identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B38793FFEEFFBFB4814A430A15FACA.text	03B38793FFEEFFBFB4814A430A15FACA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia Hubner 1823	<div><p>Genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823</p><p>Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823, Verzeichnis bekannter Schmetterlinge: 300. Type species: Phalaena calabra Petagna, 1786 .</p><p>Pellonia Duponchel, 1829, in Godart &amp; Duponchel, Histoire naturelle des Lépidoptères ou Papillons de France, 7 (2): 109. Type species: Phalaena vibicaria Clerck, 1759 .</p><p>Delocharis Butler, 1883, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 172. Type species: Delocharis herbicolens Butler, 1883 .</p><p>Apostates Warren, 1897, Novitates zoologicae, 4: 214.</p><p>Leptosidia Hampson, 1903, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 14: 653. Type species: Leptosidia araearia Hampson, 1903 .</p><p>Genus description (Prout 1913; Hausmann 2004; Cui et al. 2019; Rajaei et al. 2022a)</p><p>Adults are medium to large sized with 20–40 mm wingspan; antennae filiform in female, quadripectinate in male with long branches gradually decreasing in length towards the tips [Fig. 3a: (i)]. Frons slightly convex or protruded. Labial palpi short, stout, forwardly or upwardly directed and hardly reaching the frons. Proboscis well developed. Foretibia with or without median epiphyses [Fig. 3a: (iv)]. Midtibia with paired terminal spurs. Hindtibia [Fig. 3a: (v)] with or without hair pencil (variable in length) at the femoro-tibial joint; a pair of terminal tibial spur and either a single or paired median spur in male while all the four spurs present in female; a single ‘pseudospur’ (of unknown function) is often present as a densely scaled, club or rod-shaped projection with rounded tip.</p><p>Forewing with two areoles [except R. solitaria (Christoph, 1887)], vein R1 originating from the apex of 1 st areole at its junction with the 2 nd areole, veins R2–R4 stalked, arising from the apex of the 2 nd areole just above the origin of R5 (Rajaei et al. 2022a); apex acute or falcate; outer margin obliquely straight or slightly curved; usually pale ochreous to yellow or ochreous-grey or brown with either darker, sometimes suffused or tinged with rose-red to deep rose-red transverse lines. Hindwing with Sc basally curved, Rs and M1 shortly stalked, M3 and CuA1 separate (Rajaei et al. 2022a). Apex round; outer margin rounded, sometimes slightly protruded at M3; mostly paler than the forewing with markings more or less similar as of forewing. Underside paler and with rose-red to reddish or ochreous-grey to brown suffusion or irrorations with markings mostly similar to the upper side.</p><p>Male genitalia: Uncus elongated, slender, apically broader, setose, distal margin with a central concavity of varying depths, sometimes weekly sclerotised; the overall shape and characters diagnostic at the species level. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised and medially elongated.Valva shape diagnostic, especially the characteristics of costal and distal margins; sacculus sclerotised, folded ventrad over the valva. Posterior margin of 8 th abdominal sternite bilobed and diagnostic. Aedeagus thin, elongated and curved; vesica membranous without cornuti or sometimes with small sclerotised patch having minute scobinations.</p><p>Female genitalia: Papillae anales either rounded or ovally-elongated; ductus bursae sclerotised, sometimes strongly curved or bent, length (in comparison to corpus bursae) and shape diagnostic; corpus bursae rounded or oval, often with diagnostic signum; shape of the 7 th sternite variable and diagnostic.</p><p>Immature stages: Larvae extremely long and slender; slightly tapered anteriorly with the face and sides of the head flattened; feed on low plants. Pupa slender, broadened anteriorly, and with elongated cremaster; a terminal pair of long and stout setae (D2) and three pairs of smaller and recurved setae before it (Prout 1913; Patočka 2003).</p><p>Distribution: Palearctic (chiefly), Oriental and Neotropical regions (Prout 1913; Suludere 1988; Ramos-González et al. 2018; Cui et al. 2019; Sihvonen et al. 2020; Rajaei et al. 2022a)</p><p>Diagnosis: Adults of Rhodostrophia and Tanaotrichia are easily distinguishable from other genera in the tribe Cyllopodini Kirby, 1892 . Both genera possess quadripectinate antennae in males and filiform in females, and they share similar basic schemes of wing venation and markings (Fig. 3b: FW, HW) (Prout 1913, 1938). Rhodostrophia has forewings with an acute or slightly falcate apex, vein R1 originating from the apex of 1 st areole; and hindtibia [Fig. 3a: (v)] of male with either a single or paired median spur and a pair of terminal spurs. Whereas in Tanaotrichia, the forewing is comparatively broader, vein R1 originates before the apex of 2 nd areole [Fig. 3b: FW]; hindtibia lacks median spurs altogether, bears a single functional terminal spur accompanied by a short, stout, scaly tuft and a long, well-developed hair pencil concealing all the spurs [Fig. 3b: (ii)].</p><p>Male genitalia in Rhodostrophia are characterised by a long, membranous, sometimes slightly sclerotised, apically dilated and bilobed uncus; costal margin of valva curved, strongly sclerotised and ventro-distal regions distinctly modified. Corpus bursae in female genitalia with a sclerotised signum, often shaped as paired elongated sclerites. However, in Tanaotrichia, the uncus is sclerotised, somewhat flat, with a broad apex (Fig. 40), signum in the corpus bursae of female genitalia as a double-ridged, longitudinal band-like with sclerotised scobination (Fig. 62).</p><p>Species account</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFEEFFBFB4814A430A15FACA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFECFFB1B48148AC0A6CFAAA.text	03B38793FFECFFB1B48148AC0A6CFAAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia borealis (Swinhoe 1890)	<div><p>Rhodostrophia borealis (Swinhoe, 1890), stat. n.</p><p>[Figs 4–7, 34, 41, 48, 55]</p><p>[TL: Kashmir; Kulu, Himachal Pradesh, India]</p><p>= bicolor rhoda Prout, 1912–1916, [TL: Chitral, Pakistan; Goorais Valley, Kashmir; Koksar, Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh].</p><p>Phyletis cinerascens borealis Swinhoe, 1889; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 427, pl. 44, fig. 8.</p><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens borealis; Prout, 1913; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 4: 40.</p><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens borealis; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 12: 143, pl. 15, fig. b.</p><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens borealis; Wiltshire, 1967; 26: 146, pl. 9, fig. 27 (♂ genitalia).</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 3♂♂, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Lahaul and Spiti, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.02896&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.57913" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.02896/lat 32.57913)">Lahaul Valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.02896&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.57913" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.02896/lat 32.57913)">Shashur Gompa</a>, 32.57913° N, 077.02896° E, 3470 m, 27. VI.2021 ; 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.2206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.69587" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.2206/lat 32.69587)">Dhok</a>, 32.69587° N, 077.2206° E, 3736 m, 29. VI.2021 ; 2♂♂, 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.18973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.64262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.18973/lat 32.64262)">Jispa</a>, 32.64262° N, 077.18973° E, 3327 m, 30. VI.2021 ; 1♂, 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.07565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.55355" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.07565/lat 32.55355)">Pyukar</a>, 32.55355° N, 077.07565° E, 3289 m, 03.VII.2021 ; 3♂♂, 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.13137&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.59219" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.13137/lat 32.59219)">Kolong</a>, 32.59219° N, 077.13137° E, 3519 m, 02.VII.2021 ; 1♂, 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.66903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.71338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.66903/lat 32.71338)">Lobar</a>, 32.71338° N, 076.66903° E, 2773 m, 07.VII.2021 ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.86569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.73166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.86569/lat 32.73166)">Naingar</a>, 32.73166° N, 076.86569° E, 3491 m, 23.VII.2021 ; 2♂♂, 2♀♀, Spiti Valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.98894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.33903" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.98894/lat 32.33903)">Chicham</a>, 32.33903° N, 077.98894° E, 4026 m, 04.VIII.2021 ; 3♂♂, 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.03315&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.34908" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.03315/lat 32.34908)">Kibber</a>, 32.34908° N, 078.03315° E, 4516 m, 05.VIII.2021 ; 6♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.05563&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.31392" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.05563/lat 32.31392)">Tashigang</a>, 32.31392° N, 078.05563° E, 4870 m, 06.VIII.2021 ; 2♂♂, 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.03444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.95611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.03444/lat 31.95611)">Mudh</a>, 31.95611° N, 078.03444° E, 3737 m, 07.VIII.2021; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Additionally, India: 25♂♂ and 6♀♀, Himachal Pradesh; 26 from Spiti valley, 7 km SE Kaza, 4150 m, 18.VII.1994, leg. P. Kautt and V. Weisz; 5 from Parahio Valley, 3 km SE Kaza, 3900 m, 30.VI.1994; leg. P. Kautt and V. Weisz (in SNSB-ZSM collection) .</p><p>NWR specimens: INDIA: 1♂, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Lahaul and Spiti, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.02552&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.5806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.02552/lat 32.5806)">Lahaul valley</a>, Shashur Gompa, 32.5806° N, 077.02552° E, 3534 m, 26. VI.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117572); 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.02896&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.57913" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.02896/lat 32.57913)">Shashur Gompa</a>, 32.57913° N, 077.02896° E, 3470 m, 27. VI.2021; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.2206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.69587" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.2206/lat 32.69587)">Dhok</a>, 32.69587° N, 077.2206° E, 3736 m, 29. VI.2021; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.2206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.69587" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.2206/lat 32.69587)">Dhok</a>, 32.69587° N, 077.2206° E, 3736 m, 29. VI.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117584); 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.18973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.64262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.18973/lat 32.64262)">Jispa</a>, 32.64262° N, 077.18973° E, 3327 m, 30. VI.2021; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.68676&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.6788" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.68676/lat 32.6788)">Trilokinath</a>, 32.6788° N, 076.68676° E, 3238 m, 06.VII.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117573) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.68676&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.6788" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.68676/lat 32.6788)">Trilokinath</a>, 32.6788° N, 076.68676° E, 3238 m, 06.VII.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117580) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.80959&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.65684" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.80959/lat 32.65684)">Duling</a>, 32.65684° N, 076.80959° E, 3047 m, 11.VII.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117581) ; 1♂, Spiti Valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.98894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.33903" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.98894/lat 32.33903)">Chicham</a>, 32.33903° N, 077.98894° E, 4026 m, 04.VIII.2021 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.98894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.33903" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.98894/lat 32.33903)">Chicham</a>, 32.33903° N, 077.98894° E, 4026 m, 04.VIII.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117582) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.98894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.33903" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.98894/lat 32.33903)">Chicham</a>, 32.33903° N, 077.98894° E, 4026 m, 04.VIII.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117583) ; 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.03315&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.34908" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.03315/lat 32.34908)">Kibber</a>, 32.34908° N, 078.03315° E, 4516 m, 05.VIII.2021 ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.05563&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.31392" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.05563/lat 32.31392)">Tashigang</a>, 32.31392° N, 078.05563° E, 4870 m, 06.VIII.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117585) ; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 17–19 mm, Female: 15–17 mm.</p><p>Antennae filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum slightly dentate and brown ventrally, basal one-third whitish dorsally. Vertex ochreous. Frons reddish-brown. Palpi short, upwardly directed, not reaching the frons and pale ochreous laterally. Collar, tegulae, patagia and thorax greyish-ochreous, sometimes with reddish-brown irroration; abdomen pale ochreous. Ventral side pale ochreous; legs with greyish-brown suffusion; femoral part of the legs and ventral side of the thorax with rose-red or vinous irroration. Legs features typical of the genus; foretibia with a well-developed median epiphysis; hindtibia in males with three tibial spurs; hair pencil absent. Forewing greyish-ochreous, sometimes reddish fawn-colour, apically elongated with obliquely straight outer margin; female forewing smaller, narrower and outwardly stretched with acute apex. Costa darker, sometimes with rose-red irrorations. Antemedial line greyish to red-brown, sinuous, often indistinct especially in males. Postmedial band oblique with irregular distal border, proximal border comparatively straight, slightly narrower towards inner margin, dark greyish-brown sometimes with rose-red irroration on the distinctly defined inner side; marginal band light grey, often obscure; area between the two bands paler, concolorous with ground colour. Terminal line dark grey. Cilia greyish-brown, distally paler. Discocellular dot small and black. Hindwing pale ochreous, markings as in forewing except antemedial line absent; postmedial band consisting of two distinct greyish-brown outwardly curved lines strongly bent at M1, area in between filled with lighter grey. Discocellular dot blackish-grey. Cilia as in forewing. Underside pale ochreous with fuscous suffusion in the forewing up to postmedial band; markings prominent except antemedial line not traceable in both wings; scattered rose-red irroration in hindwing and costal-half of forewing. Cilia darker than upper side (see figs 4–7).</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 34): Uncus long; apex non-dilated, setose, and bilobed with large central concavity on distal margin. Gnathos non-sclerotised, triangular with small median process. Valva broad, symmetrical; apex sclerotised, spinulose, forming short, digitate process. Costa slightly curved and sclerotised. Sacculus sclerotised, folded ventrally over the valva; basally bulbed; apical half separated from valva, developed as a long, thick, slender, highly curved arm, tip modified as a thick, sclerotised, rounded plate. Juxta sclerotised, tongue-shaped with strongly sclerotised and irregular distal margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 41) strongly sclerotised, apical half curved; vesica without cornuti. Posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite (Fig. 48) moderately sclerotised, bilobed with deep incision.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 55): Papillae anales ovally-elongated, setose, posterior margin with small central concavity; posterior apophyses three times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae strongly sclerotised, slightly curved, almost the length of corpus bursae. Antrum shallow without any deep invagination. Corpus bursae rounded to oval; signum consists of two strongly sclerotised, parallel, elongated, flat sclerites with acute tips, located anteriorly at the junction with ductus bursae. 7 th sternite sclerotised; posterior margin strongly concave, two blunt, short, horn-shaped projections on the sides.</p><p>Remarks: We encountered a few individuals with similar markings except their overall appearance is distinctly more rose-red. The forewing markings, especially the postmedial band, exhibit a much greater rose-red hue on the inner side than the usual greyish-brown. Both the antemedial line and costal markings showed pronounced rose-red suffusions. Moreover, the cilia on both wings and the underside of these specimens displayed a more prominent suffusion of rose-red.</p><p>Additionally, we studied the distinct external morphology and genitalia-based diagnostic features of R. borealis compared to R. cinerascens . The differences found (listed below) provide sufficient evidence for species-level differentiation. Therefore, here we propose a new taxonomic status for R. borealis upgrading it from subspecies to species level. However, this change will require future re-consideration following barcode sequencing of R. cinerascens .</p><p>Differential diagnosis: Adults of the R. borealis show a very close morphological resemblance to R. cinerascens (Figs 8, 9). However, R. borealis has a slightly paler ground colour, well-developed discocellular dots, a comparatively straighter postmedial band on the forewing and a more distinctly marked postmedial band on the hindwing. Underside with less dark suffusion at the base of the wings and postmedial band better marked on the forewing (cf. Prout 1913). Male genitalia with valva spinulose apically; apical digitate process slightly longer and rounded apical plate of the saccular arm slightly larger (valva not spinulose apically; apical digitate process shorter and rounded apical plate of the saccular arm smaller in R. cinerascens, Fig. 35). Postmarginal groove of the 8 th sternite shallower (thin, deeper and less sclerotised in R. cinerascens, Fig. 49). Aedeagus is curved in the apical half (only slightly curved apically with straight medial region in R. cinerascens, Fig. 42). F emale genitalia of R. borealis has a sclerotised ductus bursae without deep invagination at the antrum (more membranous and with a deep Ushaped invagination at the antrum in R. cinerascens, Fig. 56) and signum somewhat shorter than in the latter.</p><p>Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh [Kullu and Koksar (Lahaul and Spiti)], Jammu and Kashmir (Gurez Valley, Eastern Kashmir), Uttarakhand (Mussoorie) (Prout 1913, 1938). Elsewhere: Not documented.</p><p>Genetic data: BIN: BOLD:AAJ5407. Mean and maximum intraspecific genetic divergences are 0.25% and 0.55% respectively. Two further BINs (AFI0862; AFI5687) preliminarily drawn here because of well-matching genitalia, but showing large distances of 7.0–8.4% from typical R. borealis (BOLD:AAJ5407) in BOLD barcode gap analysis and thus, require further integrative study. Both these BINs exhibit 6.74% genetic distance from R. tumulosa and further, AFI0862 is diverging by 6.57% from R. adauctata .</p><p>Bionomics: Adults of this species have been predominantly recorded to the east of the Pir-Panjal Mountain range, primarily in the Trans Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh and Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) (Prout 1913, 1938). They usually fly from July to September (Prout 1913) and have been recorded in large abundance in the cold desert of the Spiti valley (as a single dominant species during the primary field surveys of the first author in the region). The elevational distribution ranges from 3000–5000 m in the Himalayan Dry Temperate forests (13/C2b, C4, C5), Moist Alpine (15/C1) and Alpine Scrub (16/C1, E1) habitats, with a median distribution at ~ 3500 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFECFFB1B48148AC0A6CFAAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFE2FFB2B48148680870FB11.text	03B38793FFE2FFB2B48148680870FB11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia cinerascens (Moore 1888)	<div><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens (Moore, 1888)</p><p>[Fig. 8–9, 35, 42, 49, 56]</p><p>[TL: Pir Panjal, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India]</p><p>= subflavida Warren, 1893, [TL: Sonmarg, Kashmir]</p><p>Phyletis cinerascens cinerascens Moore, 1888, Description of new Indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson: 264.</p><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens; Hampson, 1895; The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, 3: 458.</p><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens; Prout, 1913; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 4: 40, pl. 5, fig. d.</p><p>Rhodostrophia cinerascens cinerascens; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 12: 143.</p><p>Material examined: Pakistan: 7♂♂, Indus-Kohistan, Gittidas, 3350 m, 03.VIII.1990; 1♀ , Pakistan, Baltistan, Deosai plains, Naran, 2300 m, 02.VIII.1990; leg. Bernard Mollet (in SNSB-ZSM collection) .</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 17–19 mm, Female: 16 mm. Females smaller and narrower-winged than males. Intensity of wing markings greatly varying (Prout 1938).</p><p>Antennae filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum slightly dentate and brown ventrally. Vertex ochreous to pale brown. Frons reddish-brown. Palpi short, upwardly directed, not reaching frons, pale ochreous laterally. Collar, tegulae, patagia and thorax greyish-ochreous, sometimes with reddish-brown irroration; abdomen pale ochreous. Ventral side pale ochreous; legs with greyish-brown suffusion, femoral part of the legs and ventral side of the thorax with rose-red or vinous irroration. Legs features similar to R. borealis . Forewing greyish-ochreous, slightly darker than in R. borealis, apically elongated with obliquely straight outer margin. Female forewing smaller, narrower and outwardly stretched with acute apex. Costa darker, rarely with rose-red irroration. Antemedial line greyish to red-brown, sinuous, indistinct. Postmedial band oblique with slightly wavy distal border, proximal border straight but usually with slight indentation distad at the centre of wing, dark greyish-brown, darker towards proximal border; marginal band pale grey-brown; area between the two bands pale, concolorous with ground colour. Terminal line dark grey. Cilia greyish-brown, distally paler. Discocellular dot inconspicuous, grey. Hindwing whitish to pale ochreous, markings as in forewing except antemedial line absent, postmedial band inconspicuous, consisting of two slightly undulate lines. Discocellular dot almost absent. Cilia as in forewing. Underside pale ochreous, with unicolorous fuscous suffusion in the forewing up to postmedial band; antemedial line not traceable in both wings; fringes darker than ground colour (Figs 8, 9).</p><p>Male (Fig. 35, 42, 49) and female genitalia (Fig. 56) are similar to R. borealis . However, the main differences are outlined in the differential diagnosis of R. borealis .</p><p>Differential diagnosis: Discussed under R. borealis (see above).</p><p>Distribution: India: Jammu and Kashmir (Pir Panjal, Western Kashmir and Sonmarg) (Warren 1893; Prout 1913, 1938). Elsewhere: Afghanistan (Warren 1893; Prout 1913, 1938), Pakistan (in SNSB-ZSM collection).</p><p>Genetic data: Not available.</p><p>Bionomics: R. cinerascens was primarily described from the Pir Panjal Mountain range and also reported from the western parts of Kashmir up to Afghanistan. Its synonym, R. subflavida was described from Sonmarg (Western Kashmir). Adults of this species are commonly found from June to September (Prout 1913), with no information on life history and larval stages. The elevational distribution of the species ranges from ~ 2400 m to 4000 m [the elevations of the documented locations of the species in the literature and from the museum collections; 2409 m (Naran), 2730 m (Sonmarg) and 3678 m (Gittidas)].</p><p>Remarks: R. subflavida was kept as a synonym of R. cinerascens in the latest catalogue of worldwide Geometridae moths by Rajaei et al. (2022b). However, confirmation of its status as a synonym or as an independent species is doubtful and depends on the examination of Warren’s type specimens. If further studies of the type specimens reveal it as an independent species or identify it as R. borealis, the distribution patterns of R. borealis and R. cinerascens would likely show allopatric/disjunct ranges.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFE2FFB2B48148680870FB11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFE1FFB4B48149C90ECCF88E.text	03B38793FFE1FFB4B48149C90ECCF88E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia herbicolens (Butler 1883)	<div><p>Rhodostrophia herbicolens (Butler, 1883)</p><p>[Fig. 10–12, 36, 43, 50, 57]</p><p>[TL: Solun, North Western India, India]</p><p>Delocharis herbicolens Butler, 1883, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 173.</p><p>Rhodostrophia herbicolens; Hampson, 1895; The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, 3: 457.</p><p>Rhodostrophia herbicolens; Prout, 1913; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 4: 42, pl. 3, fig. d.</p><p>Rhodostrophia herbicolens; Prout, 1935; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1934–1938): TheMacrolepidoptera of the world, 4, supplementary: 25, pl. 4, fig. a.</p><p>Rhodostrophia herbicolens; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 12: 144, pl. 15, fig. b.</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 1♀, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.26927" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28972/lat 32.26927)">Nora</a>, 32.26927° N, 076.28972° E, 1455 m, 15.IV.2021 ; 2♀♀, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74229&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.05978" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74229/lat 32.05978)">Billing</a>, 32.05978° N, 076.74229° E, 2341 m, 01. VI.2022 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.06312" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74973/lat 32.06312)">Billing</a>, 32.06312° N, 076.74973° E, 2572 m, 06. VI.2022 ; 2♂♂, Dist. Lahaul and Spiti, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.66903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.71338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.66903/lat 32.71338)">Lahaul Valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.66903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.71338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.66903/lat 32.71338)">Lobar</a>, 32.71338° N, 076.66903° E, 2773 m, 07.VII.2021 ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.46735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.75223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.46735/lat 32.75223)">Tindi</a>, 32.75223° N, 076.46735° E, 2498 m, 09.VII.2021; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>NWR specimens: INDIA: 1♀, Himachal Pradesh, Dist.Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.288704&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.260174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.288704/lat 32.260174)">Ghera</a>, 32.260173° N, 076.288707° E, 1404 m, 03. V.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117619) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28059&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.28283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28059/lat 32.28283)">Kareri Khas</a>, 32.28283° N, 076.28059° E, 1870 m, 19. V.2022; 2♂♂, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74229&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.05978" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74229/lat 32.05978)">Billing</a>, 32.05978° N, 076.74229° E, 2341 m, 01. VI.2022; 1♂ 1♀, Dist. Lahaul and Spiti, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.68676&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.6788" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.68676/lat 32.6788)">Lahaul valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.68676&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.6788" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.68676/lat 32.6788)">Trilokinath</a>, 32.6788° N, 076.68676° E, 3238 m, 06.VII.2021 ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.66903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.71338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.66903/lat 32.71338)">Lobar</a>, 32.71338° N, 076.66903° E, 2773 m, 07.VII.2021; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 14–17 mm, Female: 13–16 mm.</p><p>Antenna filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum dentate and brown ventrally, dorsal shaft of the antennae whitish at the base and lateral sides, rest is covered with brownish scales. Vertex white, sometimes with a slight tinge of ochreous-brown. Frons dark fuscous brown. Labial palpi short, directed upward and not reaching the frons, pale ochreous at tips and lateral side. Collar tinged with ochreous brown; tegulae, patagia and thorax with brownish-grey suffusion; abdomen pale ochreous. Ventral side pale ochreous with dark brown suffusion. Legs features typical of the genus; foretibia with a well-developed epiphysis in the middle; hindtibia with three tibial spurs in males; hindtibial hair pencil reaching up to the single median spur. Forewing pale ochreous suffused with greyish brown, basal third slightly darker, apically elongated, outer margin obliquely straight. Antemedial line slightly bent outward below costa and runs obliquely towards the inner margin. Postmedial band diffused, greyish brown with a distinct darker inner edge, slightly outcurved till CuA1, then running straight up to inner margin. Submarginal line prominent, greyish-brown and strongly sinuous; marginal line dark brown, area between the two lines suffused with greyish-brown. Cilia pale ochreous, base darker. Hindwing paler, costal half washed out, markings similar as forewing except antemedial line absent. Underside paler, forewing with basal half suffused with grey, antemedial line absent, postmedial band indistinct and only the inner edge prominent, area between the submarginal and marginal line paler than the upper side. Discocellular dot small, black, prominent and slightly elongated. Hindwing without grey suffusion in the basal half (Figs 10–12).</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 36): Uncus long, sclerotised; apex broader, more dilated subapically, membranous except a subapical bilobed, acutely tipped sclerotisation, spatulate, setose, bilobed with a minor central concavity on posterior margin. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, median process elongated with acute apex. Valva symmetric, not spinulose, apically broad, spatulate with a small, blunt, digitate process ventrad, and large, rounded, subapical protrusion dorsad. Costa strongly curved, apex rounded, separated from valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa rounded. Sacculus narrow, smooth, sclerotised, folded ventrally over the valva. Juxta tongue-shaped but apically elongated. Aedeagus (Fig. 43) subapically slightly curved with minute sclerotised teeth on terminal part; vesica wrinkled, with an elongated, sclerotised patch having minute scobinations. Posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite (Fig. 50) bilobed, octavals shorter (than the previously discussed species).</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 57): Papillae anales ovally-elongated with very narrow central concavity; posterior apophyses four times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae sclerotised, sharply bent postmedially, with a non-sclerotised portion on the bend; shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovally-elongated; signum shaped as a pair of flat, strongly sclerotised ‘axe-head’ shape sclerites, connected posteriorly, located below the junction of corpus bursae and ductus bursae, a slightly sclerotised patch above it (on the roof). 7 th sternite sclerotised, posterior margin almost straight with a medially-acute indentation with minor lateral projections.</p><p>Differential diagnosis: R. herbicolens differs from the similarly looking species R. muricolor (Fig. 13–14) in having less greyish-fuscous suffusion on the forewings whereas in R. muricolor the suffusion is more uniform and darker with transverse markings almost obsolescent. Also, in R. muricolor the hindwing is more greyish with more weakly defined markings and underside more ochreous compared to R. herbicolens .</p><p>Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh (Solan, Shimla, Dalhousie, Kasauli) (Prout 1935, 1938). Elsewhere: Not documented.</p><p>Genetic data: Two BINs: BOLD: AFI2529 from Himachal Pradesh, India and BOLD: ADF4294 from Uttarakhand, India, both with 4.47% genetic distance .</p><p>Bionomics: So far, R. herbicolens has been exclusively documented from the IHR, typically from the Trans Himalaya (Lahaul Valley), North Western and Western Himalayan regions. Adults have been observed within a wide elevational range of 1400–3200 m, with increased activity during pre-monsoon months. The species has been most commonly found in the elevational range of 2200–2800 m within Himalayan Moist Temperate forests (12/C1a, C1c) and Himalayan Dry Temperate forests (13/ C2b, 13/C4 and C5), and exhibits occasional encounters in the Tropical Dry Deciduous forests (5B/C2) and Subtropical Pine forests (9/C1a and C1b) towards lower elevations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFE1FFB4B48149C90ECCF88E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFE7FFB6B4814A4C0E71FD56.text	03B38793FFE7FFB6B4814A4C0E71FD56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia pelloniaria subsp. pelloniaria (Guenee 1858)	<div><p>Rhodostrophia pelloniaria pelloniaria (Guenée, [1858])</p><p>[Fig. 15–17, 37, 44, 51, 58]</p><p>[TL: Indes orientales]</p><p>= pelloniaria meonodes Prout, 1935, [TL: Kashmir, Kulu, North Western India, India]</p><p>Phyletis pelloniaria Guenée, [1858], in Boisduval &amp; Guenée: Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species général Lépidoptérés), 10: 169. [Holotype ♂, Indes orientales (NHM)].</p><p>Rhodostrophia pelloniaria; Hampson, 1895; The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, 3: 456.</p><p>Rhodostrophia pelloniaria; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 12: 145.</p><p>Rhodostrophia pelloniaria; Sanyal et al., 2017; SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología, 45 (177): 157.</p><p>Rhodostrophia pelloniaria; Chandra et al., 2019; Assemblages of Lepidoptera in Indian Himalaya through Long Term Monitoring Plots: 234.</p><p>Rhodostrophia pelloniaria; Joshi et al. 2021; Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera (Moths). Faunal Diversity of Biogeographic Zones of India: North-East. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 511–576 pp.</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 1♂, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74229&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.05978" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74229/lat 32.05978)">Billing</a>, 32.05978° N, 076.74229° E, 2341 m, 08. VI.2021 ; 3♂♂ 4♀♀, 01. VI.2022; 2♂♂ 4♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.06312" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74973/lat 32.06312)">Billing</a>, 32.06312° N, 076.74973° E, 2572 m, 06. VI.2022 ; 3♂♂, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27121&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.2975" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27121/lat 32.2975)">Above Bharodi</a>, 32.29750° N, 076.27121° E, 2308 m, 05. V.2022; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>NWR specimens: INDIA: 1♂, Himachal Pradesh, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74229&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.05978" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74229/lat 32.05978)">Dist. Kangra</a>, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, Billing, 32.05978° N, 076.74229° E, 2341 m, 08. VI.2021; 1♂, 01. VI.2022 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117628); 1♀, 01. VI.2022; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 14–16 mm, Female: 13–14 mm.</p><p>Antennae filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum dentate and brown ventrally, on the dorsal side three-fourth whitish and rest dark brown. Vertex whitish with pale ochreous tint. Frons dark brown. Labial palpi brown laterally, short, directed forwardly and then upward, hardly reaching frons. Collar ochreous with rose-red irrorations laterally; tegulae, patagia and dorsal thoracic and abdominal region greyish-ochreous. Ventral side dark brown with slight rose-red irroration on legs and abdomen. Legs features similar to R. herbicolens except the hindtibia in males with a single median and a pair of unequally sized terminal spurs; hair pencil absent. Forewing pale ochreous sometimes with greyish-brown suffusion, apically elongated with straight outer margin; females with slightly narrow wings. Costa pink; postmedial band oblique, rose-red, broader towards inner margin where it is often suffused with grey. Submarginal line greyish, parallel to the postmedial band but often obsolescent. Marginal line dark brown. Cilia rose-red with pale ochreous base and brown medial part. Discocellular dot small, black and often indistinct. Hindwing pale ochreous; postmedial band and the submarginal line similar to forewing, but starts disappearing towards costa near M1; discocellular dot as in forewing. Forewing underside ochreous; basal area suffused with dark grey, markings similar to upper side but with much greyer suffusion; veins dark grey; discocellular dot more prominent. Cilia darker than the upper side. Hindwing underside pale ochreous with darker rose-red suffusion; markings similar to upper side (see figs 15–17).</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 37): Uncus long, weakly sclerotised, apex dilated, setose, bilobed, distal margin with small central indentation. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, median process elongated with slightly blunt tip. Valva symmetrical, not spinulose, ventral margin sclrotised, apical one-third slender, curved, terminally comprised of small, thin, digitiform process. Costa with small protrusion at base, curved, apically rounded, separated from valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa elongated. Sacculus narrow, smooth, sclerotised, folded ventrad over valva. Juxta tongue-shaped. Aedeagus (Fig. 44) long, thin, slightly curved midway; vesica without cornuti. Posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite (Fig. 51) weakly sclerotised, bilobed with a very low central depression (octavals very short).</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 58) Papillae anales ovally-elongated, setose, small central notch on posterior margin; posterior apophyses four times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae narrow, sclerotised except for a small non-sclerotised submedian region, length nearly same as the corpus bursae, broader distal end, moderately curved towards the middle. Corpus bursae oval; signum developed as two flat, horizontal, collar-shaped sclerites, connected posteriorly, located below the junction with ductus bursae. 7 th sternite sclerotised, tongue-shaped, posterior margin convex shaped (concave in others except R. tristrigalis), without lateral processes.</p><p>Differential diagnosis: The subspecies pelloniaria has an overall paler outer appearance while its close ally R. p. khasiana (Fig. 18) (from Khasis) is comparatively darker with bright rose-red irroration, especially on the markings and cilia. Also, the postmedial band and the submarginal line of the hindwing are much more prominent in R. p. pelloniaria than in R. p. khasiana . Underside markings and the overall colouration are darker and prominent in R. p. khasiana . Male genitalia with apical digitate process of valva comparatively short and the posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite with shallow central concavity while rather simple posterior margin in R. p. khasiana (Cui et al. 2019) . Female genitalia with the posterior margin of the 7 th sternite simple, outcurved and tongue-shaped (however, with a narrow ‘V-shaped’ central incision in R. p. khasiana).</p><p>Remarks: We have differentiated our specimens by comparing them with the habitus and genitalia illustrations of R. pelloniaria in Cui et al. (2019). We have identified the specimens discussed in Cui et al. (2019) as likely belonging to the R. pelloniaria khasiana subspecies as suggested by its morphological features.</p><p>Distribution: India: Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory (Kashmir), Himachal Pradesh (Kullu, Dalhousie), Uttarakhand (Kumaon), Meghalaya (Prout 1935; Chandra et al. 2019; Joshi et al. 2021). Elsewhere: Pakistan (Chandra et al. 2019).</p><p>Genetic data: BIN: BOLD:AFI2528 with 8.06% distance to nearest-neighbour R. tumulosa and 9.96% to R. tristrigalis (nearest species in the Himalaya).</p><p>Bionomics: R. pelloniaria is a typical Himalayan species. Its adults have been documented throughout the Himalaya previously, but the life history and larval stages remain unknown. Adults have been observed to fly over a wide elevational range of 1400–2800 m in a previous study by Sanyal et al. (2017), as well as during our primary field surveys in the DMR. However, they are mostly found at higher elevations inhabiting Himalayan Moist temperate forests (12/C1a, C1c, C2b), and are comparatively more active during the pre-monsoon season.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFE7FFB6B4814A4C0E71FD56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFE5FFB7B4814E740BB9F93E.text	03B38793FFE5FFB7B4814E740BB9F93E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia stigmatica Butler 1889	<div><p>Rhodostrophia stigmatica Butler, 1889</p><p>[Fig. 19–22, 38, 45, 52, 59]</p><p>[TL: Dharmsala, North Western India, India]</p><p>Rhodostrophia stigmatica Butler, 1889, Illustration Typical Specimens Lepidoptera Heterocera Collection British Museum, 7: 110, pl. 136, fig. 19, 20.</p><p>Rhodostrophia stigmatica; Prout, 1913; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 4: 43, pl. 3, fig. e.</p><p>Rhodoostrophia stigmatica; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 12: 145, pl. 15, fig. d.</p><p>Rhodostrophia stigmatica; Yazaki, 1992; in Haruta T (Ed.): Moths of Nepal, Part-1. Tinea, vol. 13 (suppl. 2): 14, pl. 5, fig. 14.</p><p>Rhodostrophia stigmatica; Smetacek, 2008; Bionotes, 10 (1): 7.</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 1♀, Himachal Pradesh, Dist.Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27037&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.28126" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27037/lat 32.28126)">Harnala</a>, 32.28126° N, 076.27037° E, 1796 m, 07.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.26927" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28972/lat 32.26927)">Nora</a>, 32.26927° N, 076.28972° E, 1455 m, 09.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.23183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27132/lat 32.23183)">Dhanoti</a>, 32.23183° N, 076.27132° E, 1170 m, 11.X.2020 ; 1♂ 2♀, 03.IV.2021; 1♂ 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.25905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21597" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.25905/lat 32.21597)">Rakh</a>, 32.21597° N, 076.25905° E, 849 m, 13.X.2020 ; 1♂ 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.291565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21431" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.291565/lat 32.21431)">Sudher</a>, 32.214310° N, 076.291564° E, 1064 m, 24.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.32465&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.247185" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.32465/lat 32.247185)">Dharamkot</a>, 32.247185° N, 076.324656° E, 1948 m, 04. V.2022 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.2192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27902/lat 32.2192)">Maiti</a>, 32.21920° N, 076.27902° E, 1084 m, 09. V.2022 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27602&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.25395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27602/lat 32.25395)">Baladi Mod</a>, 32.25395° N, 076.27602° E, 1210 m, 10. V.2022 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28049&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.28271" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28049/lat 32.28271)">Kareri Khas</a>, 32.28271° N, 076.28049° E, 1870 m, 19. V.2022 ; 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.2738&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.30436" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.2738/lat 32.30436)">Rheoti</a>, 32.304361° N, 076.273801° E, 2478 m, 20. V.2022 ; 2♀♀, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.73251&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.04629" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.73251/lat 32.04629)">Billing</a>, 32.04629° N, 076.73251° E, 1875 m, 09.X.2021 ; 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74229&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.05978" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74229/lat 32.05978)">Billing</a>, 32.05978° N, 076.74229° E, 2341 m, 01. VI.2022 ; 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.74973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.06312" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.74973/lat 32.06312)">Billing</a>, 32.06312° N, 076.74973° E, 2572 m, 06. VI.2022 ; 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.72281&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.04972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.72281/lat 32.04972)">Bir</a>, 32.04972° N, 076.72281° E, 1565 m, 29. V.2022; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>NWR specimens: INDIA: 1♂, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.23183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27132/lat 32.23183)">Dhauladhar Mountain Range</a>, Dhanoti, 32.23183° N, 076.27132° E, 1170 m, 11.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.288704&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.260174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.288704/lat 32.260174)">Ghera</a>, 32.260173° N, 076.288707° E, 1404 m, 04.IV.2021 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.72807&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.04328" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.72807/lat 32.04328)">Bir</a>, 32.04328° N, 076.72807° E, 1615 m, 11.X.2021 ; 1♂, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.73251&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.04629" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.73251/lat 32.04629)">Billing</a>, 32.04629° N, 076.73251° E, 1857 m, 30. V.2022 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117605); leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 12–13 mm, Female: 14–16 mm.</p><p>Antennae filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum dentate and brown ventrally; on the dorsal side basal two-third pale ochreous and remaining dark ochreous. Vertex whitish and with a slight pale ochreous tint. Frons pale ochreous-brown. Labial palpi short, directed upwards but hardly reaching frons, slightly irrorated with red on the lateral sides. Collar, tegulae, patagia, and dorsal thoracic and abdominal region pale ochreous and with slight rose-red irroration on ventral side. Legs features similar to R. pelloniaria . Hindtibial hair pencil present and reaches up to the median tibial spur. Forewing pale ochreous with chestnut-greyish irroration and sometimes with uniform reddish suffusion, elongated with acute apex. Three chestnut or reddish-brown transverse lines. Antemedial line bends sharply below costa and runs obliquely towards the inner margin and continues to the hindwing. Postmedial line oblique, slightly sinuous and sometimes appears to be double with a very faint outer shade. Submarginal line thinner and wavy. Marginal line dark brown. Cilia with pale ochreous base, rose-red tips and darker central portion. Discocellular dots comparatively large, dark black or reddish-brown. Hindwing similar to forewing with basal half of costal margin paler. Outer margin slightly protruded near M3. Underside pale yellow with reddish irroration, markings similar to upper side; basal half of forewing suffused with chestnut-brown, inner margin pale yellow. Outer marginal fringes darker than the upper side (Figs 19–22).</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 38): Uncus elongated, setose; apex broad and bilobed with deep central concavity; subapical processes, short, setose and extend laterally. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, long median process with acute apex. Valva asymmetric; apical one-fourth narrow, sclerotised, spinulose and bilobed (only on the right side); right valva with longer, acute digitate process ventrad (comparatively longer and less spinose in R. similata; while not bilobed in R. bicolor; shorter, thin and less spinose in R. yunnanaria); left valva with single thick, acute digitiform process (bilobed with a very short dorsal process in R. bicolor and R. similata, not bilobed in R. yunnanaria). Costa with small protrusion at base, curved, apically elongated, separated from the valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa quadrangle with rounded edges and a small protrusion dorsad. Sacculus narrow, smooth, sclerotised, folded ventrad over valva. Juxta tongue-shaped. Aedeagus (Fig. 45) long, thin, sclerotised, curved medially followed by a moderate subapical turn. Posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite (Fig. 52) bilobed with a large, shallow central depression.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 59): Papillae anales rounded, setose, posterior margins with shallow central concavity; posterior apophyses four times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae long, sclerotised, strongly curved medially, with a non-sclerotised medial part; apically wide with a small protrusion near the antrum; length same as corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, oval, collar-shaped signum next to the junction with ductus bursae. Posterior margin of the 7 th sternite irregular.</p><p>Differential diagnosis: R. stigmatica looks similar to R. similata and R. bicolor in its external appearance. However, it is comparatively larger; discocellular dot dark black; in postmedial area, the band is replaced by a single, distinct line followed by traces of a very indistinct shade which gives an impression of the outer margin of the postmedial band (distinct and well-defined or at least as a dark concolorous or black shade in others). The male genitalia has a uncus with rather shallow central concavity at the distal margin and longer subapical lateral processes; aedeagus more strongly bent subapically than in other three species. Female genitalia with shallow, apical central concavity in papillae anales (not distinguishable in R. bicolor and R. yunnanaria); ductus bursae with a small non-sclerotised medial portion; posterior margin of 7 th sternite irregular.</p><p>Remarks: For the habitus and genitalia illustrations of the R. similata, R. bicolor and R. yunnanaria refer to Cui et al. (2019).</p><p>Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh (Dharamshala, Sultanpur), Uttarakhand (Kumaon) (Prout 1913, 1938; Smetacek 2008). Elsewhere: Nepal (Yazaki 1992).</p><p>Genetic data: Two BINs: BOLD:AFH7238 from India and BOLD:AAP2081 from Bhutan with 3.25% genetic divergence and diverge by 6.43% genetic distance from the nearest species R. tristrigalis .</p><p>Bionomics: A typical Himalayan species reported from Indian and Nepal Himalayan regions. In our primary field surveys in DMR, the adults were recorded between 800–2600 m, in the sub-tropical pine (9/C1a, C1b) and Himalayan (broad-leaved and coniferous) moist temperate forests (12/C1, C2). However, they tend to fly more commonly within the 1500–2000 m elevational range and appear to be bivoltine, with adults being active in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. There is no available information on the biology and larval stages of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFE5FFB7B4814E740BB9F93E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFE4FFAAB4814BE90A2DFE77.text	03B38793FFE4FFAAB4814BE90A2DFE77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia tristrigalis Butler 1889	<div><p>Rhodostrophia tristrigalis Butler, 1889</p><p>[Fig. 23–26, 39, 47, 53, 60]</p><p>[TL: Dharmsala (Himachal Pradesh), North Western India, India]</p><p>Rhodostrophia tristrigalis Butler, 1889, Illustration Typical Specimens Lepidoptera Heterocera Collection British Museum, 7: 22, 110, pl. 137, fig. 1.</p><p>Rhodostrophia tristrigalis; Hampson, 1895; The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, 3: 456.</p><p>Rhodostrophia tristrigalis; Prout, 1913; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 4: 42, pl. 3, fig. e.</p><p>Rhodostrophia tristrigalis; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, 12: 144, pl. 15, fig. c.</p><p>Rhodostrophia tristrigalis; Smetacek, 2008; Bionotes, 10 (1): 7.</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 2♀♀, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.23183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27132/lat 32.23183)">Dhanoti</a>, 32.23183° N, 076.27132° E, 1170 m, 19.X.2019 ; 1♂, 11.X.2020; 2♂♂, 03.IV.2021; 1♂, 02. V.2021; 1♀, 11. V.2022; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.26783&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21791" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.26783/lat 32.21791)">Paroh Bari</a>, 32.21791° N, 076.26783° E, 1018 m, 02.IV.2021 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.26927" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28972/lat 32.26927)">Nora</a>, 32.26927° N, 076.28972° E, 1455 m, 15.IV.2021 ; 1♂ 3♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.288704&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.260174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.288704/lat 32.260174)">Ghera</a>, 32.260173° N, 076.288707° E, 1404 m, 03. V.2021; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>NWR specimes: INDIA: 1♂, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.26927" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28972/lat 32.26927)">Nora</a>, 32.26927° N, 076.28972° E, 1455 m, 08.X.2020 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _Lep_117631) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.2282" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27434/lat 32.2282)">Maniyana</a>, 32.2282° N, 076.27434° E, 1118 m, 16.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27037&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.28126" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27037/lat 32.28126)">Harnala</a>, 32.28126° N, 076.27037° E, 1796 m, 13.IV.2021; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 12–13 mm, Female: 13–15 mm.</p><p>Antennae similar to R. stigmatica . Vertex pale ochreous. Frons brown and slightly protruded. Labial palpi short, forwardly directed and hardly reaching the frons, with rose-red irrorations on the lateral sides. Collar, patagia, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous dorsally, and with rose-red irroration on the ventral side; foretibia with rose-red irroration on outer side. Legs features simila to R. pelloniaria except hindtibial hair pencil present and almost reaching the terminal tibial spurs. Forewing pale ochreous, elongated with slightly produced apex, outer margin straight. Antemedial line bent outwardly below the costa till R5, then runs obliquely towards the one-third of the inner margin. Discocellular dot blackish rose-red. Postmedial band continuous, more or less uniformly suffused with rose-red, clearly defined inner edge and diffused outer edge. Submarginal line distinct, rose-red and runs parallel between postmedial band and outer margin. A clear, dark rose-red marginal line. Cilia rose-red with pale ochraceous base and outer edge. Hindwing with the ground colour and markings similar to the forewing except the paler costal margin. Underside with similar markings, dark rose-red irroration especially on veins, inner margins paler; antemedial line absent; discocellular dots black. Cilia darker than upper side (Figs 23–26).</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 39) Uncus and gnathos similar to R. stigmatica . Valva asymmetric, apical one-fourth narrow, sclerotised, spinulose and bilobed on both sides; right valva with longer, digitate process ventrad, clustered minute setae at the base; left valva with comparatively shorter and blunt ventral digitate process. Costa with small protrusions at the base, strongly curved, separated from the valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa similar to R. stigmatica . Juxta tongue-shaped with narrow central concavity on distal margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 46) long, thin, medially curved followed by a strong subapical turn; terminal part with minute sclerotised dentations. Posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite (Fig. 53) bilobed with wide and shallow central concavity.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 60): Papillae anales setose, rounded with a slightly deeper central concavity; posterior apophyses four times the length of the anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae long, sclerotised, strongly bent medially, apically wide with a small protrusion near the antrum; same as the length of corpus bursae. Antrum shallow with strongly sclerotised margin. Corpus bursae ovally-elongated, collar-shaped signum next to the junction with ductus bursae. 7 th sternite sclerotised, posterior margin outwardly curved with two short lateral processes.</p><p>Differential diagnosis: Morphologically, R. tristrigalis resembles most closely with R. stigmatica (Figs 19–22) but differs in the course of the transverse lines on wings. R. tristrigalis has transverse lines more oblique (ante and postmedial lines curved in R. stigmatica), postmedial band with more distinctly defined outer edge (single, distinct postmedial line, sometimes appears to be double with a very faint outer shade in R. stigmatica); submarginal line obliquely straight (sinuous in latter). Male genitalia of R. tristrigalis have deeper and wider central concavity on the distal apical margin of uncus with comparatively smaller subapical lateral processes than in R. stigmatica (Fig. 38). Costa slightly more curved. Distal apical digitate processes more widely separated, not spinulose on the right valva; the left valva apically bilobed (not in R. stigmatica). Aedeagus with apical region having minute sclerotised dentations and the posterior margin of the 8 th sternite with shallow but wider central concavity than in R. stigmatica (Figs 45, 52). Female genitalia is characterised by a broader distal end of dusctus bursae with less acutely curved protrusion, a stronger medial bend without a non-sclerotised portion, and an outcurved posterior margin of the 7 th sternite with small lateral processes.</p><p>Remarks: The female genitalia of this species have been described for the first time, with first-ever DNA barcode information. Cui et al. (2019) described two male specimens under the same species name, but their morphological, including both habitus and genitalia characteristics, do not match our specimens. However, the specimens observed in this study were similar to the type specimens (Figs 24–25) of the species.</p><p>Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh (Dharamshala, Sultanpur) (Prout 1913, 1938), Uttarakhand (Kumaon) (Smetacek 2008). Elsewhere: Shan State (Myanmar, average elevation 1200–1500 m), China (Sichuan, Tibet) (Hampson 1895; Cui et al. 2019), Bhutan (Prout 1938).</p><p>Genetic data: BIN: BOLD:AAQ0226, 6.43% sequence divergence from the nearest neighbour R. stigmatica .</p><p>Bionomics: Adults of R. tristrigalis were recorded within the elevational range of 1000–2200 m, primarily in the Tropical Dry Deciduous (5B/C2) and Subtropical Pine forests (9/C1a, C1b) and with rare sightings in the Himalayan Moist temperate deciduous forest. They were active in both pre- and post-monsoon seasons but were more frequent during the pre-monsoon season. However, the life history and larval stages of this species have not been documented.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFE4FFAAB4814BE90A2DFE77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFF9FFABB4814F140B86FC4A.text	03B38793FFF9FFABB4814F140B86FC4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodostrophia vinacearia (Moore 1868)	<div><p>Rhodostrophia vinacearia (Moore, 1868)</p><p>[Fig. 27–28, 61]</p><p>[TL: North East Bengal, India]</p><p>Anisodes vinacearia Moore, 1867, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 642.</p><p>Rhodostrophia vinacearia; Hampson, 1895; The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, 3: 455.</p><p>Rhodostrophia vinacearia; Prout, 1913; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, vol. 4: 42.</p><p>Rhodostrophia vinacearia; Prout, 1938; In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): The Macrolepidoptera of the world, vol. 12: 145, pl. 15, fig. d.</p><p>Rhodostrophia vinacearia; Joshi et al. 2021; Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera (Moths). Faunal Diversity of Biogeographic Zones of India: North-East. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 511–576 pp.</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 1♀, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.28972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.26927" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.28972/lat 32.26927)">Nora</a>, 32.26927° N, 076.28972° E, 1455 m, 09.X.2020; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Female: 14 mm.</p><p>Female: Antennae filiform in famale. Vertex whitish and with a slight pale brownish-grey tint. Frons dark chestnut-brown. Labial palpi short, directed upward slightly reaching the base of frons, ochreous-brown with slight rose-red irroration. Collar, tegulae, patagia, and dorsal thoracic and abdominal region pale ochreous with a minor grey tint. Ventral side with slight rose-red irroration especially on the femur and tibial part of the foretibia. Legs feature as described for female of the genus. Forewing pale ochreous with slight greyish tint, elongated with acute apex. Basal costal border chestnut-brown. Three chestnut or vinous-brown transverse lines. Antemedial line bends sharply below costa, slightly out curved, runs obliquely towards the inner margin and continues to the hindwing. Postmedial line oblique, slightly sinuous with diffused concolorous shade on the outer side, obsolescent towards costa. Submarginal line thinner and wavy. Marginal line dark chestnut-brown. Discocellular dot comparatively large, dark black with chestnut-brown scales. Hindwing colour and markings similar to forewing; basal half of costal margin paler; discocellular dot smaller. Underside dark yellow with chestnut-brown irroration especially on the basal half of the forewing, markings as on upper side, darker, prominent, chestnut-brown and without antemedial line; inner margin pale yellow and without irroration. Discocellular dot prominent, dark black and slightly elongated (Fig. 27).</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 61): Papillae anales oval, setose, distal margins with a small central concavity; posterior apophyses three times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae comparatively shorter than the corpus bursae, strongly sclerotised, except for a non-slerotised submedian area, wider with a moderately acute protrusion near antrum. Corpus bursae membranous, ovally-elongated, signum collar-shaped signum next to the junction with ductus bursae. 7 th sternite sclerotised, posterior margin smooth and concave.</p><p>Differential diagnosis: R. vinacearia closely resembles R. similata and R. stigmatica (Figs. 19–22) in its external appearance. However, it is distinguishable by the discocellular dot, larger than R. similata but smaller than R. stigmatica (Prout 1938); postmedial line comparatively more outwardly curved (than the two species) below costa while strongly incurved on the posterior half near inner margin with the concolourous outer shade more obsolescent towards costa (distinct throughout in R. similata and replaced by a single, distinct line followed by traces of a very indistinct shade giving an impression of the outer margin of the postmedial band in R. stigmatica). The female genitalia (Fig. 61) is characterised by a distinct rather acute protrusion near antrum; comparatively deep and narrow central concavity on the posterior margin of the papillae anales; posterior margin of the 7 th sternite smooth and concave (irregular in R. stigmatica, Fig. 59); ductus bursae with small, non-sclerotised submedian area (sclerotised throughout and strongly bent medially in R. similata, Cui et al. 2019).</p><p>Distribution: India: West Bengal (Prout 1913, 1938), Meghalaya (Joshi et al. 2021). Elsewhere: Not documented.</p><p>Genetic data: Not generated.</p><p>Bionomics: The life history and larval stages of this species have not yet been documented. The earlier (only) documentation of adults was from the Eastern parts (West Bengal and Meghalaya) of the IHR. This is the first documentation of this species from the Western Himalayan region, that is, the DMR. However, in our field surveys, we observed only a single female specimen flying in the Tropical Dry deciduous forests (5B/C2) (with few pine trees scattered in the adjoining areas) in the 1400–1700 m elevation zone.</p><p>Remarks: The above description of R. vinacearia is based on a single female specimen in the primary collection from the North Western Himalayan region (DMR). The specimen was identified under the species name R. vinacearia as it differs from the two other closely related species R. stigmatica (discussed in this study) and R. similata (discussed and illustrated from China by Cui et al. 2019). Also, according to the species description and diagnosis of R. vinacearia provided in the literature, the specimen seems to resemble R. vinacearia more closely than the other two species. Moore (1867) described the species based on a male specimen, and the original description was very short and generalistic. Also, the holotype (Fig. 28) appears to be more similar to R. stigmatica (Fig. 19–22). Butler (1889) independently described R. stigmatica from Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India. Later, Prout (1913) found a similarity between the type of R. vinacearia and the specimens of R. stigmatica, and based on the prioritisation, the former was considered the valid name and stigmatica as the aberration. However, upon further examination of both species, they were further separated as independent species by Prout (1938). Therefore, in future research, one should consider the comprehensive examinations of both the type and other specimens of R. vinacearia in the NHMUK collection to evaluate the validity of the species and potential re-designation of the type.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFF9FFABB4814F140B86FC4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFF8FFACB48149080F5FFF5F.text	03B38793FFF8FFACB48149080F5FFF5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanaotrichia Warren 1893	<div><p>Genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893</p><p>Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 360.</p><p>Type species: Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata Warren, 1893 (now a nominotypical subspecies) (TL: Sikkim, India, Alt: 900–1600 m)</p><p>Genus Description (Warren 1893; Prout 1913, 1938)</p><p>Antenna filiform in female; quadripectinate in male with long ciliated branches shortens towards apex. Frons slightly convex or protruded. Labial palpi short, forwardly or upwardly directed, hardly reaching the frons. Proboscis well developed. Foretibia with single median epiphysis [Fig. 3b: (i)]; midtibia with a terminal pair of spurs; hindtibia without median spurs or sometime with a Rhodostrophia like ‘pseudospur’ and a single well-developed terminal spur accompanied with a tuft of rather compact and short hairs (looks like a spur at first glance without close inspection); hair-pencil long, concealing all the spurs [(Fig. 3b: (ii)].</p><p>Forewing with two areoles like in Rhodostrophia; veins R2–R4 stalked, R1 beginning close to the apex of the 2 nd areole in front of the origin of R5. Cell nearly half the length of the wing (Fig. 3b: FW). Costa nearly straight but more curved near the apex; outer margin curved and more oblique towards anal angle; ground color reddish-ochreous or reddish or sometimes ochreous, with scattered minute red irroration; often with three dark fuscous or brownish transverse lines, (similar to those in R. bisinuata subspecies complex, Fig. 29: Male, Holotype, NHMUK), variations occur in the development and course among the species. Hindwing venation (Fig. 3b: HW) similar to Rhodostrophia; outer margin rounded, sometimes slightly protruded at M3; markings similar to forewing but lack antemedial line; anal angle rather marked (Figs 30–32).</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 40, 47, 54): Uncus sclerotised, setose, somewhat flat, with a broad apex (Fig. 40), often diagnostic at species level. Gnathos triangular, sclerotised, medially elongated with acute tip. Valva shape distinguishing. Posterior margin of the 8 th abdominal sternite bilobed (Fig. 54). Aedeagus thin, elongated and curved (Fig. 47).</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 62): Corpus bursae with a double-ridged, longitudinal band-like signum with sclerotised scobination.</p><p>Immature stages: Larval and pupal stages are unknown.</p><p>Distribution: Himalaya and West China (Prout 1913, 1938).</p><p>Differential diagnosis: Discussed in detail under the Rhodostrophia genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFF8FFACB48149080F5FFF5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
03B38793FFFFFFA1B4814C7C09FEF987.text	03B38793FFFFFFA1B4814C7C09FEF987.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tanaotrichia prasonaria subsp. trilineata Warren 1893	<div><p>Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata Warren, 1893</p><p>[Fig. 30–32, 40, 47, 54, 62]</p><p>[TL: Sikkim, India]</p><p>Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata Warren, 1893, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 361.</p><p>[ Tanaotrichia trilineata; Leech, 1897; VIII-Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. –Part 11, Family Geometriae; Subfamilies: Oenochromiae, Orthostixinae, Larentiinae, Acidaliinae, and Geometriae. Journal of Natural History, Series 6, 20 (115): 65–110. Doi: l O. 1080/00222939708680601.- Later on described as a new species named as Tanaotrichia orientis by Prout, 1913]</p><p>Material examined: INDIA: 1♀, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.23183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27132/lat 32.23183)">Dhanoti</a>, 32.23183° N, 076.27132° E, 1170 m, 11.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.25905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21597" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.25905/lat 32.21597)">Rakh</a>, 32.21597° N, 076.25905° E, 849 m, 14.X.2020 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27602&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.25395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27602/lat 32.25395)">Baladi Mod</a>, 32.25395° N, 076.27602° E, 1210 m, 30.IX.2021 ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.291565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21431" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.291565/lat 32.21431)">Sudher</a>, 32.214310° N, 076.291564° E, 1064 m, 02.X.2021 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.288704&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.260174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.288704/lat 32.260174)">Ghera</a>, 32.260173° N, 076.288707° E, 1404 m, 04.IV.2021 ; 2♀♀, 03. V.2021; leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>NWR specimens: INDIA: 1♂, Himachal Pradesh, Dist. Kangra, Dhauladhar Mountain Range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.2192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27902/lat 32.2192)">Maiti</a>, 32.2192° N, 076.27902° E, 1084 m, 01.X.2021 (BOLD Sample Id: BC_ ZSM _ Lep _117599) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.29186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21431" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.29186/lat 32.21431)">Sudher</a>, 32.21431° N, 076.291864° E, 1064 m, 02.X.2021 ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.27132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.23183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.27132/lat 32.23183)">Dhanoti</a>, 32.23183° N, 076.27132° E, 1170 m, 02. V.2021; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.26783&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.21791" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.26783/lat 32.21791)">Paroh Bari</a>, 32.21791° N, 076.26783° E, 1018 m, 05. V.2021, leg. S. Kumari.</p><p>Description:</p><p>Forewing length: Male: 15 mm, Female: 15–17 mm.</p><p>Antennae filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum ventrally dentate and brown, dorsal side with basal one-third whitish and the rest brown. Vertex white. Frons reddish-brown. Palpi short, forwardly directed, and reddish-brown laterally. Collar reddish; tegulae and patagia reddish brown; thorax and abdomen reddish ochreous. Underside pale reddish-ochreous. Foretibia, midtibia and hindtibia features are typical of the genus. Forewing elongated, outer margin slightly incurved near apex; reddish-ochreous or reddish or sometimes ochreous, with minute red irroration. Costal margin almost straight except slightly curved near apex, with dark fuscous suffusion in the basal half. Transverse lines narrow, reddish-brown, sometimes with grey suffusion. Antemedial line slightly out curved just below the costa, then almost straight to inner margin. Postmedial line comparatively thicker, obliquely straight, followed by a diffused and indistinct reddish-brown or greyish-fuscous shade. Submarginal line slightly wavy below costa and forms a sinuous between M3 and CuA2, then runs straight to inner margin. Marginal line reddish-brown. Discocellular dot reddish brown and slightly elongated. Cilia concolourous with wings having scattered red scales. Hindwing similar to the forewing, except it lacks the antemedial line. Underside paler with less reddish irroration; transverse lines prominent except the antemedial which is missing in both wings. Discocellular dot less prominent. Cilia darker than upper side (Figs 30–32).</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 40): Uncus flat, sclerotised; apex broad, setose, bilobed with deep central concavity on posterior margin (appearing as a central cleft) and small subapical protrusion on the lateral margins; basally it has two symmetric, laterally placed, triangular sclerotised plates, tapering towards the base of gnathos with their inner edges curved outward. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, median process elongated with an acute tip. Valva asymmetric with a slightly sclerotised, somewhat inflated, slighly sclerotised fold medially; apically bilobed and not spinulose; right valva apically bilobed with a minor central concavity; left valva apically bilobed, small, thin digitate process ventrad and rather thicker process dorsad, separated by a deep incision. Costa sclerotised, strongly curved medially, sclerotised and covered with thick spines. Sacculus weakly sclerotised, folded ventrad over valva, swollen or highly curved basally. Juxta Y-shaped with rather shallowr depression. Aedeagus (Fig. 47) long, thin, S-shaped; small scobination in the vesica. Posterior margin of the 8 th sternite (Fig. 54) bilobed with a wide, deep central concavity (octavals shorter).</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 62) Papillae anales setose, ovally-elongated, posteriorly with small central concavity; posterior apophyses twice the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursa sclerotised, curved and shorter than the corpus bursa. Antrum V-shaped with margin strongly sclerotised. Corpus bursae membranous, ovally-elongated; signum as two thin, longitudinal band-like, scobinated, sclerotisation, joined towards ends and located anteriorly below the junction with ductus bursae. 7 th sternite sclerotised, M-shaped with arms projecting backward; posterior margin with shallow, wide central concavity.</p><p>Differential diagnosis: Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata looks close to its nominotypical ally, T. p. prasonaria (see Fig. 33: Male, Syntype, NHMUK). However, the latter has been described from the Khasi Hills and is comparatively darker having warmer wing colouration, darker ashy-grey antennae and costal margin of forewings. Morphologically, T. prasonaria subspecies look close to R. bisinuata subspecies (Fig. 29) but are easily distinguishable as follows: the subspecies in the T. prasonaria exhibit comparatively brighter forewings with reddish-ochreous yellow ground colour and dense bright red irroration; their forewings have less acute apex and submarginal line with single sinuous curve (double curves in R. bisinuata subspecies complex). Furthermore, the Rhodostrophia bisinuata subspecies has a characteristic blackish-brown fasciation on the forewings, starting from the postmedial line on M1 and running towards the apex, which is absent in T. prasonaria .</p><p>Distribution: India: Sikkim (TL) (Warren 1893), North Western Himalaya (Prout 1938).</p><p>Elsewhere: Not documented.</p><p>Genetic data: BIN: BOLD:AFI0500. Its nearest-neighbour is R. cuprinaria with 6.27% genetic distance.</p><p>Bionomics: Till now, adults of T. prasonaria trilineata have only been reported from the Himalaya, particularly from North Western and Central Himalayan (Sikkim) regions. However, the life history and larval stages remained undocumented. Our study has documented adults predominantly in the elevational range of 800–1400 m in the Tropical Dry Deciduous forests (5B/C2) and Subtropical Pine forests (9/C1a, C1b), whereas occasional encounters occurred up to 2000 m within the Himalayan Moist Temperate (12/C1c) forest types in DMR. The sightings were recorded during both pre- and post-monsoon seasons with nightly average temperature range of 13–23°C.</p><p>Remarks: The male and female genitalia of T. prasonaria trilineata have been described here for the first time, along with the first DNA barcode data. These observations underscore the historical confusion regarding the taxonomic placement and validity of species in the genus Tanaotrichia and Rhodostrophia bisinuata subspecies complex. The detailed morphological and genitalia examination of the species within the two genera points to their taxonomic distinction which is further supported by molecular COI gene sequence divergence information. Both, the NJ tree (Fig. 63) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree (Fig. 64) support the phylogenetic distinction between the two genera and delineate the genus Tanaotrichia as a separate lineage. However, conducting more comprehensive (integrating both morphological and multigene molecular analysis) investigations is crucial before drawing any definitive conclusions on their taxonomic status.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38793FFFFFFA1B4814C7C09FEF987	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kumari, Shabnam;Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran;Uniyal, Virendra Prasad;Chandra, Kailash;Hausmann, Axel	Kumari, Shabnam, Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran, Uniyal, Virendra Prasad, Chandra, Kailash, Hausmann, Axel (2024): Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 59-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3
