.06-1.58 mm. Spire width: 1.73-2.30 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4. Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open or partially closed.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 3 ⅝ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.40-0.53 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, moderately expanded. Aperture height: 2.28-2.76 mm. Aperture width: 2.42-2.98 mm. Peristome double, thickened, notched at suture. No interspace. Peristome orientation 15-18° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. 20-37 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 8-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 9-21 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Ranges from absent to indistinct, unevenly spaced.</p><p>Operculum. Almost flat. Exterior covered by calcareous layer. Exterior has calcareous ridges radiating outwards of the nucleus. Interior covered by proteinaceous layer, smooth.</p><p>Shell colour. Variable - red, yellow or white.</p><p>Living animal. Body cream-white or maroon. Head pink. Tentacles red or brown tipped.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Lives in crevices on wet limestone boulders and shrubs close to the ground. In thickly forested areas. Lives in both limestone and non-limestone areas.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Widespread in Perak, Selangor, Kelantan and Pahang.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.</p><p>Alycaeus thieroti is most similar to Alycaeus liratulus in shell shape but differs in having a smaller and more elongated shell (smaller by about 1 mm in shell height, 0.8 mm in shell width), narrowly-spaced radial ribs and spiral lines, shorter breathing tube (shorter by 0.65 mm) and flat operculum with calcareous ridges radiating out from the exterior nucleus.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Morgan (1885b) first described A. thieroti with simple shell characters and an erroneous description of the operculum as smooth and proteinaceous. Möllendorff (1891) subsequently redescribed the species with additional shell characters but did not point out the error. The operculum is a critical diagnostic feature that clearly distinguishes A. thieroti from A. liratulus . Thus, this uncorrected error has led to the misidentification of A. thieroti as A. liratulus and vice versa (e.g. Liew 2010, ZRC collection lots). Alycaeus thieroti was known from Perak, Selangor and Kelantan prior to this study (Morgan 1885b, Möllendorff 1891, Sykes 1903, Laidlaw 1928, Laidlaw 1932, Benthem Jutting 1960a, Venmans 1956). Alycaeus thieroti in Pahang and Johor are new records. Venmans (1956) examined the radular and jaw features of A. thieroti, which is distinct from A. selangoriensis sp. n. but similar to A. conformis in teeth arrangement. Note that we maintained Pincerna as a subgenus of Alycaeus although Pincerna was recently elevated to genus level ( Páll-Gergely 2017). See Remarks section under genus Alycaeus for discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4F3ED4DDF94DF97C4DBBBF4A6F331C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
845A6A0AFC29D60B42CC9B353367C57F.text	845A6A0AFC29D60B42CC9B353367C57F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeus virgogravida	<div><p>Alycaeus virgogravida sp. n. Figures 30, 31S</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Limestone hill at east side of Pulau Dayang Bunting, off Langkawi Island, Kedah (6°12'26"N, 99°47'04"E).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Limestone hill at east side of Pulau Dayang Bunting, off Langkawi Island, Kedah: BOR/MOL 12978. Paratypes. Limestone hill at east side of Pulau Dayang Bunting, off Langkawi Island, Kedah: BOR/MOL 12979/1, BOR/MOL 6248/6.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Latin, meaning pregnant maiden. Named after the type locality, Pulau Dayang Bunting, meaning island of the pregnant maiden.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Protoconch. Smooth.</p><p>Shell shape. Conical. Shell height: 4.71-5.14 mm. Shell width: 4.44-4.97 mm.</p><p>Spire. Spire height: 1.68-1.77 mm. Spire width: 2.19-2.50 mm. Number of whorls: up to 4 ½ . Spire shape: oblong conical. Whorl periphery rounded. Umbilicus open.</p><p>Whorl constriction. At about 4 ¼ whorls posterior of protoconch.</p><p>Breathing tube. Length: 0.49-0.51 mm.</p><p>Aperture and peristome. Aperture circular, expanded. Aperture height: 2.10-2.36 mm. Aperture width: 2.10-2.29 mm. Peristome double, not thickened, notched at suture. Peristome orientation 29-33° oblique with respect to the coiling axis.</p><p>Spiral lines. Distinct. Regularly spaced. Approximately 18-34 lines per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running anterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, evenly spaced. Approximately 11-15 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running perpendicular to breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced and thicker than those anterior of breathing tube, evenly spaced. Approximately 14-17 ribs per 1 mm.</p><p>Radial ribs running posterior of breathing tube. Radial ribs pronounced, unevenly spaced throughout.</p><p>Operculum. Concave, rounded. Exterior calcareous layer thick, smooth and polished. Exterior nucleus punctured through, with a cup-like projection. Four concentric ridges were distributed in the tunnel within the thick, cup-like projection. Interior calcareous, with dense concentric circles of multimellae, nucleus punctured through. Operculum edge teethed, etched with regularly spaced grooves.</p><p>Shell colour. Whorls yellow. Peristome white.</p><p>Living animal. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution range.</p><p>Known only from the type locality Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi archipelago.</p><p>Differential diagnsosis.</p><p>Alycaeus virgogravida sp. n. is similar to A. kapayanensis in having a conical shell but is distinguished by its more expanded whorls, spacing of radial and spiral ribs, and notably, the thick, calcareous operculum with cup-shaped nucleus. Alycaeus virgogravida sp. n. is distinguished from the globose-shelled Alycaeus liratulus, the only other species in Peninsular Malaysia with cup-shaped operculum nucleus, by its conical shell.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Alycaeus virgogravida sp. n. is the only small, conical and yellow Alycaeus species in Peninsular Malaysia with cup-shaped operculum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/845A6A0AFC29D60B42CC9B353367C57F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Foon, Junn Kitt;Liew, Thor-Seng	Foon, Junn Kitt, Liew, Thor-Seng (2017): A review of the land snail genus Alycaeus (Gastropoda, Alycaeidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. ZooKeys 692: 1-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.692.14706
