taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B2B12AFFBCFFAEFF24FD1791839B8A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: IHB YAN 20030201 a, whole-mounted specimen. Type locality: Northeast of Jianshan (24 º 36 ΄ 0 3 ΄ N, 102 º 51 ΄ 14 ΄ E) in Fuxian Lake, eastern Yunnan Province, China; depth 97 m, bottom temperature 13.5 ° C, dissolved oxygen at bottom 5.6 mg / L, total nitrogen in water 0.193 mg / L, total phosphorus in water 0.018 mg / L, fine clay; 14 Feb 2003, coll. Y. Cui. Paratypes: IHB YAN 20030205 a (Paratype-a) ─ 20030205 b (Paratype-b), whole-mounted, two mature specimens from east of Lichang (24 º 32 ΄ 0 4 ΄ N, 102 º 51 ΄ 43 ΄ E) in Fuxian Lake; depth 113 m, bottom temperature 13.5 ° C, dissolved oxygen at bottom 5.2 mg / L, total nitrogen in water 0.195 mg / L, total phosphorus in water 0.024 mg / L, fine clay; 14 Feb 2003, coll. Y. Cui.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBCFFAEFF24FD1791839B8A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name “ vestibulatus ” is Latin for “ vestibule ”, and refers to the pear-shaped vestibule in spermathecal duct.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBCFFAEFF24FD1791839B8A.taxon	description	Description: Length 11.3 – 30.0 mm (Holotype: 30.0 mm), width at XII about 0.6 mm, with 58 – 140 segments (Holotype: 140). Clitellum inconspicuous. Dorsal chaetae (Fig. 1 A) of II – VII (II – III in paratype-a) bifid only, 3 – 8 per bundle, 115 – 140 µm long, 2.5 – 3.0 µm thick, with upper prong twice as long as and thicker than lower, nodulus distal. Dorsals of VIII – X (IV – IX in paratype-a) 3 – 5 hairs and 5 – 8 bifids per bundle; hairs slender and smooth, 250 – 300 µm long, 2.0 µm thick basally; bifids (Fig. 1 C) 110 – 135 µm long, 2.0 – 2.5 µm thick, prongs almost parallel, upper one slightly longer than, or as long as lower. Dorsals (Fig. 1 D) of XI – XII (X – XI in paratype-a) bifid only, 5 – 6 per bundle, shorter and thicker than those in II – VII, with upper prong usually curved, and slightly longer than, lower. From XIII (XII in paratype-a) onwards, dorsals 2 – 5 hairs and 3 – 6 bifids per bundle, shorter and thinner than those of VIII – X, hairs 200 – 240 µm long, bifids (Fig. 1 A) 100 – 115 µm long, with prongs similar to those of VIII – X, simple-pointed chaetae (Fig. 1 B) sometimes present. Ventral chaetae (Fig. 1 E, F) bifid, 6 – 8 per bundle anteriorly, 100 – 140 µm long, 2.0 – 3.0 µm thick, with prongs similar to those of dorsals in II – VII; 3 – 5 per bundle posteriorly, 90 – 110 µm long, 1.8 – 2.0 µm thick, with upper prong longer and thinner than lower. Ventral chaetae absent in IX. Spermathecal chaetae (Fig. 2 A, sc; Fig. 2 B) one per bundle in mid-X (mid-IX in paratype-a), entally embedded in glandular sacs, about 130 µm long, 4.0 µm thick, ental part curved and ectal part grooved. Penial chaetae (Fig. 1 G) 1 – 2 per bundle in postero-XI (postero-X in paratype-a), 75 – 82 µm long, 2.8 µm thick, with upper prong slightly longer and thinner than lower, without nodulus. Male pores paired in line with ventral chaetae, posterior to middle of XI (mid-X in paratype-a). Spermathecal pores paired in line with ventral chaetae in mid-X (mid-IX in paratype-a), immediately anterior to spermathecal chaeta. Pharyngeal glands in II – III. Chloragogen cells from VI (V in paratype-a) onwards. No coelomocytes. Male genitalia (Fig. 1 H) paired in X – XII (IX – XI in paratype-a). Vas deferens (Fig. 1 H, vd) up to 35 µm wide, shorter than atrium, although posterior part unclear; entering apical end of atrium. Atrium (Fig. 1 H, st) extending to XII (XI in paratype-a), about 1220 µm long, 40 – 85 µm wide, tubular and rather homogeneous throughout, with thin outer muscular layer. Prostate glands (Fig. 1 D, pr) small, attached to ental portion of atrium by short stalk. Soft part of penis (Fig. 1 D, pe) cylindrical, about 75 µm long, 65 µm in diameter, enclosed in copulatory sac; penis surrounded by thin cuticularized, somewhat thimble-shaped sheath (Fig. 1 H, ps; Fig. 1 I), 80 µm long, 68 µm wide, with 5 µm thick walls. Copulatory sac (Fig. 1 H, cs) 95 µm long, 80 – 100 µm wide, with outer muscular layer 10 – 20 µm thick. Spermathecae (Fig. 2 A) paired in X – XIII (IX – XI in paratype-a). Ampulla (Fig. 2 A, sa) up to 600 µm long, maximally 390 µm wide. Duct (Fig. 2 A, sd) totally about 950 µm long, tripartite, consisting of: (1) ectalmost part, about 475 µm long, 50 – 75 µm wide, (2) pear-shaped vestibule (Fig. 2 A, sv), about 250 µm long, maximally 120 µm wide, (3) entalmost part, 200 µm long, 63 – 112 µm wide. Spermatozeugmata (Fig. 2 A, sz) about 500 – 900 µm long, 5 – 10 of them in ampulla, 1 – 2 in vestibule.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBCFFAEFF24FD1791839B8A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: Known only from Fuxian Lake, Yunnan Province, China. Freshwater lake, 97 – 113 m depth, water temperature lower than 14 ºC, fine clay.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBCFFAEFF24FD1791839B8A.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Judging from the long vasa deferentia, long tubular atria each with a small prostate gland, penes with distinct cuticular sheaths, and the atria longer than vasa deferentia, the new species fits the definition of Varichaetadrilus Brinkhurst, 1981. Nine species were previously known in the genus, all distributed in the Holarctic region (Timm, 2006). Among the known members of Varichaetadrilus, there are two species with spermathecal vestibules: V. pacificus (Brinkhurst, 1981), originally known from Washington, USA (Brinkhurst, 1981), and V. fulleri Brinkhurst & Kathman, 1983 recorded only from Kentucky, USA (Brinkhurst & Kathman, 1983). However, V. vestibulatus n. sp. is easily separated from those two species by the modified spermathecal chaetae and the shape of penial sheaths (Table 2). In addition, the spermathecal duct of the new species has pear-shaped middle vestibule, but V. p a c i f i c u s has cervix-like ental vestibule, and V. f u l l e r i has ectal vestibule. This is the first species of Varichaetadrilus recorded from China, and it is the lowest-latitude distributed member hitherto known in the genus. TABLE 2. Comparison of Varichaetadrilus vestibulatus n. sp. and allied species.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBBFFACFF24FF57971D9B5A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: IHB YAN 20020813 d, whole-mounted specimen. Type locality: About 1 km in front of Gehe River mouth (24 º 22 ΄ 58 ΄ N, 102 º 49 ΄ 49 ΄ E) in Fuxian Lake, eastern Yunnan, China; depth 41 m, bottom temperature 17.6 ° C, dissolved oxygen at bottom 8.2 mg / L, total nitrogen in water 0.299 mg / L, total phosphorus in water 0.023 mg / L, fine clay; 8 Aug 2002, coll. Y. Cui & X. Liu.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBBFFACFF24FF57971D9B5A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name “ apeniatus ” is Latin for “ without penis ”, and refers to the absence of penis in this species.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBBFFACFF24FF57971D9B5A.taxon	description	Description: Specimen incomplete, length> 12.8 mm, diameter at XI about 0.4 mm, segments> 80. Clitellum inconspicuous. Dorsal chaetae 1 – 4 hairs and 2 – 4 bifids per bundle; hairs slender and long, without serration, 260 – 320 µm long anteriorly, and 180 – 220 µm long in postclitellar segments; bifids (Fig. 3 C) pectinate, 80 – 120 µm long, 2.0 – 3.0 µm thick, upper prong, slightly longer or as long as, and thinner than lower, with 2 – 3 thin intermediate teeth. Ventral chaetae (Fig. 3 A – B) bifid, 1 – 4 per bundle, 75 – 88 µm long, 3.0 – 3.2 µm thick, with upper prong conspicuously longer and slightly thinner than lower. Ventral chaetae unmodified in X and absent in XI. Male pores paired in line with ventral chaetae, posterior to middle of XI. Spermathecal pores paired in line with ventral chaetae in mid-X. Pharyngeal glands in II – III. Chloragogen cells from VI onwards. No coelomocytes. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 D) paired. Vas deferens (Fig. 3 D, vd) 86 – 110 µm long, 15 – 25 µm wide, entering atrium subapically. Atrium (Fig. 3 D) club-shaped, transition between ampulla and duct gradual. Atrial ampulla (Fig. 3 D, aa) ovoid, 110 – 120 µm long, 35 – 68 µm wide, atrial duct (Fig. 3 D, ad) 90 – 160 µm long, 20 – 35 µm wide. Solid prostate gland (Fig. 3 D, pr) large, attached to ental atrium by short stalk. Penis absent. Spermathecae (Fig. 3 D, sa) paired, small, elongated, 50 – 75 µm long, 35 – 45 µm wide, with indistinct duct, and without sperm in ampulla.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBBFFACFF24FF57971D9B5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: Known only from type locality, Yunnan Province, China. Freshwater lake, 40 m depth, water temperature about 17 ºC, fine clay.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFBBFFACFF24FF57971D9B5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The short vasa deferentia, the ovoid atria with solid prostate glands, the spermathecae without distinct ducts and the absence of penial chaeta and coelomocytes indicate that the new species fits more closely the definition of Aulodrilus Bretscher, 1899 (Brinkhurst & Jamison, 1971) than that of other described genera. Aulodrilus apeniatus n. sp. having no penis is a unique feature of Aulodrilus. With regard to the simple atria and the dorsal bifids, A. apeniatus is similar to A. pectinatus, but it differs from the latter by the slender hairs, the pectinate chaetae throughout the body and the absence of penial chaeta. As a rule, most Aulodrilus species have distinctive somatic chaetae, as bifid chaetae with short upper teeth, and posterior end modified into a respiratory organ (Finogenova & Arkhipova, 1994). These features are absent in the present species. The new species is assigned to Aulodrilus according to the male genitalia, but the external morphological characteristics. The described specimen of A. apeniatus is seemingly a single, unmated animal, and the structure of sexual organs that could be still in a phase of development. So, we gave a provisional home for it, and its systematic placement needs further confirmation from more specimens.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFB8FFA2FF24FC0196E49ACB.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: IHB YAN 20030405 n, whole-mounted specimen. Type locality: Xingyun Lake (24 ° 18 ' 01 ΄ N, 102 ° 47 ' 58 ΄ E), eastern Yunnan Province, China; depth 5.0 m, bottom temperature 16.1 ° C, dissolved oxygen at bottom 7.6 mg / L, total nitrogen in water 2.960 mg / L, total phosphorus in water 0.129 mg / L, fine silt; 7 Apr 2003, coll. Y. Cui.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFB8FFA2FF24FC0196E49ACB.taxon	etymology	Etymology: “ meso ” and “ prostatus ” are Latin for “ middle ” and “ prostate ”, respectively. The specific name refers to the prostate glands attaching to the middle part of the atria.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFB8FFA2FF24FC0196E49ACB.taxon	description	Description: Specimen incomplete, length> 4.4 mm, diameter at XI about 0.7 mm, segments> 22. Clitellum inconspicuous. Dorsal chaetae 2 – 5 hairs and 2 – 4 bifids per bundle, hairs slender and smooth, 250 – 350 µm long, 2.0 µm thick basally; bifids (Fig. 4 C) 100 – 125 µm long, 2.5 – 3.0 µm thick, with upper prong longer and thicker than lower. Dorsal chaetae absent in XI. Ventral chaetae (Fig. 4 A – B) bifid, 2 – 4 per bundle, 100 – 120 µm long, 2.5 – 3.0 µm thick, with upper prong longer and thinner than lower. Spermathecal chaetae unmodified in X. Penial chaetae absent in XI. Male pores paired in line with ventral chaetae in mid-XI. Spermathecal pores paired in line with ventral chaetae in mid-X. Pharyngeal glands in II – III. Chloragogen cells from VI onwards. No coelomocytes. Male genitalia (Fig. 4 D) paired. Vas deferens (Fig. 4 D, vd) short and broad, 240 – 360 µm long, 36 – 46 µm wide, entering atrium apically. Atrial ampulla (Fig. 4 D, aa) somewhat spindle-shaped, 280 – 320 µm long, 58 – 108 µm wide. Prostate gland (Fig. 4 D, pr) large, attached to middle portion of atrium by short stalk. Atrial duct (Fig. 4 D, ed) curved, about 54 µm long, 25 – 36 µm wide. Soft part of penis (Fig. 4 D, pe) cylindrical, about 32 µm long, 20 µm diameter, enclosed in copulatory sac; penis surrounded by thin cuticularized, truncated-cone shaped sheath (Fig. 4 D, ps; Fig. 4 E), 116 µm long, 40 – 80 µm wide, one side of the ectal opening (Fig. 4 E, eo) curved upwards. Copulatory sac (Fig. 4 D, cs) 64 µm long, 40 – 50 µm wide. Spermathecal ampullae (Fig. 4 D, sa) oval to round, 105 – 125 µm in diameter, with sperm masses (Fig. 4 D, sm) in lumina, ducts (Fig. 4 D, sd) 160 – 250 µm long, 35 – 58 µm wide.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFB8FFA2FF24FC0196E49ACB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: Known only from type locality, Yunnan Province, China. Freshwater lake, 5.0 m depth, water temperature 16 ºC, fine silt.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
03B2B12AFFB8FFA2FF24FC0196E49ACB.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The genus Ilyodrilus consists of the type species, I. perrieri Eisen, 1879, together with I. templetoni (Southern, 1909) and the dubious entities I. frantzi Brinkhurst, 1965 and I. fragilis Eisen, 1879. The principal characteristics and the distribution of congeners are shown in Table 3.	en	Cui, Yongde, Wang, Hongzhu (2009): Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China. Zootaxa 2143: 45-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188610
