identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B216779865FFA761A8F920F5E1FBAE.text	03B216779865FFA761A8F920F5E1FBAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthomastus nanhaiensis Li & Xu 2023	<div><p>Anthomastus nanhaiensis, new species</p> <p>(Figs. 2‒5)</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype: MBM286430, station FXDive 310, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.5505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.0615" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.5505/lat 15.0615)">Zhenbei Seamount</a>, South China Sea (15°03.69′N, 116°33.03′E), 407 m, 22 July 2022.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Anthomastus with capitate-shaped colony divided into a spherical capitulum and an inconspicuous stalk. Polyps dimorphic. Autozooids sterile, large, retractile, 92 in number. Siphonozooids fertile, minute, scattered among autozooids and forming a continuous layer. Sclerites including rods, platelets, highly tuberculated double spheroids, clubs and spindles. Anthocodial wall devoid of sclerites.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Colony form and size. In life, animal attached to stone (Fig. 2A). Colony capitate, 50 mm long, stiff in ethanol preservation (Fig. 2C, D). Stalk short, about 20 mm high and 59 × 30 mm wide, emerging from a holdfast. Capitulum projecting from stalk, almost spherical, 46 × 34 mm in width and 30 mm high, occupying 60% of total colony length, and bearing 92 autozooids.</p> <p>Polyps. Polyps dimorphic. Autozooids sterile, arranged evenly over capitulum, and mostly not retracted into capitulum, leaving tentacles and sometimes neck zone of anthocodia outside capitulum surface (Fig. 2). Anthocodia outside capitulum up to 12 mm long and 3 mm wide, neck zone 2 mm wide, and anthostele flat and 3 mm wide. Tentacles up to 5 mm long with mostly 25–30 pairs of pinnules. Siphonozooids fertile (oocytes 0.25–0.45 mm in diameter), invisible to the naked eye, numerous, scattered among autozooids and forming a continuous layer, measuring about 0.2 mm wide (Fig. 2E). Adjacent siphonozooids interconnected beneath 0.6–0.7 mm of capitulum surface, indicated as white lines in longitudinal section (Fig. 2E).</p> <p>Sclerites. Sclerites of tentacle mostly tuberculate rods usually with a twist, ranging 0.10–0.19 mm long; occasionally clubs and irregular crosses (Fig. 3A). Sclerites from uppermost of anthocodial wall same to that of tentacle, tuberculate rods mostly 0.12–0.19 mm long; these sclerites not arranged “en chevron”, and crown not developed (Figs. 1B, 2B). Sclerites absent from neck zone of anthocodial wall. Pharyngeal sclerites predominately platelets, mostly ranging around 0.05–0.08 mm long; fewer crosses derived from platelets, ranging 0.04–0.07 mm long (Fig. 3C). Sclerites of capitulum surface typically highly tuberculated double spheroids, ranging 0.10–0.15 mm long; highly tuberculated clubs, ranging 0.16–0.26 mm long; highly tuberculated spindles, ranging 0.20–0.46 mm long (Fig. 4A). Sclerites of capitulum interior mostly tuberculate spindles, ranging 0.21–0.52 mm long; fewer tuberculate rods, double stars and tuberculate clubs (Fig. 4B). Sclerites from stalk surface same as those from capitulum surface, tuberculate double spheroids ranging 0.10–0.18 mm long; tuberculate clubs ranging 0.18–0.26 mm long; tuberculate spindles ranging around 0.22–0.35 mm long (Fig. 5A). Sclerites from stalk interior mostly tuberculate spindles ranging around 0.32–0.44 mm long, fewer tuberculate double spheroids, and occasionally tuberculate clubs and crosses (Fig. 5B).</p> <p>Colour. Stalk and capitulum pink both in situ and in ethanol. Expanded anthocodia pinkish to nearly transparent in situ; upper anthocodia and pharynx red, and neck white in ethanol. Sclerites pinkish or transparent under transmitted light.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name nanhaiensis refers in Chinese to the South China Sea, the type locality of the species.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. Known only from the type locality, where the water depth was 407 m and water temperature was 11.10°C. In the field, the species was attached to a small rock.</p> <p>Remarks. Anthomastus nanhaiensis, new species, matches well with the definition of Anthomastus Verrill, 1878 by having a hemispherical colony with dome-shaped capitulum and inconspicuous stalk, platelets in pharynx, and predominately rods in tentacles. The new species is characterised by highly tuberculated double spheroids, clubs and spindles in the capitulum and stalk. These features make it resemble an unnamed species of the genus, Anthomastus (or Pseudoanthomastus) n. sp. 1 described from New Caledonia by d’Hondt &amp; d’Hondt (2018). However, the two species can be distinguished by the sclerites of tentacles and stalk surface: the sclerites from tentacles of A. nanhaiensis are slightly tuberculated and sometimes flat rods, while those from autozooids and tentacles of Anthomastus (or Pseudoanthomastus) n. sp. 1 are mainly elongated and highly tuberculated double spheroids (d’Hondt &amp; d’Hondt, 2018: Fig. 62); the sclerites from stalk surface of A. nanhaiensis are more tuberculated than those of Anthomastus (or Pseudoanthomastus) n. sp. 1 (d’Hondt &amp; d’Hondt, 2018: Fig. 57).</p> <p>Anthomastus nanhaiensis is the first species of Anthomastus Verrill, 1878 recorded in the South China Sea, and the second one known from the northwestern Pacific after A. muscarioides Kükenthal, 1910 was reported from Japanese waters. Morphologically, A. nanhaiensis is distinct from A. muscarioides by platelets in pharynx (vs. rodlets), characteristic double spheroids in capitulum and stalk (vs. absence), and the absence of sclerites in anthocodial wall (vs. spindles) (Kükenthal, 1910; d’Hondt &amp; d’Hondt, 2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B216779865FFA761A8F920F5E1FBAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Yang;Xu, Kuidong	Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2023): Anthomastus nanhaiensis, new species, and Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906, two mushroom soft corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from Zhenbei Seamount in the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 669-680, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0050
03B216779862FFAB6197FB68F43DFECE.text	03B216779862FFAB6197FB68F43DFECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys 1906	<div><p>Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906</p> <p>(Figs. 6‒8)</p> <p>Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906: 549‒553; Kinoshita, 1911: 121; Totton, 1933: 107; Bock, 1938: 4; Utinomi, 1960: 7‒9; Molodtsova, 2013: 492.</p> <p>Anthomastus (Bathyalcyon) robustum – Bayer, 1993: 8‒10 (part), pl. 9.</p> <p>Anthomastus (Bathyalcyon) robustum delta Bayer, 1993: 8‒10, pls. 6‒8.</p> <p>Material examined. MBM286427, 1 specimen, collected on 21 July 2022 from the station FX-Dive 309 (15°03.51′N, 116°33.22′E) of Zhenbei Seamount with water depth of 537 m (temperature 8.04°C), attached on stone; MBM286428, 1 specimen, collected on 27 July 2022 from the station FXDive 315 (15°04.73′N, 116°33.87′E) of Zhenbei Seamount with water depth of 552 m (temperature 8.06°C), attached on stone.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Colony form and size. In life, colonies attached to stones (Fig. 6A, B). Autozooid solitary, with anthocodia projecting from anthostele. Anthostele cylindrical, stiff, inner coenenchyme spongy, emerging from a membranous and spreading holdfast (Fig. 6). In alcohol preservation, colony of the larger specimen (MBM286427) 90 mm long, with anthostele 68 mm long and 29 mm wide, and anthocodia 55 mm long in contraction; colony of the smaller specimen (MBM286428) 88 mm long, with anthostele 63 mm long and 26 mm wide, and anthocodia 24 mm long in contraction (Fig. 6C, D).</p> <p>Polyps. Polyps dimorphic. Autozooid tentacles of the larger specimen up to 54 mm long, each side of rachis with 18–22 pinnules (19, 20, 22, 20, 22, 18, 19 respectively in 7 of 8 tentacles). Autozooid tentacles of the smaller specimen up to about 40 mm long, each side of rachis with 15–20 pinnules (18, 18, 18, 15, 19, 19/20, 19, 19 respectively). Pinnules arranged alternately rather than in pairs, with the middle ones larger than basal ones and upper ones. Siphonozooids fertile (oocytes approximately 0.40 mm in diameter), conspicuous, numerous, densely scattered among anthostele, measuring about 1 mm wide.</p> <p>Sclerites. Tentacular pinnule sclerites mostly tuberculate rods usually with a twist, ranging 0.18–0.35 mm long (Fig. 7A). Tentacular rachis sclerites mostly spiny rods to multiradiates, ranging 0.94– 0.17 mm long; occasionally crosses (Fig.</p> <p>7B). Anthocodial wall sclerites mostly 8-radiates, ranging 0.09–0.16 mm long; occasionally irregular multiradiates, tuberculate rods and clubs (Fig. 7C). Pharyngeal sclerites predominantly tuberculate rodlets ranging 0.10–0.19 mm long (Fig.7A). Sclerites of outermost anthostelar coenenchyme mostly 8-radiates, ranging 0.09–0.14 mm long; occasionally tuberculate clubs and spindles (Fig. 8B). Sclerites of deeper layer of coenenchyme mostly tuberculate spindles, ranging 0.26–0.42 mm long; occasionally multiradiates and tuberculate clubs (Fig. 8C). Sclerites from holdfast mostly 6, 7, 8-radiates, ranging 0.11–0.18 mm long; fewer tuberculate spindles, ranging 0.18–0.24 mm long; occasionally crosses and tuberculate clubs (Fig. 8D).</p> <p>Colour. Anthostele red and anthocodia l wall pinkish both in situ and in ethanol. Tentacles whitish in situ; aboral sides of tentacle rachis and pinnules reddish, and oral sides white in ethanol. Sclerites reddish under transmitted light.</p> <p>Distribution. Zhenbei Seamount, South China Sea, 537– 552 m. It was previously known from the west Pacific including: Ceram Sea, Indonesia, 924 m (Versluys, 1906); Malay Archipelago (732 m) and Philippines (274 m) (Totton, 1933); Japan, 150–732 m (Kinoshita, 1911; Bock, 1938; Utinomi, 1957, 1960). The subspecies Bathyalcyon robustum delta (Bayer, 1993) was reported from the Gulf of Mexico at the water depth of 274 m (Bayer, 1993).</p> <p>Remarks. Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906 was originally described based on specimens from the Ceram Sea of Indonesia, and it was subsequently reported from sea areas in the western Pacific (Versluys, 1906; Kinoshita, 1911; Totton, 1933; Bock, 1938; Utinomi, 1957, 1960). Bayer (1993) subsumed the monotypic genus Bathyalcyon Versluys, 1906 into Anthomastus Verrill, 1878 as a subgenus, and established the subspecies Anthomastus robustum delta Bayer, 1993 based on specimens from the Gulf of Mexico in the Altantic Ocean. Molodtsova (2013) reinstated Bathyalcyon Versluys, 1906 to genus status. We accept this taxonomic assignment, considering Bathyalcyon robustum has a single large autozooid, which is peculiar within the subfamily Anthomastinae Verrill, 1922. Moreover, the form of pharyngeal and tentacular sclerites has been considered to be the two main characters distinguishing genera of Anthomastinae Verrill, 1922 (Molodtsova, 2013). Our examination showed that the pharyngeal sclerites are predominantly rodlets and the tentacles contain multiradiates in Bathyalcyon Versluys, 1906, like those in Pseudoanthomastus Tixier-Durivault &amp; d’Hondt, 1974, while the pharyngeal sclerites are predominantly platelets and tentacles are devoid of multiradiates in Anthomastus Verrill, 1878.</p> <p>As indicated by Bayer (1993), the morphology of B. robustum Versluys, 1906 from the western Pacific was almost the same as Bathyalcyon robustum delta (Bayer, 1993) from the Atlantic except that the holdfast of the Pacific specimens has tuberculate spindles, while B. robustum delta (Bayer, 1993) has tuberculate rods. This difference occurs also in the South China Sea specimens. In the future, molecular study is needed to clarify the phylogenetic position of Bathyalcyon Versluys, 1906 and the taxonomic status of B. robustum delta (Bayer, 1993).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B216779862FFAB6197FB68F43DFECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Yang;Xu, Kuidong	Li, Yang, Xu, Kuidong (2023): Anthomastus nanhaiensis, new species, and Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906, two mushroom soft corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from Zhenbei Seamount in the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 669-680, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0050
