identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B30955FFC2FFE8FF0C470DFDDEF8D6.text	03B30955FFC2FFE8FF0C470DFDDEF8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus dysmicus (Perret 1963) Perret 1963	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS DYSMICUS Perret, 1963 (Fig. 12; Table 3)</p><p>Lygodactylus angularis dysmicus: Perret (1963).</p><p>Lygodactylus gutturalis dysmicus: Pasteur (1964); Kluge (1991, 1993, 2001); Schätti and Perret (1997); LeBreton (1999); Schätti et al. (2002); Röll (2005); de Lisle et al. (2013, 2016).</p><p>Lygodactylus (Lygodactylus) gutturalis dysmicus: Rösler (2000).</p><p>Lygodactylus dysmicus: Chirio and LeBreton (2007).</p><p>Lygodactylus picturatus dysmicus: Thys van den den Audenaerde (1967).</p><p>Perret (1963) described L. a. dysmicus from Foulassi, South Region, Cameroon, as the western race of L. angularis that differs from the nominotypical form by its gular ornamentation. However, Perret never compared this species to L. gutturalis in neighbouring areas. In 1991, Kluge considered L. a. dysmicus as a subspecies of L. gutturalis, although he did not provide any justification. This taxonomic change was followed by other authors until Chirio and LeBreton (2007) considered L. dysmicus as a full species in their ‘ Atlas des reptiles du Cameroun ’ again without justification. Until then, the only known record of this species was the holotype; however, Chirio and LeBreton (2007) added a new photographic record from Nglochifen, West Region, Cameroon, in their book. Herein, based on the osteological evidence mentioned above, and the presence of terminal scansors on the tail tip, which are absent in the L. angularis group, we regard L. dysmicus to be part of the L. gutturalis subgroup. Despite the lack of molecular data, distinctive morphology supports the validation of L. dysmicus as a full species, as suggested by Chirio and LeBreton (2007) and Kluge (1991). Based on the detailed description provided by Perret (1963), we provide only a diagnosis and comparison with L. gutturalis s.s. and the L. angularis group.</p><p>Holotype: MHNG 1005.72, adult male, collected from forest at Foulassi, South Region, Cameroon (~ 665 m a.s.l.), at the north-west limit of the Congo Basin. Specimen fixed in formalin, now preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Diagnosis (Fig. 12): As noted by Perret (1963), the species differs from the L. angularis group mainly by the gular ornamentation, which consists of two ∩ -shaped chevrons, one within the other, and a central mark vs. two V -shaped marks or broken pattern (in L. heeneni and L. paurospilus) chevrons that converge posteriorly. It also differs from the angularis group by having a reduced, almost vestigial postorbitofrontal vs. a well-developed postorbitofrontal bone in the angularis group. Lygodactylus dysmicus can be differentiated from L. gutturalis by having more precloacal pores (9 vs. 5–8); nostril in narrow contact with rostral scales vs. never in contact in L. gutturalis . We have also recorded some minor differences as follows: fewer lamellae under fourth toe (4 vs. 5–6); a greater number of ventral scales across the body (21 vs. 15–20); and a greater number of scales between the eyes (25 vs. 17–24). It is noteworthy that L. dysmicus is small [SVL 27.6 mm vs. 33.3 ± 1.8 mm (mean) in L. gutturalis], with a paedomorphic skull that has an unfused frontal bone, braincase, and compound bone + surangular (Fig. 5). However, the well-developed state of the precloacal pores suggest sexual maturity of this specimen (Rhen et al. 2005; Fig. 12B). Finally, L. dysmicus can be differentiated from L. gutturalis based on its distribution in lowland Congolian rainforest vs. the sub-Saharan savannah (Fig. 6).</p><p>Habitat and distribution (Fig. 6): Lygodactylus dysmicus is only known from the type locality in Foulassi, South Region, Cameroon, and an additional photographic record (unconfirmed) from Nglochifen, West Region, Cameroon. Lygodactylus dysmicus is considered a rainforest species distributed near the northern limit of the Congolian Rainforest.</p><p>Natural history: Diurnal gecko that lives on trees in dense semideciduous forests (Chirio and LeBreton 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFC2FFE8FF0C470DFDDEF8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
03B30955FFC0FFE4FF7147FBFDD3F87F.text	03B30955FFC0FFE4FF7147FBFDD3F87F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus depressus , Schmidt 1919	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS DEPRESSUS Schmidt, 1919</p><p>(Figs 13–16, Table 3; Supporting Information, Table S6)</p><p>Lygodactylus picturatus depressus: Loveridge (1947), Wermuth (1965).</p><p>Lygodactylus depressus: Pasteur, 1965(1964); Kluge (1991, 1993, 2001); Rösler (2000); Chirio and LeBreton (2007); Röll et al. (2010); de Lisle et al. (2013, 2016)</p><p>Lygodactylus depressus was described from Medje, Haut-Uele Province, DRC, by Schmidt, who described the species as an intermediate form between L. picturatus and L. gutturalis: ‘ … The relation of this species with L. picturatus picturatus (Peters) appears to be close; its coloration is in some respects similar but does not seem to fall within the wide variation … chevrons of the throat equally distinct in the female (only two V’s in three of the paratypes) narrower than in gutturalis … Venter and enlarged subcaudals immaculate yellow in life—an apparently constant distinction from Lygodactylus picturatus gutturalis ’ (Schmidt 1919: 466) . However, Loveridge (1947: 227), relegated this taxon to a subspecies of L. picturatus, stating: ‘ … a somewhat doubtful race, differing from gutturalis only in gular and subcaudal markings … ’. This taxonomic action was ignored by Pasteur, 1965(1964), but followed by Wermuth (1965), both authors without justification. Kluge (1993) included L. depressus as a full species, in his checklist again without any justification of his taxonomic decision.</p><p>Since then this species has been collected in different regions of the Congo Basin. However, this material was overlooked in many publications that revisited the L. picturatus group (Röll et al. 2010, Malonza et al. 2016, 2019). We recovered a genetic clade that is sister to L. gutturalis, from the rainforest of the Congo Basin (Figs 1, 6) that differs by c. 9.04% (16S uncorrected p-distance; Table 2) from its sister taxon. Among this material, we included specimens from Lake Tumba, where historical material of L. depressus was previously collected. Consequently, we revised historical material collected from the Congo Basin, tentatively attributed to L. gutturalis and L. depressus (Supporting Information, Table S2). After morphological examination and comparison of preserved specimens (faded), we observed a complete overlap between specimens ascribed to these two taxa, failing to identify any morphological differences based on pholidosis or gular ornamentation. In his description of L. depressus, Schmidt (1919: 466) remarked: ‘… coloration dark blueish grey, irregularly mottled with black, more heavily anteriorly …’. However, he also made reference to colour variation recorded by Herbert O. Lang (collector): ‘… one specimen was entirely black when caught, turning blueish grey when injected …’. We observed that two specimens allocated to L. depressus and collected at Lotende (a river at Mabali, the site of a colonial-era research station at Lake Tumba; Marlier 1958), Lake Tumba (RMCA 1981.065.R.005) by Laurent, exhibit both colour morphs described for L. depressus (mottled and uniform). In contrast, two specimens (RMCA R.8575/A and RMCA R.8575/B) collected from Flandria, Équateur Province, DRC (~ 110 km north-east from the previous locality) and identified by de Witte in 1923 (RMCA unpublished data) as L. gutturalis, show the same two dorsal patterns as the previous specimens mentioned above (Fig. 13). Two additional specimens (RMCA 1038/B and 1038/C) were collected from the Ituri Forest (without a precise locality within this region, but in the same region as the type locality of L. depressus) and tentatively assigned to L. gutturalis by de Witte in 1923 (RMCA unpublished data). However, these specimens have morphological characters that are intermediate between these two taxa. Thus, material from DRC and Angola (previously attributed to L. gutturalis), shows substantial morphological overlap with topotypic material of L. depressus, making it impossible to differentiate them from the type series (Figs 15, 16). The specimen collected from Angola (MNCN 50772) has a dark blueish coloration in life (Fig. 15G), as described in L. depressus . Consequently, due to the high morphological and geographic overlap, we consider that this clade, sister to L. gutturalis s.s. (Fig. 1), represents L. depressus . Nevertheless, we recommend caution until topotypic material can be included in a phylogenetic context, because the possibility of further cryptic diversification within this group cannot be excluded.</p><p>A photographic record from Molondou, East Region, Cameroon, reported by Chirio and LeBreton (2007), and attributed to L. depressus, does not agree with the diagnostic dark blueish coloration mentioned by Schmidt (1919). Therefore, because of the highly diverse character of the picturatus subgroup, records from Cameroon and other localities west and north of the Ubangi and Congo rivers might belong to an undescribed taxon.</p><p>Holotype (Fig. 14): AMNH 10345, adult male with original tail, collected at Medje, Ituri Forest, Haut-Uele Province, DRC, on 5 July 1914 by Herbert O. Lang.</p><p>Additional material examined (12 specimens): • DRC (10 specimens): RMCA R.3216 (formerly AMNH 10346) and MCZ R45987 (formerly AMNH 10344), males (paratypes), with same collection data as the holotype; UTEP 22579 / UTEP 22582 (ELI 2128 / ELI 2152), males, and UTEP 22580–81 / UTEP 22583 (ELI 2129–30 / ELI 2153), females, collected at Npenda Village, north-east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.2243&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.7465" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.2243/lat -0.7465)">Lake Tumba</a>, Équateur Province, S00.7465, E18.2243, 311 m a.s.l. on 6 July 2013 by locals and brought to Eli Greenbaum ; UTEP 22578 (ELI 1547), female, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.15/lat -0.8)">Lake Tumba</a>, Équateur Province, c. S00.80, E18.15, 300 m a.s.l. on 13 February 2010 by Chifundera Kusamba ; UTEP 22595 (ELI 3624), female, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.10403&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.75128" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.10403/lat -2.75128)">Katopa</a>, Maniema Province, S02.75128, E25.10403, 455 m a.s.l. on 4 July 2015 by locals and brought to Eli Greenbaum ; UTEP 22597 (ELI 3585), male collected from Katopa, ICCN <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.10323&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74769" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.10323/lat -2.74769)">Camp</a>, Maniema Province, S02.74769, E25.10323, 450 m a.s.l. on 2 July 2015 by Eli Greenbaum. • Angola (two specimens) : MNCN 50771–72 (P1-307 and P1-306), males, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.20327&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.19518" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.20327/lat -9.19518)">Barra do Cuanza</a>, Luanda Province, S09.19518, E13.20327, 7 m a.s.l. on 10 September 2021 by Pedro Vaz Pinto and Timoteo Julio .</p><p>Diagnosis: Lygodactylus depressus is a large-sized Lygodactylus with a maximum SVL 37.8 mm (mean 35.6 ± 1.4 mm) that has the typical gular pattern of the gutturalis group. Seven to nine supralabials and 6–7 infralabials. Dorsal pholidosis with granular scales that become flattened, larger, and imbricate in original tails. Large triangular mental followed by 2–3 symmetric postmental scales (Fig. 16). Males with 7–8 precloacal pores. Ventral pholidosis with large, flattened, and imbricate scales. Ventral scales usually with small denticulation posteriorly. Digits elongated with five terminal scansors on the fourth toe (Supporting Information, Table S6).</p><p>Like other members of the L. gutturalis subgroup, this species can be easily differentiated from L. angularis group members and from other members of the picturatus subgroup by the gular pattern and dorsal colour pattern (Fig. 5). It should be noted that L. depressus has a dark blueish grey dorsum in life, unlike the light blueish dorsal coloration in the picturatus subgroup.</p><p>Lygodactylus depressus can be differentiated from other species within the gutturalis subgroup by having a dark blueish grey coloration of the dorsum, with some specimens having a mottled pattern on the dorsum, vs. brownish or light grey without a mottled pattern in L. gutturalis . However, blackish specimens can only be differentiated by subtle morphometric and meristic data, being almost impossible to differentiate in the field. Lygodactylus depressus can be partially differentiated from L. gutturalis as follows: eye proportionally smaller in L. depressus (OD/HL ≤ 0.25 vs. 0.26–0.31 in L. gutturalis); and narrower snout (IN/HW ≤ 0.29 vs. 0.30–0.34 in L. gutturalis). It also differs by a minimum of c. 9.04% uncorrected p-distance for 16S (Table 2), lacks any nuclear haplotype sharing with L. gutturalis in RAG1 (Fig. 2), and habitat (rainforest for L. depressus and sub-Saharan savannah for L. gutturalis). It can also be differentiated from L. dysmicus by having fewer precloacal pores (7–8 vs. 9 in L. dysmicus) and nostril never in contact with rostral scale vs. nostril contacting the rostral in L. dysmicus . For a distinction from other species not included above, described herein, see the respective diagnoses below.</p><p>Coloration: In life (Fig.15), dorsal colour is highly variable; predominantly dark grey, with lighter grey blotches surrounded by black dots on the flanks, which can form a diffuse dorsolateral band; dark V -shaped line between the eyes (absent in darker specimens), and black line from snout to anterior insertion of the forelimb; tail with diffuse bars of lighter grey; throat usually with white background and black chevrons; venter vivid yellow, orange, or cream from tail tip to posterior part of the gular region. In preservative (holotype; Fig. 14), dorsum grey with dark brown dots from head to midbody; venter uniform light cream to yellow with whitish colouration on all digits.</p><p>Variation: Meristic and morphometric data are summarized and depicted in the Supporting Information (Table S6) and Figures 15–16. Lygodactylus depressus is the most variable taxon within the L. gutturalis group with respect to coloration, particularly the gular pattern (Fig. 16). Some specimens lose the dorsal pattern, resulting in a uniform dorsal coloration. However, other specimens have a mottled dorsal pattern (Fig. 13).</p><p>Habitat and distribution (Figs 6, 15): This species is widely distributed within the Congo Basin, from the Ituri Forest in the north-east, through the heart of the Congo River at Npenda and Lake Tumba, south to Angola at the southernmost extreme of its range. The material from Angola was collected from mangroves growing at the mouth of the Cuanza River. However, all material from DRC was collected in dense Congolian rainforest.</p><p>Natural history: Individuals in Angola were observed actively moving and hunting between the branches and trunk of trees during the day, but due to the difficult access to the mangroves, specimens were collected at night while sleeping on thin branches. Specimens from Lotende, DRC, were collected in the canopy, as recorded by Laurent in his field notes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFC0FFE4FF7147FBFDD3F87F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
03B30955FFCCFFE2FC6E4462FF66F92B.text	03B30955FFCCFFE2FC6E4462FF66F92B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus kibera Lobón-Rovira & Bauer & Pinto & Trape & Conradie & Kusamba & Júlio & Cael & Stanley & Hughes & Behangana & Masudi & Pauwels & Greenbaum 2024	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS KIBERA SP.NOV.</p><p>(Figs 17–18, Table 3; Supporting Information, Fig. S6; Table S7)</p><p>Zoobank registration: https://zoobank.org/ 26F76FD8-043A-4226-BDD5-E971235D474C</p><p>Lygodactylus picturatus gutturalis: Schmidt (1919) [part]; de Witte (1953) [part]; Pasteur, 1965(1964) [part]; Wermuth (1965) [part].</p><p>Lygodactylus gutturalis: Röll (2005) [part]; Spawls et al. (2018) [part].</p><p>Lygodactylus kibera sp. nov. belongs to a distinctive clade (B1), from the Albertine Rift of Burundi and eastern DRC, which clusters as sister to another candidate new species from the northern Albertine Rift in the Lendu Plateau of DRC and several highlands of Uganda, but differs from it by c. 6.07% in 16S uncorrected p-distance (Table 2), and a lack of nuclear haplotype sharing in RAG1 (Fig. 2B–C).</p><p>Holotype: UTEP 22566 (ELI 1145), a male with a ventral incision, collected in a village near montane forest at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.48445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.06974" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.48445/lat -3.06974)">Mpishi</a>, near Kibira National Park, Bubanza Province, Burundi, S03.06974, E29.48445, 1660 m a.s.l. on 20 December 2011 by locals and brought to Eli Greenbaum.</p><p>Paratypes (11 specimens): • Burundi (10 specimens): UTEP 22567–69 (ELI 1146–48), females, and UTEP 22570 (ELI 1149), male with the same collection data as the holotype; UTEP 22571–73 (ELI 1195–97), males, and UTEP 22574–75 (ELI 1199–98), a male and a female, respectively, collected in a banana field at Mpishi, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.4856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.06749" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.4856/lat -3.06749)">Kibira National Park</a>, Bubanza Province, S03.06749, E29.48560, 1705 m a.s.l. on 21 December 2011 by Wandege M. Muninga and Eli Greenbaum ; UTEP 22576 (ELI 1071), female, collected at Bujumbura <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.36419&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.38236" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.36419/lat -3.38236)">City</a>, Bujumbura Mairie Province, S03.38236, E29.36419, 811 m a.s.l. on 16 December 2011 by Wandege M. Muninga and Eli Greenbaum . • DRC (one specimen): UTEP 22586 (EBG 1556), male, collected in a gallery forest at N’Komo River, road. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.94641&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.71471" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.94641/lat -2.71471)">Bukavu-Uvira</a>, South Kivu Province, S02.71471, E28.94641, 1260 m a.s.l. on 15 June 2008 by Maurice Luhumyo, Chifundera Kusamba, Mwenebatu M. Aristote, Wandege M. Muninga, John Akuku, Felix Akuku, Asukulu M’Mema, and Eli Greenbaum .</p><p>Diagnosis: A large Lygodactylus [maximum SVL 37.7 mm (mean 34.7 ± 2.5 mm)], that shares a similar distinctive gular chevron ornamentation with the L. gutturalis subgroup. It has 7–9 supralabials and 5–7 infralabials. Dorsal pholidosis with granular scales that become flattened, larger, and imbricate on original tails. Large triangular mental followed by usually three (occasionally two) symmetrical postmental scales (Supporting Information, Fig. S6). Nostril never in contact with rostral. Ventral pholidosis with large, flattened, imbricate scales. Five to six terminal scansors on the tail tip. Digits elongated with five terminal scansors on the fourth toe (Supporting Information, Table S7).</p><p>This species may be easily differentiated from the L. angularis group by the characteristic ∩ - shaped gular pattern as L. gutturalis (see L. gutturalis diagnosis). It can be differentiated from L. paurospilus, found in the same region, on the basis of three ∩ -shaped thick chevrons reaching the chest vs. two V -shaped broken gular chevrons in paurospilus; and by having a reduced, almost vestigial postorbitofrontal bone vs. well-developed postorbitofrontal in L. paurospilus . It can also be differentiated from other members of the L. picturatus group based on dorsal coloration and gular pattern (see L. gutturalis account).</p><p>Lygodactylus kibera sp. nov. can be differentiated from other species within the L. gutturalis subgroup by subtle morphometric and meristic features. This species is best regarded as cryptic, but we provide some characters that are diagnostically useful. Lygodactylus kibera sp. nov. differs from L. dysmicus by its larger size (maximum SVL 37.7 mm vs. 27.6 mm); gular patterning always with three ∩ - shaped thick chevrons reaching the chest (vs. two thinner ∩ -shaped chevrons, that never extend beyond the posterior part of the lower jaw); fewer precloacal pores (7–8 vs. 9); usually three symmetrical postmental scales vs. two; nostril never in contact with rostral scale (vs. nostril contacting rostral); and lower number of ventral scales across the body (16–18 vs. 21 in L. dysmicus). It can be distinguished from L. gutturalis s.s. by its slightly larger size [maximum SVL 37.7 mm (mean 34.7 ± 2.5 mm) vs. 36.2 mm (mean 33.3 ± 1.8 mm)]; snout proportionally narrower (IN / HW 0.20–0.27 vs. 0.29–0.34) with usually one large internasal scale vs. two smaller internasal scales (this character has shown to be variable in both species). It also differs from L. gutturalis and L. depressus based on gular pattern always having three thick ∩ -shaped chevrons reaching the chest [vs. two or three (in L. gutturalis), or one or two (in L. depressus) thinner ∩ -shaped chevrons that never extend beyond the posterior part of the lower jaw]; proportionally more elongated head (HL/ SVL 0.27–0.30 vs. 0.24–0.26) with larger eyes (OD /HL 0.24–0.27 vs. 0.20–0.23) than L. depressus (Fig. 4; Table 3). The new species occurs in mid-elevation moist forest, agricultural fields, and human habitations, vs. lowland dry sub-Saharan savannah ( L. gutturalis) and lowland rainforest of the Congo Basin ( L. dysmicus; see Fig. 6). For a distinction with other species described below, see their respective diagnoses.</p><p>Etymology: The name ‘ kibera ’ derives from the word ‘kibira’ or ‘kibera’ in Kinubi—a Sudanese Arabic-based creole language spoken in some regions of Burundi, Kenya, and Uganda —that means ‘forest’, the main habitat type associated with the species.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 17): Measurements and meristic characters of the holotype are presented in Supporting Information, Table S7. Adult male, with a snout–vent length (SVL) of 36.9 mm and a slightly larger original tail length (TL = 40.6 mm). Body slender, nape moderately distinct. Head as broad as body, and moderate head length (HW /HL 0.70). Canthus rostralis not prominent. Eye diameter 2.5 mm, with circular pupil. Ear to eye distance slightly larger than orbit diameter (3.7 mm). Snout rounded and slightly pointed. Frontal granular scales larger than occipital scales. Dorsal scales granular from rostral to tail. Rostral undivided, in contact with 1st supralabial, prenasals, and one large internasal scale. Eight to nine supralabials and six infralabials. Prenasal scale in contact with 1st supralabial. Nostril circular, bordered by 1st supralabial, prenasal, one supranasal, and one postnasal. Four rows of scales between supralabials and the orbit. Mental large, triangular, and rounded posteriorly, with two large rounded postmental scales separated by one small rounded postmental scale. Five post-postmental scales. Gular scales granular, rounded, and slightly smaller than ventral scales. Ventral scales large, imbricate, with 17 scales rows across the venter. Body relatively robust and slightly elongated (TRL / SVL 0.43). Tail with 51 enlarged transverse scales and six pairs of terminal scansors on the tip. Seven precloacal pores. Fore- and hind limbs moderately short, stout; forearm medium-sized (FL / SVL 0.14); tibia short (CL/ SVL 0.16). Digits elongated and unwebbed with 5–6 terminal scansors. Thumb rudimentary with a small claw. Relative length of digits: I &lt;II = V &lt;III &lt;IV (manus); I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV (pes).</p><p>Coloration: In life (Fig. 18), dorsal coloration brownish grey with light cream-beige lines from nape to tail on each side of the dorsum interspersed by five or six lighter cream dots surrounded by black flanks. Black line from nostril to the anterior insertion of the forelimb. Gular region with white coloration and three black ∩ -shaped chevrons. First and second chevrons in contact. Venter uniform orange from second chevrons to anterior portion of the tail and extending onto the hind limbs. Ventral surface of tail tip and digits whitish. In preservative (holotype; Fig. 17) dorsum dark brown and venter with uniform light cream coloration.</p><p>Variation: The meristic characters of the head and body of this species are variable (see Supporting Information, Table S7). Coloration of this species seems to be consistent, with the gular coloration slightly lighter in females. First and second gular chevrons may be in contact or not (Supporting Information, Fig. S6). Habitat and distribution (Figs 6, 18): Lygodactylus kibera sp. nov. is known from the Albertine Rift adjacent to Lake Tanganyika in Burundi and DRC. Specimens from Mpishi, Burundi, were collected near montane forest in banana fields. The specimen from Bujumbura, Burundi, was collected inside a hotel in the middle of the city. The specimen from N’Komo River, DRC, was found on a tree near a small river between secondary gallery forest and grassland.</p><p>Natural history: An arboreal species with diurnal habits frequently found on the trunk or branches of trees, and also around anthropogenically altered areas such as buildings and plantations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFCCFFE2FC6E4462FF66F92B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
03B30955FFCAFFDEFF1F46B0FD56FE68.text	03B30955FFCAFFDEFF1F46B0FD56FE68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus hramoja Lobón-Rovira & Bauer & Pinto & Trape & Conradie & Kusamba & Júlio & Cael & Stanley & Hughes & Behangana & Masudi & Pauwels & Greenbaum 2024	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS HRAMOJA SP.NOV.</p><p>(Figs 19–20, Table 3; Supporting Information, Fig. S7; Table S8)</p><p>Zoobank registration: https://zoobank.org/ F64BBDF9-A337- 4130-A65D-B3E2481112D4</p><p>Lygodactylus picturatus gutturalis: Schmidt (1919) [part]; Pasteur (1964) [part]; Wermuth (1965) [part].</p><p>Lygodactylus gutturalis: Röll (2005) [part]; Spawls et al. (2018) [part]; Behangana et al. (2020)</p><p>Lygodactylus karamoja sp. nov. is known from the northern Albertine Rift in the Lendu Plateau of DRC and several highlands of Uganda, and it is the sister taxon to L. kibera sp. nov. in clade (B1), from which it differs by c. 6.07% for the 16S mitochondrial gene (Table 2) and a lack of nuclear haplotype sharing in RAG1 (Fig. 2B–C). The new species differs from L. gutturalis and L. depressus by c. 12.49% and 10.45%, respectively, for the 16S (uncorrected p-distance) mitochondrial gene (Table 2) and a lack of nuclear haplotype sharing in RAG1 (Fig. 2B–C).</p><p>Holotype: UTEP 22590 (DFH 593), male with original tail, collected on a large tree at the edge of a village at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.01974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.83156" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.01974/lat 3.83156)">Agoro Town</a>, Imatong Foothills, Northern Region, Uganda, N03.83156, E33.01974, 1193 m a.s.l. on 5 July 2015 by Daniel F. Hughes, Wilber Lukwago, and Mathias Behangana.</p><p>Paratypes (six specimens): UTEP 22588–89 (DFH 591–92) and UTEP 22591 (DFH 594), males, with same collection data as the holotype; UTEP 22592 (DFH 641), female, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.98836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.80548" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.98836/lat 3.80548)">Agoro Town</a>, Imatong Foothills, Northern Region, Uganda, N03.80548, E32.98836, 1153 m a.s.l. on 5 July 2015 by Daniel F. Hughes, Wilber Lukwago, and Mathias Behangana ; UTEP 22593 (DFH 130), juvenile, and UTEP 22594 (DFH 131), female, collected at Nakapiripirit, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.74603&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8227" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.74603/lat 1.8227)">Mount Kadam</a>, Northern Region, Uganda, N01.82270, E34.74603, 1730 m a.s.l. on 31 May 2015 by Daniel F. Hughes and Mathias Behangana .</p><p>Diagnosis: Lygodactylus karamoja sp. nov. is the sister taxon of L. kibera sp. nov. that is also a large-sized Lygodactylus [maximum SVL 37.7 mm (mean 34.4 ± 2.9 mm)] and shares the gular patterning of the L. gutturalis subgroup. Seven to eight supralabials and 5–7 infralabials. Dorsal pholidosis with granular scales that become flattened, larger, and imbricate on original tails. Large triangular mental followed by usually two (or occasionally three) symmetric postmental scales (Supporting Information, Fig. S7). Ventral pholidosis with large, flattened, and imbricate scales. Ventral scales usually denticulated posteriorly. Six terminal scansors on the tail tip. Digits elongated with five terminal scansors on the fourth toe (Table 3).</p><p>Like other Lygodactylus within the gutturalis group, this species can be easily differentiated from members of the L. angularis group by its characteristic ∩ - shaped gular chevrons (vs. V-shaped gular chevrons in L. angularis group), and from other members of the L. picturatus group based on dorsal coloration (light brown with five or six laterodorsal cream ocelli vs. usually blueish dorsum with yellow to white head in L. picturatus group).</p><p>Lygodactylus karamoja sp. nov. can be differentiated from other species within the gutturalis subgroup by only minor morphometric and meristic data, reflecting its cryptic nature. However, we provide some characters that are putatively diagnostic. Lygodactylus karamoja sp. nov. differs from L. dysmicus by its larger size (maximum SVL 37.7 mm vs. 27.6 mm); fewer precloacal pores (8 vs. 9); nostril not in contact with rostral scale (vs. nostril contacting rostral); and lower number of ventral scales across the body (16–18 vs. 21 in L. dysmicus). It can be easily distinguished from L. kibera sp. nov. by the gular pattern that comprises two or three thinner ∩ -shaped chevrons that never extend beyond the posterior part of the lower jaw vs. three thick ∩ -shaped chevrons reaching the chest; there are usually two symmetrical postmental scales vs. usually three smaller postmental scales; and a proportionally smaller orbital diameter (OD /HL 0.19–0.23 vs. 0.22–0.26 in L. kibera sp. nov.). Also, L. karamoja sp. nov. can be differentiated in the same way as L. gutturalis from L. depressus, based on gular patterning (always two or three ∩ -shaped chevrons vs. one ∩ -shaped followed by one posterior central mark).</p><p>Etymology: The name ‘ karamoja ’ is a noun in apposition and refers to the Karamoja region in north-eastern Uganda where many individuals of this species have been found. The species is named in honour of this arid region, which is occupied by the Karamojong people who are mostly nomadic pastoralists related to the Maasai in Kenya.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 19): Measurements and meristic characters of the holotype are presented in Supporting Information, Table S8. Adult male, with a snout–vent length (SVL) of 34.3 mm and an original tail length slightly larger (TL = 36.1 mm). Body slender, nape moderately distinct. Head as broad as body and moderate head length (HW /HL 0.72). Canthus rostralis not prominent. Eye diameter 1.9 mm with circular pupil. Ear to eye distance twice the orbital diameter (3.2 mm). Snout rounded and slightly pointed. Granular scales on frontal area larger than occipital scales, with 22 small granular scales between the eyes. Dorsal scales granular from rostral to tail. Rostral undivided, in contact with 1st supralabial, prenasals, and one large internasal scale. Eight supralabials and 5–6 infralabials. Prenasal scale present and in contact with 1st supralabial. Nostril circular, bordered by 1st supralabial, prenasal, and one supranasal. Postnasal not contacting nostril, separated by 1st supralabial, which it contacts posteriorly. Four rows of scales between supralabials and orbit. Mental large, triangular, and rounded, bordered posteriorly by two large rounded symmetric postmental scales. Six asymmetrical post-postmental scales. Gular scales granular, rounded, and slightly smaller than ventral scales. Ventral scales imbricate, rounded, and larger than dorsal scales, with 16 scales rows across the venter. Body relatively robust and slightly elongated (TRL / SVL 0.42). Tail with 34 enlarged transverse scales and six pairs of terminal scansors at the tip. Eight precloacal pores. Fore- and hind limbs moderately short, stout; forearm medium-sized (FL / SVL 0.16); tibia short (CL/ SVL 0.17). Digits elongated and unwebbed with 5–6 terminal scansors. Thumb rudimentary with a small terminal claw. Relative length of digits: I &lt;II = V &lt;III &lt;IV (manus); I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV (pes).</p><p>Coloration: In life (Fig. 20), dorsal coloration from light to dark brown to greyish or almost black (Fig. 20D), with lighter cream-beige lines with five or six lighter cream dots surrounded by black flanks. Some specimens have lighter cream-beige dots along the vertebral line, giving them a granitic appearance (Fig. 20A). Black line from nostril to the anterior insertion of the forelimb. Gular region white and two or three black, ∩ -shaped chevrons. Venter uniformly orange or white. Tip of tail and digits dark brown. In preservative (holotype; Fig. 19): dorsum dark brown and venter with uniform light cream coloration.</p><p>Variation: The meristic and morphometric data are summarized in Supporting Information, Table S8. Coloration of this species seems to be consistent, with gular coloration slightly lighter in females. Number and shape of postmentals and internasals vary between specimens (Supporting Information, Fig. S7).</p><p>Habitat and distribution (Figs 6, 20): Lygodactylus karamoja sp. nov. has been recorded from mid-elevation savannahs of the northern Albertine Rift to the Karamoja Region, eastern Uganda, an arid area characterized by mostly woodland savannah habitat with several isolated mountain ranges. This suggests that specimens from western Kenya and southern South Sudan also belong to this species. If confirmed, this species would have a distribution that is similar to the lacertid Adolfus jacksoni (Greenbaum et al. 2018) . However, we recommend caution until molecular data become available.</p><p>Natural history: A diurnal and arboreal species that is always found on trees. UTEP 22592, a gravid female, was found in July on a tree at night. UTEP 22593–94 were found during the day on trees trunks c. 1 m above ground in an open clearing of grass and rocky outcrops that were surrounded by dry forest (Fig. 20F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFCAFFDEFF1F46B0FD56FE68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
03B30955FFF6FFDDFF0E427BFC3FFEEA.text	03B30955FFF6FFDDFF0E427BFC3FFEEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus mirabundus Lobón-Rovira & Bauer & Pinto & Trape & Conradie & Kusamba & Júlio & Cael & Stanley & Hughes & Behangana & Masudi & Pauwels & Greenbaum 2024	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS MIRABUNDUS SP.NOV.</p><p>(Fig. 21; Table 3)</p><p>Zoobank registration: https://zoobank.org/ F4934B38-B746- 470D-B05B-BE56C1DEC7FE</p><p>Lygodactylus mirabundus sp. nov. is the last taxon within subgroup B, described above as B2. It is sister to L. kibera sp. nov. and L. karamoja sp. nov., from which it differs by a minimum of 8.93% for the 16S (uncorrected p-distance) mitochondrial gene (Table 2), and it lacks nuclear haplotype sharing for RAG1 (Fig. 2B–C).</p><p>Holotype: UTEP 22585 (CFS 1142 w), male without tail and with a ventral incision, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.25117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.23949" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.25117/lat -3.23949)">Katako Kombe</a>, Sankuru Province, DRC, S03.23949, E24.25117, 551 m a.s.l. on 8 May 2015 by Wandege M. Muninga, Chifundera Kusamba, and Mwenebatu M. Aristote.</p><p>Diagnosis: Lygodactylus mirabundus sp. nov. represents a moderately sized Lygodactylus (SVL 34.8 mm), with a gular pattern that is similar to the L. gutturalis group. Seven to eight supralabials and six infralabials. Large triangular mental followed by three symmetrical postmental scales (Fig. 21). Ventral pholidosis with large, flattened, and imbricate scales. Ventral scales usually denticulated posteriorly. Digits elongated with five terminal scansors under the fourth toe (Table 3).</p><p>Like other Lygodactylus within the L. gutturalis group, this species can be easily differentiated from members of the L. angularis group by its characteristic ∩ - shaped gular chevrons (vs. V-shaped gular in the L. angularis group), and from other members of the L. picturatus group based on dorsal coloration (light brown with five or six laterodorsal cream ocelli vs. usually blueish dorsum with yellow to white head in the L. picturatus group).</p><p>Lygodactylus mirabundus sp. nov. is a cryptic species and can be differentiated from other species within the L. gutturalis subgroup by only a few morphometric and meristic characters. It can be differentiated from other L. gutturalis subgroup species described above as follows: more precloacal pores [ten vs. 5–8 (in L. gutturalis), nine (in L. dysmicus), seven (in L. depressus), 7–8 (in L. kibera sp. nov.), and eight (in L. karamoja sp. nov.), and a unique gular pattern comprising black markings on the mandibular margin that extend to the posterior region of the jaw, an inverted Y -shaped chevron that converges anteriorly, and a posterior middle line between the two chevron branches (vs. a ∩ -shaped pattern in all the described species above). For comparison with other species not included above, see the diagnoses in the species descriptions below.</p><p>Etymology: The name ‘ mirabundus ’ is a Latin adjective that means ‘astonishing or surprising’. The species is only known from a unique location in a transition zone between dry savannah and the Congolian Rainforest.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 21): Measurements and meristic characters of the holotype are presented in. Adult male, with a snout–vent length (SVL) of 34.8 mm and a broken tail. Body slender, nape almost indistinct. Head as broad as body, and moderate head length (HW/HL 0.79). Canthus rostralis not prominent. Eye diameter 1.8 mm with circular pupil. Ear to eye distance almost double the orbit diameter (3.6 mm). Snout rounded and slightly pointed. Frontal granular scales larger than occipital scales, with 19 small granular scales between the eyes. Dorsal scales granular from rostral to tail. Rostral undivided, in contact with 1st supralabial, prenasals, and one large internasal scale. Seven to eight supralabials and six infralabials. Prenasal scale present and in contact with 1st supralabial. Nostril circular and not in contact with the rostral and surrounded by 1st supralabial, prenasal, and one supranasal. Postnasal not contacting the nostril, separated by 1st supralabial, which it contacts posteriorly. Four rows of scales between supralabials and orbit. Mental large, triangular, and posteriorly in contact with three rounded, symmetric postmental scales. Five barely symmetric post-postmental scales. Gular scales granular, rounded, and slightly smaller than ventral scales. Ventral scales large and imbricate with 21 scales rows across the venter. Body relatively robust and slightly elongated (TRL/SVL 0.44). Ten precloacal pores. Fore- and hind limbs moderately short, stout; forearm medium-sized (FL/SVL 0.14); tibia short (CL/SVL 0.17). Digits elongated and unwebbed with 5–6 terminal scansors. Thumb rudimentary with a small terminal claw. Relative length of digits: I &lt;II = V &lt;III &lt;IV (manus); I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV (pes).</p><p>Coloration: In life, unknown. In preservative (holotype; Fig. 21): dorsum uniform dark brown-grey with lateral black spots barely visible; black spotted marks on upper and lower lips; fore- and hind limbs slightly lighter dorsally; black line from nostril to anterior insertion of the forelimb; venter uniform light cream all along the body with gular pattern of two lines (one on each side) that do not connect anteriorly, followed by an inverted Y -shaped pattern with middle line between the branches of the Y -shaped chevron. Lamellae whitish on all digits.</p><p>Habitat and distribution (Fig. 5): Lygodactylus mirabundus sp. nov. is only known from the type locality in DRC. The holotype was found on a large tree ~ 2 m above the ground at the edge of the transition zone between Miombo Woodland and the Congolian Rainforest. The association of this taxon with a particular biome will remain uncertain until more material is collected .</p><p>Natural history: Nothing is known about the natural history of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFF6FFDDFF0E427BFC3FFEEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
03B30955FFF5FFDBFC534104FEB5FB28.text	03B30955FFF5FFDBFC534104FEB5FB28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus leopardinus Lobón-Rovira & Bauer & Pinto & Trape & Conradie & Kusamba & Júlio & Cael & Stanley & Hughes & Behangana & Masudi & Pauwels & Greenbaum 2024	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS LEOPARDINUS SP.NOV.</p><p>(Figs 22–23, Table 3; Supporting Information, Table S9)</p><p>Zoobank registration: https://zoobank.org/ 9010CCA9-953F-4091-9D1E-40BBFD0B9FF8</p><p>Lygodactylus leopardinus sp. nov. is the rainforest member within subgroup C, and the most morphologically distinguishable species within the L. gutturalis subgroup. It also differs by a minimum of c. 10.10% for 16S uncorrected p-distance (Table 2) from related taxa, and it lacks nuclear haplotype sharing in RAG1 (Fig. 2B–C).</p><p>Holotype: UTEP 22577 (ELI 2330), male with broken tail and ventral incision, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.63575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.25939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.63575/lat -0.25939)">Balolombo Village</a>, Busira River, Équateur Province, DRC, S00.25939, E19.63575, 305 m a.s.l. on 18 July 2013 by Chifundera Kusamba, Wandege M. Muninga, Mwenebatu M. Aristote, and Eli Greenbaum.</p><p>Paratype: UTEP 22596 (ELI 3584), female, collected from Katopa, ICCN <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.10323&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.74769" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.10323/lat -2.74769)">Camp</a>, Maniema Province, DRC, S02.74769, E25.10323, 450 m a.s.l. on 2 July 2015 by Eli Greenbaum .</p><p>Additional material: RMCA 1981.065 . R.0004, male with original tail, collected at River Lotende (canopy), Mabali, Équateur Province, DRC, between 17 and 18 August 1955 by Raymond Laurent ; RMCA R.2947, female, collected at Basongo, Kasai Province, DRC, on 27 July 1921 by Henri Schouteden ; RMCA R.16752, male, collected at Yokamba (Boende), Tshuapa Province, DRC, in 1953 by J. Stevenart .</p><p>Diagnosis: This species represents a moderately sized Lygodactylus [maximum SVL 34.7 mm (mean 33.6 ± 1.3 mm)], with males having the most distinctive gular patterning of the L. gutturalis group (described below, Fig. 3). Females without gular pattern. Eight supralabials and 6–7 infralabials. Males with seven precloacal pores.</p><p>This species can be differentiated from all taxa of the angularis group taxa by the same osteological differences described above (e.g. postorbitofrontal reduced almost vestigial vs. well developed in the angularis group) and a unique leopard-like pattern on the dorsum. Also, it can be easily differentiated from L. angularis and L. baptistai based on the gular patterning (broken pattern vs. V-shaped pattern in L. angularis and the unique pattern of L. baptistai described above; see Fig. 5). The species can be confused with L. heeneni and L. paurospilus based on the broken gular ornamentation; however, it can be differentiated from them as follows: unique leopard-like dorsal pattern in L. leopardinus sp. nov. (vs. light brown dorsal background with a light cream vertebral line of blotches in L. heeneni (Fig. 7), similar to L. paurospilus (based on preserved specimens; Fig. 8; Supporting Information, Fig. S4); broken pattern that converges anteriorly (vs. a broken pattern that converges posteriorly (V -shaped) in L. heeneni and L. paurospilus); fewer precloacal pores than L. heeneni (7 vs. 9–10); and osteological features described above.</p><p>Lygodactylus leopardinus sp. nov. is the most distinctive species within the gutturalis subgroup and the only species within the picturatus group with a broken gular pattern. It can be easily distinguished from other closely related species based on its unique gular pattern and the leopard-like dorsal pattern, which is not present in related taxa. Females lack gular patterning (vs. weakly present in other members of the gutturalis subgroup). It can also be differentiated based on minor meristic differences as follows: greater number of scales between the eyes (30–36 vs. 17–24 in L. gutturalis, 25 in L. dysmicus, 19–28 in L. kibera sp. nov., 19–22 in L. karamoja sp. nov., and 19 in L. mirabundus sp. nov.); and lower number of ventral scales at midbody (14–15 vs. 15–20 in L. gutturalis, 21 in L. dysmicus, 16–19 in L. depressus, 16–18 in L. kibera sp. nov., 16–18 in L. karamoja sp. nov., and 21 in L. mirabundus sp. nov.).</p><p>Etymology: The name ‘ leopardinus ’ is an adjective referring to the leopard-like dorsal pattern present in males of this species.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 22): Measurements and meristic characters of the holotype are presented in Supporting Information, Table S9. Table 3. Adult male, with a snout–vent length (SVL) of 32.4 mm and a broken tail. Body slender and nape slightly distinct. Head as broad as body, and moderate head length (HW/HL 0.63). Canthus rostralis not prominent. Eye diameter 2.0 mm with circular pupil. Ear to eye distance almost twice the orbit diameter (3.4 mm). Snout rounded and moderately pointed. Frontal granular scales larger than occipital scales, with 36 small granular scales between the eyes. Dorsal scales granular from rostral to tail. Rostral undivided, in slight contact with nostril. Three small symmetrical internasals. Eight supralabials and seven infralabials. Prenasal not in contact with the 1st supralabial. Nostril circular, in narrow contact with the rostral and bordered by 1st supralabial, prenasal, one supranasal, and one postnasal. Four rows of scales between supralabials and the orbit. Mental large, triangular, and in contact posteriorly with two rounded and symmetrical postmental scales. Five smaller post-postmental scales. Gular scales granular and smaller than ventral scales. Ventrals imbricate, rounded, and larger than dorsal scales, in 14 scale rows across the venter. Body relatively robust and slightly elongated (TRL/SVL 0.41). Seven precloacal pores. Fore- and hind limbs moderately short and stout; forearm intermediate (FL/SVL 0.15); tibia short (CL/SVL 0.17). Digits elongated, unwebbed, with 5–6 terminal scansors. Thumb rudimentary with a small terminal claw. Relative length of digits: I &lt;II = V &lt;III &lt;IV (manus); I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV (pes).</p><p>Coloration: In life (holotype; Fig. 23A–B), dorsal background colour light grey to brown, with a black reticulate dorsal pattern from snout to anterior insertion of the hind limbs; light cream blotches surrounded by black dots from eye to anterior insertion of the hind limb on each side of dorsum; tail brownish dorsally with light cream ocelli; throat white with two ∩ - shaped broken dark chevrons; venter uniformly white. In preservative (holotype; Fig. 22), dorsum uniformly dark grey from snout to tail. Venter with silvery appearance, becoming brownish on tail and fore- and hind limbs; black reticulated dorsal pattern visible, with two white paravertebral lines (one on each side) from eyes to midbody; digits dark brown ventrally.</p><p>Variation: In contrast to the holotype, the female paratype has a dorsal coloration in life that is entirely black with an orangish tail and dorsolateral dots in paravertebral lines that dissipate posteriorly, without a gular pattern (Fig. 23C–D). The lack of gular pattern is corroborated in preservative, in the paratype, and in another female specimen (RMCA R.2947) from Basongo, DRC.</p><p>Habitat and distribution (Figs 6, 23): Lygodactylus leopardinus sp. nov. is known from Congo Basin primary rainforest at Balolombo, Katopa (Lomani River, Congo River affluent), and Basongo. This pattern suggests a large distribution in the Congo Basin like its sister taxon, L. depressus, which is found in sympatry at Lake Tumba and Katopa. However, it seems to be less abundant.</p><p>Natural history: A diurnal and arboreal rainforest species. The holotype was collected early in the morning on a tree about 1 m above the ground.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFF5FFDBFC534104FEB5FB28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
03B30955FFF3FFD9FF3444C6FC56F8A3.text	03B30955FFF3FFD9FF3444C6FC56F8A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygodactylus gamblei Lobón-Rovira & Bauer & Pinto & Trape & Conradie & Kusamba & Júlio & Cael & Stanley & Hughes & Behangana & Masudi & Pauwels & Greenbaum 2024	<div><p>LYGODACTYLUS GAMBLEI SP.NOV.</p><p>(Figs 23–24, Table 3; Supporting Information, Table S10)</p><p>Zoobank registration: https://zoobank.org/ 411D833D-2017- 4930-BD11-B783AAD6A9B7</p><p>Lygodactylus picturatus gutturalis: de Witte (1953) [part].</p><p>Lygodactylus gutturalis: Pasteur (1964) [part]; Broadley and Cotterill (2004) [part]; Röll (2005) [part].</p><p>Lygodactylus gamblei sp. nov. is a miombo-savannah form within subgroup C, described above.It also differs by a minimum of c. 9.96% for the 16S mitochondrial gene (Table 2) from its sister taxon L. leopardinus sp. nov. (Fig. 2A) and lacks nuclear haplotype sharing in RAG1 (Fig. 2B–C).</p><p>Holotype: UTEP 22587 (ELI 340), male with regenerated tail and ventral incision, collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.39472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.29363" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.39472/lat -7.29363)">Manono</a>, Tanganyika Province, DRC, S07.29363, E27.39472, 634 m a.s.l. on 19 January 2010 by locals and brought to Eli Greenbaum.</p><p>Paratypes (nine specimens): UTEP 22584 (ELI 293), female with original tail and ventral incision, collected at Mulongo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.34027&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.65509" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.34027/lat -7.65509)">Haut-Lomami Province</a>, DRC, S07.65509, E27.34027, 875 m a.s.l. on 18 January 2010 by Chifundera Kusamba, Wandege M. Muninga, Mwenebatu M. Aristote, and Eli Greenbaum; RBINS 2721 (formerly under RBINS 6157), adult male, collected at Rivière Kande, affluent de la rive gauche de la Lupiala et sousaffluent de la rive droite de la Lufira, Upemba National Park, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, 700–730 m a.s.l., on 4–8 October 1947 ; RBINS 2722 (formerly under RBINS 6160), adult male collected at Rivière Lukawe, affluent de la rive droite de la Lufira, Upemba NP, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, 700 m a.s.l. on 28 October 1947 ; RBINS 2723 and RBINS 6124 (formerly under RBINS 6124), male and female, respectively, collected at Munoi, bifurcation de la rivière Lupiala, affluent de la rive droite de la Lufira, Upemba NP, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, 890 m a.s.l. on 3 June 1948 ; RBINS 2725–27 (formerly in a series of nine specimens under RBINS 6122), two males and one female, respectively, collected at Munoi, bifurcation de la rivière Lupiala, affluent de la rive droite de la Lufira, Upemba NP, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, 890 m a.s.l. on 28–31 May 1947 ; RBINS 2728 (formerly under RBINS 6156), collected at Kaswabilenga, région du cours inférieur de la Lupiala, affluent de la rive droite de la Lufira, Upemba NP, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, 700 m a.s.l. on 31 January 1949 . All paratype material from RBINS was collected by G.-F. de Witte during his expeditions in the former Katanga region between 1946 and 1949 .</p><p>Additional material: RMCA R.8933, male, collected at Kapanga, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, in September 1932 by G.F. Overlaet ; RBINS 6121 and RBINS 20749 (formerly in RBINS 6121 series), male and female, respectively, collected at Kambi, affluent de la Grande Kafwe ( Masombwe), Upemba NP, Haut-Katanga Province, DRC, on 25–27 July 1945 by G.-F. de Witte ; RBINS 6139 (male) and RBINS 20748 (female) (formerly in RBINS 6139 series), collected at Mabwe, Upemba NP, Haut-Lomami Province, DRC, in August 1945 by G.-F. de Witte .</p><p>Diagnosis: A large Lygodactylus [SVL to 39.8 mm (mean 36.1 ± 2.1 mm)] with 6–9 supralabials and 6–7 infralabials. As with other Lygodactylus within the L. gutturalis group, this species can be easily differentiated from the L. angularis group species by the gular ornamentation, dorsal pattern, and lack of terminal scansors on the tail tip, and from other members of the L. picturatus group based on dorsal coloration and gular pattern (see L. gutturalis account).</p><p>Lygodactylus gamblei sp. nov. can be differentiated from other members within the L. gutturalis subgroup by the following combination of characters: dorsal coloration lacking dorsolateral series of cream ocelli on flanks (present in L. gutturalis, L. karamoja sp. nov., L. kibera sp. nov., and L. dysmicus), with two parallel dorsolateral lines from head to forelimbs, the lower line extending on to the anterior side of the forelimb, reaching the cubital fossa (Fig. 25B); males usually with three ∩ - shaped chevrons (vs. one or two in L. depressus; a broken chevron in L. leopardinus sp. nov.; and the exceptional inverted Y -shaped pattern in L. mirabundus sp. nov.) and thicker gular lines than L. gutturalis, L. dysmicus, and L. karamoja sp. nov .. Lygodactylus gamblei sp. nov. always has three postmental scales, with the lateral pair separated by a posterior extension of the mental (Fig. 25A). It can be differentiated from L. karamoja sp. nov., L. kibera sp. nov., and L. leopardinus sp. nov. by having a proportionally larger tibia (CL/ SVL ≥ 0.19 vs. CL/ SVL ≤ 0.17). As in its sister taxon L. leopardinus sp. nov., females lack gular patterning (present in all the other members of the group, Fig. 25A). Lygodactylus gamblei sp. nov. can be differentiated from L. mirabundus sp. nov. by having a lower number of precloacal pores (7–9 vs. 10) and by subtle morphometric differences (Table 3).</p><p>Etymology: We name this new species after the American evolutionary biologist and herpetologist Tony Gamble of Marquette University, in recognition of his substantial contributions to the evolutionary biology of geckos. The name is a patronym formed in the genitive case.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Fig. 24): Measurements and meristic characters of the holotype are presented in Supporting Information, Table S10. Adult male, with a snout–vent length (SVL) of 35.0 mm and a regenerated tail of 31.0 mm.Body slender and nape slightly distinct. Head slightly broader than body, and moderate head length (HW /HL 0.66). Canthus rostralis not prominent. Eye diameter 2.51 mm with circular pupil. Ear to eye distance slightly larger than the orbit diameter (3.26 mm). Snout rounded and moderately pointed. Granular scale of frontal larger than occipital scales, with 25 small interorbital granular scales. Dorsal scales granular from rostral to tail. Rostral undivided, in narrow contact with nostril. Two small symmetrical internasals. Seven supralabials and six infralabials. Prenasal contacts the 1st supralabial. Nostril circular and surrounded by 1st supralabial, prenasal, one supranasal, and one postnasal. Four or five rows of scales between supralabials and the orbit. Mental large, triangular, and posteriorly in contact with three rounded symmetrical postmental scales. Mental scales extending between the lateral postmentals reaching ~50% of the medial surface suture of the postmentals. Five smaller post-postmental scales. Gular scales granular, rounded, and smaller than ventral scales. Ventrals imbricate, denticulate, and larger than dorsal scales, with 19 scale rows across the venter. Regenerated tail with 30 enlarged subcaudal scales, some fragmented. Body relatively robust and slightly elongated (TRL / SVL 0.42). Eight precloacal pores. Fore- and hind limbs moderately short and stout; forearm of medium length (FL / SVL 0.16); tibia moderately long (CL/ SVL 0.19). Digits elongated and unwebbed with 5–6 terminal scansors. Thumb rudimentary with a small terminal claw.Relative length of digits: I &lt;II = V &lt;III &lt;IV (manus); I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV (pes).</p><p>Coloration: In life (Fig. 23A–D, F–I), dorsal colour light brown to grey, with dark brown mottled pattern in the female; male with three rows of interrupted, but conspicuous black stripes on lateral surface from head to neck, converging at the anterior insertion of the forearm, giving the impression of a single large blotch; male and female with a black-brown line from snout to ear aperture; venter uniform orange-yellowish from posterior part of gular to cloaca, and cream to white elsewhere; gular immaculate white in female, and white in male with three thick and black ∩ - shaped chevrons. In preservative (holotype; Fig. 24): similar coloration as in life, slightly darker, with gular pattern more brownish.</p><p>Variation: All paratypes largely agree with the holotype, and their measurements are summarized in Supporting Information, Table S 10. The specimen RBINS 6138 has a bold dorsal pattern from head to midbody. It is worth noting that all the female specimens examined from de Witte’s (1953) expedition lack a gular pattern, in contradiction to de Witte’s (1953) statement. However, we noted that some young male specimens were catalogued as females, which could have misled de Witte to this conclusion.</p><p>Habitat and distribution (Figs 6, 23): Lygodactylus gamblei sp. nov. is known from Manono, Upemba National Park, and other nearby areas in south-eastern DRC. The species is associated with Miombo Woodland forest and gallery forest between 500 and ~ 1500 m a.s.l. This species is sympatric with L. heeneni in this area.</p><p>Natural history: A diurnal and arboreal species. The holotype (UTEP 22587) was collected active during the daytime with an air temperature of 45 °C and one of the paratypes (UTEP 22584) was found scampering around a tree close to the ground in an open area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B30955FFF3FFD9FF3444C6FC56F8A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lobón-Rovira, Javier;Bauer, Aaron M.;Pinto, Pedro Vaz;Trape, Jean-Francois;Conradie, Werner;Kusamba, Chifundera;Júlio, Timóteo;Cael, Garin;Stanley, Edward L.;Hughes, Daniel F.;Behangana, Mathias;Masudi, Franck M.;Pauwels, Olivier S. G.;Greenbaum, Eli	Lobón-Rovira, Javier, Bauer, Aaron M., Pinto, Pedro Vaz, Trape, Jean-Francois, Conradie, Werner, Kusamba, Chifundera, Júlio, Timóteo, Cael, Garin, Stanley, Edward L., Hughes, Daniel F., Behangana, Mathias, Masudi, Franck M., Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Greenbaum, Eli (2024): Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) complex unveils extensive cryptic diversity and traces its evolutionary history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 201 (2): 447-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad123
