identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
281168602AE856AFA64F1BADF179C312.text	281168602AE856AFA64F1BADF179C312.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium ayresii Marais, Kew. Bull. 32 (2): 483 1978	<div><p>Sesuvium ayresii Marais, Kew. Bull. 32(2): 483 (1978) Fig. 8</p> <p>Holotype.</p> <p>MAURITIUS [main island], Fort William, Sep 1860, Ph.B. Ayres s.n. (K000076290! iso - LE!).</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>The description of S. ayresii was provided by Marais (1978). The most indicative characters of this species are small (up to 25-28 mm long, but usually smaller) terete or semi-terete leaves and (sub) Sesuvium sessile flowers (see Marais 1978, Hartmann 2002). Additionally, Marais (1978) reported a smaller number of stamens (12-20) that have never been observed in S. portulacastrum (stamens more than 30). The smaller seed size (~1 mm) of S. ayresii compared with S. portulacastrum (Marais 1978) seems to be an insignificant diagnostic trait. Leaf shape and leaf size are very variable, sometimes within a given individual.</p> <p>Ecology.</p> <p>Sesuvium ayresii usually grows on coral rocks, basalts or calcarenites (Marais 1978), but it also can be encountered on sandy seashores, like many other species of the genus. The records of Sesuvium from the calcarenite islets of Les Bénitiers (Johnston 1894) and Rochers des Oiseaux (Johnston 1895) probably belong to S. ayresii. Sesuvium ayresii is reported as the only member of the genus in the Mascarenes (Marais 1990).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined</p> <p>(Fig. 14). MAURITIUS [main] Island: Gris Gris, [no date, before 1932], Vaughan 653 (MAU 0017795); Rocky coast near Rivière des Anguilles, 8 Dec 1962, Edgerley S. n. (MAU 0017801); Post Lafayette, east coast, 11 Jan 1973, Lorence 189 (K, MO324309); estuary of Black River, 10 Sep 1981, L. Averyanov 446 (MHA); Mer Rouge, 13 Mar 2004, Pynee et al. s.n. (MAU 0012461); Cap Malheureux, 26 Apr 2004, Pynee S. n. (MAU 0017803); Albion, 10 Nov 2011, Pynee S. n. (MAU 0009004); Rivulet Terre Rouge Bird Sanctuary, 01 Sep 2017, Baider CB 2729 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023815); Mauritius [islets] Island: Gunner’s Quoin or Quoin de Mire, 1871, Horne 129 (K); 06 Aug 2007, Baider CB 677 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023819); 07 Aug 2007, Baider CB 701 A &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023820); 07 Aug 2007, Baider CB 701 B &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023821); Ile de la Passe, 26 Oct 1888, Johnston s.n. (E00651982); 29 Nov 2003, Baider CB 588 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023826); Ile aux Fouquets, 4 Nov 1962, Rountree s.n. (MAU 0017798); Ilot Marianne, east coast, 13 May 1956, Vaughan s.n. (MAU 0017796); 18 Jan 1975, D. Lorence 1059 (K, MAU 0017800); 28 Nov 2007, Baider CB 551 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023822); 31 Jul 2007, V. Florens s.n. (MAU 0023823); Ilot Sancho, south coast, 15 Aug 1974, D. Lorence 943 (K, MAU 0017799); Ile D’Ambre, 21 Dec 2003, Baider CB 783 A &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023827); 21 Dec 2003, Baider CB 783 B &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023828); Ilot Bernache, 21 Dec 2003, Baider CB 814 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023829); Ilot Gabriel or Gabriel Islet, 20 Apr 2006, Pynee S. n. (MAU 0017804, MAU 0017805), 06 Aug 2007, Baider CB 1942, V. Florens &amp; D. Hammond (MAU 0023825); Ile aux Fous, 01 Aug 2007, V. Florens &amp; D. Hammond s.n. (MAU 0023824); Rodrigues [main] Island: Plaine Coral, Jul 1970, Cadet RO 218/2604 (MAU 0017807); 1874, Balfour s.n. (E00651981, K); Rodrigues [islets] Island: Frigate Island, Jan 1963, Staub s.n. (MAU 0017806); Ile Gombrani, 10 Jan 2004, Baider CB 932 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023817); Ile aux Crabes, 13 Jan 2004, Baider CB 1036 &amp; V. Florens (MAU 0023818); Ile aux Cocos, 15 Jan 2004, V. Florens s.n. (MAU 0023816).</p> <p>General distribution.</p> <p>Endemic to the Mascarenes.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>The species should be considered Near Threatened (NT) according to the IUCN red list criteria (IUCN 2017). This assessment is based on the species’ EOO of 24,241 km2 and AOO of 68 km2; together with other factors including the species’ habitat being restricted to seashores affected by salt spray, fragmentation of the populations and a high probability of losing sites in the near future due to habitat transformation (construction of hotels, improvement of seashores by removal of vegetation, dumping of refuse in the coastal belt), especially on mainland Mauritius. Only a few of the populations are located in areas with some degree of protection such as Nature Reserves or National Parks (one on Rodrigues; nine on Mauritius), most of them being on small islets. Some records are over 50 years old and need to be updated to determine any decline in its geographic distribution. Competition with invasive alien plants seems not to be a serious problem for this species, although sea-level rise is reducing the area of suitable habitat.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/281168602AE856AFA64F1BADF179C312	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
1F4AE08DA34F552BA1B006A1E03FC551.text	1F4AE08DA34F552BA1B006A1E03FC551.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium congense Welw. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 586 1871	<div><p>Sesuvium congense Welw. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 586 (1871)</p> <p>Lectotype</p> <p>(Gonçalves 1965): [ANGOLA, Bengo Province] Dist. Ambriz, Habit. freq.[ent] in rupestribus et glareosis ad ostia flum. Onço in Mossul [Ambriz Municipality, frequent in mountainous and gravelly places along the estuary of the river Onço in Mosul] fl. &amp; fr. Nov 1853, Welwitsch 2382 (LISU214650 - photo! isolectotypes - BM000839899!, BM001209754! K000076293! LE!, P04602200!)</p> <p>Nomenclatural notes.</p> <p>A specimen in LISU has been wrongly stated to be the holotype by Gonçalves (1965) and then by Bohley et al. (2017). Indeed, the sheets of S. congense with the same label and collection number are present in several herbaria, as are many other specimens of Welwitsch’s material from Angola (Albuquerque et al. 2009). No specimens and herbarium were cited in the protologue (Welwitsch in Oliver 1871) except the location "Lower Guinea, Congo [Angola as a part of Kongo Kingdom], Ambriz". The lectotype selected here is in accordance with Art. 9.9 of ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). The synonymisation of S. congense with S. portulacastrum (Adamson 1962) is incorrect.</p> <p>The epithet " Sesuvium congense " probably refers to the "Kingdom of Kongo", a West African kingdom that united the territories of northern Angola (incl. Bengo and Zaire provinces) and the western part of DR Congo, as well as portions of Republic of Congo and Gabon.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>The morphological description of the species is provided in Oliver (1871), Gonçalves (1970) and Bohley et al. (2017). This species is sometimes confused with branched S. sesuvioides (especially when the upper parts of the branches are collected) with similar smooth seeds. In contrast to S. congense or related S. crithmoides, S. sesuvioides is glabrous, with turbinate or balustriform flowers (without a rounded perianth cup).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined.</p> <p>ANGOLA: Benguela prov.: Lengue, 19 Dec 1932, Grossweiler 9715 (BM); 20 km W of Benguela, Baia Azul, 1 Apr 1973, P. Bamps &amp; S. Martins 4372 (BR0000013827366); 74 km S of Benguela along road to Cuio, 74 m alt., 25 Dec 2016, C. Klak 2557 (BOL); Namibe prov.: Maiombo river, Oct 1859, Welwitsch 2395 (BM); Mossamedes [Namibe], valley of Rio Mukungo, Aug 1937, H. Humbert 16407 (BM); Mossamedes [Namibe], Porto Alexandre, 26 May 1937, A.W. Exell &amp; F.A. Mendonça 2294 (BM); Mossamedes [Namibe], Porto Alexandre, Aug 1937, H. Humbert 16375 (BM); ca. 22 km NE of Namibe, 18 Jan 2009, Winter 7683 (PRE); road to Baba from Lucira road, 23 Jan 2009, Winter 7779 (PRE); Namibe, 9.7 km S of airport turn-off, 23 Jan 2009, Winter 7762 &amp; 7766 (PRE); 27 km E of Namibe, 252 m, 19 Dec 2016, C. Klak 2554 (BOL).</p> <p>General distribution</p> <p>(Fig. 9). Coastal sandy areas in Angola, from Bengo to Namibe provinces, recorded at altitudes between 74 and 252 m a.s.l. (Gonçalves 1965).</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>Sesuvium congense has an estimated EOO of 54,340 km2 (which would place the species in LC) and AOO of 36 km2 (which would place it in EN). However, it is unknown if the species persists in some of these localities. The size of its populations and their threats are little known, but the populations on the seashore and near rivers are probably impacted by development and agriculture. Therefore, the species, at this point in time, should be considered Data Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F4AE08DA34F552BA1B006A1E03FC551	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
68192BDDA614543EAB33FCC13012F6DC.text	68192BDDA614543EAB33FCC13012F6DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium crithmoides Welw., Ann. Conselho Ultramar. ser. 1: 586 1859	<div><p>Sesuvium crithmoides Welw., Ann. Conselho Ultramar. ser. 1: 586 (1859) Figs 10, 11</p> <p>Lectotype</p> <p>(designated here by Sukhorukov). ANGOLA, distr. Loanda [Luanda], in arenosis maritimis de Ilha de Loanda [on sandy seashores of Loanda Island], 12 Jun 1858, Welwitsch 2386 (BM000839897! specimen on the left; isolectotypes - BM001209752! BM001209753! K000076292! P04602195! COI00070549! [photo seen], LISU031837! [photo seen]).</p> <p>Note.</p> <p>Welwitsch collected this new species in 1854 and 1858 from several neighbouring locations in Luanda Province. All examined sheets were labelled with the same collector’s number (2386) and the location of the lectotype specimen is close to that mentioned in the protologue (Barra do Dande settlement, ca. 30 km N of Luanda). Surprisingly, none of the authentic specimens contained the name of Barra do Dande (Welwitsch 1859) and the species itself was not mentioned in a subsequent treatment of the genus (Welwitsch in Oliver 1871).</p> <p>- Sesuvium mesembryanthemoides Welw., Ann. Conselho Ultramar. ser. 1: 557 (1859), nomen nudum</p> <p>Note. Welwitsch (1859) mentioned the name Sesuvium mesembryanthemoides (nomen nudum) for the first time, but did not describe the plant morphologically ("Uma nítida espécie de Sesuvium " [a distinct species of Sesuvium]). He probably supposed that it was conspecific with S. crithmoides, which was described in the same article (Welwitsch 1859). As mentioned above, all sheets of S. crithmoides and S. mesembryanthemoides (nomen), collected by Welwitsch, have the same collection number (2386).</p> <p>= Sesuvium mesembryanthemoides Wawra in Wawra &amp; Peyr., Sitzungsber. Acad. Wien, Math.-Nat. 38: 564 (1860).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated here by Sukhorukov). [ANGOLA] Benguela, Dr Wawra 210 (LE!).</p> <p>Note. Interestingly, Wawra collected the same species in Angola independently from Welwitsch and used the same epithet " Sesuvium mesembryanthemoides " for his new Sesuvium. Unfortunately, the original sheets of S. mesembryanthemoides Wawra cited in the protologue ("in littore maris prope Benguelam, Wawra 210 ": Wawra and Peyritsch 1860) were destroyed in B, W or WU (Bohley et al. 2017; Johannes Walter, pers. comm.). Wawra and Peyritsch (1860) reported the presence of four to six bracteoles in the flowers of S. mesembryanthemoides and it therefore evidently differs from S. congense (with similar narrow leaves), which has flowers with two bracteoles only. Bohley et al. (2017) have designated the lectotype of S. mesembryanthemoides Wawra in the herbarium LISU (with isolectotypes in BM, BR, C, COI, K, LE) based on Welwitsch’s specimens ("Mossamedes [Namibe], seashore, 1 Jul 1859, Welwitsch 2389 "). However, the material collected by Welwitsch in Namibe province of Angola is not mentioned in the protologue of S. mesembryanthemoides Wawra and does not belong to the original material. Therefore, this lectotypification cannot be accepted. A lectotype using a Wawra’s specimen (syntype) seen in LE has been selected.</p> <p>= Sesuvium crystallinum Welw. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 586 (1871).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated here by Sukhorukov): [ANGOLA] Mossamedes [Namibe], hab.[itat] in arenosis maritimis pr.[ope] Mossamedes [on sandy seashores near Mossamedes], Jul 1859, Welwitsch 2389 (BM000839898! isolectotypes - C, COI, G! K! LE! LISU).</p> <p>Two locations (“Mossamedes” and “Benguela”) were indicated in the protologue. The lectotype of Sesuvium crystallinum is selected here from the specimens collected by Welwitsch with the number 2389 which were located in different herbaria including LISU (“holotype” in Bohley et al. (2017); not correctable to “lectotype” under Art. 7.10).</p> <p>Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes. The type material of S. crithmoides comprises the plant fragments with narrow (linear or lanceolate) leaves reaching 8 cm in length. The leaf length and shape is a single character used for its delimitation from the closely related S. crystallinum (Gonçalves 1970) and S. mesembryanthemoides Wawra (Bohley et al. 2017). Both species are considered to have shorter (up to 5 cm) and broader leaves. However, the authentic material and protologue of S. mesembryanthemoides clearly state that this plant was described as a remarkable species with subtriquetrous-terete (narrow) leaves (Wawra in Wawra and Peyritsch 1860). Therefore, the use of S. mesembryanthemoides as a priority name against S. crystallinum (Hartmann 2002, Figueiredo and Smith 2008, Bohley et al. 2017) with broader and shorter leaves cannot be accepted. In all characters, including leaf length and shape, S. crithmoides and S. mesembryanthemoides are clearly conspecific.</p> <p>The authors propose to merge the broad-leaved individuals (S. crystallinum) with S. crithmoides for the first time. Observations by the authors in Angola (C. Klak and P. Bruyns) did not confirm the separate existence of “short-leaved” or “long-leaved” plants. Other morphological and carpological characters are the same in both S. crithmoides and S. crystallinum. Only S. crithmoides (Winter 7786 (PRE) from Baba, Angola) was included in the molecular analysis (Bohley et al. 2017).</p> <p>Sesuvium crithmoides was considered as an endemic to Angola, although with possible records in coastal areas of the DR Congo (Bohley et al. 2017). One collection of S. crithmoides from the DR Congo (see also Hauman 1951, sub S. mesembryanthemoides) has been found and was also identified for the Republic of Congo for the first time (previously wrongly labelled as Sesuvium portulacastrum). All specimens seen from the Republic of Congo or the DR Congo have long and narrow leaves.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined.</p> <p>ANGOLA: Benguela prov.: Benguela, [without date] H. Vanderyst 13141 (BR0000013827410); near Benguela, Lobito Bay, 1 Sep 1906, H. Bolus 12453 (BOL); S of Benguela, seashore at Cuio village, 25 Dec 2016, C. Klak 2558 (BOL); Cabinda prov: Landana, 9 Aug 1895, A. Dewevre 231 (BR0000013827380), Landana, 15 Aug 1913, Bequaert 616 (BR000000871151); Cabinda, Sumba village, 30 Nov 1957, Lebrun 11195 (BR0000013827441; K); Cuanza Sul prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.783334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.783334/lat -11.6)">Praia de Sousa</a>, 11°36'S 13°47'E, 3 Feb 1975, J.D. Ward 82 (K, WIND); Luanda prov.: Luanda, Welwitsch 2380 (LE), the same place, 13 Sep 1955, J. Lebrun 10905 (BR0000013827403); Namibe prov.: Cabo Negro, Sep 1859, Welwitsch 2387 (BM); Cabo Negro, Aug 1937, H. Humbert 16391 (BM); the same place, 15 Apr 1973, P. Bamps et al. 4519 (BR0000013827465); Mossamedes [Namibe city], 1937, L.W. Carrisso and F. Sousa 218 (BM); Mossamedes, 21 Sep 1955, J. Lebrun 10926 (BR0000013827472); Baba, 23 Jan 2009, P.J.D. Winter 7786 (LUBA, PRE); seashore at mouth of Rio dos Flamingos, 17 Dec 2016, C. Klak 2551 (BOL); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Kongo Central prov.: Banana, [without date] Gillet S. n. (BR0000013827434); [Nature Reserve] Luki-Mayumbe, 1959, Flamigni 10773 (BR0000013827427); REPUBLIC OF CONGO (new records): Kouilou, 5 Sep 1962, L. Makany 63 (P04602222); Djeno Region [Pointe-Noire], 26 Jan 1966, C. Farron 4795 (P04602197 &amp; P04602199); Pointe-Noire, Dec 1958, J. Koechlin 5528 (P04602193).</p> <p>General distribution</p> <p>(Fig. 12). Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo. Sesuvium crithmoides has been introduced to USA (Georgia, Glynn county, Brunswick, on ballast, 15 Aug 1902, R.M. Harper 1524 (BM!); see also Small (1933)), probably as casual and not naturalised species (Ferren 2003). The specimen seen also has long and narrow leaves.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>Sesuvium crithmoides has an estimated EOO of 177,271 km2 and AOO of 56 km2. It was found to be common in two localities in Angola (C. Klak 2551 &amp; 2558), where it grows within 50 metres of the sea. Sources of disturbance include vehicles driven along the beach, which was observed near Namibe city. However, vehicles are even now rather few in Angola and much of the southern, very arid Angolan coastline is still relatively pristine. Due to its large EOO and low threat level, the authors therefore recommend this species to be classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/68192BDDA614543EAB33FCC13012F6DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
88D206E89C1A5B638C2257986959A564.text	88D206E89C1A5B638C2257986959A564.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10 (2): 1058 1759	<div><p>Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10(2): 1058 (1759).</p> <p>Sesuvium portulacastrum ≡ Portulaca portulacastrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 446 (1753).</p> <p>Lectotype</p> <p>(Wijnands 1983). Hermann (1698), Icon. 212 [112, a typographic error], as " Portulaca corassavica …”.</p> <p>Two subspecies of S. portulacastrum growing in Africa have been accepted.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88D206E89C1A5B638C2257986959A564	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
892D3013896951E4B9E017DD18A28FE7.text	892D3013896951E4B9E017DD18A28FE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum	<div><p>Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum Fig. 13</p> <p>Sesuvium portulacastrum portulacastrum = Sesuvium brevifolium Schumach. &amp; Thonn. in Schumacher, Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 233 (1827).</p> <p>Lectotype</p> <p>(designated here by Sukhorukov): Danish Gold Coast, Guinea [probably SE Ghana], P.E. Isert s.n. (C10004542! [photo seen]).</p> <p>The lectotype is chosen due to inclusion of two elements in the protologue (Schumacher 1827), a specimen cited and a drawing (Table 216, Fig. 1).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes.</p> <p>The autonymous subspecies is of American origin and is known in many parts of tropical Africa and other continents, especially in regions with a hot and humid climate. According to the lectotypification undertaken by Wijnands (1983), the “true” S. portulacastrum is present in Central America (including the Caribbean Islands). The following characters distinguish this subspecies: rampant ramification, glabrous stems and adult leaves with mamillate epidermis, petioles up to 3 mm, oblong-spatulate leaves of 20-60 × 5-10(12) mm and 1.5-4 mm thick, conspicuous (7-12 mm) pedicels, flowers 10-15 mm in diameter and slightly elongated seeds. This description makes sense, because the species is non-uniform in its morphological characters (e.g. leaf length, presence of papillae on stems and leaves, seed ornamentation) and is corroborated by the molecular phylogeny (Bohley et al. 2017). Although S. portulacastrum is considered to have numerous synonyms (Bohley et al. 2017), at least some of them need further studies due to the presence of morphological differences, e.g. S. microphyllum Willd. (Caribbean Islands), S. sessile Pers. (South America?) or populations growing in Southeast Asia. In addition, Sesuvium is represented in Central America by at least six taxa (Sukhorukov et al., in prep.) and two of them have to be described as new species.</p> <p>From humid coastal parts of West Africa, only one perennial species was described, S. brevifolium Schumach. &amp; Thonn. (Schumacher 1827). This species has spatulate or oblong leaves with very short petioles, the characters being typical of Sesuvium portulacastrum. For this reason, S. brevifolium is merged with S. portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum, this being in agreement with other accounts (Hooker 1849, Welwitsch in Oliver 1871, Bohley et al. 2017).</p> <p>The autonymous subspecies of S. portulacastrum is distributed along the sea shores of many parts of tropical and subtropical Africa (Exell 1944, Jeffrey 1961, Gonçalves 1979, Gilbert 1993, Friedmann 1994, Sosef et al. 2006, Lisowski 2009, Acebes-Ginovés et al. 2010) and it seems to be present in almost all regions of Africa except South Africa. The causes of such invasion to seashore communities in Africa or in other regions of the Old World are not clear. It can be partially explained by the cultivation of S. portulacastrum in some areas for ornamental purposes, but mostly by transportation of its seeds in the sand ballast of ships sailing between America and other parts of the world in the 15th-17th centuries. The examination of the herbarium specimens indicates that S. portulacastrum was sometimes collected in the same places as native Sesuvium (S. congense or S. crithmoides), e.g. on seashores of Kongo-Central province (DR Congo) and Angola.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined.</p> <p>ANGOLA: Luanda, Praia do Bispo, Dec 1858, Welwitsch 2385 (BM); [Bengo prov.] Ambriz, [no date] Welwitsch 2383 (K); [Bengo prov.] Dande River, 17 Sep 1955, J. Lebrun 10908 (BR0000013828103); Mossamedes [Namibe], 10 Jan 1956, E.J. Mendes 1250 (BM); [Namibe prov.] Cabo Negro, 15 Apr 1973, P. Bamps et al. 4522 (BR0000013828097, K, LE); Kwanza Sul prov., 10°51'S 13°48'E, 2 Feb 1975, C.J. Ward and J.D. Ward 68 (K); BENIN: Cotonou beach, 22 Mar 1970, L.A. Assi 11134 (G); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: [Kongo Central prov.] Banana, 16 Jul 1915, Bequaert 8014 (BR0000013828165); Bula-Bemba, 2 Sep 1958, J. Wagemans 1982 (BR0000013828172); GABON: Estuaire prov., 22 Feb 1985, A.M. Louis 1728 (BR0000013828028); GHANA: Sekondi, 3 Oct 1925, H. Howes 980 (K); nr Tema harbor, 20 Sep 1960, J.O. Ankrah 20547 (K); Accra, 12 Aug 1958, J. Lebrun 11334 (BR0000013828042); Greater Accra Region, Ambassador Beach, 26 Feb 1977, A.J.M. Leeuwenberg 11123 (BR0000013828035); GUINEA: Conakry, Aug 1954, H. Jacques 7002 (LE); [Boké Region] Boffa pref., Bel-Air, 5 Feb 1979, S. Lisowski 51828 (BR0000013827567); GLORIOSO ISLANDS: Iles aux Crabes (C. Fontaine, obs.; image seen!); KENYA: Kilifi distr., Malindi, 3 Dec 1961, R. Polhill and S. Paulo 895 (BR0000013828059, K, P04602215); Mikindani distr., Mtwara, 12 Mar 1963, H.M. Richards 17861 (K); Mombasa, 13 Dec 1969, Bally 13736 (G); Tana River distr., Tana delta, Shekiko Camp, 25 Apr 1990, S.A. Robertson 6121 (K); MADAGASCAR: [no exact location and date] herb. Petit-Thouars s.n. (P04600013); MOROCCO: Skhirat, 10 Jun 1937, J. Gattefosse 138 (G, P05196618); MOZAMBIQUE (selected specimens): Delagoa [Maputo] Bay, 1890, H. Junod 258 (G); Komati river, 15 Jul 1922, C.E. Moss 7040 (BM); Lorenço Marques, 31 Aug 1959, R. Watmaugh 313 (M); Maputo, 3 Jun 1970, M.F. Correla and A. Marques 1630 (E00651988); Sofala province, Beira, 26 Feb 1972, M.F. Correla and A. Marques 2812 (M); Maputo, 8 Mar 1979, P.A. Schäfer 6707 (K); Inhambane prov., Massinga, Pomene, 20 Jun 1980, J. de Koning 8197 (WAG1408388); Maganja da Costa, Praia Maraga, 15 Nov 1996, A.R. Torre and M.F. Correia 14693 (BR0000013828134, M); [Massinga distr.] Pomene, 24 Sep 1980, P.C.M. Jansen 7521 (BR0000013828110); SÃO TOMÉ &amp; PRÍNCIPE: São Tomé [Island], Apr 1916, A. Cortesão s.n. (BM); SENEGAL: [Oussouye Dept.] Basse Casamance National Park, Kabrousse, 22 Dec 1976, C. Van den Berghen 1582 (BR0000013827519); [Cap Vert Peninsula] Lake Retba, 20 Dec 1984, D. Thoen 7367 (BR0000013827526); SEYCHELLES: Aldabra Island, 26 Feb 1968, F.R. Fosberg 49547 (L1693568); Aldabra, South Island, Grand Cavalier, 11 May 1972, D. Wood 1686 (E00651983); Farquhar Group, Farquhar Island, 2 Feb 1972, Frazier 121 (K); Farquhar Group, St Pierre Island, 4 Oct 1941, P.O. Wiehe 1681 (MAU 0023813, MAU 0023814); SIERRA-LEONE: Samu chiefdom, 22 Mar 1930, R.R. Glanville 251 (BM, K); SOMALIA: Kodei village, 1°1'S 41°58'E, 29 Jun 1983, J.B. Gillett et al. 5116 (K); SPAIN: Canary Islands (selected specimens): Lanzarote, Playa Honda, 24 Mar 2011, F. Verloove 9276 (BR); La Laja beach, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 28°03'38.70"N, 15°25'12.28"W, 31 Jul 2017, M. Salas-Pascual s.n. (MW); Beach of El Águila, San Bartolomé de Tirajana, 27°46°38.80"N, 15°31'38.50"W, 31 Jul 2017, M. Salas-Pascual s.n. (MW); El Veril beach, San Bartolomé de Tirajana, 27°45'36.78"N, 15°33'50.77"W, 31 Jul 2017, M. Salas-Pascual s.n. (BR, MW); Edge of the Charca de Maspalomas, San Bartolomé de Tirajana, 27°44'24.96"N, 15°35'43.79"W, 31 Jul 2017, M. Salas-Pascual s.n. (MW); TANZANIA: Tanga, Tanga Bay, 4 Nov 1929, Greenway 1853 (K); Zanzibar, Marahubi Beach, 22 Apr 1961, H. Faulkner 2814 (BR0000013828073); Dar es Salam, 26 Aug 1968, M. Batty 284 (K); TUNISIA: pers. comm. R. El Mokni (photo!).</p> <p>General distribution.</p> <p>The subspecies seems to be widely distributed on the seashores of the tropics, but some populations from tropical America and SE Asia are distinct in their morphological characters. The distribution of Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum in Africa is presented in Fig. 14.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/892D3013896951E4B9E017DD18A28FE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
0EE61D8D83F4529DA2F5731C42048371.text	0EE61D8D83F4529DA2F5731C42048371.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii Sukhor. 2018	<div><p>Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii Sukhor. subsp. nov.</p> <p>Sesuvium pedunculatum sensu Sieber (in herb.) non Pers.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Differs from the autonymous subspecies by the absence of rampant ramification, clearly petiolate leaves (petioles 5-10 mm long) that are usually less than three times as long as wide (all blades including those of upper leaves ovoid or oblong, 20-40 × 10-15 mm) and 3-9 mm thick.</p> <p>Holotype.</p> <p>Republic of Cape Verde, Sal Island, 2 km W of Santa Maria town, 16.590246, -22.924272, sandy depressions near the sea, 30 Aug 2015, A.P. Sukhorukov 59 (MW0595660! iso - BR, G, K).</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Sprawling glabrous perennial herb (the shoots are often partially buried by sand and appear to be separate plants) with ramification not rampant; stems rooted or not, roundish, greenish or more often red (Fig. 15A, B), 3-5 mm in diameter, ascendent (not creeping); leaves opposite, petiolate; petioles 5-10 mm, reddish or green, broadened basally, leaf blades oblong, 20-40 mm long (the leaves on the shortened shoots are smaller), 10-15 mm wide, 3-9 mm thick, entire, green or reddish (Fig. 15C); flowers solitary in the leaf axils (each node bears one flower from one of the opposite leaves), ~10 mm in diameter, with two hyaline glabrous bracteoles; pedicels 3-5 mm, accrescent at fruiting stage up to 10(15-20) mm long; perianth bifid, apically acutish, green abaxially and pink adaxially (Fig. 15D), without prominent red glands at the tip of the segments; stamens ~50, pink, slightly shorter than perianth, filaments 5 mm long, anthers 0.4-0.6 mm long; ovary turbinate, with (2)3-4 stigmas; seeds ~20, black, roundish, ~1 mm across, completely covered with a funicular aril; seed surface smooth or slightly uneven.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The subspecies is named after Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761-1836), botanist and mycologist, who described several Sesuvium species.</p> <p>Ecology.</p> <p>Sandy beaches near the sea and seasonally flooded, saline plains on the landward side of the coastal dune belt.</p> <p>Flowering and fruiting.</p> <p>All year round, but most abundantly from September to May (at least in the Cape Verde Islands).</p> <p>Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes.</p> <p>Franz Wilhelm Sieber labelled his Sesuvium collections from Senegal as S. pedunculatum Pers. The use of this name for the African material is very confusing but explained here.</p> <p>The name was published by Persoon (1806), who provided a very short diagnosis mentioning pedicellate flowers (not petiolate leaves!) and noted that the species originates from India. It is assumed that Persoon probably did not see the plant in the wild. A specimen was found in the De Candolle herbarium (G-DC) that contains three fragments of different origin: two fragments of S. portulacastrum from the Caribbean and one fragment of Sieber’s collection from Senegal (1825) named S. pedunculatum. However, the material kept at G-DC is not a type of S. pedunculatum, but only one of the duplicates sent by Sieber to different herbaria.</p> <p>In Leiden (L), where the largest collection of Persoon’s types is deposited, one sheet with two different plant fragments and without any information about their locality (L1693369) was found with the label " Sesuvium pedunculatum Lam." (!) (Fig. 16). Lamarck’s authorship of this species is clearly wrong (see Lamarck 1817: 141). The plant fragment on the left side of the herbarium sheet shows typical characteristics of the leaf shape found in S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii, but it is named by Ch. H. Persoon as S. portulacastrum. The right fragment on the sheet belongs to the autonymous subspecies of S. portulacastrum. According to Persoon’s identification, his new species (S. pedunculatum Pers.) is indeed a synonym of the typical S. portulacastrum that has been recorded in India at least since the 17th century, probably as an alien species (BM, K and L). Sesuvium pedunculatum was treated as a variety under S. portulacastrum (as S. portulacastrum var. pedunculatum) by Cambessedes (in Saint-Hilaire 1829), who described this variety from temperate South America (!) as "les fleurs sont un peu plus grandes, et portées sur des pédoncules longs de deux à trois lignes" [the flowers are slightly larger, with the pedicels two to three lines long]. Furthermore, the synonymisation of S. pedunculatum and S. portulacastrum is confirmed by reference of Persoon (Persoon 1806) to the very clear drawing in Lamarck (1793) showing the shoot, flowers and fruits of typical S. portulacastrum. This image in Lamarck (1793) was chosen as the lectotype of S. pedunculatum by Hartmann (2002) and it is treated by her as a synonym of S. portulacastrum. Her opinion was accepted by Bohley et al. (2017). The authors also agree with Hartmann (2002) and Bohley et al. (2017) about the merger of S. pedunculatum with S. portulacastrum [Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum].</p> <p>Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii is morphologically similar to S. repens Willd., a species found in coastal areas of the Indian subcontinent (E! G! K!). Both species possess distinctly petiolate leaves, but the latter species has much smaller (usually up to 20 mm long) leaves and shortly pedicellate flowers (pedicels at fruiting stage up to 6 mm long). Sesuvium portulacastrum always has tapered leaves with indistinct petioles up to 3 mm long. Additionally, the leaf thickness in S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii varies from 3 to 9 mm and the leaves are especially thick (terete, almost roundish) in plants growing in saline depressions. In contrast to that, S. portulacastrum subsp. portulacastrum plants seen in the wild or in cultivation possess thinner (1.5-4 mm) leaves, in accordance with previous measurements (Bohley et al. 2017). Besides, plants with clearly petiolate leaves (S. repens and S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii) have never been found in the Americas.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined</p> <p>(Fig. 17). CAPE VERDE: São Nicolau Island, Praia Branca, 1851, C. Bolle s.n. (E00651990); Sal <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-22.83191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.981955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -22.83191/lat 15.981955)">Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-22.83191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.981955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -22.83191/lat 15.981955)">Santa Maria</a>, 19 Oct 1934, M. Dinklage 3192 (BM, BR0000013828158); Sal <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-22.83191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.981955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -22.83191/lat 15.981955)">Island</a>, 1934, A. Chevalier 44288 (P04602231); Boa Vista <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-22.83191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.981955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -22.83191/lat 15.981955)">Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-22.83191&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.981955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -22.83191/lat 15.981955)">Santa Monica</a> beach, 15.981955, -22.831910, 10 Jan 2016, A. Sukhorukov s.n. (MW); GAMBIA: [Upper River Region] Keneba, Sep 1952, D.S. Bertram s.n. (K); GUINEA-BISSAU: Cacheu Region, S. Domingos sector, Candemba, 15 Apr 1997, M.A. Diniz &amp; A.E. Gonçalves 1777 (K); MAURITANIA: [Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region] Cape Arguin, Dalmas, 5 May 1895, herb. E. Drake 6 (P04602228); Cansado, 1901, A. Gruvel s.n. (P04602226); Port Etienne [Nouadhibou], 12 Apr 1908, anonym s.n. (P04602227); SENEGAL: [without exact location] 1825, Sieber 19 (E000651984; G00660404; K; LE; M; P05196607); [without exact location and year] Sieber 112 (LE); [without exact location] 1859, Perrotet 366 (G); St. Louis, 1902, A. Chevalier 3469 (P04602206); Dakar, Hann beach, common, 23 May 1947, J.T. Baldwin 5754 (K); St. Louis, 23 Jul 1960, J.D. Kesby 20 (K); St. Louis, 14 Nov 1984, P. Bamps 7642 (BR0000013827533); Poumekhor, saline depression, common, 2 Feb 1966, J. Audru 3200 (P04602214); Joal-Fadiouth, 25 Jun 1973, P. Geissler 6538 (G).</p> <p>General distribution.</p> <p>The authors are still not sure whether this overlooked subspecies is native to West Africa. Plants with such habit are known from the seashores near Chennai, India (Anand Kumar, pers. comm., with an image sent to AS), but are not represented in any herbaria. One sheet from "Peninsula Indiae Orientalis" (herb. Wight 963, L1693577) corresponds to the African specimens of S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii (labelled as " S. portulacastrum var.") in leaf shape.</p> <p>Reports of the occurrence and frequency of S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii in West Africa until the early 20th century are inconsistent. The first reference for West Africa originates from Forster (1789, sub S. portulacastrum) who cited it for Santiago Island (Cape Verde Archipelago). Schmidt (1852) thought that this record was doubtful, because this plant was not mentioned by other travellers. However, Hooker (1849) reported Sesuvium as a common plant on seashores of the adjacent Senegal. F.W. Sieber was the first to collect the specimens of S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii (collections from Senegal in early 19th century, identified as S. pedunculatum). Other specimens, named as S. portulacastrum and collected in mid-19th century in Cape Verde (São Nicolau Island) and Senegal (without exact location), are stored in the herbaria E and G, respectively. Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii (under the names S. pedunculatum or S. portulacastrum) had not been reported amongst the most common plants in the checklists for West African plants until the early 20th century (e.g. Engler 1910). Chevalier (1920) cited Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii (sub S. portulacastrum) for West Africa (Mauritania and Senegal), with subsequent records for Santiago and Sal Islands (Cape Verde), where it grows spontaneously on the seashores and in saline depressions (Chevalier 1935). M. Dinklage (collections from 1934, kept at BM!) noted the common and abundant Sesuvium populations on sandy beaches in Santa Maria village (Sal Island, Cape Verde). Recently, S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii has been reported for several islands of Cape Verde Archipelago: Boa Vista, Mayo, Sal, Santiago and São Vicente (Gilli 1976, Gonçalves 1995, Arechavaleta et al. 2005, all as S. portulacastrum).</p> <p>All populations of perennial Sesuvium seen by the first author (AS) in Cape Verde belong to S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii. It is common at least in the southern part of Sal Island on the sandy beaches and seasonally flooded saline depressions by the seashores near Santa Maria and in pristine landscapes in Boa Vista (e.g., Santa Monica beach in the southern part of the island). In Sal Island, S. portulacastrum subsp. persoonii is often a characteristic species of such habitats together with other dominant plants of coastal communities, such as Arthrocaulon franzii (Sukhor.) Piirainen &amp; G.Kadereit (≡ Arthrocnemum franzii Sukhor.), Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel., Tetraena fontanesii (Webb &amp; Berthel.) Beier &amp; Thulin (≡ Zygophyllum fontanesii Webb &amp; Berthel.) and Cistanche phelipaea (L.) Cout. Based on the specimens seen, it is concluded that Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii is present on the seashores and saline depressions in (semi)arid territories of West Africa (Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania and Senegal) as a geographically separated form of S. portulacastrum.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>Sesuvium portulacastrum subsp. persoonii is common on sandy inland plains on Sal and Boa Vista islands (Cape Verde). Herbarium labels refer to it as a very characteristic plant of seashore communities in Senegal. Currently the construction of new buildings close to the coast is drastically damaging the natural landscapes, especially on Cape Verde Archipelago (Romeiras et al. 2016, Sukhorukov and Nilova 2016) and may negatively affect the number of populations. However, at present, as there is doubt about the origin of this new subspecies (if it is native to the region), it should not be assessed for the IUCN Red List until more data is available.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0EE61D8D83F4529DA2F5731C42048371	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
46ED2334DA555766974C46234602AB32.text	46ED2334DA555766974C46234602AB32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl 1957) Verdc., Kew Bull. 12 (2): 349 1957	<div><p>Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc., Kew Bull. 12(2): 349 (1957) Fig. 18</p> <p>Sesuvium sesuvioides ≡ Diplochonium sesuvioides Fenzl in Endl., Nov. Stirp. Dec.: 58 (1839).</p> <p>Sesuvium sesuvioides Lectotype (Sukhorukov &amp; al. 2017): [S Africa, in rupestribus ad Garipum fluvium lateris coloniae occidentalis, alt. 500 ft., without date] [on the rocks near Gariep [Orange] river close to the west of the colony] Drège 2938 (K000076286!; iso - LE!);</p> <p>Sesuvium sesuvioides ≡ Halimus sesuvioides (Fenzl) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 263 (1891) as " Halimum sesuvioides ".</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>The differences between S. sesuvioides and related annual African taxa were provided in Sukhorukov et al. (2017). Here, it is noted that S. sesuvioides is a facultatively perennial herb and, for that reason, it is also included in the list of perennial species (as in Bohley et al. 2017).</p> <p>General distribution</p> <p>. The distribution of S. sesuvioides was mapped in Sukhorukov et al. (2017), but the presence of this species was erroneously indicated in the eastern part of South Africa, due to a misapplication of the name “Kleinfontein”. The record from Kleinfontein (24 Oct 1922, Dinter 4151, BM!) indeed belongs to the small village located south of Maltahöhe (Hardap Region, Namibia) and not to the village in Gauteng province (South Africa) mentioned by Sukhorukov et al. (2017). The authors came to this conclusion after tracing the journeys of Kurt Moritz Dinter, who only visited Namibia (it was known at the time as "South-West Africa": Glen and Germishuizen 2010). Likewise, the lectotype specimen was not collected at Garpia river near Swellendam, Western Cape (as indicated in Sukhorukov et al. (2017)), but on the banks of the Orange River (or Gariep River, spelled by Drège as “Garip”), where S. sesuvioides is frequently found. Therefore the records of S. sesuvioides from Gauteng and the Western Cape provinces (Sukhorukov et al. 2017) are erroneous. In South Africa, the distribution pattern of S. sesuvioides is restricted to the Richtersveld and the lower Orange River valley (Northern Cape province). Records in Namibia and Angola are from the Namib desert (Sukhorukov et al. 2017, see also Fig. 19).</p> <p>Sesuvium sesuvioides has a large geographical distribution with an estimated EOO of 501,893 km2, but its AOO is only 60 km2 (which would place it in EN). Many localities, especially in Namibia, are in desert areas and are presumably under little threat. Some populations collected in the past are likely to be in protected areas today. However, the current size of the populations is unknown. Therefore, the species should be considered as Data Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46ED2334DA555766974C46234602AB32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
257FD852288F5F86A37B79E5AAA7D6A5.text	257FD852288F5F86A37B79E5AAA7D6A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesuvium verrucosum Raf., New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 16 1836	<div><p>Sesuvium verrucosum Raf., New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 16 (1836).</p> <p>Neotype</p> <p>(Bohley et al. 2017). [USA] "Salt River", leg. Nutt.[all] (P00680440!); epitype (" A.C. Sanders 23186 ", BRIT, n.v.)</p> <p>Nomenclatural notes.</p> <p>It is still doubted whether Sesuvium verrucosum (Rafinesque 1836) is the oldest name for this taxon. Three older names- Sesuvium revolutifolium Ortega from Cuba (Ortega 1797), S. revolutum Pers. and S. sessile Pers. (Persoon 1806), both of unknown origin-may be conspecific with S. verrucosum. However, the description of both S. revolutum and S. sessile is very short and poor and no original material could be traced. The protologue of S. revolutifolium completely matches the habit of S. verrucosum, but it is not sure whether the plants from North America are identical to those from Cuba. Sesuvium revolutifolium, S. sessile and S. revolutum have been synonymised with S. portulacastrum by Bohley et al. (2017), but the nomenclature of all three species needs further study.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>The most indicative characters of this species are: 1) perennial life history, 2) presence of abundant papillae on stems and leaves, 3) Sesuvium sessile turbinate flower buds and capsules and 4) clearly expressed detachments of the aril from the seed coat. Usually, the stems are rooting; however Ferren (2003) and Baldwin et al. (2012) described S. verrucosum as a non-rooting plant (probably applicable to younger plants, as observed in the specimen from Cape Verde listed below). For detailed morphological description, see Fadaie et al. (2006) and Bohley et al. (2017).</p> <p>Examined specimens.</p> <p>CAPE VERDE: São Vicente Island, near Baia das Gatas, 6 Sep 1986, W.F. Prud’homme van Reine SV3 (L1693699); SPAIN (CANARY ISLANDS): Gran Canaria (selected specimens): San Bartolomé de Tirajana, Cauce del Barranco del Toro, Junto a la depuradora, 11 Dec 2003, B. Navarro, J. Naranjo, B. Vilches, I. Santana, M. Soto, O. Saturno s.n. (LPA20044; sub S. portulacastrum); San Agustín, Barranco del Toro near the beach, dry riverbed and beach, very common, 30 Mar 2017, F. Verloove 12825 (BR, LPA, MW).</p> <p>General distribution.</p> <p>Sesuvium verrucosum is widely distributed in North Mexico and the southern part of the USA (Ferren 2003). Outside of its native range in the New World, it is reported as an introduced species in South-West Asia: Bahrain (Verdcourt 1985; see also specimens at BM! E! and K!), the eastern part of Saudi Arabia (Miller 1996; specimens at E!, K!), Iran (Fadaie et al. 2006) and United Arab Emirates (collections from Sharjah, 2009, K!). As indicated on the sheets from Bahrain (collected by M. Cornes and A.M. Alder, 1983-1985, E!), S. verrucosum is a widespread species in irrigated areas and loamy sands. In Saudi Arabia, it is invasive in diverse inland plant communities including wastelands and salt pans (Miller 1996).</p> <p>One record has to be added for Syria: small young plants with only a few flowers and flower buds (Syria, Adra, desert, 27 Mar 1931, R. Gombault 1998, P04583848!), previously reported as S. mesembryanthemoides (Bohley et al. 2017). Surprisingly, S. verrucosum was found in other regions of the world as well (re-identifications of AS): (1) North Vietnam (Tonkin, Hải Phòng, sandy seashores, Jul 1908, Ch. D’Alleizette 2723, L1693583!, a new record for Southeast Asia) and (2) Hawaii [USA], Oahu, 10 Aug 1967, D. Herbst 523 (L0717044!). Both specimens were initially identified by the collectors as S. portulacastrum.</p> <p>Here, neophytic S. verrucosum is reported for the first time from Macaronesia (Fig. 17), i.e. from São Vicente (Cape Verde) and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). In Gran Canaria, the species is well-established and dominant in a dried-out riverbed and extends to the beach and young dunes (Fig. 20). So far, S. verrucosum has not been recorded in other suitable habitats in the area (pers. obs. by Marcos Salas-Pascual in 2016 and Filip Verloove in March and April 2017) and it remains unknown how the species was introduced. Due to the evident invasive character of this species, it may be found in other African countries.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/257FD852288F5F86A37B79E5AAA7D6A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Sukhorukov, Alexander P.;Nilova, Maya V.;Erst, Andrey S.;Kushunina, Maria;Baider, Claudia;Verloove, Filip;Salas-Pascual, Marcos;Belyaeva, Irina V.;Krinitsina, Anastasiya A.;Bruyns, Peter V.;Klak, Cornelia	Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nilova, Maya V., Erst, Andrey S., Kushunina, Maria, Baider, Claudia, Verloove, Filip, Salas-Pascual, Marcos, Belyaeva, Irina V., Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Bruyns, Peter V., Klak, Cornelia (2018): Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium (Aizoaceae) in Africa. PhytoKeys 92: 45-88, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.92.22205
