taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B5F71353545C25FF6B40E9FD649DCB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype, ASIZ 0000960, Pengjia Islet, northeastern Taiwan, 25 ˚ 41.800 ’ N, 122 ˚ 39.931 ’ E, depth 156 m, 12 February 2009, collected by J. T. Dong. Paratype; ASIZ 0000961, same data as holotype.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353545C25FF6B40E9FD649DCB.taxon	description	Description. The holotype, which is 46.0 mm tall and 21.8 mm wide and branches laterally four times in one plane, consists only of the main stem and some of the main branches (Fig. 5). The width of the main stem is uniform between the points at which it branches. The origins of the missing higher order branches can be seen near the broken ends of the main branches. The main stem is 4.89 mm in diameter at the base and the secondary branches are nearly circular in cross-section. The autozooids are fully retracted into cortical mounds, which are irregularly distributed on only one side of the colony, the “ front ” (Fig. 5 A, B), and are completely absent on the “ back ” (Fig. 5 C) and “ flanks ”. The shape of the cortical mounds is short and cylindrical, although their base is slightly wider. They may occur singly or in small groups of two or three and are 0.66 – 0.75 mm high, and 0.37 – 0.40 mm wide at their base (Fig. 5 B). They have an 8 - lobed margin around the orifice that generally does not extend to the base. Siphonozooids can be found between the cortical mounds. The openings of solenial canals are scattered on the “ back ” of the colony appearing as small pores 0.060 – 0.080 mm in diameter (Fig. 5 C, D). The cortex is thick and firm, with a fine granular surface due to the arrangement of the surface sclerites. There are some small raised bumps on the cortex surface at the base of each cortical mound. The axis is solid, round in cross-section, with longitudinal shallow grooves on its surface, and as in other species of Coralliidae, the surface is ornamented with small thorny protuberances (Bayer 1996). Double clubs and 6 - radiates are the most numerous types of sclerite in the cortex, where they intermix with 7 - radiates 8 - radiates, which are rare, and irregular types, and there are no sclerites in the forms of spindles. The shape and respective abundance of sclerites on the “ front ” side are similar to those on the “ back ” (Fig. 6 A, B). In addition, the sclerites in the cortical mounds and autozooids resemble those in the trunk cortex (Fig. 6 C). Sclerites vary in symmetry and size from up to 0.062 mm wide for double clubs to up to 0.088 mm long for 6 - radiates, 0.091 mm long for 7 - radiates and up to 0.092 mm for 8 - radiates. The surface of the double clubs is decorated with tubercles. The living colony axis was crimson with a white center and a similar color remains since it has been preserved in ethanol. The color of the cortex is orange with white spots. When examined under a microscope with transmitted light, the color of the sclerites is slightly orange or colorless.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353545C25FF6B40E9FD649DCB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is currently only found off Pengjia Islet, the top of a seamount off northeastern Taiwan, at depths of 120 – 180 m.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353545C25FF6B40E9FD649DCB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name carusrubrum is derived from a combination of the Greek words carus (highpriced) and rubrum (red), which is descriptive of this red precious coral.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353545C25FF6B40E9FD649DCB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among all Coralliidae species, the shape of cortical mounds of C. carusrubrum n. sp. is unique, in that it is short and cylindrical, and not typically hemispherical or prominently cylindrical. Among the nine previously mentioned Corallium species with retractile autozooids, only C. konojoi and C. elatius do not have 8 - radiates as their major type of sclerite. In fact, 8 - radiates are completely absent in C. konojoi whereas they do occur in C. carusrubrum n. sp. In addition, the shape of cortical mounds above the retracted autozooids is hemispherical in C. konojoi, but it is short and cylindrical in C. carusrubrum. The absence of 7 - radiates and the hemispherical cortical mounds in C. elatius can be used to distinguish it from C. carusrubrum n. sp. It seems that C. carusrubrum n. sp., C. elatius and C. konojoi are closely related species in the northern West Pacific and differ from each other in only a few respects.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353575C24FF6B412FFDD69DC2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype, NMNS- 6606 - 001, Liouciou Islet, southwestern Taiwan, 22 ˚ 16.56 ’ N, 120 ˚ 6.11 ’ E, depth 736 – 1040 m, 22 November 2001, collected by S. M. Chao.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353575C24FF6B412FFDD69DC2.taxon	description	Description. The holotype, which is 39 mm tall, consists of just part of the main stem and the stubs of some other branches, of which the largest protrudes at right angles and is 14 mm thick (Fig. 11 A). The origin of the missing higher order branches can be seen near the broken ends of the main branches. The autozooids only occur on one side of the colony (Fig. 11 A) and are completely absent on the “ back ”. A group of autozooids forms a protuberance at the base of colony. The contracted autozooids are cylindrical in shape with faint longitudinal striations, which are at the division between the tentacles, and they are 0.93 mm high and 1.15 mm wide at the base. Some polyps are not completely contracted and the tentacles are observable under light microscopy and SEM (Fig. 11 B). The upper parts of some of the autozooids have been lost; the whole autozooids are gray. The openings of the solenial canals are very small and primarily present at the base of the autozooids Fig. 11 C), and the siphonozooids are distributed between the autozooids on the “ front ” of the colony. On the “ front ” side, the cortex is thin and fragile, with veins and irregular creases stained by mud, but on the dorsal side it is smooth and not creased (Fig. 11 A). The axis is solid and round in cross-section with a smooth surface. Double clubs and 8 - radiate sclerites are the commonest types in the cortex where they are intermixed with irregular sclerites and form a thin layer overlying the axis (Fig. 12 A, B). In the autozooids, the commonest type is a highly modified 8 - radiate (Fig, 12 Ca). In general, the relative abundance and shapes of autozooid sclerites are similar to those of the cortex (Fig. 12 C). On the oral surface of the tentacles, long spindles, which are up to 0.11 mm long, are the only type of sclerite (Fig. 12 D). There is much variation in the size of sclerites; up to 0.062 mm wide for double clubs, 0.054 mm long for 6 - radiates, 0.065 mm long for 7 - radiates, and 0.096 mm long for 8 - radiates. Asymmetry and an oval shape are the major features of the radiates (Fig. 12 A, B). The double clubs are modified from 8 - radiates and are decorated with tubercles and there are some incompletely modified 8 - radiates (Fig. 12 Aa, Ba). In ethanol, the axis is orange, the cortex is dark-pink, and the tentacles are gray. When the sclerites are examined with a microscope using transmitted light, they are slightly pink or colorless, while they are dark-pink under reflected light.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353575C24FF6B412FFDD69DC2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is currently only known from an area off Liouciou Islet at depths of 736 – 1040 m.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353575C24FF6B412FFDD69DC2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name taiwanicum is alludes to the name of the main island of Taiwan, near where the specimen was collected.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F71353575C24FF6B412FFDD69DC2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Corallium taiwanicum n. sp. differs from other Corallium species by the oval shape and large projections of the 8 - radiate capstans.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F713535D5C2CFF6B41A2FD5F9E19.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: NMNS- 6606 - 002, Lanyu Island, Taiwan, 22 ˚ 48.3 ’ N, 121 ˚ 27.4 ’ E, depth 423 – 439 m, 2 August 2000, collected by S. M. Chao; ASIZ 0000966; Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan depth 400 – 450 m, 1990, collected by commercial fisherman.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F713535D5C2CFF6B41A2FD5F9E19.taxon	description	Description. Colony ASIZ 0000966 is flabellate with a somewhat dichotomous branching pattern on the larger, lower order branches, which give off slender tiny terminal twigs on the “ front ” side (Fig. 14 A). Two of the major branches are missing. Some terminal twigs are fused with each other to form tunnel-like structures on major branches (Fig. 14 B) that often protruded biserially from these branches. At the base of the main stem, most of these structures are lost. The main stem is 23.54 mm in diameter and nearly circular in its cross section. Commensal polychaetes are harbored in the tunnels formed by the fused terminal twigs. The autozooids arise biserially, and only from the terminal twigs on the “ front ” side of the colony where they form groups of 2 or 3 (Fig. 14 C). When contracted, the polyps are tall and cylindrical, with 8 prominent longitudinal grooves that fold over the intersection of tentacles, and extend halfway down the polyp body. Contracted autozooids are up to 1.58 mm high. Siphonozooids are visible around the contracted autozooids as minute apical pores. The cortex, which is thin and fragile in dry state, is decorated with fine granules on the “ front ” side of the colony, and has longitudinal rows of papillae on the “ back ”. The surface of the axis appears smooth when examined under the dissecting microscope, but it exhibits cone-like papillae under SEM (Fig. 14 D). These cone-like papillae are approximately 0.020 mm high. The most abundant sclerites of the cortex are 8 - radiates, which are mostly symmetrically shaped (Fig. 14 E). In addition, 6 - and 7 - radiates, crosses, double clubs and irregular forms are also common in the cortex. The relative abundance and shape of the sclerites in the autozooids resemble those in the cortex (Fig. 14 F), but the spiny rods, which are only present in the tentacles, are not present in the cortex. These rods are coarsely spinose, often with one end enlarged, and up to 0.096 mm long (Fig. 14 F). Radiates vary in size from up to 0.068 mm long for 8 - radiates, up to 0.061 mm long for 7 - radiates, and up to 0.076 mm for 6 - radiates. The double clubs are up to 0.059 mm tall and 0.043 mm wide. The tubercular projections of the 8 - radiates are dull and blunt. Double clubs are modified forms of 8 - radiates, with heads ornamented with blunt projections. The color of the cortex is either pinkish or orange, but the axis is only pinkish. Under transmitted light, the sclerites are colorless. Specimens in a dry state and in ethanol are similarly colored.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F713535D5C2CFF6B41A2FD5F9E19.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Corallium sulcatum is found from the continental shelf off Honshu, Japan to the southwestern coast of Taiwan. It was first discovered at depths of 150 – 550 m off Boshu, Mera, Japan.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
03B5F713535D5C2CFF6B41A2FD5F9E19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description of this species was published in Zoologischer Anzeiger by Kishinouye in 1903. That specimen was collected from Boshu, Mera, Japan, depth 150 – 550 m, but the exact locality and depth are unknown (Kishinouye 1904). The holotype was from a private collection and cannot be traced. The specimen described above was gathered from a precious-coral fisherman. According to the records, this species was massively collected in the 1970 s to 1990 s in waters surrounding Taiwan. When precious-coral fishermen found the coral beds, hundreds of kilograms of corals could be collected on each trip. The commercial name of this species is ‘ miss coral’ or ‘ pink coral’. Although ‘ miss coral’ was intensively collected, it has never been scientifically identified other than as Corallium until now. This is the first time a specimen of “ miss coral ” has been identified to species level. The initial examination of the two specimens available indicated the species might be one of the 2 closely related and sympatric species, C. sulcatum and C. boshuensis. According to the descriptions of Kishinouye (1903 a, b), and the illustrations in Kishinouye 1904, the major differences between C. sulcatum and C. boshuensis are the color of axis and the grooves on the branches. The axis of C. sulcatum is pink and C. boshuensis is milk white to light yellow, and it is only in C. sulcatum where the fine branches fuse together to form tunnel-like structures. We therefore identify the sample as C. sulcatum and not C. boshuensis. In addition to C. boshuensis, the other species that is similar to C. sulcatum is C. regale. Both C. sulcatum and C. regale have a pink axis, cylinder-shaped contracted autozooids, and similar types of sclerites, but they differ in the shape and size of their 6 - and 8 - radiates. Corallium regale has spherical 6 - radiates in its cortex (Fig 13 a), which are not present in C. sulcatum. In addition, according to Bayer (1956), spherical 6 - radiates only appear in C. regale, C. maderense (Johnson, 1899), and C. tricolor (Johnson, 1899). It seems that these three are closely related species in the northern West Pacific and differ from each other in only a few respects. More characteristics are needed to be sought out to clarify the species boundaries.	en	Tu, Tzu-Hsuan, Dai, Chang-Feng, Jeng, Ming-Shiou (2012): Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two New Species. Zootaxa 3395: 1-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.214095
