taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B387C9FF89D130FF73E220FA19FA24.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The present diagnosis is largely based on Thandar's (1989) and is amended to include the morphological peculiarities of Paulayellus gen. nov. and the genus Neopentamera. The amended diagnosis is as follows: Tentacles 10, ventral-most two much reduced. Calcareous ring not tubular, radial and interradial plates united at base only. Posterior paired processes of radial plates long, 2 – 8 times the height of ring, either entire of broken into several pieces.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Conception Bay, Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico 15. iii. 1938, holotype 20 mm (LACM E. 1937 - 85.2). Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico 28. xi. 1980, 1 spm 20 mm (USNM E 21478).	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The present diagnosis is based on Deichmann's (1941) and is amended herein to include previously unused characters from the calcareous ring. The amended diagnosis is as follows: Body fusiform. Tube feet arranged in double rows restricted to ambulacral region. Ten tentacles, ventral-most pair smaller. Calcareous ring with undivided radial and interradial plates united at the base and posterior processes divided, broken into few large pieces (about 3 - 4 pieces). Posterior process of radial plate twice as long as radial plate. Ossicles. Body wall knobbed buttons and plates; tentacles with rods; introvert with plates; tube feet with supporting rods. End plate star-shaped.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991.taxon	description	Description. The following is in addition to other descriptions thus far. Body U-shaped slightly upturned at both ends (Fig. 1 A). Color brown in ethanol. Tube feet arranged in double rows restricted to the ambulacra. One Polian vesicle, madreporite circular and long stone canal (Fig. 1 D). Radial plates of the calcareous ring short, undivided and notched anteriorly; posterior processes broken up into few large pieces (Fig. 1 C). Interradial plates pointed anteriorly. Radial and interradial plates united at base (Fig. 1 B). Body wall ossicles comprising four holed knobbed buttons (40 – 60 µm long, Fig. 2 A), perforated plates (100 – 120 µm long, Fig. 2 B – D). Introvert with perforated plates. In the tentacles perforated tentacle rods and rosettes (20 – 60 µm long, Fig. 2 E). In the tube feet perforated rods (100 – 120 µm long, Fig 2 F) and a star shapedend plate.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF89D132FF73E6E6FEC8F991.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Thandar (1989) recognized three subfamilies in the Sclerodactylidae: Cladolabinae Heding & Panning, 1954 (sclerodactylids with 15 – 20 tentacles), Sclerodactylinae (sclerodactylids with 10 tentacles and radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united along their entire length) and Sclerothyoninae Thandar, 1989 (sclerodactylids with 10 tentacles and radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united at the base). Smirnov (2012) that elevated Sclerothyoninae to familial status, whereas Miller et al. (2017) have seemingly treated Sclerodactylidae to encompass the Sclerothyoninae. Originally, Neopentamera anexigua was described in Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894. Panning (1949: 456) erected the subfamily Sclerodactylinae (within Cucumariidae), whose diagnosis included the presence of 10 tentacles, calcareous ring with undivided radial and interradial plates and posterior processes divided, broken into few large pieces (about 3 - 4 pieces). Panning (1949) included nine genera in Sclerodactylinae, among which Neopentamera. Pawson & Fell (1965) assigned familial status to Sclerodactylinae, Sclerodactylidae. Thandar (1989) created the subfamily Sclerothyoninae, which differed from Sclerodactylinae in having radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring united at base only (whilst the radial and interradial plates are united along the entire length in Sclerodactylinae). The examination of the holotype of N. anexigua revealed that the radial and interradial plates of its calcareous ring are actually united at the base only (Fig. 1 B), as typically found in the Sclerothyoninae. Therefore, Neopentamera anexigua can no longer be assigned to the Sclerodactylinae and is herein transferred to the Sclerothyoninae. This conclusion was reached independently in an unpublished dissertation by Arumugam (2011) brought to our attention by Prof. A. S. Thandar. Neopentamera differs from the others Sclerothyoninae genera by the presence of knobbed buttons and plates in the body wall, and absence of tables and cups.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8BD135FF73E604FA02FE21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tentacles 10, ventral-most two much reduced. Tube feet arranged into two rows, restricted to ambulacra. Calcareous ring plates undivided, posterior processes long, up to two times height of calcareous ring plate. Body wall ossicles include cups, knobbed buttons and plates. Tentacles with rods. Introvert with plates. Tube feet with supporting rods, end plates small.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8BD135FF73E604FA02FE21.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Paulayellus gustavi sp. nov., by original designation and monotypy. Species included. Genus monotypic.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8BD135FF73E604FA02FE21.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name is a combination of the patronym of marine biologist and systematist Gustav Paulay and the Latin suffix ellus (little). Gender: masculine.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8BD135FF73E604FA02FE21.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paulayellus gen. nov. is herein assigned to Sclerothyoninae, whose diagnostic characters (Thandar, 1989; see also the above diagnosis for Sclerothyoninae) are readly recognized in the new genus. They are as follow: Tentacles 10, ventral-most two much reduced. Calcareous ring not tubular, radial and interradial plates united at base only. Posterior paired processes of radial plates long, 2 - 8 times height of ring, either entire or broken into several pieces. Paulayellus gen. nov. differs from the other Sclerothyoninae genera in having the posterior processes of the radial plates undivided. Additionally, the new genus differs from Sclerothyone, Thandarum and Neopentamera in having knobbed buttons, plates and cups in the body wall (whereas the body wall is furnished only with tables and plates in Sclerothyone, Temparena and Thandarum, and only with knobbed buttons and plates in Neopentamera.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8CD137FF73E19EFE70FCD0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Gulf of Panama, Panama (8. 2745 - 79.0771), 25 – 27 m, 9. iv. 2004, holotype 50 mm (FLMNH 4550). Permanent slides of body wall ossicles (MZUSP 1619). Comparative material examined. Apentamera lepra Deichmann, 1941 — Isla Partida, Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico (28 ° 55 ’ N, 113 ° 5.6 ’ W), 45 m, 8. iii. 1936, holotype 28 mm (LACM 329.4). Isla Partida, Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico, (28 ° 55 ’ N, 113 ° 5.6 ’ W), 82 m, 8. iii. 1936, paratypes 16 mm (LACM 1936 - 71.2).	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8CD137FF73E19EFE70FCD0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body fusiform. Tube feet arranged in double rows restricted to ambulacral region. Ten tentacles, ventral-most pair smaller. Calcareous ring plates undivided and united only at base, with posterior processes entire. Body wall with knobbed buttons, plates and cups. Tentacles with rods. Introvert with plates. Tube feet with supporting rods, end plate small.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8CD137FF73E19EFE70FCD0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of Gustav Paulay in recognition for his contributions to the systematics of Echinoderms.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8CD137FF73E19EFE70FCD0.taxon	description	Description. Body U-shaped, slightly upturned at both ends (Fig. 3 A), rough to touch. Color brown in ethanol. Anal papillae present (Fig. 3 B). Tube feet arranged in double rows, restricted to ambulacra. Retractor muscles attached to radial plates, tapering distally (Fig. 3 C). Plates of calcareous ring short, undivided, notched anteriorly; posterior processes undivided. Interradial plates tapering gently anteriorly, notched distally; base concave. Radial and interradial plates united at base only (Fig. 3 D). Body wall ossicles comprising four-holed knobbed buttons (60 – 90 µm long, Fig. 4 A – B), perforated plates (180 – 250 µm long, Fig. 4 C), and cups knobbed in outline (45 – 60 µm long, Fig 4 D – E). Body wall and introvert with cups (70 – 80 µm long) and perforated plates (240 – 560 µm long, Fig 4 F). Tentacles rods curved, perforated (250 – 300 µm long, Fig. 4 G). Tube feet with perforated, curved rods (100 – 120 µm long, Fig. 4 H), knobbed plates (100 µm long), supporting rods irregular in outline and rudimentar spire (100 – 150 µm long, Fig. 4 I), end plates small (100 - 120 µm long).	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8CD137FF73E19EFE70FCD0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Gulf of Panama, Panama, 25 – 27 meters depth.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
03B387C9FF8CD137FF73E19EFE70FCD0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paulayellus gustavi gen. nov., sp. nov. superficially resembles the Sclerodactylinae Apentamera lepra Deichmann, 1941, with which it shares the presence of knobbed buttons, plates and cups in the body wall. However, while in P. gustavi gen. nov., sp. nov. the radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring are typically Sclerothyoninae, i. e., the plates are united at base only, in A. lepra the radial and interradial plates of the calcareous ring are united along their entire length, as in the remaining Sclerodactylinae genera. Paulayellus gustavi gen. nov., sp. nov. can be further differentiated from A. lepra in having tube feet provided with rods, whilst A. lepra has tables instead of rods in the tube feet.	en	Martins, Luciana, Tavares, Marcos (2018): A new genus and species of Sclerodactylidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerothyoninae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, and assignment of Neopentamera anexigua to Sclerothyoninae. Zootaxa 4429 (1): 157-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4429.1.8
