taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B2C225FFB9FFFFFF526709AB00FC17.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cotithene has a general resemblance to other genera in the subtribe Phyllotrogina (see Franz 2006). Particularly the females may be difficult to distinguish from members of the related genus Terioltes and other cyclanth-associated taxa that are traditionally referred to as Phyllotrox Schoenherr, yet in actuality remain undescribed (see Franz 2003 a). Nevertheless, Cotithene may be distinguished from all other derelomines by the following synapomorphic features: males with rostrum in lateral view submedially expanded, dorsolateral margins of rostrum carinate-expanded, ventral margin of head angulate, pronotum slightly expanded to globular, anterior margin of prosternum with row of long, anteriorly directed setae, aedeagus with separately arched rami projecting dorsally along subapical region, aedeagus with paired sclerites of internal sac explanate-triangular, vertically orientated; females lacking these modifications yet similarly fairly large (i. e., 2.7 – 5.9 mm) and with procoxal cavities subcontiguous to separated by about width of antennal club (i. e., not contiguous). Additional modifications of the head, prothorax and terminalia are associated with subgroups within Cotithene and provided, e. g., in the key to the species. Using the above characters, the males of Cotithene are easily distinguished from those of other genera. The females of the two relatively small species (see details below) are distinguishable from those of Terioltes by a slightly broader and less arcuate rostrum as well as an overall more robust and dorsoventrally depressed shape, and those of the five larger species from other related derelomines by their size alone, and by the unique color patterns present in some species (see key). Redescription. Male. Length 2.8 – 6.1 mm, width 1.0 – 2.8 mm; shape oval to elongate, l / w = 2.1 – 2.8, widest near humeri (Fig. 1); in lateral view slightly depressed, dorsally slightly to distinctly convex (pronotum), ventrally slightly convex; color variously light yellowish-brown to reddish-brown to black (elytra); sculpture punctulate; vestiture sparse, short, fine, appressed-recurvate, aurate. Mouthparts. Mandible (Fig. 4 A) with 2 teeth; outer tooth longer and narrower, slightly superposed, outer margin with 2 small setae; inner tooth with narrow basal incision, inner margin rounded, explanate. Maxilla (Fig. 4 B) with cardo arcuate, apically gradually expanded, with 2 – 4 small setae; stipes apically oblique, with 1 large seta; galea + lacinia + palpiger fused, with oblique suture, outer margin medially with 1 large seta and subapically with 1 small seta, inner third with densely arranged setae, inner margin with 4 – 6 lacinial teeth, subapically with 2 stout setae; maxillary palps 2 – segmented; segment I slightly shorter than II, outer margin subapically with 1 small seta; segment II apically papillate. Labium (Fig. 4 C) with prementum subquadrate, with 1 large seta medially along each lateral margin, apical margin irregularly undulate; median tendon of ligula with densely arranged setae; labial palps 3 – segmented; segment I longer than II, outer margin medially with 1 large seta; segment II longer than 2 x length of III, outer margin apically with large, triangular, acute projection extending beyond III; segment III globular, apically papillate. Rostrum. Length 0.6 – 1.7 mm, shorter than pronotum, r / p = 0.5 – 0.9, reddish-brown, dorsally and ventrally variously slightly arcuate to angulate, expanded near middle; subparallel to apically slightly narrowed; in cross-section subrectangular; dorsally slightly impressed and / or rugulose near base, dorsolateral margins slightly carinate (cf. Voss 1940: 6, " Rüssel seitlich auf der ganzen Länge ziemlich scharf gekantet "), undulate, more prominent near antennal insertion; ventrally with 2 median sulci extending along apical half, glabrate; antennal insertion near apical third to basal 2 / 5; scrobe extending to eye, straight, basally gradually broadened, vaguely defined, dorsal margin acutely carinulate, position lateral throughout. Antenna. 11 – segmented, extending beyond anterior margin of pronotum (in repose), slender; scape extending to base of rostrum (nearly reaching eye), slightly shorter than funicle + club, slightly arcuate, clavate; funicle 7 – segmented; segment I as long as II – IV or II – V, elongate, clavate; II – VII small, subequal in length, gradually progressing from elongate to transverse, clavate; club 3 – segmented, similar in length to IV – VII of funicle, oval; segments subequal in length; I slightly separated; II + III light brown, with densely arranged, short pubescence. Eye. Small, subcircular to elliptical (along vertical axis), protruded, distant from anterolateral margin of pronotum by nearly 0.25 x its length, interocular distance slightly larger than apex of rostrum, aurate-argentate, often with obscure subcircular maculations. Head. Small, globular, color light to dark-reddish brown; frons with more or less distinct, variously sculptured (rugulose), broad elevation, laterally and / or posteriorly with or without 1 to 3 small to fairly large, triangular projections, frontal disk setose, with sparse, short, recurvate to dense, very long, suberect, anteriorly directed, aurate setae; region adjacent to posterior margin of eye slightly impressed, thereafter carinate, with apparent short, aurate setation; head not evenly convex; ventrally angulate: with distinct, transverse impression separating anterior and posterior halves, each region subplane, glabrate. Prothorax. Slightly to distinctly globular (in the latter case with apparent positive allometry), l / w = 1.0 – 1.1; pronotum with anterior margin nearly 0.6 x as wide as posterior margin, widest near posterior 2 / 5; in dorsal view anteriorly gradually narrowed, with or without obscure anterolateral impression, lateral margins rounded, anterior margin medially slightly emarginate; densely punctulate throughout, with dark reddishbrown punctate maculations throughout anterior 1 / 6 to 1 / 4; posterior margin bisinuate, medially slightly projected; prothorax in lateral view widely tumescent above procoxal cavities; anterolateral margin undulate, roundly projecting towards posterior margin of eye. Mesepisternum trapezoidal. Mesepimeron pentagonal, dorsally projecting to pronotum + elytron. Metepisternum pentagonal, anteriorly abruptly broadened, posteriorly gradually narrowed, acute; sclerolepidia absent (see Lyal et al. 2006). Metepimeron triangular, extending above posterior third of metepisternum. Thoracic ventrites. Proventrite (including prosternum and hypomera) nearly 2 x as long as mesoventrite, anterior margin anteroventrally projected, medially emarginate, with row of long, anteriorly directed, aurate setae, anterior half variously impressed or tumescent to tuberculate, with densely arranged pubescence, posterior margin (hypomera) medially slightly emarginate, with row of posteriorly directed setae; procoxal cavities at posterior third of length (anterior region nearly 4 x as long as posterior region), separated by about width of antennal club. Mesoventrite nearly half as long as metaventrite, transverse, slightly convex, retracted from ventral plane (inflected); mesocoxal cavities separated by about width of mesocoxa. Metaventrite transverse, medially subplane to slightly concave, laterally convex, medially sulcate throughout length, anterior margin projecting between mesocoxae, slightly emarginate, posterior margin with obtuse triangular projection near inner margin of each metacoxa; metacoxal cavities separated by distance nearly 0.6 x as wide as metacoxa. Metendosternite. Stalk shorter than furcal arms; ventral flange broader than stalk, lateral margins emarginate, dorsally gradually converging; lamina nearly 0.25 x as long as median sclerotization; lateral projections apically clavate; anterior tendons inserted near base of furcal arms, converging; furcal arms straight to slightly angulate, dorsally diverging, apically gradually narrowed, bifurcate, apices acute. Legs. Front legs slightly longer than middle legs, slender, yellowish- to reddish-brown; coxa large, conical, inner margin with 1 subapical foveola; trochanter apically expanded, oblique; femur 0.6 – 0.8 x as long as pronotum, fairly slender, sinuate, compressed, widest near apical 2 / 5; tibia 0.7 – 1.0 x as long as femur, slender, straight to sinuate, slightly compressed, apically expanded, angulate, ventrally with densely arranged vestiture in apical half, apical margin with row of 35 – 45 spines, with additional row of long setae, unarmed; tarsus nearly 0.6 x as long as tibia; tarsites I – III dorsally with slightly darker, median stripe; I longer than II; II nearly half as long as III; III similar in length to I + II, bilobed, lobes slender, apically slightly diverging; IV nearly half as long as II; V similar in length to II + III; tarsal claws nearly 0.4 x as long as V, paired, simple. Middle legs slightly shorter than hind legs; mesocoxa globular; mesotibia and metatibia lacking distinct ventral vestiture. Scutellum. Exposed to nearly covered by elytra, small, triangular, posteriorly acute, light to dark reddishbrown. Elytra. Elongate, l / w = 1.3 – 1.6, widest near humeri to anterior third, anteriorly slightly wider than posterior margin of pronotum; anterior margins bisinuate, humeri slightly projected, subrectangular; lateral margins subparallel throughout anterior third to half, gradually converging (attenuate or evenly rounded) throughout posterior two-thirds to half, apices rounded to truncate, contiguous; in lateral view dorsally evenly convex, with or without additional slightly convex elevation along anterior 1 / 5, lateral margins sinuate; 10 – striate, striae narrower to slightly broader than intervals, I – VII shallow, VIII – X deeper, III + VI + VIII merging towards apex, IX slightly ascending along anterior third, X along lateral margin; strial punctures dark reddish-brown, subcircular to subrectangular, slightly separated; intervals reddish-brown to dark brown to black, anterior 1 / 5 of intervals VIII – IX + IX – X slightly elevated, vestiture short, sparse, directed posteriad, recurvate. Wings. 1.1 – 1.2 x longer than body, l / w = 3.2 – 3.3; anal lobe distinct, small; C + Sc merging near base, R basally ascending (thereafter merging), Cu, Cu 1 and 2 A present, 1 A and 4 A absent; with 1 large, elongate, apically rounded maculation in radial field and 2 large, elongate maculations in apical field, posterior one nearly 2 x as long as anterior, darker one, extending to apex of wing; with 2 radial sclerites + 1 radiomedial sclerotization present; long macrosetae along basal 1 / 6 of posterior margin (anal lobe), short macrosetae sparse along C, dense along posterior margin, microsetae throughout surface. Abdominal ventrites. Jointly shorter than 2 x length of lateral margin of metaventrite, medially subplane, posterior edges of ventrites II, III and IV visible in posterior view; I + II fused; I longer than II; II slightly shorter than or similar in length to III + IV; V slightly shorter to slightly longer than II, posterior margin straight, medially slightly projected. Pygidium (tergum VII). Anterior half covered by elytra, slightly longer than ventrite V; in dorsal view subcircular to trapezoidal, slightly transverse, medially subplane, posterior margin straight to rounded, distinctly plicate, medioventrally broadly and deeply emarginate; in lateral view broad, perpendicular to orientation of venter. Terminalia. Tergum VIII 0.5 – 0.85 x as long as spiculum gastrale, posterior margin rounded, strongly plicate, medioventrally broadly to deeply emarginate; posterior 3 / 5 setose, with short, arcuate, bifid or trifid setae. Sternum VIII (each sclerite) posteriorly with 4 – 8 large, unifid setae. Spiculum gastrale (sternum IX) slightly to distinctly shorter than aedeagus, slender, posteriorly bifurcate (Y-shaped), furcal arms slightly arcuate to sinuate or straight, gradually narrowed, acute. Tegmen 0.25 – 0.6 x as long as aedeagus, slender, Yshaped; apodeme distinctly shorter to longer than lateral arms, with or without small anterior expansion. Aedeagus l / w = 3.0 – 4.5, basidorsal margin deeply triangularly emarginate, basiventral margin slightly emarginate to slightly rounded, ventrally slightly plicate, lateral margins with or without slight subapical constriction, apex variously rounded and explanate to spatulate or narrowly projected, acute, surface along apical half to two-thirds porose; in lateral view widest near middle, subapical region dorsally distinctly expanded in region corresponding to internal sclerotizations; each side with an inner, separately arched ramus projecting beyond dorsal margins along subapical region; in lateral view deflexed to slightly recurved; internal sac with densely arranged, small denticuli; subapically in region of ostium with more or less complex, paired, symmetrical, variously elongate to triangular, V-shaped, plicate sclerotizations; ostium large; aedeagal apodemes distinctly shorter to similar in length to aedeagus, slender, apically slightly angulate, expanded.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFB9FFFFFF526709AB00FC17.taxon	description	Female. Length 2.7 – 5.9 mm, width 1.1 – 2.8 mm, l / w = 2.0 – 2.6, widest near anterior third of elytra; lacking darker punctate maculations along anterior margin of pronotum. Rostrum 0.8 – 3.8 mm in length, 0.8 – 2.1 x as long as pronotum, slightly arcuate, lacking mediodorsal expansion, apically slightly depressed; narrow to very narrow, subparallel to apically slightly expanded; in cross-section subrectangular to elliptical, dorsolateral margins evenly convex, lacking dorsal impression or rugulosity, outline contiguous with head and evenly convex or slightly depressed at base from dorsal margin of head; antennal insertion near middle; scrobe reaching eye or nearly so (in repose), narrow, straight to arcuate. Antenna with scape reaching to base of rostrum or nearly so. Eyes distant from anterolateral margin of pronotum by nearly half their length (with head in normal position), dorsally separated by about width of rostral apex. Head evenly slightly convex, lacking sculptures, elevation, projections and setation as in male; region adjacent to posterior margin of eye less impressed or projected; head ventrally evenly convex, lacking distinct transverse angulation as present in male. Prothorax less expanded and without apparent allometry, slightly convex, l / w = 0.8 – 1.0, pronotum with anterior margin nearly half as wide as posterior margin, widest near middle; without anterolateral impressions, lateral margins slightly rounded, anteriorly gradually converging, anterior region lacking darker punctures; in lateral view conical, dorsally and ventrally slightly convex, tumescence above procoxal cavities less distinct, without anterior ventral angulation. Prosternum with anterior margin not ventrally projected, slightly emarginate, vestiture less distinct, anterior third subplane, lacking impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities subcontiguous to separated by about width of antennal club; metaventrite medially slightly convex; metacoxal cavities separated by nearly 3 / 4 length of metacoxa. Front legs with femur 0.7 – 1.0 x as long as pronotum, slender; tibia 0.9 x as long as femur. Elytra in dorsal view not attenuate-triangular, l / w = 1.3 – 1.6, widest near anterior third; lateral margins subparallel to slightly diverging in anterior half, gradually roundly converging in posterior half; anterior elevation indistinct. Wings 1.2 – 1.3 x as long as body, l / w = 3.2 – 3.3. Abdominal ventrites jointly nearly 2 x as long as lateral margin of metaventrite; ventrite V slightly longer than II, transverse, posterior margin slightly rounded, explanate. Pygidium (tergum VII) entirely covered by elytra; in lateral view narrow, parallel to orientation of anterior terga. Terminalia. Tergum VII 0.5 – 0.8 x as long as sternum VIII, slightly convex; posterior margin straight to slightly rounded, explanate; with short, bi- to multifid setae throughout, with or without transverse region of 50 – 200 yet larger setae. Tergum VIII sclerotized, 0.3 – 0.5 x as long as sternum VIII; posterior margin slightly rounded or emarginate, explanate; with small, evenly distributed denticuli throughout, posterior half with or without small, sparsely arranged bifid setae, posteriorly with 1 – 3 rows of larger, simple setae. Sternum VIII narrow, straight to slightly arcuate, anterior 3 / 5 to 2 / 3 stylate, posterior 2 / 5 to 1 / 3 bifurcate, Y-shaped; furcal arms elongate, explanate, straight to slightly arcuate, subparallel to posteriorly slightly converging or diverging, widest near or beyond middle, thereafter slightly narrowed; posterior third to half with sparse, very short setae, posterior margin with 2 – 10 longer, simple setae. Hemisternites 0.3 – 0.6 x as long as sternum VIII, porose throughout, density of pores increasing posteriorly, styli large, elongate, narrow, apically with 2 – 4 simple setae. Bursa copulatrix small, elongate, slightly shorter than sternum VIII, with common oviduct. Spermatheca C-, J- or V-shaped, wide and short, abruptly deflexed by 80 – 90 ° near apical 3 / 5; slightly inflected near internal edge, with or without slight subapical constriction or small subapical projection along outer margin, apex acuminate to rounded, with or without slight deflection; gland reservoir inserted near outer edge of basal margin, large, elongate. Variation. Size variation is significant particularly in the males of certain species, where numerous sexually dimorphic features on the rostrum, head, prothorax and elytra are either indistinct in the smallest males or strongly developed in the largest males, with intermediate states present as well (e. g., Fig. 3). Positively allometric size relationships are evident. Color variation is primarily related to the age of individuals at the time of capture, teneral individuals being more homogeneously lightly pigmented, pale to light reddish-brown. Intraspecific variation in the male and female genital complex appears insignificant in comparison with the external differences among species.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFBCFFF1FF52612CA80EFEC7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 3.1 – 3.4 mm; rostrum in male (Fig. 5 A) in lateral view expanded near basal 2 / 5 though not angulate, head (Fig. 5 A) without projection or long, suberect setae, pronotum (Fig. 1 A) slightly convex, internal sac of aedeagus (Fig. 9 A) with paired triangular sclerites, in dorsal view approximately V-shaped; procoxal cavities in female separated by narrow septum, sternum VIII with furcal arms slightly arcuate, spermatheca (Fig. 9 A) C-shaped, apically gradually narrowed; association with Dicranopygium Harling. Cotithene dicranopygia may be distinguished from all species of the leptorhamphis-melanoptera clade by its relatively small size and more basal expansion of the rostrum in the male, and from C. stratiotricha by the absence of modifications on the head of the male, as well as the male and female terminalia. Apparently C. dicranopygia has retained numerous plesiomorphic character states in comparison with other Cotithene species.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFBCFFF1FF52612CA80EFEC7.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 3.4 mm, width 1.4 mm, l / w = 2.4 (N = 1). Color light reddish-brown, rostrum and head slightly darker, legs yellowish-brown, elytra darker, brown. Rostrum (Fig. 5 A) short, 0.9 mm, r / p = 0.7; dorsally slightly arcuate, slightly expanded near basal 2 / 5 though not angulate; dorsal impression or rugulosity indistinct; antennal insertion near apical 2 / 5. Head without dorsal elevation and projections, setation indistinct. Pronotum (Fig. 1 A) expanded, anterolaterally not impressed. Prosternum lacking anterolateral impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities separated by less than width of antennal club. Elytra (Fig. 1 A) not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae slightly narrower than intervals. Spiculum gastrale slightly shorter than aedeagus; furcal arms straight, apically obliquely narrowed. Aedeagus (Fig. 9 A) l / w = 3.0 (N = 1), widest near apical 2 / 5, evenly rounded in apical 1 / 4, apex narrowly attenuate, reflexed; internally with a symmetrical, approximately V-shaped pair of large, explanate sclerites; sclerites in lateral view triangular; apodemes nearly half as long as body. Female. Length 3.1 mm, width 1.4 mm, l / w = 2.3 (N = 1). Rostrum 0.9 mm, r / p = 0.8; uniformly narrow; antennal insertion near middle. Pronotum less expanded. Procoxal cavities very narrowly separated. Protibia ventrally with aurate vestiture along apical two-thirds. Elytra as in male. Sternum VIII (Fig. 9 A) with furcal arms slightly arcuate, slightly diverging posteriad, apices with 3 – 5 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 9 A) C-shaped, widest near base, apex acuminate, slightly deflected.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFBCFFF1FF52612CA80EFEC7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male " Costa Rica, Limón, P. N. Br. Carillo [Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo], Q. [Quebrada] González, 50 m, N 10 ° 09 ' 78 '', W 83 ° 56 ' 17 '', on Dicranop. umbrophilum, leg. N. Franz, VI- 11 - 2003 " (MUCR); female paratype, same label data as holotype (MUCR).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFBCFFF1FF52612CA80EFEC7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for its apparent reproductive association with inflorescences of the cyclanth genus Dicranopygium Harling, as observed at Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Costa Rica (see above). Natural history. Cotithene dicranopygia occurs in the Costa Rican Cordillera Central (Fig. 13 A), Quebrada González (Braulio Carrillo). A mating pair was taken on an inflorescence of Dicranopygium umbrophilum Hammel.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFB3FFF2FF5267FAABADF8E3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.7 – 3.3 mm; rostrum in male (Figs. 3, 5 B) in lateral view expanded near basal 2 / 5, slightly angulate, head (Figs. 3, 5 B) with convex elevation, three triangular projections and dense, short to long, suberect setae, length of setae apparently positively allometric, pronotum (Figs. 2 A, 2 B) slightly convex, aedeagus (Fig. 9 B) in lateral view apically strongly deflexed, internal sac with paired, undulate, obliquely orientated sclerites; procoxal cavities in female very narrowly separated, sternum VIII (Fig. 9 B) with furcal arms U-shaped, spermatheca (Fig. 9 B) J-shaped, with small, narrowly convex projection on outer margin near point of deflection. Cotithene stratiotricha may be distinguished from all species of the leptorhamphis-melanoptera clade by its relatively small size and more basal expansion of the rostrum in the male. Larger males differ from those of C. dicranopygia by several modifications on the head, whereas smaller males and females are distinguished from C. dicranopygia by the particularities of the terminalia. Males of C. stratiotricha are remarkably variable with respect to the angulate expansion, sculptures and setation of the rostrum and particularly the head. In the smallest males (Fig. 3 A) these features are nearly indistinct, whereas the largest males (Figs. 3 C, 3 D) have conspicuous triangular projections and very long, suberect setae that are densely arranged in a patch on the frons and directed anterodorsad. Large males are also characterized by a larger and more globular pronotum. In summary, C. stratiotricha presents a series of autapomorphic transformations, many of which are possibly related to alternative reproductive strategies in the males.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFB3FFF2FF5267FAABADF8E3.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 2.8 – 3.3 mm, width 1.0 – 1.2 mm, elongate, l / w = 2.7 – 2.8 (N = 5). Color light reddish-brown, rostrum and head darker, reddish-brown, legs yellowish-brown, elytra darker, brown. Rostrum (Figs. 3 & 5 B) 0.6 – 0.7 mm, short, r / p = 0.5 – 0.6; dorsally arcuate, angulate-tumescent near basal 2 / 5; broad, apically slightly narrowed; dorsal impression indistinct; antennal insertion at apical 1 / 3 to 2 / 5. Head (Figs. 3 & 5 B) dorsally with distinct, irregular elevation, with 3 small to large, medially directed, triangular projections: 2 lateral (near dorsal margin of each eye) + 1 posterior; with dense, very long, suberect, aurate setae directed anterodorsad, longest setae nearly half as long as height of eye, increasing in length towards middle, intraspecifically variable, apparently positively allometric. Pronotum (Figs. 2 A & 2 B) slightly convex, anterolaterally not impressed. Proventrite 2 x as long as mesoventrite, without anterolateral impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities separated by slightly less than width of antennal club. Elytra (Figs. 2 A, 2 B) posteriorly not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae slightly broader than intervals. Spiculum gastrale slightly shorter than aedeagus; furcal arms slightly arcuate, curving outward. Aedeagus (Fig. 9 B) l / w = 3.6 – 3.8 (N = 3), widest near middle, gradually narrowing in apical half, apex acutely projected, strongly deflexed by nearly 90 °; internally with small, paired, explanate, obliquely orientated sclerites; sclerites subparallel yet asymmetrical, margins irregular, undulate, apically narrowed; apodemes of similar length as body. Female. Length 2.7 – 3.0 mm, width 1.1 – 1.2, l / w = 2.5 – 2.6 (N = 5). Color more homogeneously (light) reddish-brown. Rostrum (Figs. 2 C, 2 D) 0.8 – 0.9 mm, r / p = 0.9 – 1.0; narrow, width similar throughout; antennal insertion near middle. Head (Figs. 2 C, 2 D) without elevation, tumescences and modified long setae as present in male. Pronotum (Figs. 2 C, 2 D) less expanded. Procoxal cavities very narrowly separated. Elytra (Figs. 2 C, 2 D) as in male. Sternum VIII (Fig. 9 B) posteriorly U-shaped, furcal arms slightly arcuate, apices with 8 – 10 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 9 B) J-shaped, outer margin near point of deflection with small, narrowly convex projection, orientated in parallel with basal half of spermatheca, apex very small, acuminate, slightly deflected.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFB3FFF2FF5267FAABADF8E3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male " Costa Rica, Heredia, La Selva Biol. Stat. (OTS), N 10 ° 26 ', W 83 ° 59 ', 40 m, on Dicranopygium wedelii, leg. N. Franz, VI- 16 - 2001 " (MUCR); male paratypes, same label data as holotype (CMNC, 5; CWOB, 5; DEIC, 5; INBC, 5; MIUP, 5; MIZA, 5; MUCR, 5; NMFC, 5; NMNH, 5), " Costa Rica, Heredia, La Selva Biol. Stat. (OTS), N 10 ° 26 ', W 83 ° 59 ', 40 m, on Dicranopygium wedelii, leg. N. Franz, VI- 18 - 2001 " (UPRM, 5), " Costa Rica, Heredia, INBio Farm, near Guápiles, N 10 ° 10 ', W 83 ° 48 ', 250 m, on Asplundia microphylla, R. S. Anderson, VI- 24 - 2000 " (CMNC, 10); female paratypes, same label data as holotype (CMNC, 5; CWOB, 5; DEIC, 5; INBC, 5; MIUP, 5; MIZA, 5); " Costa Rica, Heredia, La Selva Biol. Stat. (OTS), N 10 ° 26 ', W 83 ° 59 ', 40 m, on Dicranopygium wedelii, leg. N. Franz, VI- 18 - 2001 " (MUCR, 5; NMFC, 5; NMNH, 5), " Costa Rica, Heredia, La Selva Biol. Stat. (OTS), N 10 ° 26 ', W 83 ° 59 ', 40 m, on Dicranop. umbrophilum, leg. N. Franz, VII- 29 - 1997 " (UPRM, 5), " Costa Rica, Heredia, INBio Farm, near Guápiles, N 10 ° 10 ', W 83 ° 48 ', 250 m, on Asplundia microphylla, R. S. Anderson, VI- 24 - 2000 " (CMNC, 10).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFB3FFF2FF5267FAABADF8E3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the distinct pattern of setation on the head of the male, which resembles an army " crew cut "; from the Greek stratios (of an army) and trichos (hair). Natural history. Cotithene stratiotricha has been collected in three localities in the Costa Rican Cordillera Central (Fig. 13 A), i. e. La Selva, INBio Farm and also Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre de Fauna Silvestre, Área de Conservación Toruguero, Provincia Limón. At La Selva, this species is associated with Dicranopygium umbrophilum and D. wedelii Harling, whereas the specimens from INBio Farm were taken on Asplundia microphylla (Oerst.) Harling. An extensive sampling effort of derelomine flower weevils visiting D. wedelii inflorescences at La Selva yielded no individuals of C. stratiotricha during the initial phase of pollinator attraction (N = 10 inflorescences) or during the terminal phase when the pollen is released (N = 10 inflorescences). However, during the intermediate phase 1.1 ± 1.0 adults were present on the inflorescences (N = 41 inflorescences). These results indicate that C. stratiotricha does not function as a pollinator of D. wedelii at La Selva, since this would require a closer synchronization with the appearance of the receptive stigmata and pollen. Nevertheless, the adults can remain on an inflorescence for several hours while feeding on floral parts, mating and ovipositing into the central axis. The larvae are herbivorous and develop in the rachis, which may lead to infructescence abortion. The variable setal patch on the head of the males represents an unusual case of positive allometry (Fig. 3) and is most likely related to male-male conflicts for access to reproductively active females (see also Franz 2003 a, 2007 a, Franz & Valente 2005). However, repeated attempts to record the use of these structures were unsuccessful (Franz, personal observation).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA9FFEAFF526680ADC1FC47.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 4.8 – 5.6 mm; rostrum in male (Fig. 6 A) in lateral view angulate and expanded near apical 2 / 5, anterodorsal region of head rugulose, otherwise indistinct, pronotum expanded, light reddish-brown, elytra darker reddish-brown, aedeagus (Fig. 10 A) with subapical constriction, apical region of paired aedeagal sclerites ventrally expanded, irregular, undulate; rostrum in female (Fig. 6 B) 2.0 – 2.1 x as long as pronotum, very narrow, arcuate, scape not reaching eye, rostrum-head transition in lateral view slightly concave, pronotum in dorsal view small, trapezoidal. The males of Cotithene leptorhamphis may be distinguished from those of other similarly sized species by the color pattern and particular combination of head sculpture and setation, as well as the terminalia, whereas the females are readily distinguished from those of C. trigaea by the even longer and narrower rostrum.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA9FFEAFF526680ADC1FC47.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 5.3 – 5.5 mm, width 2.3 – 2.4 mm, l / w = 2.2 – 2.4 (N = 1). Color light reddishbrown, rostrum and head slightly darker, legs yellowish-brown, elytra darker, reddish-brown. Rostrum (Fig. 6 A) 1.6 – 1.7 mm, r / p = 0.8; dorsally slightly arcuate, angulate-tumescent near apical 2 / 5; dorsal impression indistinct, basally rugulose; antennal insertion near apical third. Head (Fig. 6 A) with slight, transverse elevation extending between posterodorsal edges of eyes, anterodorsally rugulose, lacking triangular projections, setation sparse, short. Prothorax globular, pronotum anterolaterally slightly impressed. Prosternum behind anterior margin with transverse lateral impressions, thereafter tumescent; procoxal cavities separated by about width of antennal club. Elytra posteriorly not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae as wide as intervals; intervals reddish-brown. Spiculum gastrale shorter than aedeagus; furcal arms straight, apically narrowed. Aedeagus (Fig. 10 A) l / w = 4.4 – 4.5 (N = 2), widest near middle, constricted near apical third, narrowing in apical 1 / 5, apex rounded, explanate, slightly reflexed; internally with a symmetrical, narrowly Vshaped pair of explanate sclerites; sclerites in lateral view triangular, ventrally more strongly sclerotized, apex with complex uncinate expansion, margins undulate; apodemes distinctly shorter than body. Female. Length 4.8 – 5.6 mm, width 2.2 – 2.8 mm, l / w = 2.0 – 2.2 (N = 3). Color more homogeneously light reddish- to yellowish brown than in male, except for darker, reddish-brown elytra. Rostrum (Fig. 6 B) 3.0 – 3.8 mm, r / p = 2.0 – 2.1; dorsally and ventrally arcuate, very narrow, width similar throughout, connection with head in lateral view slightly angulate; antennal insertion at middle to basal 2 / 5; scrobe extending to basal 1 / 8 of rostrum. Pronotum small, trapezoidal, not expanded. Procoxal cavities separated by slightly less than width of antennal club. Elytra as in male. Sternum VIII (Fig. 10 A) with furcal arms straight, subparallel to slightly diverging, apices with 3 – 5 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 10 A) V-shaped, apex narrowly rounded.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA9FFEAFF526680ADC1FC47.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male " Costa Rica, Limón, P. N. Br. Carillo [Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo], Q. [Quebrada] González, 50 m, N 10 ° 09 ' 78 '', W 83 ° 56 ' 17 '', on Asplundia sp. inflor., leg. N. Franz, VI- 11 - 2003 " (MUCR); male paratypes " Estación Pitilla 9 km. S. de Santa Cecilia, Prov. Guana [Guanacaste], COSTA RICA. 700 m. MAR 1995. C. Moraga, L _ N _ 329950 _ 380450 # 4357 " (INBC, 1; CMNC, 1); female paratypes, same label data as holotype (MUCR, 1), " Estación Pitilla 9 km. S. de Santa Cecilia, Prov. Guana [Guanacaste], COSTA RICA. 700 m. MAR 1995. C. Moraga, L _ N _ 329950 _ 380450 # 4357 " (INBC, 1), " PANAMA: Chiriqui Pr., Reserva la Fortuna, Cont. Divide Trail, 24 Jul 94, 1150 m. H. Stockwell & A. Gillogly " (CMNC, 1).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA9FFEAFF526680ADC1FC47.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the distinct rostrum of the female, derived from the Greek leptos (slender) and rhamphos (curved beak). Natural history. Cotithene leptorhamphis has been collected in three disjunct localities (Fig. 13 A), two in Costa Rica (Braulio Carrillo and Santa Cecilia) and one in Panama (La Fortuna). Three adults were taken on the inflorescence of an unidentified Asplundia species at Quebrada González (Braulio Carrillo).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA8FFEDFF526644AA8AFD07.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 4.4 – 5.1 mm; rostrum in male (Fig. 7 A) in lateral view angulate and expanded near apical 2 / 5, anterodorsal region of head rugulose, otherwise sculpture indistinct, setae short, pronotum expanded, yellowish-brown, elytra dark brown, aedeagus (Fig. 10 B) with subapical constriction, apical region of paired aedeagal sclerites narrowed, acute; rostrum in female (Fig. 7 B) 1.7 x as long as pronotum, narrow, arcuate, scape not reaching eye, rostrum-head transition in lateral view slightly concave, pronotum small, trapezoidal. The males of Cotithene trigaea may be distinguished from those of other similarly sized species by the color pattern and particular combination of head sculpture and setation, as well as the terminalia, whereas the females are readily distinguished from those of C. leptorhamphis by the shorter and narrower rostrum.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA8FFEDFF526644AA8AFD07.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 5.1 mm, width 2.3 mm, l / w = 2.2 (N = 1). Color yellowish to light brown, rostrum and head darker, reddish-brown, elytra dark brown. Rostrum (Fig. 7 A) 1.6 mm, r / p = 0.9; dorsally slightly arcuate, angulate and tumescent near apical 2 / 5, width similar throughout; dorsal impression indistinct, basally rugulose; antennal insertion near apical 2 / 5. Head (Fig. 7 A) with slight transverse elevation extending between posterodorsal edges of eyes, anterodorsally rugulose, lacking triangular projections, setation indistinct, more densely arranged near dorsal margin of each eye. Pronotum slightly expanded, anterolaterally not impressed. Prosternum with anterior 1 / 4 transversely impressed, without anterolateral impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities separated by slightly less than width of antennal club. Elytra posteriorly not attenuate; additional elevation indistinct; striae slightly narrower than intervals. Spiculum gastrale distinctly shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus (Fig. 10 B) l / w = 3.9 (N = 1), widest near basal 2 / 5, constricted near apical third, narrowing in apical 1 / 5, apex widely rounded, explanate, slightly reflexed; internally with a symmetrical, irregularly V-shaped pair of explanate sclerites; sclerites in lateral view subrectangular, ventrally more strongly sclerotized, apex with complex, uncinate expansion, apically distinctly deflexed, ventral margins undulate; apodemes distinctly shorter than (i. e., nearly 2 / 5 as long as) aedeagal body. Female. Length 4.4 mm, width 2.2 mm, l / w = 2.0 (N = 1). Rostrum (Fig. 7 B) 2.1 mm, r / p = 1.7; dorsally and ventrally arcuate, narrow, width similar throughout, connection with head in lateral view slightly angulate; antennal insertion at middle to basal 2 / 5; scrobe not reaching eye. Head light reddish-brown. Pronotum small, trapezoidal, not expanded. Procoxal cavities narrowly separated by less than width of antennal club. Elytra widest in middle. Sternum VIII (Fig. 10 B) with furcal arms straight, posteriorly diverging, apices with 3 – 5 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 10 B) V-shaped, apex narrow, acute to rounded.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA8FFEDFF526644AA8AFD07.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male " Ref. Nac. Fauna Silv. Tapanti, 1250 m, Prov. Cart. [Cartago], COSTA RICA. G. Mora, Ago 1991, L-N- 1904000, 559800 " (INBC); female paratype, same label data as holotype (INBC).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA8FFEDFF526644AA8AFD07.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the three principal earthy colors, derived from the Greek treis (three) and gaia (earth). Natural history. Cotithene trigaea occurs in the Costa Rican Cordillera Central (Fig. 13 A), Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Tapantí. Its host association is unknown.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFAFFFEEFF52611EA8DDF91F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 4.5 – 6.1 mm; rostrum in male (Fig. 8 A) in lateral view angulate and expanded near apical 2 / 5, slightly impressed along basal 1 / 5, head (Fig. 8 A) with small, posterior, triangular projection and sparse, longer, recurvate setae, pronotum (Fig. 1 B) expanded, light reddish-brown, prosternum with small obtuse elevation in front of each procoxal cavity, elytra dark-reddish-brown, aedeagus (Fig. 11) apically evenly narrowed, internal sac without ventral, annulate structure; female with color pattern as that of male, procoxal cavities separated by about width of antennal club, spermatheca (Fig. 11) constricted near apical 3 / 5; association with Asplundia Harling. Cotithene globulicollis may be distinguished from similarly sized members of the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade by the particular combination of modifications on the head and prosternum in males, and by the shorter and wider rostrum in females. This species furthermore differs from members of the anaphalanta-melanoptera clade by its color pattern and characteristics of the male and female terminalia.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFAFFFEEFF52611EA8DDF91F.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 5.5 – 6.1 mm, width 2.4 – 2.8 mm, l / w = 2.2 (N = 3). Color light reddish-brown, rostrum and head slightly darker, legs yellowish-brown, elytra darker, brown. Rostrum (Fig. 8 A) 1.5 – 1.7 mm, r / p = 0.6 – 0.8; dorsally slightly arcuate, angulate and tumescent near apical 2 / 5, ventrally straight; dorsally slightly impressed along basal 1 / 5 (cf. Voss 1940: 5, " muldenartig vertieft "); antennal insertion at apical 1 / 3 to 2 / 5. Head (Fig. 8 A) with slight transverse elevation extending between posterodorsal edges of eyes, with small, posterior, triangular projection, setation sparse, short, recurvate; area adjacent to posterior margin of eye strongly projected, dorsally with row of short, recurvate setae. Pronotum (Fig. 1 B) expanded (with apparent positive allometry), anterolaterally shallowly impressed. Prosternum with anterior margin tumescent, projected anteroventrad, anterior half transversely impressed, thereafter with shallow impression, anterolaterally of each procoxal cavity with obtuse tumescence; procoxal cavities separated by slightly more than width of antennal club. Legs light reddish-brown to yellow. Scutellum largely covered by elytra. Elytra (Fig. 1 B) posteriorly slightly attenuate, widest at humeri, gradually narrowing in posterior two-thirds; slightly convex, anterior elevation present, extending along basal 1 / 5 of I – V; striae slightly narrower than intervals, VIII – X deeper. Spiculum gastrale shorter than aedeagus; furcal arms slightly arcuate, apically narrowed. Adeagus (Fig. 11) l / w = 3.1 – 3.3 (N = 3), widest near middle, strongly narrowing in apical 1 / 5, apex rounded, medially slightly projected; in lateral view apically gradually narrowed, dorsal and ventral margins straight; internally with a symmetrical, narrowly V-shaped pair of explanate sclerites; sclerites in lateral view triangular, slightly deflexed, margins undulate; apodemes shorter than body. Female. Length 4.5 – 5.9 mm, width 2.1 – 2.6 mm, l / w = 2.1 – 2.3 (N = 3). Color more homogeneously reddish-brown than in male. Rostrum (Fig. 8 B) 1.6 – 1.9 mm, r / p = 0.9 – 1.0; narrow, width similar throughout; antennal insertion at apical 2 / 5 to middle region. Pronotum less expanded. Prosternum without anterior impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities separated by about width of antennal club. Elytra posteriorly rounded, widest near anterior third; anterior elevation less distinct; striae shallower than in male. Sternum VIII (Fig. 11) with furcal arms slightly arcuate, subparallel, apices with 4 – 6 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 11) C-shaped, inner and outer margins constricted near apical 3 / 5, apex triangular, acuminate, deflected.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFAFFFEEFF52611EA8DDF91F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Male syntype " coll. DEI Eberswalde / Cotithene globulicollis nv. / Syntypus [red label] / Cotithene globulicollis m. [green label] / Voss det. / Costa Rica, Turrialba, VI, 900 m [green label] /? " (DEIC). Other specimens: " Costa Rica, Limón, P. N. Br. Carillo, Q. González, 50 m, N 10 ° 09 ' 78 '', W 83 ° 56 ' 17 '', on Asplundia sp. inflor., leg. N. Franz, VI- 11 - 2003 " (DEIC, 1 male); " Costa Rica, P. Her. [Heredia], Est. Biol. La Selva (OTS), 40 m, 27 - IV- 1997, # 3, leg. N. Franz " (CWOB, 1 male); " Costa Rica, Heredia, La Selva, 40 m, on Asplundia vagans, leg. N. Franz, IV- 10 - 1999 " (NMFC, 1 male); " Costa Rica, Alaj. [Alajuela], Est. Biol. San Ramon, xi – xii- 1999, 900 m, P. Hanson, malaise trap " (CWOB, 1 male); " Costa Rica, Limón, P. N. Br. Carillo, Q. González, 50 m, N 10 ° 09 ' 78 '', W 83 ° 56 ' 17 '', on Asplundia sp. inflor., leg. N. Franz, VI- 11 - 2003 " (DEIC, 1 female; NMFC, 1 female); " Costa Rica: Alajuela, E. B. San Ramon, R. B. San Ramon, 27 km N & 8 km W San Ramon, 10 ° 13 ' 30 '' N, 84 ° 35 ' 30 '' W, 850 – 950 m, 29. VI- 6. VII. 1999, R. Anderson, wet premontane forest, 99 - 108 / on Asplundia vagans flowers " (CMNC, 1 female); " Costa Rica: Alajuela, Los Lagos, Volcan Arenal, 600 m, 10 ° 29 ' N, 84 ° 43 ' 30 '' W, 26. III. 2000, R. Anderson, on Asplundia (epiphytic) " (CMNC, 1 female); " Panama, Bocas del Toro, Corriente Grande, Rio Changuinola / 9 ° 17 ' 30 N, 82 ° 32 ' 41 '' W, H. Wolda / II- 7 - 1980 " (CWOB, 1 female). Natural history. Cotithene globulicollis occurs at various localities in the Costa Rican Cordillera Central (Fig. 13 A), including La Selva (OTS), Quebrada González (Braulio Carrillo), San Ramón (UCR), Turrialba (type locality) and Volcán Arenal, as well as on the Atlantic slope of Panama, Río Changuinola (Bocas del Toro). The reported host associations are with several species of Asplundia Harling, in addition to Asplundia vagans Harling as recorded. At La Selva, Costa Rica, 4 – 6 individuals were taken on inflorescences of Asplundia euryspatha and A. vagans (Franz 2007 b). Typically only 1 – 2 adults occur on an inflorescence, and their arrival and departure periods are not well synchronized with the anthesis of the inflorescence. Some individuals collected carried small quantities of pollen on different parts of their body. However, their low abundance, the absence of synchronized patterns of arrival and departure and their relatively large size preclude regular contacts with the plant's female flowers during receptivity. Therefore, C. globulicollis weevils are not pollinators of their hosts. Indeed, their behavior on the inflorescences is fairly destructive, as they feed on various floral parts including unopened anthers, bases of the male flowers and all structures of the female flowers. Following arrival, the females of C. globulicollis locate a suitable position on the surface of the inflorescence and then chew their way towards the central axis, into which they eventually oviposit. An entry hole is left after this activity. A single larva hatches and develops inside by feeding along the central axis and adjacent pulp and seeds, which may ultimately cause abortion of the infructescence. Large larvae were located in aborted infructescences, indicating that C. globulicollis larvae can consume living as well as rotting plant tissue during the final stages of development. Their destructive behavior has convergent similarities with Systenotelus Anderson & Gómez, a non-pollinating seed predator of Panama-hat palms in the genus Carludovica Ruíz & Pavón (Franz 2004).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFACFFE1FF5264ECAD10F8A7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 4.8 – 5.8 mm; rostrum in male in lateral view angulate and expanded near apical 2 / 5, basally not impressed, head with small, posterior, triangular projection and sparse, longer, recurvate setae, pronotum expanded, orange, prosternum with small obtuse elevation in front of each procoxal cavity, elytra dark-reddish-brown to black, aedeagus (Fig. 12 A) apically evenly narrowed, internal sac ventrally with complex, annulate structure; female with color pattern similar to that of male, procoxal cavities separated by slightly less than width of antennal club, apices of furcal arms of sternum VIII (Fig. 12 A) obliquely truncate, spermatheca (Fig. 12 A) J-shaped, apically gradually narrowed; occurring in Costa Rica. Cotithene anaphalanta may be distinguished from similarly sized members of the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade by the particular combination of modifications on the head and proventrite in males and the shorter and wider rostrum in females. This Central American species furthermore differs from C. globulicollis by its color pattern, and from the South American C. melanoptera by the absence of a basal impression on the rostrum and less densely arranged frontal setae in males, as well as characteristics of the male and female terminalia.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFACFFE1FF5264ECAD10F8A7.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 5.4 – 5.8 mm, width 2.4 – 2.6 mm, l / w = 2.3 (N = 3). Color light reddish-brown to orange, rostrum slightly more reddish, elytra dark-reddish brown to black. Rostrum 1.5 – 1.6 mm, r / p = 0.7 – 0.8; dorsally slightly arcuate, angulate near apical 2 / 5; dorsal impression indistinct, basally rugulose; antennal insertion near apical third. Head with slight elevation extending between posterodorsal edges of eyes, with small, posterior, triangular projection, setae sparse, arranged, long, recurvate. Pronotum expanded, anterolaterally slightly impressed. Prosternum anteriorly slightly transversely impressed, anterolaterally of each procoxal cavity with obtuse tumescence; procoxal cavities separated by about width of antennal club. Elytra posteriorly not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae narrower than intervals; intervals dark reddishbrown to black. Spiculum gastrale slightly shorter than aedeagus; furcal arms straight, with 1 small, lateral, subapical projection. Aedeagus (Fig. 12 A) l / w = 3.0 – 3.1 (N = 2), widest near middle, thereafter slightly constricted, arcuate in apical third, narrowing towards apex, apex rounded to truncate, medially slightly projected; in lateral view apically gradually narrowed, dorsal and ventral margins straight; internally with a symmetrical, subparallel pair of explanate sclerites; sclerites apically connected into a complex, annulate, weakly sclerotized structure; in lateral view triangular, ventrally more sclerotized, ventral region with membranous connection to annulate structure, margins undulate; apodemes distinctly shorter than body. Female. Length 4.8 – 5.6 mm, width 2.2 – 2.6 mm, l / w = 2.1 – 2.2 (N = 3). Rostrum 1.5 – 1.7 mm, r / p = 0.9 – 1.1; narrow, apically slightly expanded, light reddish-brown to orange; antennal insertion at apical 2 / 5 to middle. Pronotum less expanded. Prosternum lacking anterior impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities separated by slightly less than width of antennal club. Elytra as in male. Sternum VIII (Fig. 12 A) with furcal arms posteriorly slightly diverging, apices with 4 – 6 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 12 A) J-shaped, apex triangular, acute yet not projected.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFACFFE1FF5264ECAD10F8A7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male " Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Monteverde C. F. Reserve, N 10 º 18 ', W 84 º 47 ', 1550 m, on Asplund. stenophylloides, leg. N. Franz, VI- 12 - 2001 " (MUCR); male paratypes, same label data as holotype (CMNC, 1; NMFC, 1), " COSTA RICA, Prov. Heredia: 6 km ENE Vera Blanca, 1950 – 2050 m, 10 º 11 ' N 84 º 7 ' W, 0 9 Abril 2002, INBio-OET-ALAS transect / 0 9 Abril 2002, Malaise, 20 / M / 14 / 074 [hand-written label] " (INBC, 1); female paratypes, same label data as holotype (CMNC, 1; MUCR, 1), " Costa Rica, Puntarenas, C. F. Reserve Santa Elena, 1700 m, on Sphaeradenia occidentalis, leg. N. Franz VI- 14 - 2001 " (NMFC, 1).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFACFFE1FF5264ECAD10F8A7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the sparse setation on the head of the male, the Greek anaphalantos meaning " with bald forehead ". Natural history. Cotithene anaphalanta occurs at various localities in the Costa Rican Cordillera Central (Fig. 13 A), including Monteverde, Santa Elena and Vara Blanca (Volcán Barva). Individual weevils or couples have been collected on the inflorescences of Asplundia stenophylloides Hammel and Sphaeradenia occidentalis R. Eriksson, and their larvae probably mature in these inflorescences.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA3FFE0FF526564AD4CF8D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 4.8 – 5.7 mm; rostrum in male in lateral view angulate and expanded near apical 2 / 5, slightly impressed along basal 1 / 5, head with small, posterior, triangular projection and dense, longer, recurvate setae directed anteromediad, pronotum expanded, orange, prosternum with small obtuse elevation in front of each procoxal cavity, elytra dark-reddish-brown to black, aedeagus (Fig. 12 B) apically evenly narrowed, internal sac ventrally with irregular subquadrate structure; female with color pattern similar to that of male, procoxal cavities separated by less than width of antennal club, posterior margins of furcal arms of sternum VIII (Fig. 12 B) evenly rounded, spermatheca (Fig. 12 B) C-shaped; occurring in Venezuela. Cotithene melanoptera may be distinguished from similarly sized members of the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade by the particular combination of modifications on the head and prosternum in males and the shorter and wider rostrum in females. This South American species furthermore differs from C. globulicollis by its color pattern and from the Central American C. melanoptera by the presence of a basal impression on the rostrum and more densely arranged frontal setation in males, as well as characteristics of the male and female terminalia.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA3FFE0FF526564AD4CF8D7.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 5.0 – 5.7 mm, width 2.3 – 2.5 mm, l / w = 2.1 – 2.3 (N = 3). Color light reddishbrown to orange, rostrum and head slightly darker, legs yellowish-brown to orange, elytra dark-reddish brown to black. Rostrum 1.4 – 1.6 mm, r / p = 0.7; dorsally slightly arcuate, angulate and tumescent near apical 2 / 5, ventrally slightly arcuate, dorsally slightly impressed along basal 1 / 5; antennal insertion at apical 1 / 3 to 2 / 5. Head with slight elevation extending between posterodorsal edges of eyes, with small, posterior, triangular projection, setation dense, long, recurvate, directed anteromediad. Pronotum expanded (with apparent positive allometry), anterolaterally shallowly impressed. Prosternum anteriorly transversely impressed, anterolaterally of each procoxal cavity with obtuse tumescence; procoxal cavities separated by width of antennal club or slightly more. Elytra posteriorly attenuate, widest at humeri, subparallel-sided in anterior third, then gradually narrowing; anterior elevation along basal 1 / 5 of I – V; striae narrower than intervals. Spiculum gastrale shorter than aedeagus; furcal arms slightly arcuate-sinuate, apically narrowed. Aedeagus (Fig. 12 B) l / w = 3.0 – 3.2 (N = 2), subparallel – sided to slightly widening in basal half, sinuate in apical half, gradually narrowing in apical 1 / 4, apex rounded, spatulate, medially with transverse, apically rounded projection; in lateral view apically gradually narrowed, dorsal and ventral margins straight; internally with a symmetrical, subparallel pair of explanate sclerites; sclerites apically converging and connected via plicate membrane into complex, subquadrate, weakly sclerotized structure; in lateral view irregularly triangular, ventrally more sclerotized, ventral region with membranous connection to subquadrate structure, margins undulate; apodemes distinctly shorter than body. Female. Length 4.8 – 5.1 mm, width 2.2 – 2.4, l / w = 2.1 – 2.2 (N = 3). Rostrum 1.5 – 1.7 mm, r / p = 0.9 – 1.0; narrow, width similar throughout, light reddish-brown to orange; antennal insertion at middle to basal 2 / 5. Pronotum less expanded. Prosternum without anterior impressions or tumescences; procoxal cavities separated by less than width of antennal club. Elytra posteriorly rounded, widest near anterior third, subparallelsided in anterior half, gradually narrowing in posterior half; anterior elevation less distinct. Sternum VIII (Fig. 12 B) with furcal arms straight to arcuate, subparallel to slightly diverging, apices with 4 – 6 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 12 B) C-shaped, apical 2 / 5 triangularly narrowed, apex narrow-acuminate, slightly deflected.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA3FFE0FF526564AD4CF8D7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male " Venezuela, Aragua, Selva de Tiara, Sanidad, 1200 m, on Evodianthus funifer, leg. H. Escalona, VI- 07 - 2002 " (MIZA); male paratypes " VENEZ: [Venezuela] Merida, La Azulita, 12 – 28. VII. 86, B. Gill, 1600 m " (CMNC, 2); female paratypes, same label data as holotype (MIZA, 1), " VENEZ: [Venezuela] Merida, La Azulita, 12 – 28. VII. 86, B. Gill, 1600 m " (CMNC, 4).	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA3FFE0FF526564AD4CF8D7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the dark eltyra, from the Greek melanos (black) and pteron (wing). Natural history. As the currently only South American representative of the genus, Cotithene melanoptera has been collected at two Venezuelan localities (Fig. 13 B), i. e. Selva de Tiara and La Azulita. At the Selva de Tiara locality a pair of adults was collected on Evodianthus funifer Poiteau.	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
03B2C225FFA1FFE5FF526284AD0FFBD4.taxon	description	Cladogram The successively refined character state assignments and optimizations on the resulting cladogram are presented simultaneously in this section. Cladistic analysis of a matrix with 12 terminal taxa and 32 characters, including two non-additive multistate characters (Table 1), and performing an exhaustive search of the tree space produced a single most-parsimonious cladogram (Fig. 14), with a length of 38 steps, consistency index (CI) of 89 and retention index (RI) of 93 (see Farris 1989). Three characters (4, 13 and 15) had multiple parsimonious optimizations, and in each case the fast (ACCTRAN) optimization was preferred, thereby preserving the original homology assessment (de Pinna 1991). 1. Size: (0) Small, length 1.6 – 3.4 mm; (1) larger, length 4.4 – 6.1 mm). Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphismelanoptera clade. 2. Maxilla, galeo-lacinial complex, apical region: (0) lacinia projecting along entire length of palpomere I; (1) lacinia apically truncate, projecting slightly beyond base of palpomere I (Fig. 4 B). Synapomorphy for the Cyclanthura-Cotithene clade, corresponding to char. 7 in Franz (2006). 3. Labium, palpomere II, apical region: (0) apicolateral projection absent; (1) apicolateral projection present (Fig. 4 C). Synapomorphy for the Cyclanthura-Cotithene clade, corresponding to char. 43 in Franz (2006). 4. Rostrum, dorsal view, basal region, male: (0) indistinct, subplane; (1) slightly impressed along basal 1 / 5. Fast optimization preferred (see above); synapomorphy for the globulicollis-melanoptera clade, with an apparent reversal in C. anaphalanta (ci = 50, ri = 0). 5. Rostrum, dorsal view, apical region, male: (0) indistinct, subplane; (1) with 2 apicolateral tubercles. Synapomorphy for Terioltes, corresponding to char. 53 in Franz (2006). 6. Rostrum, lateral view, male: (0) width similar throughout; (1) variously expanded near apex to basal 2 / 5 (e. g., Figs. 5 A, 8 A). Synapomorphy for the Terioltes-Cotithene clade (see also char. 7). 7. Rostral expansion, lateral view, male: (0) apical to subapical; (1) near basal 2 / 5 of rostrum (e. g., Fig. 5 A); (2) near apical 2 / 5 of rostrum (e. g., Fig. 8 A). Inapplicable in taxa that lack a rostral expansion (see char. 6). Coded as nonadditive; synapomorphy for Cotithene (state 1), with an apparent subsequent transformation in the leptorhamphis-melanoptera clade (state 2). Refinement of char. 54 in Franz (2006). 8. Rostrum, dorsolateral margins, male: (0) indistinct, convex; (1) carinate. Synapomorphy for Cotithene, corresponding to char. 50 in Franz (2006). 9. Rostrum, lateral view, female: (0) slightly shorter to slightly longer than pronotum, r / p = 0.8 – 1.3, fairly broad to fairly narrow, slightly arcuate (Figs. 2 D, 8 B); (1) distinctly longer than pronotum, r / p = 1.7 – 2.1, very narrow, arcuate (Figs. 6 B, 7 B). Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade. 10. Antenna, scape: (0) reaching anterior margin of eye; (1) reaching subbase of rostrum. Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade. 11. Rostrum-head transition, lateral view, female: (0) contiguous, evenly convex in profile (Figs. 2 D, 8 B); (1) slightly angulate, concave in profile (Figs. 6 B, 7 B). Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade. 12. Head, dorsal region, lateral view, male: (0) evenly slightly convex between eyes (Fig. 5 A); (1) elevated, convex, variously shaped and sculptured between eyes (e. g., Figs. 3 A, 8 A). Synapomorphy for the stratiotricha-melanoptera clade. 13. Head, dorsal region, male: (0) posteriorly slightly, evenly convex; (1) posteromedially with small (large in C. stratiotricha; see Fig. 3 D), slightly elevated, triangular, anteriorly directed projection. Fast optimization preferred (see above); synapomorphy for the stratiotricha-melanoptera clade, with an apparent reversal in the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade (ci = 50, ri = 66). 14. Head, anterodorsal region (frons), sculpture, male: (0) slightly convex; (1) rugulose to rugose, with several dense, very small, convex elevations. Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade. 15. Head, dorsal region (frons), male: (0) with sparse, short, appressed, recurvate vestiture (Fig. 5 A); (1) with sparse to dense, longer, suberect to recurvate setae (e. g., Figs. 3 C, 8 A). Fast optimization preferred (see above); synapomorphy for the stratiotricha-melanoptera clade, with an apparent reversal in the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade (ci = 50, ri = 66). 16. Head, ventral region (gena), male: (0) indistinct, glabrate and evenly convex; (1) with two large, transverse sulci. Synapomorphy for Terioltes, corresponding to char. 68 in Franz (2006). 17. Head, ventral region (gula), male: (0) in profile evenly convex; (1) in profile distinctly angulate, with transverse line separating anterior and posterior half, each region subplane (e. g., Figs. 3 C, 5 A). Synapomorphy for Cotithene. 18. Prothorax, shape, dorsal view, male: (0) similar in size or slightly larger than in female and of similar proportions; (1) variously expanded, convex to globular (e. g., Figs. 1 A, 1 B). Synapomorphy for the Ganglionus-Cotithene clade (see also char. 19). Reinterpretation of char. 72 in Franz (2006) to now also include Ganglionus Franz & O'Brien. 19. Pronotum, dorsolateral view, male: (0) slightly expanded, convex, (Fig. 1 A), dorsolaterally slightly angled; (1) strongly expanded, convex (Fig. 1 B), dorsolaterally rounded. Inapplicable in taxa that lack a pronotal expansion (see char. 18). Convergently present in Terioltes and in the leptorhamphis-melanoptera clade (ci = 50, ri = 50). 20. Prosternum, anterior margin, male: (0) with short, indistinct setation; (1) with row of dense, long, aurate setae directed anteriad (e. g., Figs. 3 C, 5 A). Synapomorphy for Cotithene. 21. Prosternum, anterior region, male: (0) indistinct, slightly convex to slightly concave; (1) with small, obtuse elevation in front of each procoxal cavity. Synapomorphy for the globulicollis-melanoptera clade. 22. Procoxal cavities, female: (0) contiguous; (1) subcontiguous, separated by narrow septum; (2) separated by about width of antennal club. Coded as nonadditive; synapomorphy for Cotithene (state 1), with an apparent subsequent transformation in the leptorhamphis-melanoptera clade (state 2). Refinement of char. 81 in Franz (2006). 23. Elytra, color: (0) variously light to dark-reddish brown; (1) uniformly dark-reddish brown to black, other parts nearly orange. Synapomorphy for the anaphalanta-melanoptera clade. 24. Pygidium, orientation, lateral view, male: (0) subparallel to anterior tergites; (1) perpendicular to venter. Synapomorphy for the Cyclanthura-Cotithene clade, corresponding to char. 116 in Franz (2006). 25. Aedeagus, dorsal view: (0) apically gradually, evenly narrowed (e. g., Figs. 9 A, 9 B); (1) constricted near apical third, thereafter slightly expanded (Figs. 10 A, 10 B). Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade. 26. Aedeagus, lateral view: (0) variously deflexed; (1) sinuate, basal 3 / 5 slightly deflexed, thereafter reflexed, very narrow. Synapomorphy for Terioltes. 27. Aedeagus, shape, subapical region, lateral view: (0) dorsal margins simple; (1) dorsal margins with separate inner rami, expanded, convex (e. g., Figs. 9 A, 10 A). Synapomorphy for Cotithene. 28. Aedeagus, shape, apical region, lateral view: (0) dorsal and ventral margins variously slightly to distinctly arcuate (e. g., Figs. 9 B, 10 B); (1) dorsal and ventral margins straight (e. g., Figs. 12 A, 12 B). Synapomorphy for the globulicollis-melanoptera clade. 29. Aedeagus, internal sac, subapical region, dorsal view: (0) without paired sclerites; (1) with pair of variously shaped, elongate, subparallel sclerites (e. g., Figs. 9 A, 10 A). Synapomorphy for the Terioltes- Cotithene clade, corresponding to char. 144 in Franz (2006). 30. Shape of aedeagal sclerites, dorsal view: (0) elongate, slightly overlapping, margins irregular-sinuate, orientation horizontal; (1) triangular, apically variously modified, subparallel to apically slightly converging, orientation vertical (e. g., Figs. 9 A, 12 A). Inapplicable in taxa that lack aedeagal sclerites (see char. 29). Synapomorphy for Cotithene; C. stratiotricha (Fig. 9 B) presents several unique modifications that are presumed, in light of the overall tree structure, to have derived from the apomorphic state. 31. Shape of aedeagal sclerites, lateral view: (0) apically narrowed, simple (e. g., Figs. 9 A, 11); (1) apically expanded, with undulate margins (Figs. 10 A, 10 B). Inapplicable in taxa that lack aedeagal sclerites (see char. 29). Synapomorphy for the leptorhamphis-trigaea clade. 32. Aedeagus, internal sac, ventral view: (0) ventral region of internal sac membranous, denticulate, otherwise indistinct (e. g., Figs. 9 A, 11); (1) ventral region of internal sac with complex, partly membranous and party sclerotized, irregularly subquadrate to annulate structure, dorsally with elongate, retorted membranous connection to apical region of paired sclerites (Figs. 12 A, 12 B). Synapomorphy for the anaphalantamelanoptera clade. Taxon / character 5 10 15 20 25 30 Notolomus basalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 000 0 0 0 0 0 000 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 – – 0 Cyclanthura laticola 0 1100 0 – 000 0 0 0 0 0 000 – 0 0 0 0 10 0000 – – 0 Ganglionus undulatus 0 1100 0 – 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 0000 – – 0 Terioltes circumdatus 0 1101 10000 0 0 0 0 0 10110 0 0 0 10 10010 0 0 Terioltes nigripennis 0 1101 10000 0 0 0 0 0 10110 0 0 0 10 10010 0 0 Cotithene anaphalanta 11100 12100 0 1101 0 1111 12110 0 1111 0 1 Cotithene dicranopygia 0 1100 11100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1101 0 1010 0 1011 0 0 Cotithene globulicollis 11110 12100 0 1101 0 1111 12010 0 1111 0 0 Cotithene leptorhamphis 11100 12111 11010 0 1111 0 2011 0 1011 10 Cotithene melanoptera 11110 12100 0 1101 0 1111 12110 0 1111 0 1 Cotithene stratiotricha 0 1100 11100 0 1101 0 1101 0 1010 0 1011 0 0 Cotithene trigaea 11100 12111 11010 0 1111 0 2011 0 1011 10	en	Franz, Nico M. (2008): Revision, phylogeny and natural history of Cotithene Vo s s (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 1782: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182350
