identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B5879EFF8DD92AFFA3F9A6FD26AEBC.text	03B5879EFF8DD92AFFA3F9A6FD26AEBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	India vitro	<div><p>In vitro studies</p><p>Rao (1967) was the first to publish on the histogenesis and organogenesis of a few orchid seedlings in India . Subsequent tissue culture studies until the 1980s were rather preliminary and appeared infrequently (e.g., Chennaveeraiah &amp; Patil, 1973; Bapat &amp; Narayanaswami, 1977; Mathews &amp; Rao, 1980).</p><p>In vitro research on orchids in India have largely focused on horticulturally important genera (Mitra et al., 1976; Sharon &amp; Vasundhara, 1990; Katiyar et al., 1991; Kaushik &amp; Kishore, 1991, 1995; Seeni &amp; Latha, 1992, 2000; Piyathi &amp; Murthy, 1995; George &amp; Ravishankar, 1997; Nayak et al., 1997, 1998; Kulkarni &amp; Surwase, 1998; Sharma 1998; Sheelavantmath et al., 2000; Talukdar, 2001; Saiprasad &amp; Polisetty, 2003; Bejoy et al., 2004; Piria et al., 2005; Pant et al., 2008; Chugh et al., 2009; Shadang et al., 2009; Guha &amp; Rao, 2010, 2012; Vyas et al., 2009; Chauhan et al., 2010, 2015; Pant &amp; Swar, 2011; Mahendran &amp; Bai, 2012; Sibin et al., 2014; Sibin &amp; Gangaprasad, 2016; Arora et al., 2016; Lekshmi &amp; Decruse, 2018; Gurudeva, 2019; Madhavi &amp; Shankar, 2019).</p><p>Vij and coworkers established protocols for orchid tissue culture in India and carried out extensive research on genera of horticultural and folk values viz., Aerides Lour., Bulbophyllum, Cattleya Lindl., Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski, Dendrobium, Eulophia R.Br. Goodyera R.Br., Luisia Gaud., Oncidium Sw., Paplionanthe Schltr., Phaius Lour., Rhynchostylis, Satyrium Sw., Vanda (Vij et al., 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000; Vij &amp; Pathak, 1988, 1989, 1990; Sharma et al., 1991; Vij &amp; Kaur, 1992; Vij, 1993; Kaur &amp; Vij, 1995, 2000; Vij &amp; Aggarwal, 2003; Aggarwal et al., 2008; Pathak et al., 2011, 2017; Anuprabha &amp; Pathak, 2012, 2019; Vasundhara et al., 2019). The National Research Centre (NRC) in Sikkim, which was established in 1996, has developed hybrid varieties in vitro of several orchid genera of ornamental value (eg., between Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Phaius) to encourage local farmers to enter the horticultural trade (Nagaraju &amp; Parthasarathy, 1994; Nagaraju &amp; Upadhayaya, 2001; Nagaraju et al., 2002, 2003, 2004). Standardized in vitro protocols to raise orchid species have also been established for many taxa from Northeast India, viz., Agrostophyllum Blume, Cleisostoma, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Eulophia, Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, Renanthera Lour., Vanda (Devi et al., 1990, 1997, 1998, 2006; Kumaria et al., 1990; Sharma &amp; Tandon, 1990; Hazarika &amp; Sarma, 1995; Datta et al., 1999; Devi &amp; Deka, 2000; Kumaria &amp; Tandon, 2000; Sinha et al., 2001; Jamir et al., 2002; Roy &amp; Bannerjee, 2003; Sinha &amp; Roy, 2004; Temjensangba &amp; Deb, 2005; Das et al., 2007; Deb &amp; Temjensangba, 2007; Shadang et al., 2007; Ng &amp; Saleh, 2011; Dohling et al., 2012; Paul et al., 2012; Mao &amp; Ranyaphi, 2013; Borah et al., 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5879EFF8DD92AFFA3F9A6FD26AEBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	A., Adit;J. S., Jalal;M., Koul;Tandon, R.	A., Adit, J. S., Jalal, M., Koul, Tandon, R. (2021): A conspectus of orchid studies in India. Rheedea 31 (3): 218-233, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.03.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.03.14
03B5879EFF8BD92DFFA3FC10FB8FA8F2.text	03B5879EFF8BD92DFFA3FC10FB8FA8F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indian Orchidology	<div><p>Indian Orchidology: prospects and conservation</p><p>Restrictions imposed on the commercial collection of orchids for medicinal and horticultural purposes have resulted in their illegal gathering from natural habitats. Although work on micropropagation using various explants in India is substantial, most of these studies have limited utility. The plants raised by tissue culture in most cases have not been reintroduced to nature because of logistics and requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Folk medicine is one of the major contributors to loss of viable orchid populations through overharvesting. Although an abundance of literature on ethnobotany is available on Indian orchids, preparations from orchid taxa need to be scientifically evaluated for effectiveness. Capacity building through skill enhancement in orchid biology, micropropagation, and nursery cultivation is imperative to boost conservation efforts. Most importantly, critical knowledge of reproductive strategies of most threatened orchids is insufficient. Information on threats, habitat ecology, and population dynamics is also unavailable for the majority of the species. Accordingly, the development of conservation policies is difficult. If pertinent measures are not taken for the protection of orchids, many of them may soon become extinct in nature. For example, Spathoglottis arunachalensis Tsering &amp; Prasad, a recently described orchid (Tsering &amp; Prasad, 2020) is not seen any more in the wild, as anthropogenic activities have disturbed its habitat. Many such examples are reminders that ex situ and in situ conservation measures are a necessity to preserve these plants. The National Orchidarium housed in Shillong (Meghalaya), the Sessa Orchid Sanctuary in Tipi (Arunachal Pradesh), and the Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum (Kerala) have become the largest repositories of live orchids in India, and need to be developed as a focal point for the accumulation of a live gene bank of Indian orchids . In lieu of sustainable research, it is imperative that collection and accession of live specimens be promoted instead of herbarium or fixed specimens which are destructive in nature, at least in cases of threatened species. Botanical gardens, orchidaria and sanctuaries can provide accession numbers for such live collections to researchers. This will not only promote research on numerous fundamental aspects, but also can help in the maintenance of a gene pool, to act as a bank for micropropagation, and to serve as reliable repositories for re-introducing species that have disappeared from wild.</p><p>Despite having large number of herbarium specimens in various regional institutions/ herbaria, very few have been/ are being digitized in India . Besides, physical access to these specimens is also marred by red tape. To maintain academic and research growth, institutions with rich herbaria should make provisions for loaning/ exchange of specimens, both within and outside the country. It is crucial to understand that conservation of biodiversity can be facilitated through access of genetic resources and collaboration in research.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5879EFF8BD92DFFA3FC10FB8FA8F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	A., Adit;J. S., Jalal;M., Koul;Tandon, R.	A., Adit, J. S., Jalal, M., Koul, Tandon, R. (2021): A conspectus of orchid studies in India. Rheedea 31 (3): 218-233, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.03.14, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.03.14
