taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B0445EFFD4FFCAFF196E5B53EC8238.taxon	description	There are also seed features that separate the Bertholletia clade from the outgroup. For example, there are no species in the Bertholletia clade with linear seeds with a notch at the base (cf. Allantoma lineata [Mart. ex O. Berg [1858: 508 ]] Miers [1874: 297]), and none have fleshy cotyledons (cf. Gustavia; character 49), winged seeds (unilaterally winged in Allantoma and Cariniana, circumferentially winged in Couratari; character 45), seeds with long trichomes extending from the seed coat (cf. Couroupita; character 44) (Tsou & Mori, 2002), or seeds with leaf-like cotyledons (cf. Cariniana, Couratari, and Couroupita; character 49). The only genus outside of the Bertholletia clade with a ligule extending from a staminal ring, a feature common to all members of the Bertholletia clade, is Couroupita (character 24). Within the Bertholletia clade, the four genera are divided into the ten clades described and illustrated below (Figs. 4 – 14).	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFD9FFCDFF196EBD510385E5.taxon	description	A morphological synapomorphy for the Lecythis ollaria clade is the presence of a single coiled ligule with vestigial stamens found only on the exterior part of the coil (character 26, Fig. 5 A, G). In addition, the style is short and erect (Fig. 5 G; not coded in Huang et al., 2011), the seeds have a well-developed basal aril (character 48; Figs. 5 J, 9 A, B), and the major seed veins are plane or slightly impressed and the areas between the veins appear to be free of connecting veins and are smooth (Figs. 5 J, 9 A – C).	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFDCFFCEFF19698E571A8695.taxon	description	Species of the Lecythis poiteaui clade that are not bee pollinated are Lecythis barnebyi S. A. Mori (1981 a: 360) (Fig. 6 A) and L. poiteaui. These two species are nocturnal and bats have been observed taking nectar from their flowers; thus, they are presumed to be bat-pollinated (Mori & Prance, 1990). These two species also possess similar cuticular papillae on the abaxial leaf blade surface (character 5), a massive number of stamens (character 34; Fig. 6 A, B), open androecia (character 33; Figs. 6 A, B), petals not pressed against the androecium (Fig. 6 A), and the presence of at least some anthers (or possibly antherodes) on the hood (character 32). Mori (1990 b) placed L. brancoensis (R. Knuth 1939: 84) S. A. Mori (1981 a: 359), along with the two other bat-pollinated species, in Lecythis sect. Poiteaui, and this relationship was supported by Huang et al. (2011). In contrast, this study places L. brancoensis in the Lecythis chartacea clade. Thus, if L. brancoensis is found to be bat-pollinated as suggested by Mori (1990 b), our results indicate that bat pollination may have evolved twice in New World Lecythidaceae.	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFDCFFD1FF196ACA500F84A9.taxon	description	Mori & Prance (1990) hypothesized that B. excelsa is related to Lecythis lurida (Miers 1874: 262) S. A. Mori (1981 a: 362). This hypothesis was based on the following shared characters of the two species (Mori & Prance, 1990): the presence of cuticular papillae on the abaxial leaf blade surface (character 5; see Fig. 96 in Mori & Prance, 1990), hood appendages swept or curved inward without forming a complete coil (character 31; Fig. 7 D), mature fruits that fall to the ground with the seeds remaining inside (character 40), a unique dehiscence (character 41; Fig. 7 E, F) in Bertholletia, and fruits that do not open at all in L. lurida. The relationship of B. excelsa with L. lurida and related species of the L. poiteaui clade is not supported by this study (Fig. 3 A). There are no other species of Lecythidaceae with fruits morphologically similar to those of B. excelsa. The fruits of B. excelsa have thicker and woodier pericarps and are, in fact, dehiscent but the opercular opening is smaller in diameter than that of the seeds, and the operculum falls into the fruit when it dehisces (Tsou & Mori, 2002) (Fig. 7 E, F). It has been hypothesized that this type of dehiscence is related to selection for dispersal by rodents, especially agoutis (Ducke, 1948; Prance & Mori, 1978). In neotropical Lecythidaceae, shifts to different dispersal agents and accompanying morphological changes have occurred a number of times (Tsou & Mori, 2002). For example, in Allantoma there has been a shift from wind-dispersal facilitated by a unilateral seed wing in most terra firme species to the water-dispersed A. lineata with only a vestigial seed wing (Huang et al., 2008). Another shift has been from the terra firme dehiscent-fruited, arillate seeded, animal-dispersed L. chartacea to the riverine, indehiscent-fruited, non arillate-seeded, water-dispersed L. rorida O. Berg (1858: 488) (Kubitzki & Ziburski, 1994). Thus, species of neotropical Lecythidaceae may belong to the same genus even though the morphological adaptations for seed dispersal by different dispersal agents may be quite different. of the hypocotyl. This monotypic clade is part of the larger Bertholletia clade. Drawings by B. Angell and photo by S. A. Mori. Other morphological characters that would suggest relationships between B. excelsa and some species of Lecythis may be misleading and are homoplasious on our trees. For example many species of Amazonian Lecythidaceae have thick cuticles and papillae that arise from them, most likely to reduce water loss from the leaves — thus, the presence or absence of papillae should not be given much weight in predicting evolutionary relationships in this family. Even the unique two-lobed calyx (Fig. 7 B) of B. excelsa is not an absolute indicator of evolutionary relationships because nearly all zygomorphic-flowered neotropical Lecythidaceae (including B. excelsa) have six calyx-lobe primordia in early floral development (see Fig. 78 in Tsou & Mori, 2007).	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC3FFD3FF1968AE56138D1F.taxon	description	Indehiscent fruits of the L. chartacea clade are possessed by the riverine species L. rorida (mistakenly treated as a synonym of L. chartacea by Mori, 1990 b), which has fruits that usually drop into the water with the non-arillate seeds trapped inside, and the terra firme species L. gracieana S. A. Mori (in Mori & Lepsch-Cunha 1995: 47) and L. parvifructa S. A. Mori (1990 b: 312), which have relatively small, single-seeded fruits that fall to the ground at maturity without dehiscing. All of the remaining species sampled in the L. chartacea clade have dehiscent fruits and seeds with well-developed basal arils.	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC7FFD6FF19698E52D183B6.taxon	description	This clade is defined by a triple coil (characters 26, 27) with vestigial stamen nectaries at the apex of the last coil (not coded; Fig. 11 B, F). In addition, most of the species (e. g., E. aguilarii S. A. Mori [2007: 903], E. amplexifolia S. A. Mori [Mori & Prance 1990: 201], E. andina (Rusby 1896: 37) Macbride [1941: 246], E. collinsii Pittier (1908: 97), E. integrifolia, E. ovalifolia (Candolle 1828: 292) Niedenzu [1892: 40], and E. sessilis A. C. Smith 1933: 21) have a spreading aril that completely surrounds the seed (character 48; Figs. 11 D, G, I, 12 C), but several species (e. g., E. antioquensis Dugand & Daniel [1938: 1], E. caudiculata R. Knuth [1939: 95], and E. rimbachii Standley [1935: 31]) possess arils that are lateral but differ from the lateral arils of the E. parvifolia clade by having their ends extend around the base and apex of the seed (Fig. 12 A, B); one species (E. jacquelyniae S. A. Mori [Mori & Prance 1990: 192]) has very large and fleshy lateral arils (Fig. 11 D). Eschweilera amazoniciformis, endemic to central Amazonian Brazil, is sister to the remaining species of the clade (Fig. 2 B). This species is distinguished by the presence of four instead of six calyx-lobes (character 16) and four instead of six petals (18). In addition, it is the only known species of neotropical Lecythidaceae with the combination of a triple-coiled androecial hood and fusiform seeds with a well-developed basal aril. Most of the species of the E. integrifolia clade are found in western Amazonia and the mountain valleys and slopes of the Andes, with the exception of the central Amazonian E. amazoniciformis and Eschweilera ovalifolia. The Andean and western Amazonian species possess predominantly red flowers, but some species, for example, the coastal Ecuadorean species E. awaensis S. A. Mori & Cornejo (2011: 470) and the western to central Amazonian species E. ovalifolia, have yellow flowers.	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC4FFD7FF196FAB565D82C0.taxon	description	Synapomorphies of this clade include the presence of squamae on the inflorescence rachises (Fig. 3 B; character 12) and appendages on both the interior and exterior surfaces instead of only on the exterior surface of the single androecial hood coil (character 29; Fig. A, C). The latter character is unique to this clade. The monophyly of Section Tetrapetala in the present study is congruent with Huang et al. (2011). In addition, species of the E. tetrapetala clade have a single androecial hood coil, a two-locular ovary (character 39; Fig. 13 B), and a basal aril (characters 47, 48; Fig. 13 E).	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFCAFFDAFF2C6FAC51AB84C5.taxon	description	This clade includes all five species of Lecythis section Corrugata recognized by Mori (1990 b). Species of L. section Corrugata are found in the Guianas, eastern Amazonian Brazil, and on the other side of the Andes in the Lake Maracaibo area (Huang, 2010). Synapomorphies for this clade are the presence of rugose / tuberculate pedicels and hypanthia (character 14; Figs. 14 E, F) and ligular flanges (absent in L. corrugata) (character 28, Fig. 14 B, D). Other synapomorphies include the presence of a non-coiled ligule (character 26; Fig. 14 B – D), an open androecium (absent in L. corrugata, character 33; Fig. 14 B – D), anther dimorphism (character 36), and four-locular ovaries (character 39). The monophyly of the L. corrugata clade in the present study is consistent with Mori (1990 b), Mori et al. (2007), and Huang et al. (2011). However, recovering the L. corrugata clade as sister to the E. parvifolia clade has not been suggested before. Within this clade L. corrugata is morphologically similar to species of Corythophora, especially to the two species in the C. amapaensis / C. labriculata clade, as indicated by dorsi-ventrally thickened, closed androecial hoods (character 33; Figs. 10 D, 10 I, 14 A). Huang et al. (2011) pointed out that the L. corrugata and Corythophora clades have non-coiled ligules (character 26; Figs. 14 A – C), reduced or well-developed appendages on the interior side of the ligule (character 29, Fig. 14 A – C), anther dimorphism (character 36, Fig. 14 C), and seeds with basal arils (characters 47, 48; Figs. 10 L, 14 F). However, all species in this clade (other than L. corrugata) are easily separated from Corythophora by an open instead of a closed androecium, the presence of lateral flanges, and four instead of a two-locular (except C. labriculata) ovaries. In this study, the close relationship of the L. corrugata and Corythophora clades is not supported. A close relationship of these clades was supported by Huang et al. (2011), but the only synapomorphy was the presence of anther dimorphism (character 36; Fig. 14 C).	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
03B0445EFFC8FFDAFF196B3A51168399.taxon	description	The sections of Eschweilera, as defined by Mori & Prance (1990), include Eschweilera sect. Tetrapetala (our E. tetrapetala clade discussed above); Eschweilera sect. Jugastrum, consisting only of E. tenuifolia (O. Berg 1858: 502) Miers (1874: 266); Eschweilera sect. Bracteosa, consisting of the sampled E. bracteosa (Poepp ex. O. Berg (1856: 455) Miers (1874: 274), E. laevicarpa S. A. Mori (1987: 32), and E. cyathiformis S. A. Mori (1989: 20), and the nonsampled E. rabeliana S. A. Mori (1989: 21) and E. revoluta S. A. Mori (in Mori & Prance 1990: 174); and Eschweilera section Eschweilera with the remaining species (minus those found in the E. integrifolia clade). The type, E. parvifolia (Mori & Prance, 1990), is found in this clade. Mori & Prance (1990 d) included species of our E. integrifolia (described above), E. tetrapetala (described above), and the E. parvifolia clades in their concept of Eschweilera. Based on our results, Eschweilera is not monophyletic. The most useful morphological synapomorphy of the E. parvifolia clade is the presence of a lateral aril (character 48, Fig. 15 F). Although there are a few species with lateral arils in the E. integrifolia clade, most of those species have spreading arils (Fig. 12 C) and the ones with lateral arils are either much larger and / or wrap around the ends of the seeds (Figs. 12 A, 12 B, see above discussion of the E. integrifolia clade). In addition, this is the only clade with consistently double-coiled androecial hoods (Fig. 15 B – H) in contrast to the consistently single-coiled androecial hoods of the Eschweilera tetrapetala and the triple-coiled androecial hoods of the E. integrifolia clades. The species of the Eschweilera parvifolia and E. integrifolia clades are the only species to have vestigial stamen nectaries in the Bertholletia clade, a feature that is also found outside of the clade in Couratari (Mori et. al., 2015).	en	Huang, Ya-Yi, Mori, Scott A., Kelly, Lawrence M. (2015): Toward a phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae- I. Status of Bertholletia, Corythophora, Eschweilera and Lecythis. Phytotaxa 203 (2): 85-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.203.2.1
