identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B387CDAC67FF98FF4CFE91FBA9FC4A.text	03B387CDAC67FF98FF4CFE91FBA9FC4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrostomum shenda Xin & Zhang & Shi & Wang & Zhang & Wang 2019	<div><p>Macrostomum shenda Wang &amp; Xin, n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 2–4)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype (PLA–Ma0110): one mounted specimen . Paratypes (PLA–Ma0111–112): two serially-sectioned specimens. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.98583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.528055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.98583/lat 22.528055)">The</a> type specimens were collected in OCT mangrove wetland, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.98583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.528055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.98583/lat 22.528055)">Shenzhen City</a>, Guangdong Province, China (22°31′41″ N, 113°59′9″ E) (see Fig. 1 for sampling location) from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.98583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.528055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.98583/lat 22.528055)">September</a> to October, 2016. All specimens are deposited in IZCAS .</p><p>Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the abbreviated Chinese name of Shenzhen University.</p><p>Description. Body flattened dorsoventrally and without pigment. The body length and width of living mature individual is 1000 ± 123 µm (n=5) and 225 ± 30 µm (n=5), respectively (Figs. 2A, 4A). The thickness of the epidermis is 5 ± 1.0 µm (n=5), with cilia up to 4 ± 0.5 µm (n=5) covering the entire surface. There are tufts of sensory hairs that are 10 ± 1.3 µm (n=5) long, sparsely distributed on the body edge. The anterior end is slightly more rounded than the posterior extremity, while tufts of rigid cilia (4 ± 0.7 µm long, n=5) are located at both the anterior and posterior ends of the body. Generally, the rigid cilia are shorter and thicker than sensory hairs. The rhabdite rods, 7 ± 1.1 µm (n=5) long, are scattered in groups (mostly 3–9 rhabdites in each group) and are particularly abundant on the dorsal surface of the body. The distance between the two rounded eyes is 30 ± 4.6 µm (n=5) (Figs. 2A, 4A). The mouth is 101 ± 9.2 µm (n=5) long and the pharynx is ventrally surrounded by several pharyngeal glands (Fig. 3A &amp; C). The tail tapers gradually and has large amount of adhesive glands (Fig. 4A).</p><p>The paired ovoid testes, 82 ± 9.7 µm (n=5) long, are situated ventrally between the pharynx glands and ovaries (Figs. 2B, 4A). The long oval-shaped false vesicula seminalis connects to the vesicula seminalis at its right side. The oval-shaped vesicula seminalis has a thickened muscular wall. The vesicula granulorum connects to the vesicula seminalis and is partially inserted into the proximal end of the penis stylet (Figs. 2C, 3B &amp; E–F, 4B–C). The narrow funnel-shaped penis stylet is 56 ± 3.1 µm (n=5) long. It has a slightly curved end (curvature less than 15°, the value was measured according to Ferguson 1940a) and is gradually narrowed towards the distal beveled end (Figs. 2D, 4D). The proximal end of the stylet is 14 ± 3.8 µm (n=5) in diameter, while the willow leaf shaped distal opening is 8 ± 1.0 µm (n=5) in length (Fig. 2D).</p><p>The mature sperm are 28 ± 1.3 µm (n=5) long when swimming (Figs. 2 E–F, 4E). They have neither bristles nor brush, and are surrounded by an undulating membrane in the mid-body region (Fig. 2F). The boundaries between the feeler, body and shaft of the sperm are not obvious.</p><p>The paired elongated ovoid ovaries are 163 ± 14.2 µm (n=5) long and are situated posterior to the testes on both sides of the body (Fig. 2B). The big light-brown mature oocytes usually contain abundant yolk (Fig. 2A). The female antrum is located posterior to the gut on ventral side. Besides, there are numerous cement glands surrounding the female gonopore (Fig. 3A &amp; D).</p><p>Remarks. A comparison of the penis stylets of Macrostomum shenda n. sp. and six similar species within the genus is shown in Table 4. They all have a funnel-shaped stylet with an oblique and non-thickening terminal opening. However, in M. ensiferum, M. phillipsi and M. sinyaense, the ratios of the proximal diameter to the stylet length are less than 16%, while the corresponding value of M. shenda n. sp. is around 25%. Besides, in M. ensiferum, the bending angle of the stylet (&gt; 30°) is larger than that of M. shenda n. sp. (&lt;15°, the values were measured according to Ferguson 1940a). Another similar species, namely M. sinyaense, has a “Verschlussapparat (Young 1976, and named “cellular valve” in Ladurner et al. 2005)”, but this structure is absent in M. shenda n. sp. . Moreover, the stylet of M. obtusum (80–91 µm, Luther 1960) is longer than that of M. shenda n. sp. (56 µm) and bends around 65° (Papi 1951). As for M. vejdovskyi, the stylet length (35 µm) and proximal end diameter (9 µm) of the stylet are obviously shorter than those of M. shenda n. sp. (56 µm and 14 µm). In addition, the sperm of M. vejdovskyi and M. phillipsi have bristles, while this structure is absent in M. shenda n. sp. .</p><p>In M. orthostylum Braun, 1885, there are a number of publications identifying this species (for example, Braun 1885; von Hofsten 1911; Meixner 1915; Ferguson &amp; Jones 1940; Papi 1951; Beklemishev 1951; Luther 1960; Young 1976 and so on). However, the morphology of their stylets vary considerably, some specimens are up to 90 or 142 µm in their stylet length (Meixner 1915; von Hofsten 1911). Among them, the descriptions in Ferguson &amp; Jones (1940) and Luther (1960) are most similar with that of M. shenda n. sp. . In Ferguson &amp; Jones (1940), the diameter of the stylet is almost unchanged from the proximal end to the anterior 33% part, while the stylet of M. shenda n. sp. narrows gradually. Moreover, the stylet distal opening of M. orthostylum is oval shaped, while the corresponding opening of M. shenda n. sp. is willow leaf shaped. As for Luther (1960), the stylet narrows gradually only in the first half. In terms of morphology of the ovaries, those of M. orthostylum are heavily indented (Ferguson &amp; Jones 1940; Luther 1960; Young 1976), while those of M. shenda n. sp. are elongated ovals with a smooth margin. In summary, it is evident that M. shenda n. sp. is a new species within the genus Macrostomum .</p><p>* Measurement based on images and scales from the references. NA: not available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387CDAC67FF98FF4CFE91FBA9FC4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Xin, Fan;Zhang, Si-Yu;Shi, Yong-Shi;Wang, Lei;Zhang, Yu;Wang, An-Tai	Xin, Fan, Zhang, Si-Yu, Shi, Yong-Shi, Wang, Lei, Zhang, Yu, Wang, An-Tai (2019): Macrostomum shenda and M. spiriger, two new brackish-water species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from China. Zootaxa 4603 (1): 105-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4603.1.5
03B387CDAC6AFF9EFF4CFC0DFA96FF17.text	03B387CDAC6AFF9EFF4CFC0DFA96FF17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrostomum spiriger Xin & Zhang & Shi & Wang & Zhang & Wang 2019	<div><p>Macrostomum spiriger Wang &amp; Xin, n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 5–7)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype (PLA–Ma0100): one mounted specimen . Paratypes (PLA–Ma0101–104): four serially-sectioned specimens. The type specimens were collected from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.78001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.710835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.78001/lat 22.710835)">Waterlands Resort</a>, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China (22°42′39″ N, 113°46′48″ E) (see Fig. 1 for sampling location) in March, 2017. All specimens are deposited in IZCAS .</p><p>Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the morphology of its spiral-shaped penis stylet.</p><p>Description. The body is dorsoventrally flattened and the dorsal epidermis is covered by an irregular mesh of black pigments in different densities (particularly dense around the eyes). The tail is bifurcated (Figs. 5 A–B, 7A– B). The living mature individual is 1324 ± 104 µm (n=5) in length and 368 ± 37 µm (n=5) in width. The epidermal thickness varies up to 6 ± 1.2 µm with cilia up to 7 ± 1.0 µm (n=5). The rigid cilia, 8 ± 2.1 µm (n=5) in length, are present at both ends of the body. The sensory hairs are 24 ± 5.2 µm (n=5) long. The rhabdite rods, 20 ± 2.0 µm (n=5) long, are scattered in groups (mostly 1–3 rhabdites in each group) all over the body surface, and are particularly abundant on the dorsal surface. The distance between the two eyes is 43 ± 7.4 µm (n=5) (Fig. 5 A–B). The mouth is 106 ± 19.8 µm (n=5) in length. The pharynx is located posterior to the eyes and is surrounded by gland cells (Fig. 7A). The tail region is abundant in adhesive glands (Fig. 5C).</p><p>The paired testes, 266 ± 35.9 µm in length (n=5), are highly lobulate and generally contain 5 to 6 lobes on each side (Figs. 5B, 6E, 7A). The false vesicula seminalis lies posterior to the female antrum and connects to the vesicula seminalis. The vesicula seminalis connects to the spindle-shaped vesicula granulorum via a short duct, while a small part of the vesicula granulorum is enclosed by the proximal end of the stylet (Figs. 5D, 6A &amp; F–H, 7C–D). Both the vesicula seminalis and vesicula granulorum have a thick muscular wall. The penis stylet, 270 ± 22.5 µm (n=5) in length, is spirally twisted. The straight line (marked as ‘a’) between the proximal and distal ends of the stylet is 184 ± 13.5 µm (n=5) (Figs. 5 F–G, 7D–E). The diameter of the proximal end is 16 ± 2.0 µm (n=5). The distal opening is 3 ± 0.7 µm (n=5) in diameter and is bulbous with an asymmetrical thickening (Figs. 5H, 7 E–F).</p><p>Mature sperm are 72 ± 3.6 µm long (n=5) when swimming (Figs. 5 I–J, 7G). A pair of bristles, 10 ± 0.6 µm (n=5) long, lies on the sperm body. The extensions of the brush are 2 ± 0.3 µm (n=5) long. The lengths of the feeler, body and shaft of the sperm are 14 ± 2.1 (n=5), 13 ± 1.3 (n=5) and 46 ± 2.3 µm (n=5), respectively.</p><p>The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a seminal bursa, a bursal pore, a female antrum and a female gonopore. A pair of indented ovaries, 110 ± 23.1 µm (n=5) long, is located posterior to the testes on both sides. The ovoid seminal bursa, 87 ± 10.5 µm (n=5) long, is located posterior to the left side of the intestine (Figs. 5B, 7A). The seminal bursa has a thickened muscular wall, and contains plenty of received sperm. It opens anteroventrally to the outside and connects to female antrum via a short, narrow duct (Figs. 5 D–E, 6B–D). The female antrum is surrounded by a numerous of cement glands.</p><p>Remarks. According to Ferguson (1954), in Macrostomidae, only two genera possess two openings to the exterior in their female reproductive system, one is the genus previously named Axia and the other is the genus Promacrostomum . The major difference between these two genera is that Axia lacks the structure “ductus-genitointestinalis (An-der-Lan 1939)”, which is present in the genus Promacrostomum . For this reason, species Macrostomum gieysztori Ferguson, 1939 had been moved to Axia by Ferguson (1954) and was the only species in this genus. However, since the generic name Axia had not been accepted in the literature, Sluys (1986) suggested to assign species gieysztori to the genus Promacrostomum . Moreover, Schärer et al. (2011) noted that the generic name Axia had been occupied by a genus of Lepidoptera since 1821. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, Schärer et al. (2011) suggested to reinstate M. gieysztori to the genus Macrostomum .</p><p>The female reproductive system of M. spiriger n. sp. is similar to M. gieysztori in that they both have two exterior openings (female gonopore and bursal pore) and lack “ductus-genito-intestinalis”. M. spiriger n. sp. also clusters within the genus Macrostomum in 18S and 28S rDNA molecular phylogenetic analyses (Figs. 8–11), therefore, we classified M. spiriger n. sp. into Macrostomum .</p><p>In summary, the stylet of M. spiriger n. sp. is spirally twisted with six bends (b1–b6, Fig. 7E), which is a unique morphological characteristic within the genus Macrostomum, and this species has a seminal bursa located anterior to the female gonopore. As such, it is evident that M. spiriger n. sp. is a new species within Macrostomum .</p><p>Molecular phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic trees generated from single gene (18S and 28S rDNA, respectively) by Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian-inference (BI) methods are shown in Figs. 8–11. The 28S rDNA results indicated that the three specimens of the new species cluster together respectively, forming a well-supported clade with other species within the genus Macrostomum . Although these two species are clearly separated by their 28S rDNA sequences and morphological characters, M. shenda n. sp. cannot be well-separated based on 18S rDNA analyses. Similar situation can also be found in other species of the genus, including M. tuba and M. quiritium (Figs. 8, 9). As such, both the 28S rDNA phylogenetic and morphological evidence supports the establishments of M. shenda n. sp. and M. spiriger n. sp. as new species within the genus Macrostomum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387CDAC6AFF9EFF4CFC0DFA96FF17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Xin, Fan;Zhang, Si-Yu;Shi, Yong-Shi;Wang, Lei;Zhang, Yu;Wang, An-Tai	Xin, Fan, Zhang, Si-Yu, Shi, Yong-Shi, Wang, Lei, Zhang, Yu, Wang, An-Tai (2019): Macrostomum shenda and M. spiriger, two new brackish-water species of Macrostomum (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from China. Zootaxa 4603 (1): 105-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4603.1.5
