identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B2593FDE55FFECFEA5EC92FEA2FADC.text	03B2593FDE55FFECFEA5EC92FEA2FADC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis mystacinus	<div><p>Myotis mystacinus</p> <p>Whiskered Bat</p> <p>Vespertilio mystacinus Kuhl, 1819: 202; Germany</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Shan State: Hta Ein Cave, 15.8.2003, 1 ♂ (IL2). There are no previous authenti- cated records. Tun Yin (1993) listed M. my- stacinus muricola for Myanmar (with no precise locality) but based on his descrip- tion of the pelage, it is here included in M. muricola.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>A small Myotis with a forearm length of 35.1 mm, based on a single specimen from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 34.5–36.8 mm for extralimital specimens in Bates and Har- rison, 1997). The feet are not enlarged, about half the length of the tibiae. The hairs of the dorsal pelage have grey buff- brown tips and darker brown roots. On the ventral surface, the hair tips are white with black bases. The ears are narrow, with a tall narrow tragus. The skull (Table 5) is</p> <p>moderately elevated and bulbous. The upper canine (C 1) exceeds the third premolar (P4) in height. The first upper premolar (P2) is small, with the second (P 3) about two- thirds the crown area of P 2, both lie in the toothrow. The second lower premolar (P 3) is between half and two-thirds the crown area and height of the first (P 2).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>The dorsal and ventral pelage, ears, interfemoral and wing membranes of M. mystacinus are paler than those of M. muricola. The feet of M. mystacinus exceed those of M. muricola in size, both in absolute terms and relative to the length of the respective tibiae. In extralimital material, the skull of M. mystacinus averages larger than that of M. muricola (Bates and Harrison, 1997) and the braincase and rostrum are more elevated when viewed laterally. Toothrow length exceeds that of M. murico- la but the morphology of the teeth are es- sentially similar in both species.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>There has been much taxonomic confu- sion between M. mystacinus and M. murico- la and all previous records of M. mystacinus from South-East Asia, for example Van Peenan et al. (1969), Sokolov et al. (1986) and Lekagul and McNeely (1988), were omitted by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Koopman (1993). They are thought to be referable to M. muricola. A detailed discus- sion of the differences between the two taxa was included in Hill (1983) and further in- formation from Vietnam is included in Bates et al. (1999). The recent specimen from Myanmar is therefore the first authenticated record for South-East Asia.</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>The specimen from Shan State was collected in a mist net set at the entrance of a limestone cave (Hta Ein Cave). The cave, one of two on the eastern slope of the valley</p> <p>of the Hsindaung stream, is situated at the base of the range of mountains forming the eastern edge of the Yawnghwe Valley. The caves face westwards towards Inlay Lake and are about 100 m above the lake’s sur- face at an altitude of 1,400 m. The area was once covered in moist broadleaf forest. This has been extensively cleared for agriculture and most of the hills and valleys are now heavily degraded. The climate is relatively cool in comparison to the nearby Ayeyar- wady River valley, with warm wet summers and cool dry winters.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE55FFECFEA5EC92FEA2FADC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE54FFEFFE90EA23FECDF91D.text	03B2593FDE54FFEFFE90EA23FECDF91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis muricola (Bates and Harrison 1997)	<div><p>Myotis muricola</p> <p>Nepalese Whiskered Bat</p> <p>Vespertilio muricola Gray, 1846: 4; Nepal</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Tanintharyi division: Near Leik Kyi Vil-</p> <p>lage, 14.11.2003, 1 ♂ (TB12).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Tanintharyi division: Tanintharyi (= Te-</p> <p>nasserim, Wroughton, 1915 b); Ross Island</p> <p>(Lindsay, 1926).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>A small Myotis with a forearm length of 33.7 and 34.2 mm, based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 31.2–37.0 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 32.3–34.9 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 32.4–38.3 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The feet are small measuring less than half the length of the tibiae. The hairs of the dorsal pelage have dark-brown tips and black roots. On the ventral surface, the hair tips are buff-brown with black bases. The ears are narrow, with a tall narrow tragus. The upper canine (C1) exceeds the third premolar (P4) in height. The second upper premolar (P3) is about two-thirds the crown area of the first (P2), both lie in the toothrow, although sometimes P3 maybe dis- placed slightly internally. The second lower premolar (P3) is about half the crown area and height of the first (P2); both lie within the toothrow.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>For the distinction between M. muri- cola and M. mystacinus, see above. In comparison to M. siligorensis, the skull of M. muricola is larger but the braincase is less elevated and the canines are more ro- bust (Fig. 2; Bates et al., 1999).</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>All specimens currently recorded from Myanmar were collected in the lowland evergreen Dipterocarp rainforests of Ta- nintharyi (= Tenasserim) Division. In No- vember, 2003 a single specimen was col- lected by local people from near Leik Kye village on Kadan Island, which is situated in the northern part of the Myeik (= Mergui) Archipelago. The area included extensive rubber plantations, some subsistence agri- culture and heavily disturbed secondary for- est. The altitude was between 100 and 200 metres. Previously, four specimens had been collected from the nearby Doun Island (= Ross Island in Lindsay, 1926). On the mainland, it was collected at Tanintharyi (= Tenasserim) village, which is at the conflu- ence of the Great and Little Tanintharyi Rivers. According to Wroughton (1915 b), the village was surrounded by fruit orchards and ‘secondary growth jungle and was shut in by hills’ which have an altitude of 300 m (1,000 feet).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE54FFEFFE90EA23FECDF91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE57FFE1FC8EEC19FB53FA6A.text	03B2593FDE57FFE1FC8EEC19FB53FA6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis siligorensis (Horsfield 1855)	<div><p>Myotis siligorensis</p> <p>Himalayan Whiskered Bat</p> <p>Vespertilio siligorensis Horsfield, 1855: 102; Siligori, Nepal</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Shan State: Montawa Cave, 21.3.2003, sex?, (SH5); Naga Cave, 22.3.2003, 1 ♀ (SH10); Tonetar Cave (KT12); Mon State: Yathay Pyan Cave, 5.11.2002, 1 ♀ (H9).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Hai Bum (Carter, 1943); Adung Valley (FMNH).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a small species of Myotis with a forearm length of 32.9–35.6 mm, based on three specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 30.0– 31.5 mm in Bates and Har- rison, 1997; 31.0– 35.2 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 31.8–35.3 mm in Boris- senko and Kruskop, 2003). The feet are small, less than half the length of the tibiae. The hairs of the dorsal pelage have midbrown tips and darker brown roots. On the ventral surface, the hair tips are pale creamy-buff with dark bases. The skull is small but with a relatively elevated brain-</p> <p>case. The upper canine (C1) scarcely ex- ceeds the third upper premolar (P4) in height. The second upper premolar (P3) is about two-thirds the crown area and half the height of the first (P2), both lie in the toothrow. The lower canine (C1) is very weak, equal or less in height and crown area to the third lower premolar (P4). The second lower premolar (P3) is about half the crown area and two-thirds the height of the first (P2); both lie within the toothrow. Similar species</p> <p>There is some mensural overlap with M. muricola. However, the ventral pelage of M. siligorensis is significantly paler and the skull has a more noticeably elevated braincase whilst the canines are evidently weak relative to skull size (Bates et al., 1999).</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>In Kachin State, a single individual was collected at an altitude of 490 m (1,600 feet) at Hai Bum (Carter, 1943). It was also collected in the Adung Valley, which is in the foothills of Mount Khakaborazi in the eastern Himalaya. In Shan State, it was col- lected in the large cave complex of Mon- tawa, which is situated just below the sum- mit of the Taunggyi Range, about 4 km south-west of Taunggyi. The elevation is in excess of 1,000 m. It was also collected at Nagar Cave, the small entrance of which leads to a larger chamber with a pagoda. The original deciduous forest has been cleared for slash and burn agriculture (this took place over one hundred years ago) and both caves are now surrounded by moderately sparse vegetation, trees and shrubs.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE57FFE1FC8EEC19FB53FA6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE59FFE0FCF6EACCFCFCF9C3.text	03B2593FDE59FFE0FCF6EACCFCFCF9C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis annectans (Dobson 1871)	<div><p>Myotis annectans</p> <p>Hairy Faced Bat</p> <p>Pipistrellus annectans Dobson, 1871: 213; Naga Hills, Assam, north-east India</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Lekagul and McNeely (1988) included this species for Myanmar without comment.</p> <p>Koopman (1993) included it by inference. It was omitted by Corbet and Hill (1992) and no records for Myanmar were included in Bates and Harrison (1997). On the basis of Tun Yin (1993), who listed it without distribution details, it was included in the faunal list of Bates et al. (2000). Although the species most probably does occur in Myanmar, no voucher specimens and/or no literature supporting its inclusion was included in Topál (1970 a) and none has been traced for this study. Therefore, the species should be omitted from the Myanmar list of bat species until data supporting its presence are found.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE59FFE0FCF6EACCFCFCF9C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE58FFE2FC8EE957FECBFB17.text	03B2593FDE58FFE2FC8EE957FECBFB17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis montivagus (Dobson 1874)	<div><p>Myotis montivagus</p> <p>Burmese Whiskered Bat</p> <p>Vespertilio montivagus Dobson, 1874: 237; Hotha, Yunnan, China</p> <p>i — measurements of extralimital specimens from Vietnam (HZM specimens) ii — measurements (external only) of extralimital specimens from Vietnam (Bates et al., 1997) iii — measurements based on Tate (1942) iv — measurements of extralimital specimens from India and Cambodia (BMNH and HZM specimens)</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Adung Valley (Hill, 1962). There is no new material.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a medium-large Myotis with a forearm length 40.5, 40.6 mm for the two specimens known from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 44.7–46.8 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 44.0– 44.6 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001, and 39–47 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark brown with paler tips that give a slight glossy sheen. On the ventral surface, the hair bases are dark and the tips paler brown to fawn. In the wings, the third metacarpal exceeds the fourth and fifth in length. The wings are attached to the base of the outer phalanx of each foot. The feet are not en- larged, equal to or less than half the length of the tibiae. The skull is robust. The second upper premolar (P3) appears to be variable in size. In extralimital material, it is be- tween one eighth and one third the crown area of the first (P2) and is displaced inter- nally; P2 and the third premolar (P4) are in contact in some individuals. The lower ca- nine (C1) is short, only slightly exceeding the third lower premolar (P4) in height. The second lower premolar (P3) is half the crown area of the first (P2), and is com- pressed tightly in the toothrow; occasional- ly, it is displaced internally.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Myotis montivagus is comparable in forearm length to M. hasselti and M. hors- fieldi but differs in the smaller size of its feet relative to tibia length.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that the specimens from Myanmar and southern China are relatively small when compared to referred material from India and else- where in South-East Asia. The taxonomic significance of this is not known.</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>In Kachin State, it was collected in 1931 at an altitude of 1,850 m (6,000 feet) in the Adung Valley, which is in the foothills of Mount Khakaborazi in the eastern Himalaya (Hill, 1962).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE58FFE2FC8EE957FECBFB17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5AFFE5FE98EA1AFF0EFD84.text	03B2593FDE5AFFE5FE98EA1AFF0EFD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis hasselti Temminck 1840	<div><p>Myotis hasselti</p> <p>Van Hasselt’s Bat</p> <p>Vespertilio hasseltii Temminck, 1840: 225; Bantam, Java</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Yangon Division: Yangon City, -.8.2003, 1 ♂ (RL1) and -.10.2000, 1 ♂ (Y87).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Yangon Division: Yangon City (BMNH collection); Rakhine State: Ponnagyun Township (Pearch et al., 2003); Tanintharyi Division: Myeik (= Mergui, Lindsay, 1926).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>A medium sized species of Myotis with a forearm length of 41.6 mm based on a single specimen from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 37.2–40.3 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 38.8–39.1 mm in Bates et al., 1999). The feet are large; they exceed half the length of the tibiae. The wings are attached to the ankles or the tibiae. The dorsal pelage is dark brown with the hair tips slight ly paler than the roots. On the ventral sur- face, the tips are grey and the roots darker. The skull has a bulbous braincase. The sec- ond upper premolar (P3) is minute or sometimes absent; if present, it is usually about one quarter the crown area of the first (P2) and is displaced internally. The lower ca- nine (C1) considerably exceeds the third lower premolar (P4) in height. The second lower premolar (P3) is about one third the crown area and height of the first (P2); it is in the toothrow or displaced internally.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Myotis hasselti is distinguished from M. horsfieldi by its larger size and by the attachment of the wing. In M. hasselti, it is attached to the ankle or tibia whilst in M. horsfieldii it is attached to the outer metatarsal of each foot.</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>Previously collected from the gardens of the British Embassy residency in Yan- gon (BMNH specimen), more recently M. hasselti was seen flying over the Kan- dawmin and Kandawgyi lakes in cen- tral Yangon city. In both these latter sites, they roosted under bridges. At Kandaw- gyi Lake, about 20 individuals were ob- served flying close to the shore of a small island. At the time, it was assumed that they were hawking for insects just above the water surface as this behaviour has been observed elsewhere, including Sri Lanka (Phillips, 1980) and Malaysia (Medway, 1969). A subsequent analysis of the stomach contents of one individual found evidence of piscovory, with fish scales (Dr Khin Mie Mie, pers. comm.). In Ponnagyun township in northern Rakhine, a small colony was found roosting in an electrical metre box in an office. The township is situated on a level plain, with some sandy ridges. It is bounded by the sea, the Kala- dan River and series of low hills. Myotis hasselti is also known from Tanintharyi, for a description of the area see M. muricola above.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5AFFE5FE98EA1AFF0EFD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5DFFE5FEACED96FCECFAEA.text	03B2593FDE5DFFE5FEACED96FCECFAEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Temminck 1840	<div><p>Myotis horsfieldi</p> <p>Horsfield’s Bat</p> <p>Vespertilio horsfieldii Temminck, 1840: 226; Mount Gede, Java</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Kayin State: Bayint Nyi Cave, 14.11. 2002, 1 ♂ (H15); Mon State: Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, 19.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H23) and -.5.2003, 1 ♂ (KMM1).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Mon State — Kyauk-Ta-Lone (Bates et al., 2001).</p> <p>Diagnostic description</p> <p>A medium-small species of Myotis with a forearm length of 33.8, 34.0 mm based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 36.5–41.5 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 34.3–36.8 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 34 –37 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark- grey brown. The ventral pelage is paler, with buff-brown hair tips and dark roots. The feet are enlarged and exceed half the length of the tibiae. The wings are attached to the outer metatarsals of each foot. The upper canine (C1) is nearly twice the height of the third upper premolar (P4). The second upper premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2) and usually lies within</p> <p>the toothrow. The lower canine (C1) exceeds the third lower premolar in height (P4). The second lower premolar (P3) is about half the crown area of the first (P2).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>The distinction of M. horsfieldi from M. hasselti is discussed above.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>The external, skull and dental measurements of the Myanmar specimens are small when compared to those listed in Hill (1983) for M. h. peshwa (Thomas, 1915 c) from peninsular India and M. h. deignani Shamel, 1942 from Thailand. They compare more favourably to those of the nominate race from Malaysia and Java.</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>In Myanmar, all three specimens were found in or near limestone caves. Initially collected in March, 2001 near Kyauk- Ta-Lone village, it was flying over a small watercourse that runs through an area of agricultural land, disturbed woodland and limestone outcrops (Bates et al., 2001). Subsequently in May, 2003, it was collect- ed again in the same vicinity at Indian Temple Cave, which is situated some 800 m from the original point of capture. The last individual was collected in the tunnel- like limestone cave of Bayint Nyi, which is an area of disturbed woodland and some agriculture.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5DFFE5FEACED96FCECFAEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5DFFE4FCF9EA7DFD93FA27.text	03B2593FDE5DFFE4FCF9EA7DFD93FA27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis chinensis (Tomes 1857)	<div><p>Myotis chinensis</p> <p>Large Myotis</p> <p>Vespertilio chinensis Tomes, 1857: 52; southern China</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Shan State: Thuye Oo Min Cave, 27.3. 2003, 1 ♂ (SH21); Kayin State: YathayPyan Cave, 26.11.2001, 1 ♂ (Sc4); Mon State: Hnidon Hill Cave, 4.12.2001, sex? (Sc21).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Mon State: Saddan-Sin Cave (Bates et al., 2001).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>A very large Myotis with a forearm length of 65.1–68.0 mm based on 5 speci- mens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 65.0– 68.9 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 65 – 69 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003). The dorsal pelage is dark grey-brown with the roots almost black. The ventral pelage is paler with grey hair tips and dark roots. The skull and teeth are robust. The second upper premolar (P3) is about half to two-thirds the crown area and height of the first (P2) and is slightly displaced internally. Likewise, the second lower premolar (P3) is half to two- thirds the crown area and height of the first (P2) and compressed in the toothrow.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Myotis chinensis is distinguished from all other local species of Myotis by its large size.</p> <p>Ecological notes</p> <p>In Myanmar, all specimens have been collected in limestone caves. Originally recorded from the large cave complex of Saddan-Sin (Bates et al., 2001), it has sub- sequently been collected from three other caves. Hnidon Hill and Yathay-Pyan Caves in Mon and Kayin States respectively are both large with a number of tunnels and chambers and at an altitude of approximate- ly 50 m, both are surrounded by agricultural land and are the roosts of a rich variety of bat species. Thuye Oo Min Cave in Shan State is also large and is situated at an alti- tude of approximately 1,000 metres. It is surrounded by ponds and paddy fields.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5DFFE4FCF9EA7DFD93FA27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5CFFE4FEFDE93CFCB8FEFD.text	03B2593FDE5CFFE4FEFDE93CFCB8FEFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Thomas 1902	<div><p>Genus Ia</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Ia Thomas, 1902 was considered to be a subgenus of Pipistrellus by Ellerman and</p> <p>Morrison-Scott (1951) but following Topál (1970 b) is treated as a separate genus by most contemporary bat systematists (Corbet and Hill, 1992).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5CFFE4FEFDE93CFCB8FEFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5CFFE7FC22EE4FFB8EFEFC.text	03B2593FDE5CFFE7FC22EE4FFB8EFEFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Thomas 1902	<div><p>Ia io</p> <p>Great Evening Bat</p> <p>Ia io Thomas, 1902: 164; Chungyang, south Hubei, China</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Shan State: Hta Ein Cave, 18.8.2003, 1 ♂ (IL4). There are no previous records.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>With a forearm length of 77.2 mm based on a single specimen from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 70.9–77.3 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997; 75.5–79.8 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001 and 70 –77.5 mm in Borissenko and Kruskop, 2003), this is the largest Ves- pertilionid bat known from the country. The pelage is a uniform dark grey-brown, almost black, on the dorsal surface. It is paler below; the hairs have dark brown roots and grey-brown tips. Unfortunately, the bacu- lum of the single male from Myanmar was damaged in preparation. In a specimen from Vietnam (HZM.4.32150), the baculum is minute and triangular in shape (Fig. 1I); the two lateral basal processes are deflected ventrally; the length is 1.4 mm and the greatest breadth 0.8 mm. With a condylocanine length of 26.7 mm, the skull is large and the rostrum is particularly robust. The second upper incisor (I3) is minute, subequal in height to the cingulum of the first incisor (I2). The first upper pre- molar (P2) is also minute, about one tenth the crown area of I2, and is displaced internally from the toothrow. The first lower premolar (P2) is half the crown area of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Ia io is distinguished from all other Ves- pertilionid species in the region by its size.</p> <p>Compared to the local species of Pipistrel- lus (but not A. circumdatus), the second up- per incisor (I3) is greatly reduced in com- parison to the first (I2). Ecology</p> <p>Like M. mystacinus (for further details, see above), I. io was collected in a mist net set at the entrance of Hta Ein Cave.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5CFFE7FC22EE4FFB8EFEFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5EFFE6FEA5EFBFFED4FD8E.text	03B2593FDE5EFFE6FEA5EFBFFED4FD8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Schreber 1774	<div><p>Genus Pipistrellus</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Four subgenera of Pipistrellus (Pipi- strellus Schreber, 1774, Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856, Falsistrellus Troughton, 1943, and Arielulus Hill and Harrison, 1987) were recognised by Corbet and Hill (1992). Sub- sequently, Arielulus was promoted to gener- ic status by Csorba and Lee (1999). Follow- ing Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003), Hypsugo is also considered here to be a dis- tinct genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5EFFE6FEA5EFBFFED4FD8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5EFFE6FF49EDD8FF10FAA9.text	03B2593FDE5EFFE6FF49EDD8FF10FAA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus pipistrellus	<div><p>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</p> <p>Common Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774: 167, pl. 54; France</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Bates and Harrison (1997) included this species for Myanmar without comment on the basis of two specimens in The Natural History Museum London (BMNH.50.468/ 472) from Sumka Uma in Kachin State. It was subsequently included as a ‘provision- al record’ in the faunal list of Bates et al. (2000). However, a study of the baculum of specimen BMNH.50.468 for this paper revealed that it was incorrectly identified and should have been referred to P. coro- mandra. Therefore, P. pipistrellus should be omitted from the Myanmar list of bat spe- cies until data supporting its presence are found.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5EFFE6FF49EDD8FF10FAA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE5EFFF8FF4DEABAFF62F9C0.text	03B2593FDE5EFFF8FF4DEABAFF62F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus paterculus Thomas 1915	<div><p>Pipistrellus paterculus</p> <p>Mount Popa Pipistrelle</p> <p>Pipistrellus paterculus Thomas, 1915b: 32; Mount Popa, Upper Burma (Myanmar)</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Mandalay Division: Hintha Cave, 3.12. 2003, 1 ♂ (MDI.12); Kayin State: Yathay Pyan Cave, 9.3.2001, 1 ♂ (K13).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Nam Tisang Valley, Sum- ka Uma, Sumprabum, Ningma (Hill, 1962), Indawagyi Lake (Das and Sinha, 1995); Sagaing Division: Tatkon, Homalin, Hkam- ti, Tamanthe (Wroughton, 1916 a); Kyouk Myoung (Wroughton, 1916 a = mimus in Wroughton, 1915 a); Mandalay Division: Mount Popa (type locality of paterculus); Pyin Oo Lwin (= Maymyo in BMNH collection); Shan State: Pyaunggaung (Wroughton, 1916 a = coromandra in Ryley, 1914).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a medium-small pipistrelle with a forearm length of 29.0– 29.6 mm, based on three specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA= 29.2–34.0 mm in Bates and Har- rison, 1997, and 30.4–33.1 mm in Hen- drichsen et al., 2001), and with an unusual- ly long penis (&gt; 10 mm). The pelage is a uniform dark chocolate brown on the dor- sal surface. On the ventral surface, the hairs have dark roots but paler, ginger brown tips. The baculum is almost straight, with only a slight indication of incipient curvature and exceeds 9 mm in length (Fig. 2A). Its bifid tip is well developed and forms nearly a complete ring at an angle of 45° to the shaft. The zygomata are thin and without processes. The second upper incisor (I3) is about equal in crown area, and attains the height of the secondary cusp of the first in- cisor (I2). The upper canine (C1) is usually without a secondary cusp. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in crown area to I2 and is intruded from the toothrow. The crown area of the second lower premolar (P4) slightly exceeds that of first premolar (P2), which is about three-quarters its height.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Baculum apart, P. paterculus is dif- ficult to distinguish with certainty from</p> <p>P. coromandra. However, the penis and ba- culum are longer than in all other local pip- istrelle species except P. abramus, which in contrast has a thin and sinuous baculum with a characteristic double curve when viewed laterally.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>Both the recent specimens were collect- ed in limestone caves. Yathay-Pyan Cave, which is situated at 50 m above sea level has several large chambers and a complex roof system. It is surrounded by paddy fields and secondary forest. Hintha Cave is at an altitude of 520 m. It is near a stream and a waterfall. The type locality of P. pa- terculus is Mount Popa, which is a 1500 m high extinct volcano. The summit is grassy. At the time of capture, the upper slopes were covered in temperate evergreen forest and cultivated gardens and the lower slopes with dry decidous forest mixed with bam- boo. The surrounding area is dry, open country (Wroughton, 1915 a). At Kyouk Myoung, it was found in thick scrub (Wroughton, 1915 a). It is also known from the Shan Plateau having been collected from Pyaunggaung at an altitude of 860 m (Wroughton, 1916 a).</p> <p>Pipistrellus ceylonicus</p> <p>Kelaart’s Pipistrelle</p> <p>Pipistrellus ceylonicus Kelaart, 1852: 22; Trinco- malee, Ceylon</p> <p>Pipistrellus shanorum Thomas, 1915 b: 29; Pyaung- gaung, N. Shan States, 2,800 feet, Burma</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Shan State: Pyaunggaung (type locality of P. shanorum). There is no new material.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>A large pipistrelle with a forearm length of 35.9 mm based on a single specimen from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 33.0–42.0 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997). The hairs on the dorsal surface are silky, medium in</p> <p>length; the tips are a rich dark brown and the bases darker. The ventral surface is a paler mid-brown, more buff coloured near the vent and with dark hair bases. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. Based on extralimital ma- terial, the baculum has a bilobate base, a thin shaft and a bifid tip (Figs. 1A and 2D); it measures 3.8–4.1 mm in length (n = 2, based on a specimen from India illustrated in Hill and Harrison, 1987 and Sri Lanka</p> <p>[HZM collection]). The skull is large with a robust rostrum. The zygomata are thin and without processes. In P. ceylonicus, the up- per canine (C1) usually has a secondary cusp, although this was not present in the holotype of shanorum. The first upper pre- molar (P2) is about equal in area to the first upper incisor (I2); it is intruded from the toothrow but C1 is not in contact with the second upper premolar (P4). The crown area of the first lower premolar (P2) is about 80% that of the second (P4). Similar species</p> <p>In P. ceylonicus, the crown area of first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in area to the first upper incisor (I2). This distin- guishes it from P. cadornae, P. joffrei, P. anthonyi, and A. circumdatus, which have a comparable forearm length but in which P2 is greatly reduced. Bacular morphology and the thin zygomata differentiate it from P. af- finis and P. lophurus. Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Thomas (1915 b) in his original descrip- tion of shanorum suggested that it was ‘closely allied to ceylonicus but smaller’. Corbet and Hill (1992) included shanorum in P. ceylonicus. The pelage is much darker than that of P. c. ceylonicus. Ecology</p> <p>An adult female was collected on 4 May 1912 at an altitude of 860 m (2800 feet) at Pyaunggaung on the western part of the Shan Plateau. The area is situated on an undulating limestone plateau and accord- ing to Ryley (1914) was given over to the cultivation of ‘wet rice’ in the valley areas with ‘dry rice’ grown on the surrounding hills.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE5EFFF8FF4DEABAFF62F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE40FFFBFEB7E956FC3BFDC8.text	03B2593FDE40FFFBFEB7E956FC3BFDC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray 1838)	<div><p>Pipistrellus javanicus</p> <p>Javan Pipistrelle</p> <p>Scotophilus javanicus Gray, 1838: 498; Java Pipistrellus peguensis Sinha, 1969: 83; Pegu, Burma</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Bago Division: Bago township, August, 2002, 10 ♂♂ (B50–51, 55–56, 84, 91, 110, 120–121, W1-2); Yangon Division: Thone Kwa, -.10.2003, 2 ♂♂ (TK1, TK2); Mon State: Kyaik-Kha-Mi, 13.03.2001, 1 ♂ (K24).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Dalu (Carter, 1943); Rakhine State: Bout-thi-su Quarter [Sittway] (Pearch et al., 2003); Bago Division: Bago (= Pegu, type locality of peguensis, Sinha, 1969); Tanintharyi Division: Myeik ([Mer- gui] = P. coromandra in Lindsay, 1926 but subsequently referred to P. peguensis by Sinha, 1994).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>A medium-sized pipistrelle with a fore- arm length of 29.3–32.0 mm based on 13 specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 30.0–36.0 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997 and 32.3–36.2 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The pelage is unremarkable, rang- ing from chestnut to darker brown, with a frosting of some paler brown hairs on the back. It is buffy brown on the ventral surface but with the hair roots almost black. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The baculum, which measures 5.1–5.8 mm has a bilobate base, a thin shaft and a bifid tip (Fig. 2B). The skull, with a condylo-canine length of 11.6–12.3 mm is relatively large for Pipistrellus. The zygomata are thin and without processes. The second upper incisor (I3) is about equal to the first (I2) in crown area and attains the height of the secondary cusp. The upper canine (C1) usually has a secondary cusp. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in crown area to I2 and is intruded from the toothrow. The second lower premolar (P4) slightly exceeds the first (P2) in crown area and is about two- thirds the height.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>The penis, with a length in excess of 6 mm, and the baculum of P. javanicus ex- ceed in length those of all other local pip- istrelles except P. paterculus and P. abra- mus, which are significantly longer. Unlike the skull of P. cadornae, which is similar in size to that of P. javanicus, the first upper premolar (P2) is small but not minute.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Pipistrellus peguensis, Sinha, 1969 was described from Myanmar with a further population recorded from Darjeeling in north-east India (Sinha, 1990). In the origi- nal description, the holotype and five para- types of P. peguensi s were compared with P. coromandra and P. abramus but not with P. javanicus. Although Koopman (1993) considered it to be specifically distinct, Corbet and Hill (1992) included peguensi s as a synonym of P. javanicus. In this study, the skull, dental and bacular morphology of a series of specimens from Bago, the type locality of P. peguensis, were compared with specimens from elsewhere in the range of P. javanicus, including the Indian Sub- continent (Bates and Harrison, 1997). The two taxa appear to be morphologically in- distinguishable. The Myanmar specimens average slightly smaller in external and cra- nial measurements. However, there is a con- siderable overlap in the ranges. Pipistrellus peguensis is therefore included as a syno- nym of P. javanicus.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>In Myanmar, this species is closely as- sociated with man and has been found in the townships of Bago, Yangon and Sittway. The specimen from Kyaik-Kha-Mi in Mon State was collected from a small colony that was located behind the wooden boards of the wall of a monastery. The monastery was on stilts and suspended above the sea on the south-western extremity of the old town. The adjacent habitat is very disturbed with</p> <p>open ground covered in grass, houses, and gardens, including fruit trees and palms. Outside the town, much of the land is given over to rubber plantations. Previous specimens from Dalu in Kachin State were collected at an altitude of 193 m (626 feet) in paddy fields bordered by dense forest (Carter, 1943). Three specimens, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ were collected from Myeik (= Mergui) in September and October, 1921 (= P. coro- mandra in Lindsay, 1926).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE40FFFBFEB7E956FC3BFDC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE43FFFAFC81ED5DFE97FB85.text	03B2593FDE43FFFAFC81ED5DFE97FB85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus abramus (Temminck 1838)	<div><p>Pipistrellus abramus</p> <p>Japanese Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vespertilio abramus Temminck, 1840: 232; pl. 58; Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan</p> <p>Previous record from Myanmar</p> <p>Shan State: Namkam (Das and Sinha, 1995). There are no new records.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a medium-sized pipistrelle with a forearm length of 31.6–34.4 mm in specimens referred to this species from Myanmar and India by Das and Sinha (1995) and 29.1 and 30.6 mm in two extralimital specimens from Vietnam (Table 4) (no local material was seen by the current authors: FA = 30.9–31.2 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). It has a very long penis (Bates et al., 1997). The dorsal pelage is grey-brown with dark hair roots. The ventral surface has pale buffy-grey hair tips and dark roots. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The baculum, which is long, 8.9–12.0 mm in extralimital specimens, is thin and sinuous with a characteristic double curve when viewed laterally (Fig. 2C). The base is slightly bilobate and the tip has an indication towards being bifid (Bates et al., 1997). The skull has thin zygomata without processes. The second incisor (I3) exceeds the height of the secondary cusp of the first incisor (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The upper canine (C1) has</p> <p>a secondary cusp. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in crown area to I2 and is intruded from the toothrow. The first lower premolar (P2) is about two-thirds to three- quarters the crown area of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>The skull of P. abramus cannot be dis- tinguished from P. coromandra by either size or morphology. However, the penis and baculum of P. abramus greatly exceed those of P. coromandra in length. The shape, but not the length of the baculum, appears to be the only reliable character to distinguish be- tween P. abramus and P. paterculus.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>Nothing is known of the ecology of P. abramus in Myanmar. The only known specimen was collected on 25 November, 1926 at Namkam (Das and Sinha, 1995). This area is currently characterised by for- ested hills, with bamboo in the more dis- turbed areas and agricultural land, primarily rice paddy, in the Lengchuan Jiang (River) valley (data from the Yangon Univer- sity/Harrison Institute expedition to the area in March, 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE43FFFAFC81ED5DFE97FB85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE42FFFDFF47EB95FE25FC95.text	03B2593FDE42FFFDFF47EB95FE25FC95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus coromandra in Lindsay 1926	<div><p>Pipistrellus coromandra</p> <p>Coromandel Pipistrelle</p> <p>Scotophilus coromandra Gray, 1838: 498; Pondi- cherry, Coromandel coast, India</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Mandalay Division: Htonbo Compound, 12.3.2003, 1 ♂ (MN2).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Shingaw (Anthony, 1941); Myitkyina (Smithsonian Institution/ Los Angeles County Museum); Sumka Uma: (BMNH; previously referred to P. pipistrel- lus in Bates and Harrison, 1997). Records from Tanintharyi Division (Lindsay, 1926) and Bago Division (= Pegu in Wroughton</p> <p>and Davidson, 1918) were subsequently re- ferred to P. peguensis by Sinha (1969, 1994) but are here included in P. javanicus.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a medium-small pipistrelle with a forearm length of 30.7 mm based on the single specimen seen from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 25.5–34.3 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997). The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum, which is 3.9 mm in length, has a straight or slightly sinuous shaft, with a bifid tip and with the basal lobes deflected ventrally (Fig. 1B). In the skull, the zygomata are thin and without processes. The second incisor (I3) exceeds the height of the secondary cusp of the first incisor (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The canine (C1) usual- ly has a secondary cusp. The first upper pre- molar (P2) is about equal to I 2 in crown area and is usually but not always intruded from the toothrow, to a greater or lesser extent. The first lower premolar (P2) is about 75% the crown area of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>There appear to be no reliable mor- phological characters that will distinguish a small individual of P. coromandra from a large P. tenuis in allopatric populations, and even the baculum is of no diagnostic value. As such, these identifications must be considered subjective. In sympatric popula- tions, individuals are divisible into two taxa by skull size. Larger individuals of P. coro- mandra also overlap in size with smaller P. javanicus but in this case the baculum of P. javanicus is considerably more robust. In comparison to P. paterculus, the skull is more flattened, the upper canine usually has a secondary cusp and the penis and baculum are significantly shorter. The baculum differs significantly in size and shape from that of P. pipistrellus (Hill and Harrison, 1987). Ecology</p> <p>A single specimen was collected in a mistnet set over a stream that passes through the government compound at Hton- bo, which is situated adjacent to a limestone outcrop, approximately 150 m in height, on the eastern margin of the Ayeyarwady flood plain. The banks of the stream had thick vegetation of grasses and small trees. Near- by, there were orchards and extensive areas of agricultural land. Previously, a single specimen was shot in the open, hot valley of the N’mai River at Shingaw in Kachin State at an altitude of 231 m (750 feet). The veg- etation in 1938/39 included forest in undis- turbed areas and secondary growth (An- thony, 1941). It was collected at an altitude of 550 m (1,800 feet) at Sumka Uma in the foothills of the Himalaya (information from BMNH.50.468 specimen label).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE42FFFDFF47EB95FE25FC95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE45FFFCFEAAEC60FE33FEDC.text	03B2593FDE45FFFCFEAAEC60FE33FEDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Temminck 1840	<div><p>Pipistrellus tenuis</p> <p>Least Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, 1840: 229; Sumatra (Tate, 1942)</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Rakhine State: Tai-Gyo Village; Ngapa- li Beach; Chan-pyin village; Bout-thi-su Quarter; Kya-ma-thaut (Pearch et al, 2003).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Dalu (Carter, 1943); Sagaing Division: Homalin (Wroughton, 1916 a); Kabaw Valley (Wroughton, 1916 b); Nanyaseik, Phawzaw; Maungkan (Carter, 1943); Shan State: Pyaunggaung (Ryley, 1914). A record from Mandalay Division (Wroughton, 1915 a) was subsequently re- ferred to P. paterculus by Thomas (1915 b).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a very small pipistrelle with a forearm length of 26.4–27.6 mm based on five specimens from Myanmar (Table 4;</p> <p>FA = 25.0– 30.2 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997, and 30.3 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The pelage is fine, dense and silky. It is a uniform buff, varying in tone from midto dark brown. The ventral surface is paler, the hair tips are buffy brown and the roots are dark brown. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum, with a length of 3.1–3.7 mm, is similar in form to that of P. coromandra (Fig. 1C). The skull is small. The zygomata are thin and without processes. The second incisor (I3) exceeds the height of the secondary cusp of the first incisor (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The upper canine (C1) is bicuspidate. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal in crown area to that of I2; it is usually situated in the toothrow. The first lower premolar (P2) is about 75% of the crown area and height of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>This species is on average the smallest pipistrelle in the region. It can be distin- guished from all other species on the basis of skull size except P. coromandra, with which there is some overlap. The baculum is also indistinguishable from this species. In consequence, it is not possible to dis- criminate with certainty between a larger in- dividual of P. tenuis and a smaller individ- ual of P. coromandra, except where the two occur sympatrically.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>In Rakhine State, it was collected in nets set adjacent to a small area of marsh and a shallow brackish lake in heavily disturbed coastal habitats near Nagapali Beach. At Tai-gyo village, it was found roosting in a hut in a small village situated in a palm grove about 100 m from the sea (Pearch et al., 2003). In Kachin State, it was collected at an altitude of 190 m at Dalu, in an area of paddy fields surrounded by rain forest (Carter, 1943). At Homalin, it was found in</p> <p>open ‘deciduous jungle with stretches of kaing grass’ and paddy fields adjacent to the township (Wroughton, 1916 a).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE45FFFCFEAAEC60FE33FEDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE44FFFCFF4DEE27FCC1FA26.text	03B2593FDE44FFFCFF4DEE27FCC1FA26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus pulveratus	<div><p>Pipistrellus pulveratus</p> <p>Chinese Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vesperugo pulveratus Peters, 1871: 618; Amoy, Fujian, China</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Mon State: Saddan Sin Cave, 2.11.2002, 2 ♂♂ (H5, H17) and 12.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H17); Kayin State: Yathay Pyan Cave, 5.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H8); Weibyan Cave, 6.10. 2002, 1 ♂ (H11); Shan State: Pyin Oo Lwin (BMNH collection; previously referred to H. (= Pipistrellus) savii by Corbet and Hill (1992); Badalin cave, 23.8.2003, 2 ♂♂ (I- BD3/4). There are no previous records.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>This is a medium-sized species with a forearm length of 32.0– 35.2 mm based on nine specimens from Myanmar (Table 4; FA = 34.8–37.0 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The dorsal pelage is long, thick and silky with dark brown, almost black hairs on the back that are tipped with gold- en-brown. On the belly the hair roots are very dark with paler buff-brown tips. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The baculum, with a length of 2.6–3.1 mm, has straight shaft, hollowed out below and a simple, not bi- lobate base; the tip is bluntly pointed (Fig. 1D). In the skull, the zygomata are robust with a small dorsal process on each jugal bone. The basioccipital area has a well defined central ridge running between the two cochlea but the basioccipital pits are virtually absent. The second incisor (I3) attains the height of the secondary cusp of the first (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The upper canine (C1) is without a secondary cusp. The crown area of the first upper premolar (P2) varies between</p> <p>about two-thirds to equal that of I2. The first lower premolar (P2) is two-thirds the crown area and between half and two-thirds the height of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>The distinctive dorsal pelage and bacu- lar morphology distinguish this species from all other similar sized pipistrelle spe- cies in the region.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>All the voucher specimens were collect- ed in mist nets set in large limestone caves, each of which has a series of large complex chambers. In Mon and Kayin States, the caves are primarily surrounded by paddy fields. Vegetation on the limestone outcrops includes climbers, ferns and a limited number of stunted trees. The original lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests have for the most part been cleared, with only scattered, highly disturbed remnants remaining. At Badalin, which is situated on the eastern margin of the central Dry Zone of Myanmar, the cave is surrounded by seasonally very dry, deciduous forest. Previously, specimen BMNH.14.7.8.6.3 (subsequently incorrectly referred to H. savii austenianus, see below) was collected from Pyin Oo Lwin (= Maymyo), which is situated on the western margin of the undu- lating Shan plateau at an altitude of 1080 m (3500 feet). Once surrounded by hills covered with deciduous forest, many years of intensive deforestation have meant that even by the start of 20th century much of the land had been converted to scrub, agricultural land and pockets of disturbed woodland</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE44FFFCFF4DEE27FCC1FA26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE44FFFFFC82E932FCD6FB46.text	03B2593FDE44FFFFFC82E932FCD6FB46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus lophurus Thomas 1915	<div><p>Pipistrellus lophurus</p> <p>Myanmar Pipistrelle</p> <p>Pipistrellus lophurus Thomas, 1915a: 413; Maliwun, Victoria Point, Tenasserim, S. Burma</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Tanintharyi Division: Maliwun (type lo- cality). There are no new records. Although listed for Myanmar and Thailand in Hutson et al. (2001), according to A. M. Hutson (pers. comm, 2004) the inclusion of Thai- land is an error.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>Only known by the holotype, this ap- pears to be a rather large species with a forearm length of 35.0 mm (Table 4). The single male specimen has a tuft of glandular hairs radiating from a point close to the base of the tail on the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane. The tuft is about 12 mm in diameter, with the hairs 5–6 mm in length, uniformly brown and more or less unctuous or sticky. Although Thomas (1915 b) had written that the ‘penis [is] skinned in the type, so that it is doubtful whether it has a bone or not’, the baculum of the holotype was subsequently illustrated in Hill and Harrison (1987). Approximately 2.6 mm in length, it has a flat, spoon-shaped tip, which is deflected downwards; a straight shaft and a simple broad base (Fig. 1E). The skin of the holotype has long, silky fur which is a deep rich brown with the hair bases almost black on the dorsal surface. The hair tips on the ventral surface are a mid-brown with almost black roots. The braincase is fairly high at the occiput, with a slight frontal depression when viewed lat- erally. The zygomata are robust, each has a well developed postorbital process. The rostrum is moderate in length, not broad- ened, and without a median rostral depres- sion. The basioccipital region has a well de- fined central ridge running between the two cochleae and deep basisphenoid pits. The first (I2) and second (I3) upper incisors both have secondary cusps and are well devel- oped teeth. The first upper premolar (P2) is about equal to two-thirds of the crown area of I2. The first lower premolar (P) is</p> <p>2 between half and two-thirds the crown area of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Distinguished from all other local pip- istrelle species by the presence of the tuft at the base of the tail and by the shape of the baculum.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>According to Francis and Hill (1986), P. lophurus may be conspecific with kitcheneri, in which case lophurus would be the prior name (Corbet and Hill, 1992). However, the bacula of the two taxa are morphologically distinct (Hill and Harrison, 1987) and the two taxa are treated as distinct species by Corbet and Hill (1992).</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>In Tanintharyi Division, a single specimen was collected from Maliwun, which is a township at the head of a small tributary flowing into the Pakchan River. According to Wroughton (1915 b), the area around Maliwun had been cleared (‘Taungya’ clearings) and was under grass with ‘a more or less open, park like appearance’. The grasslands were surrounded by ‘evergreen jungle’.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE44FFFFFC82E932FCD6FB46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE47FFFEFC9CEBD1FE1BF91D.text	03B2593FDE47FFFEFC9CEBD1FE1BF91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus cadornae Thomas 1916	<div><p>Pipistrellus cadornae</p> <p>Thomas’s Pipistrelle</p> <p>Pipistrellus cadornae Thomas, 1916: 416; Pashok, 3,500’, Darjeeling, north-east India</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Htingnan; Tasa Hku and Ningma (Hill, 1962). There are no new records.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>The hairs on the back are chestnut brown with slightly darker roots. On the underside, the tips are pale chestnut brown and the roots dark brown. Forearm length</p> <p>is 33.0– 36.6 mm (Table 4, external meas- urements based on specimens from Viet- nam in Bates et al., 1997; FA = 34.2–37.0 mm in Hendrichsen et al., 2001). The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum, based on an ex- tralimital specimen from Vietnam is small, 2.5 mm in length, but robust. The shaft is curved downwards and is deeply grooved ventrally (Fig. 1F). There are two pro- nounced projections on each side of the base. The distal end is distinctively spoon- shaped. In the skull, the braincase is nar- row and rounded. The basioccipital area has a well defined central ridge running between the two cochleae but the basiocci- pital pits are virtually absent. The zygoma- ta are robust with a dorsal projection on each jugal bone. The second incisor (I3) at- tains the height of the secondary cusp of the first (I2) and is about equal in crown area. The first upper premolar (P2) is very small, about half or less the crown area of I2; it is situated in the recess formed by the upper canine (C1) and the second upper premolar (P4). The P2 of specimen BMNH.50.467 is minute, less than one quarter the crown area of I2. The first lower premolar (P2) is about two-thirds the crown area of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Pipistrellus cadornae is distinguished from P. pulveratus and P. javanicus by its smaller first upper premolar (P2). The shape of the baculum is diagnostic.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>Pipistrellus cadornae was collected at 708 m a.s.l. at Tasa Hku, where it was ‘caught in a banana tree in a jungle’. It was also found at 920 m at Htinghnan in dry bamboo in ‘medium forest’ (information from the labels of specimens in The Natural History Museum, London).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE47FFFEFC9CEBD1FE1BF91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE46FFF1FCF0EFB8FDCBFB7E.text	03B2593FDE46FFF1FCF0EFB8FDCBFB7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus joffrei (Thomas 1915)	<div><p>Pipistrellus joffrei</p> <p>Joffre’s Pipistrelle</p> <p>Nyctalus joffrei Thomas, 1915a: 225; Kachin Hills, N. Burma</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Kachin Hills (type locality); Sagaing Division: 80 km (50 miles) west of Kindat (BMNH collection). There are no new records.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>According to Thomas (1915 a), the pelage is a uniform pale brown, above and below. However, a specimen from the Chin Hills (BMNH.16.3.26.2) subsequently referred to this species has a short, silky pelage which is a darker, rich reddishbrown on the dorsal surface and with a ginger brown ventral surface. The forearm is 38.8 mm, based on a single specimen (Table 4) and the fifth digit of the wing is reduced, its tip reaching a point approximately half-way along the first phalanx of the fourth digit. The dorsal surface of the shaft of the penis has a bristly pad on its distal part. Thomas (1915 a) suggested that the penis is without a baculum. Hill (1966) suggested that if present, it is probably very small or rudimentary. The braincase is broad and rounded. The rostrum is short and wide with supraorbital tuber- cles. Each zygoma has an incipient de- scending process external to the third molar (M3). The second upper incisor (I3) is small, its height is subequal to that of the secondary cusp of the first (I2) and its crown area is about half of I2, which is itself weak relative to the size of the skull. The upper canine (C1) has a well defined posterior, accessory cusp. The first upper premolar (P2) is minute, displaced inwards from the toothrow and about one quarter the crown area of I2. The first lower premolar (P2) is not reduced, its height and crown area about equal to that of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Pipistrellus joffrei is distinguished from all other species except possibly P. anthonyi (see below) by the reduction of the fifth dig- it of the wing. Apparently, its pelage is much paler than that of P. anthonyi but the presence of an intermediate coloured speci- men (BMNH.16.3.26.2), see above, casts doubt on the validity of P. anthonyi.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks</p> <p>Pipistrellus joffrei was originally includ- ed in Nyctalus on account of the reduced fifth digit of the wing and the presence of the minute first upper premolar (P2). Pipistrellus joffrei also shares some dental and cranial characters with Philetor (Corbet and Hill, 1992). However, Tate (1942), Hill (1966) and Corbet and Hill (1992) suggest that the joffrei group of species that in- cludes anthonyi (see below) is most similar to the savii group of Pipistrellus (= Hyp- sugo).</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>This species is endemic to Myanmar. Three specimens were collected from west of Kindat, where the ‘jungle’ was described by Wroughton (1916 a) as being ‘thicker near the river than further inland’.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE46FFF1FCF0EFB8FDCBFB7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE49FFF0FEBAEBC9FF10FEFD.text	03B2593FDE49FFF0FEBAEBC9FF10FEFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus anthonyi Tate 1942	<div><p>Pipistrellus anthonyi</p> <p>Anthony’s Pipistrelle</p> <p>Pipistrellus anthonyi Tate, 1942: 252; Changyinku, N. Burma, 7,000’</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Changyinku (type locality of anthonyi). There are no new records.</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>No specimen of P. anthonyi was seen by the authors of this paper. The description re- lies primarily on Tate (1942). With a fore- arm length of 38 mm, P. anthonyi is struc- turally similar to P. joffrei but very dark</p> <p>brown instead of pale brown. The pelage is glossy and velvety. The thumb is short, the basal phalanx is 3.4 mm in length and pro- vided with a small basal pad. Tate (1942) did not specify whether the fifth digit of anthonyi is reduced in length, as it is in P. joffrei. The only known skull of anthonyi has an incomplete braincase. According to Tate (1942), the skull has ‘an exceptionally wide lachrymal region and even wider spaces across well developed supraorbital tuber- cles, but narrower muzzle and canine width’. Each zygoma has a small descending process, 0.5 mm in depth, external to the third upper molar (M3). The canine has a strongly defined posterior cusp; the first up- per premolar (P2) is minute, about one quar- ter of the crown area of the first upper inci- sor (I2). Both the first (P2) and second (P4) premolars are rather small and compressed in the toothrow; P4 is slightly taller than P2. Nothing is known of the baculum of this species. According to Hill (1966), in P. jof- frei, the baculum is thought to be either small or absent.</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>As noted above, P. anthonyi is apparently structurally similar to P. joffrei but with a darker pelage. However, a specimen (BMNH.16.3.26.2) in the Natural History Museum, London referred to P. joffrei is in- termediate in colour, being a dark reddish- brown. This possibly suggests that anthonyi may prove to be conspecific with joffrei, with P. joffrei being the prior name.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>This data deficient species, which is endemic to Myanmar, was collected in March, 1939 from Changyinku, which is a small village situated in a broad, open valley at an altitude of 2,150 m a.s.l. The valley is drained by the headwaters of the Chipwi River. Even by 1939 it had been extensively cleared of its natural deciduous forest for cultivation and grazing. Open, dry and boggy</p> <p>meadows, bracken, tree rhododendron (Rhododendron delavayi), and some pine forest occurred in the region (Anthony, 1941).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE49FFF0FEBAEBC9FF10FEFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE48FFF0FF05EE45FD26F91C.text	03B2593FDE48FFF0FF05EE45FD26F91C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus affinis (Dobson 1871)	<div><p>Pipistrellus affinis (Dobson, 1871)</p> <p>Chocolate Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vesperugo (Pipistrellus affinis) Dobson, 1871: 213; Bhamo, north-eastern Burma (Myanmar)</p> <p>New material from Myanmar</p> <p>Mon State: Saddan Sin Cave, 30.10. 2002, 1 ♂ (H3); Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, 19.11.2002, 1 ♂ (H22).</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Bhamo (type locality of affinis).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>With a forearm length of 36.8, 37.3 mm based on two specimens from Myanmar (Table 4) (FA = 38.4–41.4 mm in Bates and Harrison, 1997), this is a medium- large species of pipistrelle. The pelage is soft and long. The hairs on the dorsal surface are dark brown, almost black, with the extreme tips of some the hairs pale grey-brown, giving a grizzled effect. The hairs on the ventral surface are almost white at the base but with dark tips; those nearest the anus are white throughout their length. The baculum, which is 3.3–3.4 mm in length, is broad, proximally widened and ventrally deeply fluted, with no distal expansion (Fig. 1G). In the skull, the rostrum is broad with median and lateral depressions. The brain- case is low and the zygomata, which are also robust have low but distinct postorbital processes. The first upper premolar (P2) is of moderate size, about two-thirds the crown area of the first upper incisor (I2); it is situated in the toothrow or slightly dis- placed internally. The first lower premolar (P2) is situated in the toothrow, its crown</p> <p>area about half to two-thirds that of the sec- ond (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>The distinctive shape of the baculum distinguishes P. affinis from all other local pipistrelle species. In comparison to the skull of P. ceylonicus, the zygomata are more robust; the rostrum is broader than that of P. pulveratus; unlike P. joffrei, the fifth digit is not reduced; and un- like A. circumdatus, the second upper incisor (I3) is half or more the height of the first (I2).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>The bacula of the two specimens of P. affinis differ in some morphological aspects from the baculum of a specimen referred to P. affinis from Wynaard in India, which is illustrated in Hill and Harrison (1987: Fig. 8a). The shaft of the Myanmar specimen is narrower, the tip has a much less distinct concavity and the base is deeper when viewed laterally (Fig. 1G). Possibly the specimens belong to different taxa. Unfortunately, the holotype of P. affinis from Kachin State, Myanmar does not have a baculum.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>A single male specimen was collected in Saddan Sin Cave, which is situated in a large isolated limestone outcrop set amongst extensive paddy fields and many toddy palms. Two specimens were taken from Indian Single Rock Temple Cave, which is in a well cultivated former floodplain with a number of large, tree-covered limestone outcrops. Evergreen, deciduous and mangrove forests are found in the area. Bhamo, the type locality of the species, is a small city situated adjacent to the Ayeyarwady River and is surrounded by deciduous and evergreen forest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE48FFF0FF05EE45FD26F91C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE97EA21FDB6F9C1.text	03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE97EA21FDB6F9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Hill and Harrison 1987	<div><p>Genus Arielulus</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Arielulus Hill and Harrison (1987) was originally described as subgenus of Pipi- strellus. Subsequently, it was promoted to generic status by Csorba and Lee (1999).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE97EA21FDB6F9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE9EEFBFFF01FDEC.text	03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE9EEFBFFF01FDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Animalia Kolenati 1856	<div><p>Genus Hysugo</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Over the years the status of Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 has varied. Some, for exam- ple Horá … ek and Hanák (1985, 1986), Menu (1987) and most recently Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003) have treated it as a full genus, whilst others including Hill and Har- rison (1987) and Corbet and Hill (1992) have retained it as a subgenus of Pipi- strellus.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE9EEFBFFF01FDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE83ED78FE37FAD6.text	03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE83ED78FE37FAD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypsugo savii (Bonaparte 1837)	<div><p>Hypsugo savii</p> <p>Savi’s Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837: fasc. 20; Pisa, Italy</p> <p>Pipistrellus austenianus Dobson, 1871: 213; Cherra- punjee, Khasi Hills, Assam, NE India</p> <p>Taxonomic notes</p> <p>Corbet and Hill (1992) noted that ‘if specimen BMNH 14.7.8.63 from Maymyo (= Pyin Oo Lwin, Shan State) correctly rep- resents austenianus then it is certainly close to H. (= Pipistrellus) savii (Hill, 1962) and may represent a further subspecies’. How- ever, examination of the skull and dentition of this specimen for the current paper shows that it is referable to P. pulveratus and not H. savii. Since the status of austenianus re- mains uncertain, H. savii should be omitted from the Myanmar faunal list until data sup- porting its presence are found.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE4BFFF3FE83ED78FE37FAD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
03B2593FDE4BFFF2FEB1E956FF03FE2E.text	03B2593FDE4BFFF2FEB1E956FF03FE2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arielulus circumdatus (Temminck 1840)	<div><p>Arielulus circumdatus</p> <p>Black Gilded Pipistrelle</p> <p>Vespertilio circumdatus Temminck, 1840: 214; Tapos, Java</p> <p>Previous records from Myanmar</p> <p>Kachin State: Pyepat (Hill, 1972).</p> <p>Descriptive characters</p> <p>No specimens from Myanmar were seen. The following description is based on extralimital specimens from India, Cam- bodia and Java. Forearm length is 41.8–43.6 mm (Bates and Harrison, 1997). The hair bases on the dorsal surface are black; their tips are a rich, glossy chestnut-brown, which gives an almost orange sheen to the head and back. The ventral surface is a uni- form brown, paler than the back; the hair roots are slightly darker than the tips. The membranes are a uniform dark brown. The fifth metacarpal is about equal in length to the third and fourth. The penis is not greatly enlarged. The baculum is very small, Y- shaped, with paired basal lobes and a short shaft (Fig. 1H). In the skull, the rostrum is very broad and relatively short. The zygo- mata are robust. The basioccipital pits are well developed. The rostrum is sharply angulated inwards posterior to the lachrymal projections. The second upper incisor (I3) is small, scarcely projecting beyond the cingulum of the first (I2). The first upper premo- lar (P2) is minute, one eighth to one quarter the area and height of the first incisor (I2). The first lower premolar (P2) is situated in the toothrow and is one quarter to one third of the crown area of the second (P4).</p> <p>Similar species</p> <p>Arielulus circumdatus is distinguished from all other pipistrelle type species in Myanmar by its size and pelage colour.</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>In March 1939, a single specimen was shot at twilight on the forest trail leading to the Pyepat rest house, which was situated at an altitude of 1,940 m (6,300 feet) on a small, steep sided, ridge in a forest clear- ing. The forest was temperate and included</p> <p>oaks, laurels and rhodendrons. The ground was damp, and the banks along the trail were covered with dense masses of ferns, mosses and begonias with an occasional Primula, several species of orchid, gentians and many other plants. According to An- thony (1941), the ridge is a long, narrow intrusion of temperate flora and fauna into the tropical ecology found in the two river valleys.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2593FDE4BFFF2FEB1E956FF03FE2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bates, Paul J. J.;Nwe, Tin;Bu, Si Si Hla;Mie, Khin Mie;Swe, Khin Maung;Nyo, Nyo;Khaing, Aye Aye;Aye, Nu Nu;Toke, Yin Yin;Aung, Naing Naing;Thi, Mar Mar;Mackie, Iain	Bates, Paul J. J., Nwe, Tin, Bu, Si Si Hla, Mie, Khin Mie, Swe, Khin Maung, Nyo, Nyo, Khaing, Aye Aye, Aye, Nu Nu, Toke, Yin Yin, Aung, Naing Naing, Thi, Mar Mar, Mackie, Iain (2005): A review of the genera Myotis, Ia, Pipistrellus, Hypsugo, and Arielulus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Myanmar (Burma), including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 7 (2): 205-236, DOI: 10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[205:AROTGM]2.0.CO;2
