taxonID	type	description	language	source
74FDC25AF6455E2A60322F0B406DA8BD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Volesus can be separated from other genera of Sphaeridopinae by the combination of characters presented in the key below, and additionally by the following characteristics: eyes medium-sized, not covering the head; interocular distance larger than the width of eye, dorsally, and approximately equivalent to it, ventrally; labium with only two visible segments.	en	R. Gil-Santana, Helcio, Oliveira, Jader (2019): First description of the male of Volesusnigripennis Champion, 1899, with new records from Ecuador and Panama, taxonomical notes, and an updated key to the genera of Sphaeridopinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). ZooKeys 841: 97-123, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153
74FDC25AF6455E2A60322F0B406DA8BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador (new record), Panama (new record).	en	R. Gil-Santana, Helcio, Oliveira, Jader (2019): First description of the male of Volesusnigripennis Champion, 1899, with new records from Ecuador and Panama, taxonomical notes, and an updated key to the genera of Sphaeridopinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). ZooKeys 841: 97-123, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153
A6A58EA08810A1C35DE69B1014CB77A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Volesus nigripennis. ECUADOR, Esmeraldas, Tundaloma Lodge, near Calderon, 01.18277 N, 078.75259 W (01 ° 10 ' 57 " N 78 ° 45 ' 09 " W), 55 m a. s. l., 8 - 9. ii. 2014, A. Kury & A. Giupponi leg., 1 male (CEIOC), 1 male (CTJMSB).	en	R. Gil-Santana, Helcio, Oliveira, Jader (2019): First description of the male of Volesusnigripennis Champion, 1899, with new records from Ecuador and Panama, taxonomical notes, and an updated key to the genera of Sphaeridopinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). ZooKeys 841: 97-123, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153
A6A58EA08810A1C35DE69B1014CB77A5.taxon	description	Description. Male. (Figs 4 - 57). Measurements: total length to tip of abdomen: 16.9 - 17.3; to tip of forewings: 16.1 - 16.5; head (excluding neck, measured in lateral view) length: 2.2; length of anteocular portion (measured in lateral view): 0.5; length of postocular portion (measured in lateral view): 0.7; width across eyes: 1.8; interocular distance, dorsal view: 0.9, ventral view: 0.5 - 0.6; width of eye, dorsal view: 0.5; ventral view: 0.6; length of eye: 0.6 - 0.7; distance between external margin of ocelli: 0.7 - 0.8; distance between ocelli: 0.25; maximum width of ocellus: 0.2 - 0.25; length of antennifer: 0.7; lengths of antennal segments: I: 2.5; II: 3.8; III: 1.5; IV: 0.9; lengths of labial segments, first visible: 0.3; second visible: 1.7 - 1.8. Thorax: pronotum: fore lobe, length: 0.8; maximum width: 3.2; hind lobe: length 3.0; maximum width: 5.9; scutellum, length: 2.3; width: 2.7; length of process: 1.1 - 1.2; length of hemelytra: 12.5. Fore legs: length of femur: 3.8; length of tibia: 4.8 - 4.7; length of spongy fossa: 0.25; length of tarsus: 1.2 - 1.3; middle legs, length of femur: 4.5 - 4.6; length of tibia: 4.8 - 5.1; length of spongy fossa: 0.25; length of tarsus: 1.2 - 1.3; hind legs: length of femur: 5.2 - 5.3; length of tibia: 6.3 - 6.7; length of tarsus: 1.3. Abdomen, length: 12.5; maximum width: 7.7 - 7.8. Coloration: general coloration blackish with reddish markings (Figs 4 - 5, 14, 20, 26, 28, 35). Head generally blackish; neck mostly reddish; apices of antenniferous tubercles pale; antennal segment II brownish black; antennal segments III-IV brownish; labium brownish (Figs 4 - 6, 9 - 11, 14, 20). Thorax blackish, brownish black on meso- and metasternum, with the following reddish thoracic markings: on anterior collar and their projections; on lateral and posterior margins of pronotum; on most of fore lobe of pronotum, except its median portion; on hind lobe of pronotum, a median and a pair of lateral converging bands, which are continuous with reddish posterior margin, ending approximately at mid and anterior thirds of hind lobe, respectively; and on postero-superior portion (approximately) of propleura and process of scutellum (Figs 4 - 6, 14, 16, 20, 26, 28). Legs generally blackish; spongy fossa on fore and mid tibiae somewhat paler (Figs 4 - 5, 20, 24 - 25). Hemelytra black, somewhat paler, brownish, on approximately distal half of clavus, medially and about distal half of the membrane, except veins and area just surrounding them (Figs 4 - 5, 26). Hind wing generally brownish, with veins darkened (Fig. 27). Abdomen blackish to blackish brown; tergite VI with a median reddish spot just below anterior margin; tergite VII almost completely reddish, blackish on and just below anterior margin and with a pair of rounded blackish spots on mid-lateral portion (Fig. 28). Connexivum reddish on: extreme base of segment II, approximately basal third of segments III-V, and somewhat less than basal half of segment VI; connexival portion of segment VII almost entirely reddish with only posterior border of approximately distal half darkened; ventrally, marking on segment II is a small spot on external margin; on segments III-VI connexival reddish markings are prolonged dorsally to a short distance on lateral portion of respective tergite as a subtriangular marking, and ventrally, as a somewhat curved lateral marking, directed backwards, reaching spiracles, which are surrounded by reddish posterior margin; sternite II with anterior margin and median portion, on approximately distal half reddish to reddish brown; transverse median bands, on sternites III-VII, progressively larger, reddish brown in one specimen and pale brownish in other, joining lateral reddish markings described above in sternites V-VII, the latter almost completely reddish, with dark coloration restricted to anterior margin and adjacent to genital capsule (Figs 4 - 5, 26, 28, 35). Exposed portion of pygophore and parameres blackish (Fig. 35). Vestiture: body generally covered by sparse short, somewhat curved, adpressed, thin, golden to brownish setae. Head: eyes, ocelli and neck glabrous; region adjacent to insertion of labium with more numerous and somewhat longer setae; ventral surface of first visible labial segment and basal portion of second visible labial segment moderately setose, dorsal surface of correspondent portions with fewer setae; additionally, some sparse setae scattered on the proximal third of second visible segment, remainder glabrous. Antenna: segment I sparsely covered with setae similar to those of general vestiture but slightly longer, more numerous at apex; segments II-IV densely setose, covered with scattered longer, somewhat curved, brownish setae and much more numerous shorter, thinner, whitish setae (Figs 9, 10). Thorax. Some longer straight thin setae on posterior margin of pronotum adjacent to lateral portion of scutellar base; setae are sparser on ventral surface; smooth lateral areas of mesosternum glabrous. Hemelytra: small adpressed setae sparsely scattered on corium, more numerous at its apex; apical two thirds of clavus, respective adjacent area of corium and membrane glabrous. Legs generally with similar vestiture of the body; setae longer and thicker on tibiae, becoming more numerous towards apex; tarsi with stiff, pale, yellowish to golden-yellowish, oblique to curved setae, with variable lengths. Abdomen: tergites I-V almost completely glabrous, with some scattered small darkened or pale setae, almost imperceptible; tergite VI with some more numerous pale setae; tergite VII with scattered longer golden setae. Connexivum: lateral margins with numerous adpressed short curved darkened setae, forming a few irregular rows; these setae become somewhat longer and paler on distal margin of segment VII; segments II-VI dorsally glabrous; some sparse setae on dorsal surface of distal third of segment VII. Sternites generally covered with sparse thin golden to pale setae; somewhat longer and more numerous setae on median portion of segments VI-VII and on pygophore, except its middle portion. Structure: Head. Anteocular portion slightly shorter than postocular portion (in lateral view); ocelli separated by a distance slightly larger than transverse width of each ocellus, positioned medially to level of inner posterior angle of eyes and close to transverse sulcus; antenniferous large; first antennal segment slightly longer than head, stout, somewhat curved, its approximately basal fourth slightly thinner; remaining antennal segments progressively thinner, cylindrical; labium reaching or surpassing the mid third of stridulitrum (Figs 6 - 14, 20 - 22). Thorax. Anterior collar inconspicuous; anterolateral angles rounded and small (Figs 15, 16); fore lobe with irregular areas with smooth and whitish integument; a median transverse depression on fore lobe present between medial margins of longer curved smooth areas (Figs 14 - 17); humeral angles acute, slightly prominent (Figs 14, 18); posterior margin of hind lobe slightly curved on middle third (Figs 14, 15). Scutellum sculptured, median depression shallow, process stout, horizontal, apex rounded (Figs 14, 19). Distance between acute prosternal processes: 0.7. Hemelytra generally dull; on extreme base of dorsal surface, laterally, and on lateral portion, basally, moderately shiny; not reaching tip of abdomen, ending somewhat apically to level of the mid third of seventh tergite (Figs 4 - 5, 26); in one specimen, the membrane has a small additional cell at approximately apical fourth of cubital vein (Fig. 26). Abdomen. Integument generally also rugose (Figs 28 - 34), except on median portions of sternites IV-VII, in which it is mostly smooth (Figs 34 - 38). Connexivum largely exposed, laterally to hemelytra (Figs 4 - 5); anterior margin of tergite I carinulate (Figs 29 - 31); tergite II with a mid-longitudinal keel and median third of posterior margin curved backwards (Figs 28 - 31). Sternites carinulate on anterior margin of segments III-V in one specimen and also on segment VI in the other; on sternite III, canaliculae are somewhat larger and extend more towards lateral portion, occupying approximately two thirds of anterior margin, except midline; on following segments canaliculae become progressively slightly smaller and occupy approximately median third of anterior margin, except midline; a median shallow keel on distal two thirds of segment II and somewhat more elevated in sternites III-VI (Figs 35 - 38). Segment VIII not visible externally, sclerotized on ventral portion, which becomes somewhat wider towards posterior margin; latter almost straight and with a few short setae; dorsal portion membranous and narrower; spiracles on dorsal margin of ventral portion (Figs 39 - 41). Male genitalia (Figs 35, 39 - 40, 42 - 57): genital capsule, in ventral and lateral views: exposed portion of pygophore hemispherical, posterior margin (pm) flattened, integument rugose and setose; non-exposed portion of pygophore less pigmented and less sclerotized, integument smooth and glabrous (Figs 39, 42 - 44); in dorsal view: between anterior and posterior genital openings, a very well-sclerotized dorsal (transverse) somewhat curved bridge; socket of insertion of paramere (sp) approximately in mid portion of pygophore, with a conspicuous medial prolongation obliquely directed posteriorly (psp); numerous, somewhat long, erect setae inserted on inner surface of basal portion of this prolongation; membranous areas of genital opening smooth; proctiger (pct) somewhat enlarged toward apex, with numerous long setae on distal half; posterior dorsal margin of pygophore (pdm) large, forming a horizontal extension of pygophore wall, with some scattered setae on inner margin and more numerous and somewhat shorter elements on median portion (Fig. 40). Median process of pygophore (mpp) only visible in dorsal and lateral views of pygophore, directed upwards, situated some distance from posterior margin, somewhat enlarged, almost straight and subsquared in dorsal and anterior views, respectively (Figs 40, 42 - 43, 47). Paramere apices in contact in resting position (Fig. 35); parameres (pa) (Figs 40, 42 - 43) symmetrical, elongated, with a lateral rounded enlargement just above inserted portion, moderately and strongly curved inwards at mid and apical portions, respectively, narrowing towards tip, which is somewhat rounded (Fig. 45) to acute (Fig. 46); with straight to moderately curved setae, more numerous towards apical portion; setae absent on basal (inserted) portion and on inner surface of approximately basal fourth of the not inserted portion (Figs 40, 43, 45 - 46). Articulatory apparatus with moderately short basal plate arms (bpa); basal arms and basal plate bridge (bpb) forming a subtriangular set (Fig. 50); basal plate bridge (bpb) slightly bent ventrally (Fig. 50); pedicel (pd) elongated, somewhat enlarged at midportion, curved in lateral view (Figs 48, 49, 51, 52). Before inflation of the endosoma, a lateral oval area (loa) somewhat more sclerotized on endosoma wall is evident (Figs 48 - 50) as well as a conspicuous dorsal pair of membranous lobes on endosoma (mle), united at their basal median portion which is inserted just above apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) (Fig. 50). Each membranous lobe on endosoma (mle) is flattened, elongated, apex rounded, directed outwards, laterally to dorsal phallothecal sclerite (Figs 48, 50 - 52, 55). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) elongated, thrice curved in lateral view (Figs 51, 54); in dorsal view, it is narrower at approximately midportion and towards apical portion (Fig. 53); apical margin almost straight (Figs 50, 52, 53, 56); at its subapical enlarged portion there is a pair of symmetrical rounded flat lateral expansions (fle) (Figs 50, 52, 53). After inflation of endosoma, endosoma wall is smooth to longitudinally and transversely finely striated at approximately basal two thirds and coarsely rugose at distal third, with some areas in which the rugosities are more sclerotized (ars) (Figs 56, 57); endosoma wall forming three apical expansions: a median subrounded flat expansion (mfe) and a pair of lateral tubular short expansions (lte), each of the latter with a more sclerotized thin longitudinal line along its length (lsl) (Figs 52, 57). Endosoma with the following processes: a pair of flat, somewhat sclerotized, asymmetrical and striated processes (stp) between apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite and subapical process (sbp) (Fig. 56). The subapical process (sbp) provided with a pair of sclerotized arms, in which basal halves are shorter, diverge more and are formed by stronger sclerotizations of rugosities of wall, while distal half is somewhat longer, less diverging and formed by linear and aggregate thickenings (Figs 51, 52, 56, 57).	en	R. Gil-Santana, Helcio, Oliveira, Jader (2019): First description of the male of Volesusnigripennis Champion, 1899, with new records from Ecuador and Panama, taxonomical notes, and an updated key to the genera of Sphaeridopinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). ZooKeys 841: 97-123, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153
A6A58EA08810A1C35DE69B1014CB77A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador (new record), Panama (new record).	en	R. Gil-Santana, Helcio, Oliveira, Jader (2019): First description of the male of Volesusnigripennis Champion, 1899, with new records from Ecuador and Panama, taxonomical notes, and an updated key to the genera of Sphaeridopinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). ZooKeys 841: 97-123, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.31153
