identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B0F642FF8B7248FEEBF9A8FAE5FE86.text	03B0F642FF8B7248FEEBF9A8FAE5FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microthereva	<div><p>Key separating Microthereva and Peralia</p><p>1. Parafacial setae elongate: flagellum with subapical style (Fig. 1); setae dark brown medially on scape and pedicel; male ventral apodeme expanded anteriorly, anterior margin truncate (Fig. 8); female with spermathecal sac duct short, less than length of furca, expanding anteriorly to form one elongate sac (Fig. 10) .. Microthereva Malloch</p><p>­ Parafacial setae absent; flagellum with apical style; setae absent medially on scape and pedicel; male ventral apodeme narrow, bifurcate anteriorly (Fig. 26); female with spermathecal sac duct over five times length of furca, bifurcating anteriorly to form two enlarged sacs (Fig. 28) .......................................................................... Peralia Malloch</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF8B7248FEEBF9A8FAE5FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
03B0F642FF89724FFEEBFAE3FC32FD96.text	03B0F642FF89724FFEEBFAE3FC32FD96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microthereva Malloch	<div><p>Microthereva Malloch</p><p>Microthereva Malloch (1932:244 desc., 245 key). Type species Microthereva argentiventris Malloch by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Moderate sized flies, male body length 5.3–7.7 mm (n=15), female 6.5–9.8 mm (n=14).</p><p>Head. Ocellar tubercle dark reddish brown, not raised above level of vertex in males; setae dark brown, elongate. Eyes dark reddish brown, dichoptic; male ommatidia of equal size. Frons broad in both sexes, setae extending lateral to antennal base; black pruinescent band absent lateral to antennal base. Face projecting moderately beyond anterior margin of eyes. Antenna shorter than head length; scape cylindrical, longer than wide, greater than two times length of pedicel, subequal to width of flagellum, setae present medially on scape and pedicel, macrosetae dark reddish brown; pedicel globular, wider than long, setae dark brown, short; flagellum three segmented, first flagellomere oval, second flagellomere short, cylindrical, third flagellomere cylindrical, rounded apically, style spine­like, set in subapical cavity (Fig. 1), flagellum over two times longer than wide, as long as scape. Parafacial setae elongate. Maxillary palpus cylindrical, apex rounded, greater than four times longer than wide. Gena lacking anterodorsal patch of short setae.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 3–5 np, 2–3 sa, 1 pa, 1–4 dc, 2 sc. Vittae dark brown, dull. Postpronotal lobe concolorous with mesonotum. Cervical sclerite lacking setae and macrosetae. Prosternum lacking setae in and around central depression. Pleuron covered with pruinescence; setae elongate on propleuron, anepisternum, katepisternum, laterotergite, and scutellum; presence of setae variable on metanepisternum; absent on proepimeron and metakatepisternum. Wing. Length about three times longer than wide; pterostigma dark brown; setulae absent R1; cell m3 open widely; M1, M2, and M3 originate separately from apex of discal cell; cell cup closed, petiolate; anal angle broadly rounded; alula rounded. Legs. Coxae dark brown, pruinescence white, dense; setae white, elongate; setae absent on posterior area of midcoxa; hindcoxa with papillate anterior knob. Femora lacking appressed, lanceolate setae on dorsal surface; av 0:0:0–2 (generally 1), pv 0:0:0–1 (generally absent). Tibiae dark yellowish brown, apex of foretibia dark brown. Tarsi dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Male terminalia . Tergite 8 (Figs. 2, 11), anterior margin sinuate with sclerotized collar, posterior margin broadly emarginate; median length thick (&gt; 0.05 mm); one pair of sensory sensillae. Sternite 8 (Figs. 3, 12) quadrate, anterior margin truncate; one pair of sensory sensillae. Epandrium (Figs. 2, 11) broad basally; shorter medially than wide; anterior margin emarginate; posterolateral margin short, not extending beyond cerci; lateral view rectangular. Cercus (Figs. 2, 11) free, oval; ending distal to posterolateral margin of epandrium. Hypoproct (Figs. 2, 11) ending distal to lateral margin of epandrium; apicoventral area flat. Hypandrium reduced, fused with anterior margin of gonocoxite. Gonocoxite ventral view (Figs. 3, 12) fused medially, sides rounded, posterolateral margin slightly tapered to broad point; inner gonocoxal process (Figs. 3, 12) sinuate, articulating with posterior margin of gonocoxite; gonocoxal apodeme (Figs. 4, 13) short, not extending beyond anterior margin of gonocoxite, gonocoxal bridge absent; ventral lobe large, fused medially, ventral setae short. Gonostylus lateral view (Figs. 6, 15) moderately broad, elongate, sinuate with two apical pointed projections; setae dark yellow. Aedeagus with ejaculatory apodeme (Figs. 7, 16) extending well beyond anterior margin of dorsal apodeme, anterior margin rounded, in cross­section flattened dorsoventrally; lateral ejaculatory processes not distinguishable. Female terminalia . Anterior margin of sternite 8 truncate; aedeagal guide narrow. Median lobe on tergite 9 lacking setae. Furca (Figs. 10, 19) quadrate, anterior and posterior margins closed; furcal projections absent. Common spermathecal duct shorter than furca, trifurcating anteriorly into two spermathecal ducts and a spermathecal sac. Spermathecal ducts narrow posteriorly before becoming threadlike and ending in an elliptical spermatheca. Immature Stages. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Microthereva is distributed in western Argentina and Chile (Fig. 30).</p><p>Habitats and phenology</p><p>Microthereva has been collected from November to January.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF89724FFEEBFAE3FC32FD96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
03B0F642FF8F7243FEEBFB31FD0DFD1E.text	03B0F642FF8F7243FEEBFB31FD0DFD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microthereva argentiventris Malloch	<div><p>Microthereva argentiventris Malloch</p><p>(Figs. 1–10, 30)</p><p>argentiventris Malloch (1932: 245 male /fem. desc., Fig. 20 a ant.) ( Microthereva). Type locality Argentina, Río Negro, Puerto Blest. Holotype male in BMNH.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Microthereva argentiventris is separated from M. variventris by the characters in the key as well as the posterolateral margin of the male epandrium being short, rounded (Fig. 2); the cerci ending above the posterior margin of the hypoproct (Fig. 2); gonocoxite in lateral view spherical (Fig. 5); anterior margin of dorsal apodeme truncate (Fig. 7); ventral apodeme extending to anterior margin of dorsal apodeme (Fig. 8); distiphallus in lateral view recurved posteriorly (Fig. 9) with subapical hood; posterior half of ejaculatory apodeme broad, globular (Fig. 7); female abdomen dark reddish brown, glossy, pruinescence gray, dense on posterolateral area of tergites 2–6.</p><p>Redescription of male</p><p>Variation (n=10) Body length 5.8–7.7, 6.8 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 0.84–1.12, 1.10 mm. Frons dark reddish brown, pruinescence gray; setae dark reddish brown. Antenna dark brown, pruinescence gray, dense on scape and pedicel; antenna/head length 0.65–0.90, 0.81; scape length 0.34–0.44, 0.38 mm, width 0.14–0.18, 0.17 mm, length/width 1.9–2.8, 2.2, scape/pedicel length 2.8–4.2, 3.8, scape/ flagellum width 0.78–1.13, 0.99, setae dark brown, elongate; pedicel length 0.08–0.12, 0.10 mm, width 0.14–0.18, 0.16 mm, length/width 0.56–0.62, 0.57; flagellum fusiform (Fig. 1), length 0.34–0.46, 0.40 mm, width 0.16–0.18, 0.17 mm, length/width 2.1–2.6, 2.3, flagellum/scape width 1.0–1.2, 1.1. Parafacial dark brown, pruinescence white; setae dark brown. Maxillary palpus brown, pruinescence whitish gray; length 0.44–0.64, 0.52 mm, width 0.08–0.10, 0.09 mm, length/width 4.6–8.0, 5.6; setae white. Genal setae white. Occipital setae white, elongate becoming dark brown dorsally. Macrosetae (&gt;40) dark brown to black, scattered. Postocular macrosetae longer than occipital macrosetae, in single row.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 3–5 np, 2 sa, 1 pa, 2–4 dc, 2 sc. Mesonotum dark brown, pruinescence gray; vittae dark brown, dull, separated by gray pruinescent lines; setae dark brown, elongate, erect. Postpronotal setae dark brown, elongate. Pleuron dark brown, pruinescence gray; setae white on propleuron, ventral half of anepisternum, katepisternum, laterotergite, and metanepisternum, dark brown on scutellum and dorsal half of anepisternum. Wing. Membrane pale brown; veins dark brown; length 5.5–7.0, 6.3 mm, width 1.2–2.3, 1.9 mm, length/width 3.0–5.3, 3.5; pterostigma dark brown. Halter brown. Legs. Coxae dark brown, pruinescence white, dense; setae white; apical macrosetae pale yellow on fore­ and hindcoxa, dark reddish brown on midcoxa; hindcoxa with one dark reddish brown posterolateral macrosetae. Femora dark reddish brown, pruinescence white; ventral setae white; av 0:0:1, pv 0:0:0.</p><p>Abdomen. Dark reddish brown, pruinescence white, dense; dorsal setae white intermixed with dark brown setae on posterior tergites; lateral setae white, elongate becoming dark brown on posterior segments. Terminalia (MEI 028430). Dark brown. Tergite 8 (Fig. 2), setae pale brown; median length thick (0.14 mm). Sternite 8 (Fig. 3), quadrate, posterior margin broadly emarginate; setae dark brown, absent medially on posterior margin. Epandrium (Fig. 2), posterolateral margin short, broadly pointed; setae dark brown. Cercus (Fig. 2), ending basal to apex of hypoproct. Hypoproct (Fig. 2), posterior margin slightly emarginate, ending distal to apex of cercus. Gonocoxite ventral view (Fig. 3) dark brown, posterolateral margin slightly tapered to broad point, setae yellowish brown and dark brown; inner gonocoxal process (Figs. 3–5) dark yellow, sinuate, setae dark yellow; dorsal view (Fig. 4); lateral view (Fig. 5) broad, globular. Gonostylus lateral view (Fig. 6) broad, sinuate with two apical points, setae dark yellow. Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme (Fig. 7) quadrate, posterolateral margin projecting laterally, anterior margin truncate with short anterolateral projection; ventral apodeme (Fig. 8), divergent anteriorly, anterior margin truncate, reaching anterior margin of dorsal apodeme; distiphallus dorsal view (Fig. 7) broad basally, tapered posteriorly, lateral view (Fig. 9) short, thick, subapical hood bearing small apical spines; ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 7), posterior half large, expanded, globular, anterior half narrow, slightly expanded anteriorly.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except for following.</p><p>Variation (n=10)</p><p>Body length 8.6–9.8, 9.1 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 1.08–1.30, 1.20 mm. Frons pruinescence brownish gray; setae dark brown to black. Antenna/head length 0.72–0.89, 0.81; scape length 0.36–0.48, 0.41 mm, width 0.16–0.20, 0.18 mm, length/width 1.8–2.5, 2.3, scape/pedicel length 3.3–6.0, 4.1, scape/flagellum width 0.94–1.25, 1.10; pedicel length 0.08–0.12, 0.10 mm, width 0.14–0.18, 0.16 mm, length/width 0.50–0.75, 0.63; flagellum length 0.42–0.52, 0.45 mm, width 0.16–0.18, 0.17 mm, length/width 2.3–2.9, 2.6, flagellum/scape width 1.0–1.3, 1.1. Parafacial dark brown, pruinescence white; setae dark brown. Maxillary palpus brown, pruinescence whitish gray; length 0.52–0.60, 0.57 mm, width 0.10 mm, length/width 5.2–6.0, 5.7; setae white. Genal setae white. Occipital setae white, elongate, becoming dark brown dorsally; macrosetae approximately 15.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 4–5 np, 1–3 sa, 1 pa, 1–2 dc, 2 sc. Wing. Length 6.8–8.0, 7.3 mm, width 2.2–2.5, 2.3 mm, length/width 3.0–3.3, 3.2. Legs. Coxae with apical macrosetae dark reddish brown. Anteroventral macrosetae 0:0:0–1, pv 0:0:0.</p><p>Abdomen. Dark reddish brown, glossy, pruinescence white, dense laterally on tergites 1–7; dorsal setae dark brown to black with white setae laterally on tergite 1. Terminalia (MEI 028432). Furca and internal reproductive complex (Fig. 10), furca length 0.61 mm, width 0.31 mm.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Microthereva argentiventris is distributed in western Argentina and Chile (Fig. 30).</p><p>Habitats and phenology</p><p>Microthereva argentiventris has been collected from November to January.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p>Type specimen. The holotype male of Microthereva argentiventris Malloch is labeled "L. Nahuel Huapi, Puerto Blest, 2–3.xii.1926, Argentina Terr. Rio Negro, F. &amp; M. Edwards" and is in the BMNH (Type No. BMNH (E) 241998). Other specimens. ARGE NTINA. RIO NEGRO. 1 km N Villa Mascardi, Lago Mascardi [­41.35, ­71.517], 850 m, 18.XI.1966, Irwin, M.E., Schlinger, E.I., 6Ψ MEI 028431–2, 147514–7 (MEIC); Bariloche [­41.15, ­71.3], –. XI.1926, Shannon, R.C. &amp; E., 6♂, MEI 0 28430, 112418, 128989, 147505–6, 1475010, 1Ψ 147509 (USNM). NEUQUEN. 6 km N San Martin de Los Andes [­ 40.106, ­71.36], 1000 m, 1–4.I.1994, Wood, G. &amp; M., 1♂ MEI 123799 (CNC); slope of Cerro Chapelco, San Martin de Los Andes [­40.167, ­71.35], 1500 m, 28.XI.1989, Marshall, S.A., 2♂ MEI 147511 (DEBU), 147536 (INHS), 2Ψ 147537 (INHS) 147538 (DEBU). CHILE. ARAUCANIA. Termas de Rio Blanco, 1080 m, 22.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., Stange, L.A., 1♂ MEI 0 28429 (MEIC); 33 km E Pucon, Termas de Palquin [­39.267, ­ 71.67], 680 m, 10–12.XI.1989, Marshall, S.A., 1♂ MEI 147512 (DEBU); Lonquimay, Cordilleras Las Raices [­37.883, ­71.183], 1500–1800 m, 25–28.XII.1967, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ, MEI 147513 (MEUC). BIO­BIO. Las Trancas [­36.927, ­71.606], 21.XI.1964, Peña, L.E., 2Ψ MEI 0 79708, 0 79711 (CNC); 21–30.XI.1964, 2♂ MEI 0 74217, 0 79712 (CNC); 6.XII.1964, 1Ψ MEI 147518 (MEIC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF8F7243FEEBFB31FD0DFD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
03B0F642FF837246FEEBFC93FBE5FCE6.text	03B0F642FF837246FEEBFC93FBE5FCE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microthereva variventris Malloch	<div><p>Microthereva variventris Malloch</p><p>(Figs. 11–19, 30)</p><p>variventris Malloch (1932: 245 sp. key, 246 male /fem. desc.). Type locality Argentina, Río Negro, Bariloche. Holotype male in BMNH.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Microthereva variventris is separated from M. argentiventris by the characters in the key as well as the posterolateral margin of the male epandrium being pointed (Fig. 11); the cerci extending distal to the hypoproct (Fig. 11); setae continuous across the posterior margin of male sternite 8 (Fig. 12); gonocoxite in lateral view oval (Fig. 14); anterior margin of dorsal apodeme deeply emarginate anteriorly (Fig. 16); ventral apodeme extending medially beyond anterior margin of dorsal apodeme (Fig. 17); distiphallus in lateral view curved ventrally (Fig. 18), lacking subapical hood; posterior half of ejaculatory apodeme triangular (Fig. 16); female abdomen dark reddish brown, glossy, pruinescence white, dense laterally on tergites 1–7.</p><p>Redescription of male</p><p>Variation (n=5)</p><p>Body length 5.3–7.7, 6.0 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 0.78–0.96, 0.88 mm. Frons dark brown, pruinescence brownish gray; setae dark brown. Antenna dark brown, pruinescence gray, dense on scape and pedicel; antenna/head length 0.72–0.93, 0.82; scape length 0.24–0.32, 0.28 mm, width 0.12–0.18, 0.15 mm, length/width 1.3–2.7, 1.9, scape/pedicel length 2.4–4.0, 3.2, scape/flagellum width 0.67–1.29, 0.99, setae dark brown, elongate, macrosetae dark reddish brown; pedicel length 0.08–0.12, 0.09 mm, width 0.12–0.16, 0.14 mm, length/width 0.56–0.62, 0.58, setae dark brown, elongate; flagellum length 0.32–0.38, 0.34 mm, width 0.14–0.18, 0.16 mm, length/width 1.9–2.4, 2.2, flagellum/scape width 1.1–1.3, 1.2. Parafacial pruinescence whitish gray; setae dark brown. Maxillary palpus dark yellowish brown, apex dark brown; length 0.36–0.44, 0.40 mm, width 0.08 mm, length/width 4.5–5.5, 5.0; setae white. Genal setae white. Occipital setae white, elongate, becoming dark brown dorsally; macrosetae absent. Postocular macrosetae absent.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 3 np, 2 sa, 1 pa, 1–2 dc, 2 sc. Mesonotum dark brown, pruinescence whitish gray, dense; vittae pale brown; setae dark brown, elongate, erect. Postpronotal setae dark brown. Pleuron dark brown, pruinescence gray; setae white, elongate on propleuron, anepisternum, katepisternum, dark brown on laterotergite, scutellum and dorsal half of anepisternum; pale yellow on metanepisternum. Wing. Membrane opaque, brown; veins dark brown; length 4.7–6.0, 5.1 mm, width 1.3–1.8, 1.5 mm length/width 3.2–4.3, 3.3. Halter knob pale yellow. Legs. Coxae with apical macrosetae dark reddish brown on fore­ and midcoxa, apical macrosetae and posterolateral macroseta absent on hindcoxa. Femora dark brown, pruinescence white; ventral setae white; av 0:0:1–2, pv 0:0:0–1. Tibiae dark brown. Tarsi dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Dark reddish brown, pruinescence white on tergite 1, dense posterolaterally on tergites 2–6 in dorsal view; dorsal setae pale yellow on tergite 1, dark brown on remaining tergites, intermixed with scattered pale yellow setae; lateral setae pale yellow on tergites 1–3, dark brown on remaining tergites. Terminalia (MEI 147507). Dark brown. Tergite 8 (Fig. 11), posterior margin broadly emarginate; setae dark brown; median length thick (0.22 mm). Sternite 8 (Fig. 12) with anterior and posterior margins truncate, sides rounded; setae dark brown continuous across posterior margin. Epandrium (Fig. 11), posterolateral margin pointed; setae dark brown. Cercus (Fig. 11), ending distal to apex of hypoproct. Hypoproct (Fig. 11), ending basal to apex of cercus. Gonocoxite ventral view (Fig. 12), sides rounded, posterolateral margin broadly rounded, setae dark brown on posterior third; lateral view (Fig. 14) broad, oval; inner gonocoxal process (Figs. 12–14) dark yellow with setae dark yellow along lateral margin. Gonostylus dark yellow (Fig. 15) broad, sinuate with two apical points, setae dark yellow. Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme (Fig. 16) relatively narrow, tapered posteriorly, anterior margin deeply emarginate; ventral apodeme (Fig. 17) T­shaped, diverging anteriorly, extending medially beyond anterior margin of dorsal apodeme, anterior margin truncate; distiphallus dorsal view (Fig. 16) tapered posteriorly, apicolateral spines absent, lateral view (Fig. 18) short, thick, curved ventrally at 90° angle, lacking subapical hood; ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 16), posterior half triangular, anterior half narrow, slightly expanded anteriorly.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except for following.</p><p>Variation (n=4)</p><p>Body length 6.5–7.3, 6.9 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 0.82–0.84, 0.84 mm. Frons broad, pruinescence brownish gray, dense; setae dark brown, elongate. Antenna/head length 0.81–0.88, 0.87; scape length 0.24–0.32, 0.27 mm, width 0.12–0.14, 0.14 mm, length/width 1.7–2.3, 2.0, scape/pedicel length 3.0–4.0, 3.3, scape/flagellum width 0.92–1.00, 0.97; pedicel length 0.08 mm, width 0.12–0.14, 0.13 mm, length/width 0.6–0.7, 0.6; flagellum length 0.36–0.38, 0.37 mm, width 0.13–0.14, 0.14 mm, length/width 2.7–2.8, 2.7, flagellum/scape width 1.2–1.5, 1.4. Maxillary palpus dark reddish brown; length 0.30–0.36, 0.34 mm, width 0.08 mm, length/ width 3.8–4.5, 4.2.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 2–3 np, 1–2 sa, 1 pa, 0–2 dc, 2 sc. Setae not distinguishable on metanepisternum. Wing. Length 5.0–5.5, 5.3 mm, width 1.7–1.9, 1.8 mm, length/width 2.6–3.2, 3.0. Legs. Anteroventral macrosetae 0:0:1–2, pv 0:0:0–1.</p><p>Abdomen. Dark reddish brown, glossy, pruinescence gray, dense on posterolateral area of tergites 2–6; dorsal and lateral setae dark brown. Terminalia (MEI 112416). Furca and spermathecal complex (Fig. 19), furcal length 0.60 mm, width 30 mm.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Microthereva variventris is distributed in western Argentina (Fig. 30).</p><p>Habitats and phenology</p><p>Microthereva variventris has been collected in November.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p>Type specimen. The holotype male of Microthereva variventris Malloch is labeled "Bariloche, 5.xi.1926, Argentina Terr. Rio Negro, F. &amp; M. Edwards" and is in the BMNH (Type No. BMNH (E) 241999). Other specimens. ARGENTINA. RIO NEGRO. Bariloche [­41.15, ­71.3], –. XI.1926, Shannon, R. &amp; E., 5♂ MEI 112413, 112415, 112417, 147508 (USNM), 147507 (INHS),, 4Ψ 112411 –2, 112414, 112416 (USNM).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF837246FEEBFC93FBE5FCE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
03B0F642FF867244FEEBFC2BFE10FE76.text	03B0F642FF867244FEEBFC2BFE10FE76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peralia Malloch	<div><p>Peralia Malloch</p><p>Peralia Malloch (1932:240 desc.), Ortiz (1946:85 cat.) Type species Anabarhynchus griseus Kröber (1911:485) by original designation.</p><p>Anabarrhynchus [incorrect spelling of Anabarhynchus].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Large flies, males 8.8–11.2 mm, females 9.4–12.0 mm.</p><p>Head. Ocellar tubercle dark reddish brown, pruinescence gray, not raised above level of vertex in males; setae dark reddish brown, elongate. Eyes reddish brown, anterior margin sinuate; dichoptic in males and females, separated by distance greater than width of ocellar tubercle; ommatidia of equal size. Frons reduced in males; black band absent lateral to antennal base; setae extending lateral to antennal base. Face projecting moderately beyond anterior margin of eyes. Antenna shorter than head length; scape cylindrical, about two times longer than wide, over two times length of pedicel, subequal in width to flagellum, setae dark brown, elongate, macrosetae dark brown, absent on medial surface; pedicel globular, wider than long, setae short, absent on medial surface; first flagellomere oval, tapered apically, second flagellomere cylindrical, short, third flagellomere globular, short, flagellum over two times longer than wide and slightly longer than length of scape; apical style short. Parafacial setae absent. Maxillary palpus cylindrical, apex slightly clavate. Gena rounded ventrally, lacking anterodorsal patch of short setae. Occipital macrosetae dark reddish brown to black (&gt;50).</p><p>Postocular macrosetae black, in single row.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 2–6 np, 1–2 sa, 1 pa, 1–6 dc, 2 dc. Postpronotal lobe concolorous with mesonotum. Cervical sclerite lacking setae and macrosetae. Prosternum lacking setae in and around central depression. Setae absent on proepimeron, anepimeron, meron, and metakatepisternum. Wing. Setulae absent on dorsal surface of R1; cell m3 open widely; M1, M2, and M3 originate separately from apex of discal cell; cell cup closed, petiolate; anal angle broadly rounded; alula rounded. Legs. Coxae dark brown, pruinescence whitish gray, dense; setae white, elongate; setae absent on posterior half of midcoxa; hindcoxa with papillate anterior knob and one posterolateral macroseta; apical macrosetae and posterolateral macroseta on hindcoxa pale yellow. Femora lacking lanceolate, appressed setae dorsally; av absent on fore­ and midfemur, pv absent.</p><p>Abdomen. Male terminalia . Tergite 8 (Fig. 20), posterior margin broadly emarginate; median length thick (&gt; 0.05 mm); setae generally absent medially on posterior margin; one pair of sensory setae. Sternite 8 (Fig. 21) quadrate, anterior margin truncate to slightly emarginate, posterior margin truncate; setae continuous across posterior margin. Epandrium (Fig. 20) shorter medially than wide; anterior margin broadly emarginate; posterolateral margin short, broadly pointed. Cercus (Fig. 20) free, oblong; ending distal to posterolateral margin of epandrium. Hypoproct (Fig. 20) quadrate, ending distal to posterolateral margin of epandrium; apicoventral area flat. Hypandrium reduced, heavily sclerotized, attached to anterior margin of gonocoxite. Gonocoxite ventral view (Fig. 21) fused medially on posterior half, globular, sides rounded, posterolateral margin broadly rounded; dorsal view (Fig. 22), gonocoxal apodeme short, not extending beyond anterior margin, gonocoxal bridge narrow, attaching dorsal apodeme of aedeagus to medial margin of gonocoxite; lateral view (Fig. 23) broad, globular; inner gonocoxal process (Figs. 21–23) large, articulating with posterior margin of gonocoxite, broad, thick, tapering to posterior point, in lateral view clavate; ventral lobe (Fig. 21) short, fused medially. Gonostylus (Fig. 24) broad, sinuate with apicomedial point; setae dark yellow. Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme (Fig. 25) broad, anterior margin truncate; ventral apodeme (Fig. 26) narrow, bifurcate anteriorly, reaching anterior margin of dorsal apodeme; distiphallus dorsal view (Fig. 25) broad basally, short, tapered posteriorly, apicolateral spines absent, lateral view (Fig. 27) short, thick, sinuate; ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 25), anterior half narrow, extending well beyond anterior margin of dorsal apodeme, anterior margin rounded, in cross­section flattened dorsoventrally. Lateral ejaculatory processes (Fig. 25), heavily sclerotized, curved dorsoventrally. Female terminalia . Anterior margin of sternite 8 truncate; aedeagal guide present. Median lobe of tergite 9 lacking setae. Furca (Figs. 28–29) oval; common spermathecal duct shorter than furca; spermathecal duct narrow posteriorly becoming threadlike and convoluted before ending in large, oval spermatheca; spermathecal sac duct narrow, over five times length of furca before bifurcating to form two large spermathecal sacs; furcal projections absent.</p><p>Immature stages. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Peralia is reported from Argentina and Chile (Figs. 31–32).</p><p>Habitats and Phenology</p><p>Peralia has been handnetted or collected in Malaise, window or light traps in dry hillsides and in Araucaria­Nothofagus forests. Adults have been collected in August and October to March.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF867244FEEBFC2BFE10FE76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
03B0F642FF84725BFEEBFBE9FC0DFA9E.text	03B0F642FF84725BFEEBFBE9FC0DFA9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peralia hermanni (Kröber) Krober	<div><p>Peralia hermanni (Kröber) New combination .</p><p>(Figs. 29, 31)</p><p>hermanni Kröber (1911:485 fem. key, 488 fem. desc.; 1913: 20 sp. key, 22 dist.; 1928:113 desc., Fig. 18 ant.), Ortiz (1946:87 cat.) ( Anabarhynchus). Type locality Chile, O’Higgins, Rancagua [Rankagua]. Holotype female in ZSM by monotypy. New combination.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Characters separating Peralia hermanni from P. v i t t a t a are given in the key.</p><p>Redescription of male</p><p>Variation (n=4).</p><p>Body length 8.8–10.9, 10.0 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 1.2–1.5, 1.4 mm. Frons dark reddish brown, pruinescence yellowish brown dorsally, pruinescence on ventral fourth white extending lateral to antennal base; setae dark reddish brown, elongate. Scape and pedicel dark yellow, pruinescence gray, flagellum dark brown; antenna/head length 0.81–0.93, 0.87; scape length 0.45–0.56, 0.47 mm, width 0.18–0.22, 0.21 mm, length/width 1.8–2.5, 2.3, scape/pedicel length 3.1–3.7, 3.4, scape/flagellum width 0.95–1.10, 1.02, setae dark brown, elongate grading into macrosetae; pedicel length 0.12–0.15, 0.14 mm, width 0.18–0.20, 0.19 mm, length/width 0.56–0.75, 0.63; flagellum length 0.54–0.60, 0.57 mm, width 0.19–0.22, 0.20 mm, length/ width 2.7–2.9, 2.8, flagellum/scape width 1.0–1.5, 1.3. Parafacial dark brown, pruinescence white. Maxillary palpus pale yellow; length 0.60–0.82, 0.71 mm, width 0.10 mm, length/width 6.0–8.2, 7.1; setae pale yellow, elongate. Genal setae white. Occipital setae pale yellow, elongate, absent on dorsal half.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 5–6 np, 2 sa, 1 pa, 2–4 dc, 2 sc. Mesonotum pruinescence gray; vittae brown, dorsocentral vitta narrow, distinct, dorsolateral vittae appear as broken patches of brown; setae black, short, erect. Postpronotal lobe setae black. Pleuron dark brown, pruinescence gray; setae white on propleuron, anepisternum, dorsal half of katepisternum, laterotergite, and metanepisternum, dark brown on scutellum. Wing. Membrane pale gray; veins brown; length 8.9–10.2, 9.6 mm, width 2.7–3.3, 3.0 mm, length/width 3.1–3.4, 3.2; pterostigma dark brown. Halter dark brown. Legs. Coxae dark yellow, pruinescence white, dense; setae white, elongate. Femora dark yellow, glossy; ventral setae absent; av 0:0:0–1. Tibiae dark yellow. Tarsomere 1 dark yellow; 2–5 pale brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Dark reddish brown becoming reddish brown posterolaterally, pruinescence white, light on dorsal surface, dense along lateral margin on tergites 1–6; dorsal setae dark brown, short, appressed medially, white, elongate laterally; lateral setae white, elongate becoming dark brown on posterior segments. Terminalia . Identical to terminalia of P. vittata . Tergite 8 with setae continuous across posterior margin (MEI 169938). Setae on gonocoxite ventrally view reddish brown, paler posteromedially</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except for following.</p><p>Variation (n=10).</p><p>Body length 9.4–12.0, 10.3 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 1.2–1.5, 1.3 mm. Frons covered with dense, yellowish brown pruinescence. Antenna/head length 0.81–0.93, 0.86; scape length 0.38–0.56, 0.44 mm, width 0.14–0.22, 0.18 mm, length/width 2.0–2.9, 2.5, scape/pedicel length 3.0–4.2, 3.7, scape/flagellum width 0.7–1.1, 1.0; pedicel length 0.10–0.15, 0.12 mm, width 0.14–0.20, 0.17 mm, length/width 0.6–0.9, 0.7; flagellum length 0.50–0.66, 0.57 mm, width 0.14–0.20, 0.18 mm, length/width 2.5–3.9, 3.2, flagellum/scape length 1.0–1.6 1.3. Maxillary palpus length 0.50–0.82, 0.63 mm, width 0.06–0.14, 0.10 mm, length/width 5.0–9.0, 6.8.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 2–6 np, 1–2 sa, 1 pa, 2–3 dc, 2 sc. Wing. Length 8.3–10.2, 9.2 mm, width 2.5–3.3, 2.8 mm, length/width 3.1–3.6, 3.3. Legs. Anteroventral macrosetae 0:0:1.</p><p>Abdomen. Dark reddish brown, glossy becoming reddish brown posterolaterally, pruinescence white, dense along lateral margin on tergites 1–5; dorsal setae dark brown, short, appressed; lateral setae white, elongate becoming dark brown on posterior segments. Terminalia (MEI 121364). Dark reddish brown. Median lobe of tergite 9 lacking setae. Furca (Fig. 29) oval; length 0.78 mm, width 0. 38 mm; common duct shorter than length of furca; spermathecal ducts joined for short distance before joining spermathecal sac duct; spermathecal duct narrow posteriorly, becoming threadlike and convoluted anteriorly before ending in large, oval spermatheca; spermathecal sac duct narrow, over five times length of furca before bifurcating to form two large spermathecal sacs.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Peralia hermanni is reported from Argentina and Chile (Fig. 31).</p><p>Habitats and phenology</p><p>Peralia hermanni has been handnetted or collected in Malaise traps in dry riverbeds and Nothofagus forests. Adults have been collected from October to March.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p>Type specimen. The holotype female of Anabarhynchus hermanni Kröber is labeled " CHILE, Rancagua [­34.167, ­70.75], 12.1903, P.HERBST" and is in ZSM. Other specimens. ARGENTINA. NEQUEN. San Martin de los Andes [­40.16 ­71.36], 11.XII.1946, Aczel, M., 1Ψ MEI 169955 (IMLA). CHILE. Poncoche, 18.II.1959, Vegoelt, M.E., 1Ψ MEI 169934 (MEUC). ACONCOGUA. Llay­Llay [­32.84, ­70.95], 4.II.1951, Ross, Michelbacher, 1Ψ MEI 169948 (CAS). ARAUCANIA. Cautin, 12.3 km N Loncoche [­39.256, ­72.633], 280 m, 2.II.1967, Schlinger, E.I., 1Ψ MEI 169960 (MEIC); Cautin, 12.7 km N Loncoche [­39.252, ­72.633], 280 m, 18.XII.1966, Irwin, M.E., 2Ψ ME I 169957, 169959 (INHS). BIO­BIO. 5 km W Tucapel [­36.78, ­73.065], 28.XII.1950, 1Ψ MEI 169958 (CAS); Concepción [­36.833, ­73.05], 29.XII.1958, Vicaro, 1Ψ MEI 169949 (MEUC); 7.5 km E Recinto [­36.877 ­71.579], 760 m, 4–6.I.2000, Irwin, M.E.; Schlinger, E.I., 8Ψ MEI 121364 –8, 121369 –71 (MEIC), Malaise trap, in dry riverbed; Cobquecura [­ 36.128, ­72.786], 14.XII.1958, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 169944 (CNC); Las Trancas [­36.927, ­71.606], 15–18.II.1959, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 154224 (CNC); Invernada, Cordillera Chillan, –. II.1971, Ocare, 1Ψ MEI 169932 (MEUC). COQUIMBO. 10 km E Fray Jorge National Park, 28.XII.1966, Irwin, M.E., 1Ψ MEI 169935 (MEIC); Hacienda Illapel [­ 31.631 ­71.165], 600–1000 m, 1–6.XI.1954, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 169930 (CNC); Hacienda Illapel, Río Illapel, Caren. [­31.631 ­71.165], 800 m, 14.XI.1963, Edmunds, G.F., 1♂ MEI 147522 (CNC); Huintil [­31.567, ­70.967], 650 m, 12.XI.1963, Peña, L., 1Ψ MEI 169925 (CNC); Ovalle [­30.598 ­71.2], 5.X.1942, Reed, E.P., 1Ψ MEI 169924 (CAS); El Naranjo, Tilama [­32.083 ­71.167], – I.1968, Molina, J., 1Ψ MEI 169926 (MUE C); – III.1968, Molina, J., 1Ψ MEI 169928 (MUEC); – XII.1968, Molina, J., 1Ψ MEI 169927 (MUEC); Fray Jorge National Park [­30.644 ­71.65], 250 m, 24.XI–12.XII.2003, Parker, F.D., Irwin, M.E., 2Ψ MEI 167928, 167932 (MEIC), Malaise trap in picnic area.</p><p>LOS LAGOS. Llanquihue, Casa Pangue [­41.05 ­71.867], – XII.1926, Shannon, R. &amp; E., 1♂ MEI 169938 (USNM). MAULE. Curicó, 15 km E Curicó, Cerro Huecahuecan [­35.067 ­ 71.123], 400 m, 22–31.XII.1997, Barriga, J.E., 1Ψ MEI 121328 (MEIC), Malaise trap, Nothofagus forest; Curicó, Estero la Jaula [­35.083, ­70.8], – I.1964, Peña, L., 2Ψ MEI 0 28482, 169942 (CNC); about 20 km SE Chovellen, Alto Tregualemu [­36.027, ­72.556], 500 m, 1.XII–3.XII.1981, Davis, D.R., 1Ψ MEI 169962 (USNM); W Cauquenes, Cayarranquil [­35.967, ­72.35], 400 m, 23–31.I.1981, Peña, L., 4Ψ MEI 169923, 169937, 169939, 169956 (USNM); W Cauquenes, La Arboleda [­35.967, ­72.35], 200–250 m, 27–28.I.1981, Peña, L., 1Ψ MEI 169951 (USNM); Curicó, La Jaula, Los Quenes [­34.967, ­70.756], 4–18.I.1964, Rivera, M., 1Ψ MEI 0 78911 (FMNH); Linares, Fundo Malcho [­ 35.85, ­71.6], –. II.1958, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 0 79689 (CNC); – III.1958, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ ME I 0 79721 (CNC); Curanipe [­35.84, ­72.63], 4.XII.1953, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 169953 (CNC); 0.5 km W Vilches [­35.6 ­71.2], 615 m, 13.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., 1Ψ MEI 169933 (MEIC). METROPOLITANA DE SANTIAGO. La Rinconada de Maipú, Quebrada de la Plata [­33.517, ­70.783], 510 m, 11.XII.1966, Irwin, M.E., 1Ψ MEI 147521 (MEIC), Malaise trap; 12.XII.1966, Irwin, M.E., 2Ψ MEI 169921–2 (MEIC), Malaise trap; 1.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., 1Ψ MEI 0 88129 (MEIC), Malaise trap: Macul [­33.503, ­70.572], 3.XI.1974, 2Ψ MEI 112343, 112347 (UCCC); Santiago, Colina, El Portezuelo [­34.117 ­71.233], 1–15.XI.1978, Peña, L.E., 2Ψ MEI 0 78899, 0 78914 (FMNH); Santiago, El Camelo, 29.XI.1954, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 169947 (CNC); Santiago, Quebrada San Ramon, 1974, 1Ψ MEI 0 78923 (FMNH); Santiago, Rio Clarillo [­33.65, ­70.633], 7.XII.1989, Marshall, S.R., 1Ψ MEI 169929 (DEBU); Santiago, Apoquido [­33.4, ­70.533], – I.1957, Etcheverry, 1Ψ MEI 169954 (MEUC); Talagante [­33.667, ­70.933], date?, Etcheverry, 1Ψ MEI 169931 (MEUC); La Obra, Río Maipo [­33.583, ­70.5], 18–23.XII.1953, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 147519, 169961 (CNC); Maipu [­33.517, ­70.767], 500 m, 31.X.1959, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 079700–1 (CNC); Santiago [­33.45, ­70.667], Pirian, 1Ψ MEI 169950 (USNM); El Manzano, 1.XI.1989, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 112349 (UCCC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF84725BFEEBFBE9FC0DFA9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
03B0F642FF9B7253FEEBFA13FC80FD36.text	03B0F642FF9B7253FEEBFA13FC80FD36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peralia vittata Philippi	<div><p>Peralia vittata Philippi</p><p>(Figs. 20–28, 32)</p><p>vittata Philippi (1865:769 fem. desc.), Kröber (1911:491 fem. key, 493 desc.; 1913:45 fem. key, 62 dist.) ( Thereva); Malloch (1932:241 comb. change, see footnote by F. W. Edwards), Ortiz (1946:86 cat.), Holston (2004:65 nom.) ( Peralia). Type locality Chile. Neotype male in CNC.</p><p>costalis Bigot (1890:328 desc.), Kröber (1911:527 desc.; 1913: 24 sp. list) ( Dialineura), Malloch (1932:241 comb. change, see footnote by F. W. Edwards), Ortiz (1946:85 cat.) ( Peralia). Type locality Chile. Type specimens missing from Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University or BMNH. New synonymy.</p><p>griseus Kröber (1911: 485 male desc., sp. key; 1913: 20 sp. key, 22 dist.) ( Anabarhynchus), Malloch (1932:240 comb. change, see footnote by F. W. Edwards), Ortiz (1946:85 cat.) ( Peralia). Type locality Chile, Rancagua. Holotype male in ZSM by monotypy. New synonymy.</p><p>maculifrons Kröber (1911:485 fem. key, fem. desc.; 1913: 20 sp. key, 22 dist.), Ortiz (1946:87 cat.)</p><p>( Anabarhynchus). Type locality Chile, Rancagua. Holotype female in ZSM by monotypy. New synonymy.</p><p>niger Bigot (1890:325 desc.), Kröber (1911:485 fem. key, 486 desc.; 1913: 20 sp. key, 22 dist.), Malloch (1932:236 faunal list) ( Anabarhynchus); Malloch (1932:241 comb. change, see footnote by F. W. Edwards), Ortiz (1946:85 cat.) ( Peralia). Type locality Chile. Holotype male in BMNH by monotypy. New synonymy.</p><p>schineri Jaennicke (1867:44 desc.) ( Thereva); Kröber (1911:485 fem. key, 487 desc.; 1913: 20 sp. key, 23 dist.), Ortiz (1946:87 cat.), Holston (2004:61 nom.) ( Anabarhynchus). Type locality Chile, Valparaiso. The holotype female in the SMTD by monotypy. New synonymy.</p><p>Bigot (1890:328) described Dialineura costalis based on a male and female in copula from Chile. The type specimens could not be located in the collections of Oxford University or the BMNH (A. Pont, personal communication) although two males and three females were on the list that Verrall made of everything in the Bigot collection when he purchased it. Based on Bigot’s description of the male having black antennae and feet, this species is synonomized under Peralia vittata Philippi. The holotype male of Anabarhynchus griseus Kröber (1911:485) from Rancagua, Chile was determined to be conspecific with Peralia vittata based on the antennae being black, the male femora being dark reddish brown to black, and the characters of the male genitalia matching the male genitalia of the Neotype of vittata . The holotype female of Anabarhynchus maculifrons Kröber (1911:485) from Rancagua, Chile was determined to be conspecific with Peralia vittata base on the antennae being black. Most of the abdomen and all of the terminalia on this holotype has been eaten away, thus a comparison of the coloration of the abdomen could not be compared with P. v i t t a t a. Kröber identified the female of Anabarhynchus maculifrons as having two shiny spots [calli] on the frons. Most of the frons has been eaten away on the holotype by dermestids, so this character is no longer evident on the specimen. An examination of 46 females of Peralia having black antenna showed no females with shiny calli on the frons, although on four specimens (MEI 0 81036, 117060, 162083, 169885) the pubescence on the dark brown areas of the frons is rubbed off somewhat giving a slight indication of the glossy cuticle underneath. It is my opinion that Kröber had a female specimen of Peralia vittata on which the pubescence on the frons had been rubbed off, leaving the appearance of glossy calli. The holotype male of Anabarhynchus niger Bigot (1890:325) from “ Chile ” was determined to be conspecific with Peralia vittata based on the antennae and femora being black and the characters of the male genitalia matching the male genitalia of the Neotype of vittata . The holotype female of Thereva schineri Jaennicke from Valpariso, Chile was determined to be conspecific with Peralia vittata base on the antennae being black and the abdomen being black, glossy with dense white pruinescence along the lateral margin on tergites 1–7.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Characters separating Peralia vittata from P. hermanni are given in the key.</p><p>Description of male</p><p>Variation (n=10).</p><p>Body length 9.9–11.2, 10.4 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 1.2–1.5, 1.3 mm. Frons dark reddish brown, pruinescence gray, pruinescence on ventral fourth white extending lateral to antennal base; setae black, elongate. Antenna dark brown, pruinescence gray, dense on scape and pedicel; antenna/ head length 0.77–0.93, 0.84; scape length 0.36–0.48, 0.41 mm, width 0.18–0.22, 0.20 mm, length/width 1.8–2.2, 2.1, scape/pedicel length 2.6–4.0, 3.3, scape/flagellum width 0.8–1.2, 1.0, setae dark brown, elongate; pedicel length 0.10–0.16, 0.13 mm, width 0.18–0.20, 0.18 mm, length/width 0.6–0.9, 0.7; flagellum length 0.50–0.64, 0.58 mm, width 0.18–0.22, 0.20 mm, length/width 2.6–3.1, 2.8, flagellum/scape length 1.0–1.6, 1.4, setae dark brown basodorsally on first flagellomere, short. Parafacial dark brown, pruinescence white. Maxillary palpus pale yellow; length 0.56–0.72, 0.63 mm, width 0.08–0.12, 0.10 mm, length/width 5.6–8.5, 6.5; setae white, elongate. Genal setae white. Occipital setae white, elongate becoming dark brown dorsally then grading into macrosetae.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 4–5 np, 2 sa, 1 pa, 3–6 dc, 2 sc. Mesonotum black, pruinescence gray; vittae brownish black, dull separated by thick gray pruinescent lines; setae dark brown, moderately long, erect. Postpronotal lobe setae dark brown. Pleuron dark brown, pruinescence gray; setae white to whitish yellow, elongate on propleuron, anepisternum, dorsal half of katepisternum, laterotergite, and metanepisternum, dark brown on scutellum. Wing. Membrane pale gray; veins brown; length 9.3–10.5, 9.8 mm, width 3.0–3.2, 3.0 mm length/width 3.0–3.5, 3.2; pterostigma dark brown. Halter pale brown. Legs. Coxae dark brown, pruinescence whitish gray, dense; setae white, elongate. Femora dark reddish brown, pruinescence white; ventral setae white; av 0:0:0–1. Tibiae dark brown, ventral surface of mid­ and hindtibia reddish brown. Tarsi dark brown.</p><p>Abdomen. Black, pruinescence white, denser along lateral margin; dorsal setae white, elongate laterally, dark brown, short, appressed medially; lateral setae white, elongate becoming dark brown on posterior segments. Terminalia (MEI 121374). Dark brown. Tergite 8 (Fig. 20), setae dark brown, generally absent medially on posterior margin (MEI 121374 with scattered setae continuous across posterior margin). Sternite 8 (Fig. 21), sides diverging laterally; setae dark brown. Epandrium (Fig. 20), setae dark brown. Cercus (Fig. 20), ending above apex of hypoproct. Hypoproct (Fig. 20), ending below apex of cercus. Gonocoxite ventral view (Fig. 21), setae dark brown to black setae with dense aggregation of shorter, finer setae posteromedially (in several specimens the setae are reddish brown to dark yellow); dorsal view (Fig. 22); lateral view (Fig. 23) broad, globular; inner gonocoxal process (Figs. 21–23) dark yellowish brown, setae dark yellow, in lateral view clavate; ventral lobe (Fig. 21) large, fused medially, ventral setae dark brown. Gonostylus (Fig. 24) broad, sinuate with scattered dark yellow setae. Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme (Fig. 25) broad, anterior margin truncate, posterolateral margin with narrow, sclerotized attachment to medial margin of gonocoxite (gonocoxal bridge); ventral apodeme (Fig. 26) narrow, bifurcate anteriorly; distiphallus dorsal view (Fig. 25) broad basally, short, tapered posteriorly, lateral view (Fig. 27) short, thick, curved ventrally.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except for following.</p><p>Variation (n=10).</p><p>Body length 9.6–11.7, 10.7 mm.</p><p>Head. Length 1.2–1.4, 1.3 mm. Frons pruinescence gray, dense with light yellowish brown pruinescence (considerable variation occurs in the pruinescence on the frons; the frons varies from gray to pale gold with diffuse brown circles dorsally to completely dark brown). Antenna/head length 0.76–0.99, 0.83; scape length 0.36–0.46, 0.40 mm, width 0.18–0.20, 0.19 mm, length/width 1.9–2.6, 2.1, scape/pedicel length 2.9–4.4, 3.3, scape/ flagellum width 0.9–1.3, 1.0; pedicel length 0.12–0.16, 0.13 mm, width 0.16–0.20, 0.18 mm, length/width 0.6–0.9, 0.7; flagellum length 0.48–0.66, 0.57 mm, width 0.16–0.22, 0.20 mm, length/width 2.6–3.2, 2.9, flagellum/scape length 1.1–1.7, 1.4. Maxillary palpus length 0.56–0.70, 0.63 mm, width 0.08–0.10, 0.10 mm, length/width 6.0–7.0, 6.5; setae white.</p><p>Thorax. Macrosetae 3–5 np, 2 sa, 1 pa, 1–4 dc, 2 sc. Wing. Length 7.8–11.7, 9.7 mm, width 2.3–3.5, 2.9 mm length/width 3.1–3.7, 3.3. Legs. Anteroventral macrosetae 0:0:0–2.</p><p>Abdomen. Black, glossy, pruinescence white, dense along lateral margin on tergites 1–7; dorsal setae dark brown, short, appressed; lateral setae white, elongate becoming dark brown on posterior segments. Terminalia (MEI 090456). Black. Median lobe of tergite 9 lacking setae. Furca (Fig. 28) oval; length 0.57 mm, width 0. 40 mm; common spermathecal duct expanded at point of attachment to bursa (Fig. 28); spermathecal ducts and spermathecal sac duct trifurcating from common spermathecal duct (Fig. 28); spermthecal duct narrow posteriorly, becoming threadlike and convoluted anteriorly before ending in large, oval spermatheca; spermathecal sac duct narrow, over five times length of furca before bifurcating to form two large spermathecal sacs.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Peralia vittata is known from Argentina and Chile (Fig. 32).</p><p>Habitats and phenology</p><p>Peralia vittata has been handnetted or collected in Malaise, window or light traps in dry hillsides and in Araucaria­Nothofagus. Adults have been collected in August and October to February.</p><p>Specimens examined</p><p>Type specimens. The type specimens of Dialineura costalis Bigot were collected in Chile. The specimens are not in the Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford University or the BMNH (A. Pont personal communication). Two males and three females were listed on a handwritten list of the material that Verrall compiled at the time he purchased the Bigot collection. This list is in the library archive of the Hope Entomological Collections at Oxford University (A. Pont, personal communication). Specimens of D. costalis were also noted in a footnote by F. W. Edwards (Malloch 1932:241) as being in the Bigot collection. The holotype male of Anabarhynchus griseus Kröber is labeled " Chile, Rancagua, 12.1903, P.HERBST" and is in the ZSM. The holotype female of Anabarhynchus maculifrons Kröber is labeled " Chile, Rancagua, 12.1904, P.HERBST" and is in the ZSM. The holotype male of Anabarhynchus niger Bigot is labeled " Chili " and is in the BMNH. The holotype female of Thereva schineri Jaennicke is labeled " Chile, Valparaiso, Bayerhoffer" and is in the SMTD. Philippi (1865:769) described Thereva vittata based on a single female from Chile. This holotype female could not be located in the collections of the MNNC by Dr. M. E. Irwin when he made a specific search of the collection for Philippi type specimens (personal communication). It must be assumed that this specimen is lost or destroyed. To clarify the taxonomic status of Thereva vittata, a male specimen labeled “Estero la Jaula, Curico, CHILE, I.1964, L. Pena, Nothofagus ” (MEI 169897) is selected as the Neotype and is deposited in the CNC. This neotype is designated in order to fix the concept of Thereva vittata and to ensure universal and consistent interpretation of the same. Other specimens. ARGENTINA. NEUQUEN. 11–16.II.1946, Aczel, M., 1♂ MEI 169911 1Ψ 169936 (IMLA); 6 km N San Martin de los Andes [­40.106, ­71.36], 1000 m, 1–4.I.1994, Wood, G. &amp; M., 5♂ MEI 162081–5 (CNC); Pucara [­40.183, ­71.633], –. I.1954, 1 ♂ MEI135334 (MSUC); 7 km N San Martin de los Andes, Lolog, Gentili Property [­40.083, ­71.333], 18–20.XI.1989, Marshall, S.A., 1Ψ ME I 169887 (DEBU); [Río] Pucara, Lago Lacar [­40.183, ­71.5], – X.1968, Porter, C., 3♂ ME I 147540, 147543, 147550, 1Ψ 147539 (MCZ); S. M. Andes, [Río] Pucara [­40.183, ­ 71.633], 6–16.XII.1968, Porter, C.C., 2♂ MEI 147541–2 (MCZ). RIO NEGRO. 1 km N Villa Mascardi, Lago Mascardi [­41.35, ­71.517], 850 m, 18.XI.1966, Irwin, M.E., Schlinger, E.I., 1♂ MEI 0 88138 (MEIC); Bariloche, Llao­Llao [­41.05, ­71.533], – I.1962, Lane, Coscaron, Capri, 1♂ MEI 169910 (MZSP). CHILE. Collipulli, 29.XII.1967, Cakalovic, 2Ψ MEI 112340 –1 (UCCC); 20 km E Temuco, 7.I.1951, Ross, Michelbacher, female MEI 169886 (CAS); El Salto, – XI.1936, Reed, 1♂ MEI 169918 (CAS); Fundo El Cortijo, Jollaje, S., 1♂ MEI 169914 (MEIC); Rangue maipo [Maipo] [­33.73, ­70.78], 15.X.1989, Barriga, J.E., 1♂ MEI 107042 (MEUC); Tormas, Talhuaca, 1959, Peña, L., 1Ψ MEI 0 79707 (CNC); Vilaim, – VIII.1936, Caba, E., 1♂ MEI 135338 (MSUC). ACONCOGUA. Valparaiso, Estero Marga Marga [­33.021, ­71.561], 15.I.1919, 2Ψ MEI 147499 (MEIC), 147501 (CAS); Quillota, Palmas de Ocoa [­32.932, ­71.078], 215 m, 2–10.I.2000, Irwin, M.E., Schlinger, E.I., 1♂ MEI 121332 (MEIC), Malaise trap in hillside draw; Quillota [­32.883, ­71.267], 16.X.1962, Hitchins, N., 1♂ MEI 147545 (EELM). ARAUCANÍA. 12.. 7 km N Loncoch[e], 390 m, 21.I.1967, 2♂ MEI 169943, 169945 (INHS); Angol [­37.8, ­72.717], 30.X.1955, Briceño, 1♂ MEI 135339 (MSUC); 1.XI.1956, Ramirez, L., 1♂ MEI 135340 (MSUC); Nueva Imperial, La Selva [­38.867, ­72.45], 700 m, –. II.1981, Peña, L.E., female MEI 112346 (UCCC); 12 km N Villarrica, Paul Wagner Ranch (­39.223, ­72.188], 9.I.2000, Webb, D.W., Yeates, D.K., 3 females MEI 121324, 121326 –7 (INHS), Malaise in Nothofagus forest; Malleco, Termas de Río Blanco, 1080 m, 22.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., Stange, L.A., 1♂ MEI 169917, 1Ψ 169893 (MEIC); Malleco [­ 37.809, ­73.016], 1150 m, 9–12.I.2000, Webb, D.W., Yeates, D.K., Irwin, M.E., Schlinger, E.I., 6♂ MEI 121372, 121374 –8, 1Ψ 121379 (INHS), Malaise trap, Araucaria­Nothofagus forest; Cautin, 12.7 km N Loncoche [­39.252, ­72.633], 390 m, 21.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., 3♂ MEI 147523, 169912, 169920 (MEIC); Cautin, Bella Vista, N shore Lago Villarrica [­ 39.25, ­72.1], 15–30.XII.1982, Newton, A., Thayer, M., 4 females MEI 081034 –7 (MCZ) window trap; 48 km NW Nueva Imperial, Fundo La Selva [­38.428, ­73.255], 700 m, 9–11.XII.1981, Davis, D.R., 1Ψ MEI 169889 (USNM). BIO BIO. 7.5 km E Recinto, 760 m, 4–6.I.2000, Irwin, M.E., Schlinger, E.I, 1♂ 121363 (MEIC), Malaise, dry river bed; 5 km W Tucapel, 28XII.1950, Ross, Michelbacher, 1♂ MEI 169946 (CAS); Nuble, Shangrila [Termas de Chillan], SW side Volcan Chillan [­36.917, ­71.433], 1600 m, 19–21.I.1979, Davis, D. &amp; M., Akerbergs, B., 3♂ MEI 0 90424, 0 90448, 0 90456 (USNM); 5 km W Tucapel [­36.78, ­73.065], 28.XII.1950, Ross, Meichelbacher, 1♂ MEI 169905 (CAS); Concepción [­36.833, ­73.05], 11.I.1962, Troumlar, 1♂ MEI 169907 (UCCC); Ralco, 400 m, 21–22.XI.1994, Peña, L., Ugarte, 1Ψ MEI 117061 (MEIC), Malaise trap; Cobquecura [­36.128, ­72.786], 14.XII.1953, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 169903 (CNC); Las Trancas [­36.927, ­71.606], 6–11.II.1966, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 112351, 1Ψ 112352 (UCCC), Malaise trap; 8–10.II.1966, Peña, L. E., 1♂ MEI 169909, 1Ψ MEI 147535 (CUIC); Nahuelbuta National Park [­37.826, ­72.969], 1168 m, 1–8.XII.2003, Irwin, M.E., 1♂ MEI 167927, 1Ψ MEI 167930 (MEIC), Malaise trap, near park entrance; Arauco, 20 km W Caravida, Nahuelbuta [­38.017, ­73.217], 750 m, 13.I.1967, Schlinger, E.I., 1Ψ ME I 169885 (MEIC); Chillan, Las Trancas [­36.927, ­71.606], – XI.1970 – II.1971, Ocale, S., 1Ψ MEI 169891 (MEUC); Fundo Malcho, Cordillera Parral, 1–20.XI.1964, Rivera, M., 2Ψ MEI 169883–4 (MEUC); Las Cabras, 16–9.I.1955, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 147534 (CUIC). COQUIMBO. Hacienda Illapel [­31.631, ­71.165], 0 m, 19.X.1958, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 0 79713 (CNC); 15 km SW Pachingo [­30.555, ­71.635], 100–200 m, 20.X.1966, Schlinger, E.I., Irwin, M.E., 1♂ MEI 147547 (MEIC); El Naranjo, Tilama [­32.083, ­ 71.167], – X.1967, Molina, J., 1Ψ MEI 147500 (MEUC); Fray Jorge National Park [­ 30.644, ­71.65], 250 m, 24–12.XII.2003, Irwin, M.E., 1♂ MEI 167926 (MEIC), Malaise trap, in picnic area. LOS LAGOS. 22 km N Quellon, Chiloe Island, Hueque Trumao [­ 42.901, ­73.596], 50 m, 26–27.XII.1981, Davis, D.R., 1Ψ MEI 169890 (USNM); Isla Chiloe, S Chonchi Harbor, Terao Point [­42.7, ­73.633], 20–30.XI.1989, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 117060 (MEIC), Malaise trap; Chiloe, Dalcahue [­42.383, ­73.667], 13–20.I.1971, Berria, G., female MEI 112348 (UCCC); 17–22.I.1962, Peña, L.E., female MEI 0 28481 (CNC); 1–8.II.1962, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 169916 (CNC); Chiloe, Lago Tepuhueco [­ 42.783, ­73.967], 23–26.XII.1981, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 112344 (UCCC); Ahoni Alto, Isla Chiloe [­42.783, ­72.583], – IX.1988, Peña, L.E., 4 females MEI 030508 –11 (CMNH); Osorno, 30 km W Purranque [­40.917, ­73.436], 16.I.1951, Ross, Michelbacher, 1Ψ MEI 169888 (CAS); Valdivia, – XI.1953, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 147552 (CNC); Valdivia, 4.1 km W Anticura [­40.65, ­72.204], 270 m, 19–25.XII.1982, Newton, A., Thayer, M., 1Ψ MEI 0 81033 (MCZ), window trap. MAULE. El Coigual, 20–26.I.1964, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 169898 (CNC); Parral, Malcho [­36.15, ­71.833], 750 m, 24–26.I.1993, Peña, L.E., 1♂ ME I 112350 (UCCC); Pillay, Cra. Chada [­35.78, ­72.002], 23.XI.1981, Peña, L.E., female MEI 112345 (UCCC); 15 km E Curicó, Loma Hueca­Huecan [­35.067, ­71.123], 400 m, 12–23.XII.1997, Barriga, J.E., 1♂ MEI 152123 (MEIC), Malaise trap: 6 km E Los Quenes, Fundo la Montana Estero la Palma at Río Teno [­35.017, ­70.746], 14.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., 1♂ MEI 169901 (MEIC), light trap; Curico, Estero la Jaula [­35.083, ­70.8], – I.1964, Peña, L.E., 3♂ MEI 169894–6 (CNC), Nothofagus; 10 km NW Cauquenes, Río Tutuven [­ 35.903, ­72.414], 300 m, 3–4.X.1983, Nielsen, E.S., 1♂ MEI 169906 (ANIC); 1 km N Curicó [­34.973, ­71.239], 29.XI.1982, Brown, R.L., 1♂ MEI 0 30512 (MEM) black light; Linares, Fundo Malcho, – I.1957, Peña, L.E., 2♂ MEI 0 79691, 0 79702 (CNC); Talca, [Rio] Los Cipreces [­35.817, ­70.85], 1000 m, 14.I.1968, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 147544 (MEUC); Curico, Potrero Grande [­35.2, ­70.883], – I.1992, Cutkovic, T., 1Ψ MEI 169892 (MEUC); El Colgo [­34.982, ­71.239], 11.X.1959, Peña, L.E., 1Ψ MEI 0 79693 (CNC); 20 km E Potrero Grande, El Relvo [­35.186, ­70.937], 16.I.2004, Barriga, J.E., 1♂ MEI 167931, 1Ψ 167929, (MEIC); 50 km E Parral, Empedrado Bullileo [­35.85, ­71.6], 12.I.1994, Wood, G. &amp; M., 1Ψ MEI 162080 (CNC); Vilches [­35.6, ­71.2], – XII.1976, 1 ♂ MEI 078906–7 (FMNH). METROPOLITANA DE SANTIAGO. La Rinconada de Maipú, Quebrada de la Plata [­33.517, ­70.783], 510 m, 29.I.1966, Irwin, M.E., 1♂ MEI 147549 (MEIC), Malaise trap; 15.XI.1966, Irwin, M.E., 2♂ MEI 169899–900 (MEIC), Malaise trap; 6.XII.1966, Irwin, M.E., 1Ψ MEI 0 28480 (MEIC), Malaise trap; 4.I.1967, Irwin, M.E., 1♂ MEI 0 28479 (MEIC), Malaise trap; Santiago, Aculeo [­33.883, ­70.883], 3–7.XI.1959, Peña, L.E., 1♂ MEI 169904 (CNC); Perales, 1♂ MEI 169915 (USNM); Talagante [­33.667, ­ 70.917], date?, Toro, M., 1♂ MEI 147548 (MEUC); El Canelo [­33.583, ­70.45], 8.XII.1989, Marshall, S.A., 1♂ MEI 169902 (DEBU); Maipu [­33.517, ­70.767], 500 m, 31.X.1954, Peña, L.E., 2♂ MEI 079698­9 (CNC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0F642FF9B7253FEEBFA13FC80FD36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Webb, Donald W.	Webb, Donald W. (2006): The neotropical genera Microthereva Malloch and Peralia Malloch (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Zootaxa 1295: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173535
