identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B0445EFFD4FFCAFF196E5B53EC8238.text	03B0445EFFD4FFCAFF196E5B53EC8238.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bertholletia Bonpland 1808	<div><p>Bertholletia clade (63% BS; Figs. 2, 4–15)</p> <p>Our results support the monophyly of the Bertholletia clade, which includes Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis as defined in Mori &amp; Prance (1990), and the results are congruent with Mori et al. (2007) and Huang et al. (2011). The Bertholletia clade has a distinctive combination of its own synapomorphies and character states shared with some of the outgroup taxa. Character optimization using the unambiguous option of Winclada shows that morphological synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of the clade include the presence of a two or four-locular ovaries (character 39), the presence of an aril (character 47), and the absence of cotyledons (character 49). In addition, flowers of the Bertholletia clade have a distinctive combination of androecium features shared with some outgroup taxa, including zygomorphy (character 20), presence of a hood (= coiled ligule, character 26), the presence of stamens in the hood (character 32; called “vestigial” stamens because they lack anthers), and the absence of an external flap (character 25). None of the outgroup taxa has this combination of characters; all are either actinomorphic or all of the appendages on the hood are either staminodes (species of Couroupita) or vestigial stamen nectaries as in Couratari. In addition, there are no species in the Bertholletia clade with staminal tubes, as in species of Allantoma, Cariniana, and Gustavia (character 21).</p> <p>There are also seed features that separate the Bertholletia clade from the outgroup. For example, there are no species in the Bertholletia clade with linear seeds with a notch at the base (cf. Allantoma lineata [Mart. ex O. Berg [1858: 508]] Miers [1874: 297]), and none have fleshy cotyledons (cf. Gustavia; character 49), winged seeds (unilaterally winged in Allantoma and Cariniana, circumferentially winged in Couratari; character 45), seeds with long trichomes extending from the seed coat (cf. Couroupita; character 44) (Tsou &amp; Mori, 2002), or seeds with leaf-like cotyledons (cf. Cariniana, Couratari, and Couroupita; character 49). The only genus outside of the Bertholletia clade with a ligule extending from a staminal ring, a feature common to all members of the Bertholletia clade, is Couroupita (character 24). Within the Bertholletia clade, the four genera are divided into the ten clades described and illustrated below (Figs. 4–14).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFD4FFCAFF196E5B53EC8238	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFD8FFCBFF196E3D521A8455.text	03B0445EFFD8FFCBFF196E3D521A8455.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lecythis pisonis Cambessedes 1829	<div><p>Lecythis pisonis clade (100% BS; Figs. 2A, 4)</p> <p>This clade comprises all four species of Lecythis section Pisonis recognized by Mori &amp; Prance (1981) and Mori (1990b) and several other species that were included in synonymy by these authors but represent distinct species that have not yet been resurrected (Mori, unpubl. data). The species of this clade are found throughout lowland rainforests in Central and South America but at low densities. Morphological synapomorphies include the presence of a bluishgreen color caused by the oxidation of wounded tissue (character 2), an annular expansion below the apex of the style (character 38; Fig. 4C), and sulcate seeds (character 43; Fig. 4G). The sulcate seeds are unique to this clade. In addition to these features, the bark is deeply fissured and laminated and the fruits (Fig. 4F) are larger than found in any group of Lecythidaceae. The monophyly of Section Pisonis found in this study is congruent with previous studies (Mori, 1990b; Mori et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2011). Although the monophyly of the Lecythis pisonis clade is strongly supported, species circumscriptions within the clade are problematic, especially for L. pisonis as circumscribed by Mori (1990b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFD8FFCBFF196E3D521A8455	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFD9FFCDFF196EBD510385E5.text	03B0445EFFD9FFCDFF196EBD510385E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lecythis ollaria Linnaeus [1759: 1071	<div><p>Lecythis ollaria clade (100% BS; Figs. 2A, 5, 9A–C)</p> <p>The three species of this clade have a narrow distribution limited to northwestern South America (Huang, 2010). The three sampled species were included in Lecythis Section Lecythis by Mori (1990b), in which he placed an additional 11 species.</p> <p>A morphological synapomorphy for the Lecythis ollaria clade is the presence of a single coiled ligule with vestigial stamens found only on the exterior part of the coil (character 26, Fig. 5A, G). In addition, the style is short and erect (Fig. 5G; not coded in Huang et al., 2011), the seeds have a well-developed basal aril (character 48; Figs. 5J, 9A, B),</p> <p>and the major seed veins are plane or slightly impressed and the areas between the veins appear to be free of connecting veins and are smooth (Figs. 5J, 9A–C).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFD9FFCDFF196EBD510385E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFDCFFCEFF19698E571A8695.text	03B0445EFFDCFFCEFF19698E571A8695.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lecythis poiteaui O. Berg 1858	<div><p>Lecythis poiteaui clade (72% BS; Figs. 2A, 6)</p> <p>This clade is found from central to eastern Amazonia and disjunct in the coastal forests of eastern Brazil (Huang, 2010). It is sister to the L. ollaria clade but the five species recovered in it lack the single coil (character 26, Fig. 6C, D, F, K) of that clade. None of the coded morphological characters provide synapomorphies for the L. poiteaui clade, but its members possess a long, oblique or geniculate (Fig. 6G) instead of an erect style; roundish (Fig. 6J, P) instead of longer than broad seeds of the L. chartacea clade (e.g., Fig. 9D, E); dendritic seed venation (Fig. 9M–P); and absent (Fig. 6J) or vestigial aril (Fig. 6P) versus a more developed basal aril of other clades (characters 47 and 48; Figs. 4G, 5F, 9A, B). The species of this clade generally have the androecial hood closed (= closed androecium, character 33, Figs. 6D, F, K) and petals that are tightly pressed against the androecium, presumably to stop entry into the flowers by non-pollinators. In addition the entrance into the apex of androecial hood is yellow, a color that usually directs bees to a pollinator reward.</p> <p>Species of the Lecythis poiteaui clade that are not bee pollinated are Lecythis barnebyi S. A. Mori (1981a: 360) (Fig. 6A) and L. poiteaui. These two species are nocturnal and bats have been observed taking nectar from their flowers; thus, they are presumed to be bat-pollinated (Mori &amp; Prance, 1990). These two species also possess similar cuticular papillae on the abaxial leaf blade surface (character 5), a massive number of stamens (character 34; Fig. 6A, B), open androecia (character 33; Figs. 6A, B), petals not pressed against the androecium (Fig. 6A), and the presence of at least some anthers (or possibly antherodes) on the hood (character 32). Mori (1990b) placed L. brancoensis (R. Knuth 1939: 84) S. A. Mori (1981a: 359), along with the two other bat-pollinated species, in Lecythis sect. Poiteaui, and this relationship was supported by Huang et al. (2011). In contrast, this study places L. brancoensis in the Lecythis chartacea clade. Thus, if L. brancoensis is found to be bat-pollinated as suggested by Mori (1990b), our results indicate that bat pollination may have evolved twice in New World Lecythidaceae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFDCFFCEFF19698E571A8695	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFDCFFD1FF196ACA500F84A9.text	03B0445EFFDCFFD1FF196ACA500F84A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bertholletia excelsa Bonpland 1807	<div><p>Bertholletia excelsa clade (100% BS; Figs. 2A, 7)</p> <p>This clade includes only Bertholletia excelsa, which is distributed throughout Amazonia and parts of the Guianas (see Fig. 21 in Prance &amp; Mori, 1990). In the present study, B. excelsa is sister to the Lecythis chartacea clade. It differs from species of that clade by having two calyx lobes (character 16; Fig. 7B), seeds without an aril (character 47; Fig. 7G), and a type of secondary indehiscence in which the seed is larger than the opercular opening (character 41; Fig. 7E, F). Bertholletia excelsa provides good examples of petals pressed against the androecium (character 33; Fig. 7A) and, as seen in the field or in color images, of the yellow color on the androecial hood at the entrance into the flower. Bertholletia is the only genus of the family with a boney seed testa and the complete absence of an aril (Fig. 7G). It does, however, share features with species of the L. poiteaui and L. chartacea clades, including similar androecia with swept in appendages (Fig. 7D), 4-locular ovaries (Fig. 7C), and long, slender, oblique or geniculate styles (Fig. 7B).</p> <p>Mori &amp; Prance (1990) hypothesized that B. excelsa is related to Lecythis lurida (Miers 1874: 262) S. A. Mori (1981a: 362). This hypothesis was based on the following shared characters of the two species (Mori &amp; Prance, 1990): the presence of cuticular papillae on the abaxial leaf blade surface (character 5; see Fig. 96 in Mori &amp; Prance, 1990), hood appendages swept or curved inward without forming a complete coil (character 31; Fig. 7D), mature fruits that fall to the ground with the seeds remaining inside (character 40), a unique dehiscence (character 41; Fig. 7E, F) in Bertholletia, and fruits that do not open at all in L. lurida. The relationship of B. excelsa with L. lurida and related species of the L. poiteaui clade is not supported by this study (Fig. 3A).</p> <p>There are no other species of Lecythidaceae with fruits morphologically similar to those of B. excelsa. The fruits of B. excelsa have thicker and woodier pericarps and are, in fact, dehiscent but the opercular opening is smaller in diameter than that of the seeds, and the operculum falls into the fruit when it dehisces (Tsou &amp; Mori, 2002) (Fig. 7E, F). It has been hypothesized that this type of dehiscence is related to selection for dispersal by rodents, especially agoutis (Ducke, 1948; Prance &amp; Mori, 1978). In neotropical Lecythidaceae, shifts to different dispersal agents and accompanying morphological changes have occurred a number of times (Tsou &amp; Mori, 2002). For example, in Allantoma there has been a shift from wind-dispersal facilitated by a unilateral seed wing in most terra firme species to the water-dispersed A. lineata with only a vestigial seed wing (Huang et al., 2008). Another shift has been from the terra firme dehiscent-fruited, arillate seeded, animal-dispersed L. chartacea to the riverine, indehiscent-fruited, non arillate-seeded, water-dispersed L. rorida O. Berg (1858: 488) (Kubitzki &amp; Ziburski, 1994). Thus, species of neotropical Lecythidaceae may belong to the same genus even though the morphological adaptations for seed dispersal by different dispersal agents may be quite different.</p> <p>of the hypocotyl. This monotypic clade is part of the larger Bertholletia clade. Drawings by B. Angell and photo by S.A. Mori.</p> <p>Other morphological characters that would suggest relationships between B. excelsa and some species of Lecythis may be misleading and are homoplasious on our trees. For example many species of Amazonian Lecythidaceae have thick cuticles and papillae that arise from them, most likely to reduce water loss from the leaves—thus, the presence or absence of papillae should not be given much weight in predicting evolutionary relationships in this family. Even the unique two-lobed calyx (Fig. 7B) of B. excelsa is not an absolute indicator of evolutionary relationships because nearly all zygomorphic-flowered neotropical Lecythidaceae (including B. excelsa) have six calyx-lobe primordia in early floral development (see Fig. 78 in Tsou &amp; Mori, 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFDCFFD1FF196ACA500F84A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC3FFD3FF1968AE56138D1F.text	03B0445EFFC3FFD3FF1968AE56138D1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lecythis chartacea O. Berg 1856	<div><p>Lecythis chartacea clade (76% BS; Figs. 2A, 8)</p> <p>This clade is distributed in Amazonian Venezuela, the Guianas, and in western to eastern Amazonian Brazil (Huang, 2010). None of the morphological characters that were included in the analysis provide synapomorphies for this clade, and the only apparent morphological distinction for the clade is the more-or-less fusiform seeds with salient longitudinally oriented major veins and the areas between them with salient higher order veins (Figs. 8F). These seeds differ from the smooth inter-venal areas of the seeds of the L. ollaria clade (Fig. 9A–C), the dendritically arranged pattern and plane or impressed veins of the L. poiteaui clade (Fig. 9M–P), and the hard seed coat of the Bertholletia excelsa clade (Fig. 7G). Members of the L. chartacea clade possess an androecial hood with swept in appendages (Figs. 8A, I, L) as do some of the species of the L. poiteaui (Fig. 6D) and B. excelsa (Fig. 7D) clades. The hood of the L. ollaria clade differs from these clades in its possession of a single coil (Fig. 5A, G). In addition, zygomorphic-flowered species with these types of androecial hoods do not possess obvious vestigial stamen nectaries, like those of the Eschweilera integrifolia (Figs. 11B, F) and E. parvifolia (Figs 15B, H) clades and the outgroup genus Couratari. The presence of mucilage ducts in the ovary and/or the calyx lobes (character 17) is found in both the L. poiteaui (Figs. 6E, H, L) and L. chartacea clades but they are more common in the former clade; relatively long, obliquely oriented or geniculate styles occur in the L. poiteaui (Fig. 6G), B. excelsa (Fig. 7B), and L. chartacea (Figs. 8B, 8J) clades; indehiscent fruits are found in some of the species of the L. poiteaui, B. excelsa, and some of the species of the L. chartacea clades. Moreover, there are both dehiscent- and indehiscent-fruited species in the L. poiteaui and L. chartacea clades. In these clades, the fruits are of two types: they can be large with a relatively thin pericarp and fall to the ground without dehiscing (e.g., L. lurida and L. prancei Mori [1990b: 304], Fig. 6I) or the fruits dehisce but do not release the seeds, which are so large that they do not fall from the fruit (e.g., L. ibiriba (Miers 1874: 236) Smith et al. [2013: 447], Fig. 6N). In the Lecythis poiteaui clade, regardless of fruit type (whether truly indehiscent or with seeds that remain stuck inside the fruit), the seeds are large, more-or-less round (i.e., not markedly longer than broad), have plane or slightly impressed, dendritic veins, and a vestigial (Fig. 6P) aril or no sign of an aril (Figs. 6J, 9M–P).</p> <p>Indehiscent fruits of the L. chartacea clade are possessed by the riverine species L. rorida (mistakenly treated as a synonym of L. chartacea by Mori, 1990b), which has fruits that usually drop into the water with the non-arillate seeds trapped inside, and the terra firme species L. gracieana S. A. Mori (in Mori &amp; Lepsch-Cunha 1995: 47) and L. parvifructa S. A. Mori (1990b: 312), which have relatively small, single-seeded fruits that fall to the ground at maturity without dehiscing. All of the remaining species sampled in the L. chartacea clade have dehiscent fruits and seeds with well-developed basal arils.</p> <p>Lecythis brancoensis is sister to all other species of the L. chartacea clade (Fig. 2A), but was included in Lecythis Section Poiteaui by Mori (1990b). It differs from other species of the L. chartacea clade in the presence of anthers or antherodes (character 32) on the innermost appendages of the androecial hood and the absence of a closed androecium (character 33). It was placed in Lecythis sect. Poiteaui based on the hypothesis that L. brancoensis is also bat-pollinated, which is supported by its unbranched terminal inflorescence and very large numbers of stamens, In addition, L. brancoensis shares a papillate abaxial leaf surface with the bat-pollinated L. barnebyi and L. poiteaui. In Huang et al. (2011), L. brancoensis was recovered as a clade with the two known bat-pollinated species of Lecythis sect. Poiteaui; however, the current study does not support the relationship between the bat-pollinated species of the Lecythis poiteaui clade (Fig. 2A) and the hypothetical bat-pollinated L. brancoensis of the L. chartacea clade.</p> <p>Eschweilera congestiflora and E. simiorum were placed in Eschweilera Section Eschweilera by Mori &amp; Prance (1990) but these two species possess features that are common for species of the L. chartacea clade, e.g., a non-coiled ligule (character 26; Fig. 8C, I, L), curved inward appendages arising from the apex of the ligule (character 31), a 4- locular ovary (character 39), and seeds with a basal aril (characters 47, 48; Fig. 9L). Mori et al. (2007) pointed out that these two species were placed in the wrong genus as indicated by molecular data. In this study, these two species are embedded in the L. chartacea clade, but new combinations will not be needed because they were originally described as L. congestiflora Benoist (1915: 177) and L. simiorum Benoist (1915: 178) (Fig. 2 in Mori et al., 2007).</p> <p>have more-or-less globose seeds, plane or impressed veins, and the overall dendritic venation pattern. Photos by S. A. Mori.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFC3FFD3FF1968AE56138D1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC6FFD4FF19698E51948762.text	03B0445EFFC6FFD4FF19698E51948762.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corythophora , Huang 2011	<div><p>Corythophora clade (100% BS; Fig. 2A, 10)</p> <p>This clade includes all four species of Corythophora recognized by Mori &amp; Prance (1990). Species of Corythophora are restricted to Surinam, French Guiana, and central and eastern Amazonian Brazil (Huang, 2010). Morphological synapomorphies of Corythophora include the presence of squamae on the surface of the inflorescence rachis (character 12, Fig. 3A) and anther dimorphism (character 36). In addition, the species of Corythophora possess dorsiventrally thickened and closed androecial hoods (character 33; Fig. 10A, D, F, I). Within the clade, the species are divided into two subclades (Fig. 2A): one with C. labriculata (Eyma 1932: 75) S. A. Mori &amp; Prance (Mori 1981a: 365) and C. amapaensis Pires ex S. A. Mori &amp; Prance (Mori 1981a: 365), and the other with C. alta R. Knuth (1939: 51) and C. rimosa Rodrigues (1974: 5). The latter subclade differs from the former by the presence of ligular (character 32) instead of staminal ring antherodes, non-imbricate calyx-lobes, and a hypanthium and calyx-lobes that are not differentiated in texture and color. The monophyly of Corythophora in this study is congruent with previous studies (Mori &amp; Prance, 1990; Mori et al., 2007; and Huang et al., 2011).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFC6FFD4FF19698E51948762	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC7FFD6FF19698E52D183B6.text	03B0445EFFC7FFD6FF19698E52D183B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eschweilera integrifolia	<div><p>Eschweilera integrifolia clade (&lt;50% BS; Fig. 2B, 11, 12)</p> <p>This clade comprises 19 sampled species of Eschweilera included in Eschweilera section Eschweilera by Mori &amp; Prance (1990). Species of this group are found from central to western Amazonian Brazil, the Andes, forests of the Pacific coasts of Colombia, Ecuador, and Central America as far north as Costa Rica.</p> <p>This clade is defined by a triple coil (characters 26, 27) with vestigial stamen nectaries at the apex of the last coil (not coded; Fig. 11B, F). In addition, most of the species (e.g., E. aguilarii S. A. Mori [2007: 903], E. amplexifolia S. A. Mori [Mori &amp; Prance 1990: 201], E. andina (Rusby 1896: 37) Macbride [1941: 246], E. collinsii Pittier (1908: 97), E. integrifolia, E. ovalifolia (Candolle 1828: 292) Niedenzu [1892: 40], and E. sessilis A. C. Smith 1933: 21) have a spreading aril that completely surrounds the seed (character 48; Figs. 11D, G, I, 12C), but several species (e.g., E. antioquensis Dugand &amp; Daniel [1938: 1], E. caudiculata R. Knuth [1939: 95], and E. rimbachii Standley [1935: 31]) possess arils that are lateral but differ from the lateral arils of the E. parvifolia clade by having their ends extend around the base and apex of the seed (Fig. 12A, B); one species (E. jacquelyniae S. A. Mori [Mori &amp; Prance 1990: 192]) has very large and fleshy lateral arils (Fig. 11D).</p> <p>Eschweilera amazoniciformis, endemic to central Amazonian Brazil, is sister to the remaining species of the clade (Fig. 2B). This species is distinguished by the presence of four instead of six calyx-lobes (character 16) and four instead of six petals (18). In addition, it is the only known species of neotropical Lecythidaceae with the combination of a triple-coiled androecial hood and fusiform seeds with a well-developed basal aril.</p> <p>Most of the species of the E. integrifolia clade are found in western Amazonia and the mountain valleys and slopes of the Andes, with the exception of the central Amazonian E. amazoniciformis and Eschweilera ovalifolia. The Andean and western Amazonian species possess predominantly red flowers, but some species, for example, the coastal Ecuadorean species E. awaensis S. A. Mori &amp; Cornejo (2011: 470) and the western to central Amazonian species E. ovalifolia, have yellow flowers.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFC7FFD6FF19698E52D183B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC4FFD7FF196FAB565D82C0.text	03B0445EFFC4FFD7FF196FAB565D82C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eschweilera tetrapetala S. A. Mori 1981	<div><p>Eschweilera tetrapetala clade (100% BS; Figs. 2B, 13)</p> <p>This small clade consists of three sampled species (E. alvimii S. A. Mori [1981: 469], E. tetrapetala, and E. nana and three additional species (E. complanata S. A. Mori [1995: 16], E. compressa (Vellozo 1829: 222) Miers [1874: 248], and E. mattos-silvae S. A. Mori [1995: 22]) and several unnamed species that were not included in this study. Eschweilera alvimii and E. tetrapetala were included in Eschweilera section Tetrapetala (Mori, 1990) and Eschweilera nana was included in Eschweilera section Eschweilera by Mori &amp; Prance (1990). Eschweilera nana has a wide distribution in the Brazilian cerrado but the other species have narrow distributions and are endemic to the coastal forests of eastern Brazil (Huang, 2010).</p> <p>Synapomorphies of this clade include the presence of squamae on the inflorescence rachises (Fig. 3B; character 12) and appendages on both the interior and exterior surfaces instead of only on the exterior surface of the single androecial hood coil (character 29; Fig. A, C). The latter character is unique to this clade. The monophyly of Section Tetrapetala in the present study is congruent with Huang et al. (2011). In addition, species of the E. tetrapetala clade have a single androecial hood coil, a two-locular ovary (character 39; Fig. 13B), and a basal aril (characters 47, 48; Fig. 13E).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFC4FFD7FF196FAB565D82C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFCAFFDAFF2C6FAC51AB84C5.text	03B0445EFFCAFFDAFF2C6FAC51AB84C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lecythis corrugata Poiteau 1825	<div><p>Lecythis corrugata (99% BS; Fig. 14)</p> <p>This clade includes all five species of Lecythis section Corrugata recognized by Mori (1990b). Species of L. section Corrugata are found in the Guianas, eastern Amazonian Brazil, and on the other side of the Andes in the Lake Maracaibo area (Huang, 2010).</p> <p>Synapomorphies for this clade are the presence of rugose/tuberculate pedicels and hypanthia (character 14; Figs. 14E, F) and ligular flanges (absent in L. corrugata) (character 28, Fig. 14B, D). Other synapomorphies include the presence of a non-coiled ligule (character 26; Fig. 14B–D), an open androecium (absent in L. corrugata, character 33; Fig. 14B–D), anther dimorphism (character 36), and four-locular ovaries (character 39). The monophyly of the L. corrugata clade in the present study is consistent with Mori (1990b), Mori et al. (2007), and Huang et al. (2011). However, recovering the L. corrugata clade as sister to the E. parvifolia clade has not been suggested before.</p> <p>Within this clade L. corrugata is morphologically similar to species of Corythophora, especially to the two species in the C. amapaensis / C. labriculata clade, as indicated by dorsi-ventrally thickened, closed androecial hoods (character 33; Figs. 10D, 10I, 14A). Huang et al. (2011) pointed out that the L. corrugata and Corythophora clades have non-coiled ligules (character 26; Figs. 14A–C), reduced or well-developed appendages on the interior side of the ligule (character 29, Fig. 14A–C), anther dimorphism (character 36, Fig. 14C), and seeds with basal arils (characters 47, 48; Figs. 10L, 14F). However, all species in this clade (other than L. corrugata) are easily separated from Corythophora by an open instead of a closed androecium, the presence of lateral flanges, and four instead of a two-locular (except C. labriculata) ovaries. In this study, the close relationship of the L. corrugata and Corythophora clades is not supported. A close relationship of these clades was supported by Huang et al. (2011), but the only synapomorphy was the presence of anther dimorphism (character 36; Fig. 14C).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFCAFFDAFF2C6FAC51AB84C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC8FFDAFF196B3A51168399.text	03B0445EFFC8FFDAFF196B3A51168399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eschweilera parvifolia Mart. ex Candolle 1828	<div><p>Eschweilera parvifolia clade (94% BS; Fig. 2B, Fig. 15)</p> <p>This clade consists of a sample of 29 of the approximately 63 species (minus the species now considered as belonging to the E. integrifolia clade) recognized by Mori &amp; Prance (1990). Species of this clade are found nearly everywhere in the Neotropics, ranging from Veracruz, Mexico to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Huang, 2010).</p> <p>The sections of Eschweilera, as defined by Mori &amp; Prance (1990), include Eschweilera sect. Tetrapetala (our E. tetrapetala clade discussed above); Eschweilera sect. Jugastrum, consisting only of E. tenuifolia (O. Berg 1858: 502) Miers (1874: 266); Eschweilera sect. Bracteosa, consisting of the sampled E. bracteosa (Poepp ex. O. Berg (1856: 455) Miers (1874: 274), E. laevicarpa S. A. Mori (1987: 32), and E. cyathiformis S. A. Mori (1989: 20), and the nonsampled E. rabeliana S. A. Mori (1989: 21) and E. revoluta S. A. Mori (in Mori &amp; Prance 1990: 174); and Eschweilera section Eschweilera with the remaining species (minus those found in the E. integrifolia clade). The type, E. parvifolia (Mori &amp; Prance, 1990), is found in this clade.</p> <p>Mori &amp; Prance (1990 d) included species of our E. integrifolia (described above), E. tetrapetala (described above), and the E. parvifolia clades in their concept of Eschweilera. Based on our results, Eschweilera is not monophyletic.</p> <p>The most useful morphological synapomorphy of the E. parvifolia clade is the presence of a lateral aril (character 48, Fig. 15F). Although there are a few species with lateral arils in the E. integrifolia clade, most of those species have spreading arils (Fig. 12C) and the ones with lateral arils are either much larger and/or wrap around the ends of the seeds (Figs. 12A, 12B, see above discussion of the E. integrifolia clade). In addition, this is the only clade with consistently double-coiled androecial hoods (Fig. 15B–H) in contrast to the consistently single-coiled androecial hoods of the Eschweilera tetrapetala and the triple-coiled androecial hoods of the E. integrifolia clades. The species of the Eschweilera parvifolia and E. integrifolia clades are the only species to have vestigial stamen nectaries in the Bertholletia clade, a feature that is also found outside of the clade in Couratari (Mori et. al., 2015).</p> <p>Eschweilera tenuifolia differs from the other species of this clade because it lacks pedicels (character 13) and its seeds do not have an aril (character 47). Other defining features are wedge-shaped seeds; a corky seed coat; and seed germination from the sides (Fig. 18M in Prance &amp; Mori, 1979) instead of the ends of the seeds (not coded). The flowers of E. tenuifolia have a double-coiled androecial hood identical to the other species of the E. parvifolia clade. This species was the only one included in E. section Jugastrum by Mori &amp; Prance (1990) and can only be recognized as a separate section if the poorly understood basal clade (the E. mexicana clade) is also recognized as a section but that clade has no differences from the other species of the Eschweilera parvifolia clade. In this study, the representatives of Eschweilera section Bracteosa fall into two unresolved clades. Whether this section should be recognized is open to question, but it is unlikely that the persistent bracts and bracteoles in the inflorescences are stable enough for use in defining taxonomic groups (Fig. 2B).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0445EFFC8FFDAFF196B3A51168399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Ya-Yi;Mori, Scott A.;Kelly, Lawrence M.	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
