identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BFD714B729E845328BD10C04A95E0CFD.text	BFD714B729E845328BD10C04A95E0CFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis orestes (Lynch 1979) Lynch 1979	<div><p>Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) Fig. 2</p><p>Eleutherodactylus orestes Lynch, 1979</p><p>Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) orestes: Lynch and Duellman 1997</p><p>Pristimantis orestes: Heinicke et al. 2007</p><p>Pristimantis (Pristimantis) orestes: Hedges et al. 2008</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Greek, Orestes, a mountaineer.</p><p>Type material. Holotype. KU141998, an adult female, obtained 11 km NE Urdaneta, Provincia Loja, Ecuador, 2970 m, 24 July 1971 by William E. Duellman and Bruce MacBryde.</p><p>Paratypes. KU141999-KU142003, collected syntopically with the holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pristimantis orestes is a small species distinguished by the following combination of traits: (1) skin on dorsum finely tuberculated (in life the skin tuberculated texture is more evident); evident dorsolateral folds absent but sometimes a continuous row of pustules is present; low middorsal fold present; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold weak, more evident posteriorly; (2) tympanic membrane absent but tympanic annulus evident, its length about 45% of the length of eye; supratympanic fold present; (3) snout short, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; canthus rostralis weakly concave in dorsal view, rounded in profile; (4) upper eyelid bearing several small tubercles, similar in size and shape with the ones from the dorsum, about 90% IOD in females and 60% IOD in males; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, slightly ovoid, separated medially by distance lower than width of processes; each processes bearing 3 to 6 teeth; (6) males with a subgular vocal sac and small vocal slits; nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers just slightly expanded, rounded; circumferential grooves present; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; subarticular tubercles prominent; supernumerary palmar tubercles present, smaller than subarticular tubercles; palmar tubercle completely divided into a larger (inner) and a smaller (outer) tubercles; thenar tubercle oval, smaller than the inner palmar tubercle; (9) small, inconspicuous, ulnar tubercles present (trait more visible in life); (10) heel with small tubercles; outer edge of tarsus with a row of small tubercles; inner tarsal tubercles coalesced into a short tarsal fold (traits more visible in life); (11) inner metatarsal tubercle broadly ovoid, about 2 × ovoid, subconical (in profile), outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing basal; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; discs on toes just slightly expanded, rounded, about same size as those on fingers; circumferential grooves present; (13) in life, dorsum varies from gray, copper-brown and brown; venter gray to pale brown spotted with cream and/or brown; groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thigh, concealed shank and axillae are dark brown or black enclosing large white spots; iris whitish gray, with a reddish broad median horizontal streak, and with fine black re ticulations; (14) SVL 22.4-23.7 mm in adult females (N = 2) and 16.5-22.3 mm in adult males (20.1 ± 2.16 SD, N = 5).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Morphometric variation is shown in Table 3. In one male (MZUA.AN.2497) the discoidal fold is more visible but the ulnar tubercles are barely distinguishable both in life and in preservative. In one female (MZUA.AN.2493) a vague dorsolateral fold (formed by a continuous row of pustules) is present in the anterior half of dorsum and the middorsal fold is not distinguishable; in this same individual the ulnar tubercles are more notorious than in the other preserved specimens. In a female (MZUA.AN.2497), the dorsum and dorsal surfaces of limbs display a brownish-green coloration; the flanks and lips are dark brown with irregular cream blotches. One male (MZUA.AN.2488) presents orange spots over a brown background in the dorsum, flanks and limbs and a continuous orange blotch in the groin and anterior surfaces of thighs (Fig. 2).</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Two of the analyzed recordings (FUTPL-A-130 and FUTPL-A-131) are from the same unvouchered male. Pristimantis orestes has an advertisement call characterized by a call series composed by clicking calls repeated for long periods of time (Fig. 3). Because the males can call continuously for long periods of time, the call series duration is unknown. The calls are characterized by a duration of (range and mean ± SD in parenthesis): 0.008-0.013 s (0.011 ± 0.0009, N = 190), an inter-call interval of 0.705-3.824 s (1.680 ± 0.650, N = 185) and a call rate of 0.50-0.73 calls/s (0.58 ± 0.110, N = 4). The 90% bandwidth ranged from 2325.6-2756.2 Hz (2605.7 ± 88.555, N = 190) to 2756.2-3186.9 Hz (2989.2 ± 115.100, N = 190), with the dominant frequency being at 2670.1-2928.5 Hz (2773.5 ± 77.359, N = 190). The fundamental frequency is not recognizable, but 2 to 3 harmonics are sometimes visible. Three of the four recorded males increased the call rate at the end of their calls (Fig. 3), intensifying the call emissions in the last 20-30 seconds. The call rate increased, and the inter-call interval decreased from 0.35-0.63 calls/s (0.47 ± 0.145, N = 3) to 0.70-1.06 calls/s (0.88 ± 0.177, N = 3), respectively, and from 1.063-3.824 s (2.111 ± 0.672, N = 64) to 0.705-2.087 s (1.253 ± 0.401, N = 88).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Lynch (1979) states that this species occurs on the eastern Andean Cordillera from the Cuenca hoya to the Loja hoya in southern Ecuador. However, we suggest that this distribution might be inaccurate and needs to be reviewed, as many of the records are probably erroneous belonging to very similar, but in fact different species. For example, additional localities previously reported by Lynch (1979) from the Loja Province include Saraguro, but this record is likely erroneous, and refers to observations of an undescribed, very similar species. Guayasamin and Arteaga (2013) also reported P. orestes from Susudel in the Azuay province (MZUTI 706), but this record needs to be reviewed via molecular and morphological analysis to confirm identity of this specimens. Thus, we recommend limiting the distribution of P. orestes to the confirmed localities in Urdaneta and in Sigsig, in an elevational range between 2940 to 3100 m (Fig. 4).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>We found all the specimens in a pastureland in a subpáramo habitat. Specimens were encountered at night on grassy vegetation (usually at 10-20 cm above the ground) near the road. Calling males were encountered between May and August. The only sympatric frog species registered was Gastrotheca pseustes .</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Pristimantis orestes is categorized as endangered based on criteria B1b(iii) (IUCN 2018). We suggest maintaining this category because the species i) has only been found in two localities, and ii) its natural habitat ( páramo and subpáramo) has been heavily damaged and fragmented by grazing, fires and roads. Also, in its type locality, P. orestes is not locally abundant, only few individuals were registered at every visit to the population. However, additional information is needed to evaluate population trends and to assess the presence and impact of pathogenic infections in this species.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Lynch (1979) provides an accurate and detailed description of this species, including a brief description of the cranial osteology. Our diagnosis concurs with all the morphological features described by the author, but we also focus on characters that were not detailed in the original description but that are useful to distinguish P. orestes from other similar species (e.g., condition of discoidal fold and nuptial pads in males). The only significant difference is that the outer tarsal tubercles are not prominent, and we consider the color of the iris to be whitish gray instead of gray-bronze (Fig. 2). The diagnosis provided herein is based on four specimens from the original description (KU 141998, 141999, 142000, 142002): one adult female (MZUA.AN.2488) and five adult males (MUTPL 242, 248, 249 and MZUA.AN.2493, 2497) collected from the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BFD714B729E845328BD10C04A95E0CFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Urgiles, Veronica L.;Szekely, Paul;Szekely, Diana;Christodoulides, Nicholas;Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Savage, Anna E.	Urgiles, Veronica L., Szekely, Paul, Szekely, Diana, Christodoulides, Nicholas, Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Savage, Anna E. (2019): Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae). ZooKeys 864: 111-146, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102
3FC7017397D448388A9F017C72C473F0.text	3FC7017397D448388A9F017C72C473F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis cajanuma	<div><p>Pristimantis cajanuma sp. nov. Figs 5, 6, 7, 8</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. MUTPL 346 (Figs 5 - 7), field no. SC 159, adult female from Ecuador, Loja Province, Loja canton, Cajanuma entrance to the Podocarpus National Park, on Los Miradores trail (4.1176S, 79.1663W; datum WGS84), 3022 m above sea level, collected by Diana Székely and Paul Székely on 28 June 2018.</p><p>Paratypes (Fig. 8) 16 specimens collected in the type locality: MUTPL 343 (SC 156) an adult female and MUTPL 344 (SC 157) a juvenile (4.1170S, 79.1668W; datum WGS84), 2974 m, MUTPL 345 (SC 158) a juvenile (4.1176S, 79.1663W; datum WGS84), 3022 m, MUTPL 347 (SC 160) an adult female and MUTPL 353 (SC 166) a subadult male (4.1177S, 79.1658W; datum WGS84), 3042 m, and MUTPL 352 (SC 165) a subadult male and MUTPL 355 (SC 168) an adult male (4.1177S, 79.1647W; datum WGS84), 3098 m collected by Diana Székely and Paul Székely on 28 June 2018; MUTPL 573 (SC 331) a subadult female (4.1166S, 79.1691W; datum WGS84), 2890 m collected by Diana Székely and Paul Székely on 09 December 2018; MUTPL 583 (SC 903) an adult female and MUTPL 584 (SC 904) a subadult female (4.1167S, 79.1690W; datum WGS84), 2883, MUTPL 588 (SC 908) and MUTPL 592 (SC 912) two juveniles, MUTPL 589 (SC 909) and MUTPL 591 (SC 911) two subadult females, and MUTPL 593 (SC 913) and MUTPL 594 (SC 914) two adult males (4.1169S, 79.1666W; datum WGS84), 2984 m collected by Diana Székely and Paul Székely on 05 January 2019.</p><p>Diagnosis .</p><p>Pristimantis cajanuma is a small species distinguished by the following combination of traits: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen; skin on venter areolate (trait more visible in life); discoidal fold weak; dorsolateral folds present; low middorsal fold present; (2) tympanic membrane absent but tympanic annulus evident, its length about 45% of the length of eye; supratympanic fold present; (3) snout short, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, angular in profile; (4) upper eyelid bearing several small tubercles, about 60% IOD in females and 65% IOD in males; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, triangular, without space between the processes; each processes bearing 4 to 7 teeth; (6) males with subgular vocal sac and vocal slits; nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded, rounded; circumferential grooves present; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; subarticular tubercles prominent; supernumerary palmar tubercles present, rounded, smaller than subarticular tubercles; palmar tubercle bifurcated (partially divided distally); thenar tubercle oval; (9) small, inconspicuous, ulnar tubercles present (trait more visible in life); (10) heel with small tubercles; outer edge of tarsus with a row of small tubercles; inner tarsal tubercles coalesced into a short tarsal fold; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle broadly ovoid, about 2 × round, subconical (in profile) outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing basal; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; discs on toes expanded, rounded, about same size as those on fingers; circumferential grooves present; (13) in life, dorsum of various shades of brown, gray or sometimes green, with or without darker bands or bars; flanks various shades of brown or gray, usually lighter than the dorsum coloration; venter light gray with or without dark flecks; groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae are black enclosing large white spots; iris bronze with a reddish broad median horizontal streak, and with fine black reticulations; SVL 17.6-22.1 mm in adult females (19.8 ± 1.81 SD, N = 8) and 14.4-16.4 mm in adult males (15.4 ± 0.83 SD, N = 5).</p><p>Comparison with similar species.</p><p>Pristimantis cajanuma is morphologically similar to its closest relatives, the species from the recently redefined P. orestes group (sensu Brito et al. 2017), but its characteristic morphological features readily distinguish it from all resembling species. Pristimantis cajanuma is most similar to P. orestes sensu stricto but can be easily distinguished by having evident dorsolateral folds (absent in P. orestes), a shagreen skin on dorsum (finely tuberculated in P. orestes), broader discs on the fingers and toes (e.g. width of disc on Finger III in P. cajanuma: 0.8-1 mm, N = 3; in P. orestes: 0.6-0.7 mm, N = 3), palmar tubercle bifurcated, only partially divided distally (completely divided into a larger and a smaller tubercle in P. orestes) and by the more widespread black coloration in the groin and concealed shanks (Fig. 9). Its sister species, P. andinognomus is significantly smaller (females up to 17 mm, males up to 14 mm; Lehr and Coloma 2008), has the Toe V much longer than Toe III (Toe V slightly longer than Toe III in P. cajanuma) and lacks the typical black enclosing large white spots coloration of the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae of P. cajanuma .</p><p>Pristimantis simonbolivari has a similar coloration of the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae but lacks dorsolateral folds (present in P. cajanuma) and its venter coloration is darker, orange or brown (light gray in P. cajanuma). Pristimantis saturninoi and P. quintanai sp. nov. also have similar coloration of the groin, thighs and shanks but P. saturninoi has a black or blackish-amber venter (venter light gray in P. cajanuma) and green iris (bronze in P. cajanuma). Pristimantis quintanai sp. nov. is different by having a finely tubercular dorsum skin (shagreen in P. cajanuma), and by having a black, reddish-brown or reddish-cream venter coloration.</p><p>All other species of the P. orestes group (sensu Brito et al. 2017) lack the typical coloration of the groin, thighs, shanks and axillae of P. cajanuma: Pristimantis bambu has large yellow spots; P. mazar has a reticulated pattern, P. tiktik presents a black reticulum in the females and whitish/pinkish yellow coloration in the males and P. muranunka shows a brown or dark brown uniform coloration.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult female (MUTPL 346) (Figs 5 - 7) with head narrower than body, wider than long, HL 92% of HW, HW 36% of SVL; HL 33% of SVL; snout short (snout to eye distance 16% of SVL), subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile (Fig. 7A, B); canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, angular in profile; loreal region flat; ED notably greater than eye-nostril distance; nostrils not protuberant; lips not flared; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing several small tubercles (one slightly larger than the others), width of upper eyelid 64% of IOD; half of tympanic annulus evident (Fig. 7B), oval (slightly higher than wider), its upper and posterodorsal part obscured by rounded supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane absent; diameter of tympanum 52% of the length of eye; postrictal tubercles are fused and form a short ridge situated posteroventrally to tympanic annulus; choanae small, round, partially concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, triangular in outline, much larger than the choanae, without space between the processes, each bearing 4 or 5 teeth; tongue 1.5 × as long as wide, slightly notched posteriorly, posterior half not adherent to floor of mouth.</p><p>Skin on dorsum shagreen, that on flanks is finely tuberculated; thin, low middorsal fold starting at tip of snout and ending at cloaca; long, continuous dorsolateral folds present (Fig. 6A); skin of throat shagreen, that on chest and belly areolate; discoidal fold weak, barely visible (Fig. 6B); ornamentation in cloacal region absent.</p><p>Ulnar tubercles small, inconspicuous (trait more visible in life); outer palmar tubercle inconspicuous, bifurcated (partially divided distally); thenar tubercle oval; subarticular tubercles prominent, round and subconical in section; supernumerary palmar tubercles rounded, smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingers lacking lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers expanded, rounded; all fingers bearing pads well defined by circumferential grooves (Fig. 7C).</p><p>Hindlimbs short; TL 50% of SVL; FL 47% of SVL; heel with small tubercles (one slightly larger than the others); outer edge of tarsus with a row of small tubercles (trait more visible in life); inner edge of tarsus bearing a short fold; inner metatarsal tubercle broadly ovoid, about 2 × round and subconical (in profile) outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, round and subconical in section; plantar supernumerary tubercles rounded, smaller than subarticular tubercles; toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing basal; discs on toes expanded, rounded, about same size as those on fingers; toes with ventral pads well defined by circumferential grooves; relative length of toes I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III (tip of Toe III not reaching the penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, tip of Toe V not reaching the proximal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV) (Fig. 7D).</p><p>Measurements of holotype.</p><p>SVL 20.6; HW 7.5; HL 6.9; IOD 2.4; internarial distance 1.7; upper EW 1.5; ED 2.3; eye-nostril distance 1.8; snout to eye distance 3.2; TD 1.2; TL 10.2; FL 9.7.</p><p>Body mass of holotype: 1.01 g.</p><p>Coloration of holotype.</p><p>In life (Fig. 5) the dorsum is brown with dark mottling and with the dorsolateral folds blackish-dark brown. Flanks grayish-brown with white flecks. Dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs and arms the same color as the dorsum but with dark brown transverse bars. The head bears blackish-dark brown canthal, labial and supratympanic stripes. The throat is whitish gray and the venter is brownish-gray with white flecks. Groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae are black enclosing large white spots. The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the hands and feet are reddish-orange. The iris is bronze with a reddish broad median, horizontal streak, and with fine black reticulations.</p><p>In preservative (Figs 6, 7) the dorsum is brownish gray and the flanks whitish gray with white flecks. All the blackish-dark brown coloration of the dorsolateral folds, canthal, labial and supratympanic stripes in life became dark gray in preservative. Also, the black enclosing the large white spots of the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae in life turned to dark gray in preservative. The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the hands and feet are whitish gray.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Morphometric variation is shown in Table 4. The dorsolateral folds were fragmented in some of the specimens (Figs 8E, G, I, 9B) and thus not so evident, but all encountered individuals (probably more than 50) had dorsolateral folds. Pristimantis cajanuma displays a considerable variation in the dorsal coloration (Figure 8). We encountered individuals with a general gray (Fig. 8A, E, F, I, K), light brown (Fig. 8G), dark brown (Fig. 8D, L), light brown with a dark brown middorsal band (Fig. 8B, H) and even green (Fig. 8C, J) coloration. Some of the individuals had chevrons on the dorsum (Fig. 8E) and/or dark transverse bars on the flanks and limbs (Fig. 8E, I, J), white or yellowish dorsolateral folds (Fig. 8A, C, J), white middorsal fold (Fig. 8I) and even completely whitish-yellow head (Fig. 8K). As for the sexual dimorphism, besides the size difference (the males are significantly smaller), the only identified coloration difference is that the males are lacking the characteristic large white spots enclosed by black of the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae. From the encountered individuals, only the specimen MUTPL 353 had a similar coloration of the groin, but significantly fainter.</p><p>The dorsolateral folds are already visible in the juveniles (Fig. 8F, G, H), but the large white spots enclosed by black in the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, concealed shanks and axillae are not so conspicuous and probably become darker and more evident as the animals mature. The identity of all the specimens was confirmed molecularly using the 16S mitochondrial gene.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet cajanuma (in Quechua language " cajan " means cold and " uma " peak, or head, in other words the cold peak, referring to the cold climate of the area) is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the region where the species is found. Cajanuma is the highest entrance to the Podocarpus National Park, which is one of the largest and most diverse protected area from Ecuador. By naming this species cajanuma we also want to honor and recognize the Podocarpus National Park rangers for their extraordinary and tireless work protecting this incredible reserve.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Pristimantis cajanuma is known only from the Cajanuma entrance to the Podocarpus National Park, in an altitudinal range between 2882 and 3097 m a.s.l. in a Mountain Cloud Forest ecosystem. All specimens were encountered during the night, perching on the vegetation (usually at 10-40 cm above the ground), near the Los Miradores trail. No calling males were encountered. Other sympatric frog species include Pristimantis andinognomus, P. vidua and an undescribed species of Pristimantis .</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Even though Pristimantis cajanuma is currently known only from the type locality in the Podocarpus National Park, we recommend that this species to be categorized as Near Threatened following the IUCN criteria. This is due the fact that the species is locally abundant and its habitat does not face any major threats (because it is situated within a national protected area). However, at present its distribution is limited to only one locality, therefore there is some level of threat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3FC7017397D448388A9F017C72C473F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Urgiles, Veronica L.;Szekely, Paul;Szekely, Diana;Christodoulides, Nicholas;Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Savage, Anna E.	Urgiles, Veronica L., Szekely, Paul, Szekely, Diana, Christodoulides, Nicholas, Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Savage, Anna E. (2019): Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae). ZooKeys 864: 111-146, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102
E064E44594124677974AAFF00D50488E.text	E064E44594124677974AAFF00D50488E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pristimantis quintanai	<div><p>Pristimantis quintanai sp. nov. Figs 10, 11, 12</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. MZUA.AN.1881 (Figs 10 - 12), an adult female collected in Guangras, Rivera perish, Azogues canton, Cañar Province, Ecuador (2.4826S, 78.6019W; datum WGS84), 2527 m above sea level, by Juan C. Sanchez-Nivicela, Amanda Quezada Bruno Timbe and Jhonny Cedeño .</p><p>Paratypes. Two males MZUA.AN.1880, MZUA.AN.1900, three females MZUA.AN.1873, MZUA.AN.1885, MZUA.AN.1874 and a subadult female MZUA.AN.1890 collected with the holotype. Two females MZUA.AN.1746, MZUA. AN .1748 and a subadult female MZUA.AN.1747 collected from Rivera, Rivera perish, Azogues canton, Cañar Province, Ecuador (2.5459S, 78.6303W; datum WGS84), 2699 m by Juan C. Sanchez-Nivicela, Eduardo Toral and Veronica L. Urgiles and a female MZUA.AN.2705 collected from Llavircay Rivera perish, Azogues canton, Cañar Province, Ecuador (2.5637S, 78.5957W; datum WGS84), 2830 m by Amanda Quezada and Jhonny Cedeño .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pristimantis quintanai is a small species characterized by: (1) skin of dorsum finely tuberculated with low and rounded tubercles that vary in size (character more noticeable in life), notorious dermal crests, elevated; skin on venter coarsely areolate, dorsolateral folds present, low, middorsal fold low, discoidal fold barely noticeable; low sinusoidal scapular fold; (2) tympanic membrane indistinct, tympanic annulus differentiated, visible, rounded (57% of ED), postrictal tubercles present; (3) short snout, slightly subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile, canthus rostralis concave; (4) upper eyelid with one or two rounded tubercles and with several low ones, cranial crest absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomer oblique, with one to two teeth, rounded choana; (6) males have small vocal slits but lack vocal sac and nuptial pads; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II, discs rounded, with dilated pads in all fingers, well defined circumferential grooves; (8) lateral fringes of finger barely noticeable; (9) ulnar tubercles present, lacking antebrachial tubercles; (10) heel with one rounded and several low tubercles, shank lacking tubercles, tarsal tubercles low and small; (11) lateral fringes on toes barely noticeable, webbing absent; Toe V longer than Toe III; discs of toes rounded, dilated pads in all toes, well defined circumferential grooves; (12) inner metatarsal tubercles ovoid two times bigger than outer one, rounded; supernumerary plantar tubercles very low and small, smaller than subarticular tubercles; (13) iris grayish-gold with thin dark reticulations and a horizontal reddish stripe in the middle of the eye, dorsal coloration varies between dark brown, or light brown with cream; flanks vary between dark brown with minute white spots to light cream or yellowish-cream with minute white spots; ventral coloration varies between black, light reddish-brown or reddish-cream; groin and concealed surfaces of thighs are black with white irregular spots (whitish-cream and smaller in males); (14) SVL 19.0-21.8 mm in adult females (20.5 ± 0.90 SD, N = 6) and 15.5-16.4 mm in adult males (16.0 ± 0.64 SD, N = 2).</p><p>Comparison with simil ar species.</p><p>Pristimantis quintanai is morphologically most similar to P. simonbolivari, P. orestes, and P. saturninoi from the P. orestes complex. The new species is similar to P. saturninoi, P. orestes sensu stricto, and P. cajanuma and P. simonbolivari in having white spots on the groin. However, it can be distinguished from P. saturninoi by having expanded discs in fingers and toes (narrower in P. saturninoi), by lacking tympanic membrane, and because males lack nuptial pads. The new species differs from P. orestes sensu stricto by having a low dorsolateral fold, a ventral coloration that varies between black, reddish-brown or reddish-cream (gray to pale brown spotted with cream and brown in P. orestes), and because males lack vocal sacs. Pristimantis quintanai is different from P. cajanuma by having a finely tuberculated dorsal skin and a ventral coloration that can vary between black, reddish-brown or reddish-cream (light gray with or without dark flecks and skin texture shagreen in P. cajanuma). Pristimantis quintanai differs from P. simonbolivari by having a finely tuberculated dorsal skin (smooth in P. simonbolivari), males with vocal sacs, and a row of ulnar tubercles (indistinct in P. simonbolivari).</p><p>Pristimantis bambu is different from the new species by having a finely granular dorsal skin, ulnar tubercles coerced into a fold, vocal sacs in males (absent in P. quintanai), yellow coloration in the groin, and by lacking tubercles on the heel (one small rounded and several low in P. quintanai). Pristimantis mazar is different by lacking tubercles on the upper eyelid (one or two small rounded and several low in P. quintanai) and by having a well differentiated tympanic membrane, a dark reticulated pattern in the groin, a creamish-gray to dark brownish gray dorsal coloration and a whitish-cream coloration in the venter. Pristimantis andinognomus is different from the new species by having enlarged conical tubercles on heel and upper eyelids (one or two rounded and several low in P. quintanai), a differentiated tympanic membrane, males with vocal sacs and pale cupper dorsal coloration. Pristimantis vidua is different by having a finely granular dorsal skin and by lacking ulnar tubercles. Finally, P. tiktik is different by lacking dorsolateral folds (present, low in P. quintanai) and because males have vocal sacs, a reddish coloration on the groin (irregular white or whitish-cream in P. quintanai) and a ventral coloration that varies between various shades of gray, brown, orange or green (black, reddish-brown or reddish-cream in P. quintanai).</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>Adult female (Figs 10 - 12) with head narrower than body and wider than long. HL is 87% of HW, HW 36% of SVL; HL 31% of SVL; snout short (snout to eye distance 6% of SVL), subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile (Fig. 12A, B); canthus rostralis concave in dorsal view, angular in profile; loreal region flat; ED 60% of eye-nostril distance; nostrils oriented laterally; lips not flared; cranial crests absent; upper eyelid bearing one small subconical tubercle and low small tubercles, width of upper eyelid 57% of IOD; tympanic annulus, rounded, its upper and posterodorsal part obscured by a low and short supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane absent (Fig. 12B); diameter of tympanum 63% of ED; one postrictal tubercle posteroventral to the tympanic annulus; choanae small, round, no concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch; dentigerous processes of vomers triangular, slightly larger than the choanae, without space between the processes, bearing one teeth on the left one and two teeth on the right one; tongue 1.4 × as long as wide, slightly notched posteriorly, posterior half not adherent to floor of mouth.</p><p>Skin on dorsum finely tuberculated; middorsal fold present; low dorsolateral folds (more noticeable toward the end of dorsum); sinusoidal scapular fold present (Fig. 11A) skin of throat shagreen with few small scattered tubercles, skin on chest and belly coarsely areolate; discoidal fold low, barely noticeable (Fig. 11B); cloacal region with enlarged warts.</p><p>Ulnar tubercles present, outer palmar tubercle bifurcated (divided distally); thenar tubercle rounded; subarticular tubercles not projected, round and subconical in section; supernumerary palmar tubercles low and rounded, smaller than subarticular tubercles; fingers bearing lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers laterally expanded, rounded; all fingers bearing dilated pads well defined by circumferential grooves (Fig. 12C).</p><p>Hindlimbs short; TL and FL are 40% of SVL; heel with two small subconical tubercles (the one closest to the tarsus bigger); outer edge of tarsus with a row of small and low tubercles; inner edge of tarsus bearing a fold; inner metatarsal tubercle broadly ovoid, about 2 × the rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles not projected; plantar supernumerary tubercles low, barely noticeable; toes bearing lateral fringes; webbing absent; discs on toes laterally expanded, rounded, wider than those on fingers; toes with dilated pads well defined by circumferential grooves; relative length of toes I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV (Fig. 12D).</p><p>Measurements of holotype.</p><p>SVL 20.2; HW 7.2; HL 6.3; IOD 2.6; internarial distance 1.8; upper EW 1.5; ED 2.2; eye-nostril distance 1.3; TD 1.4; TL 8.8; FL 8.5.</p><p>Coloration of holotype.</p><p>In life (Fig. 10) the dorsum is brown, but it becomes darker toward the flanks. The tips of the tubercles, that cover most of the dorsal surfaces, are slightly pinkish. A dark brown strip is visible in the supratympanic region. The loreal region, nostrils and upper lips have vertical dark brown chevrons. The dorsal surfaces of finger tips are dark cream. The throat is dark brown with minute pinkish-cream spots, the venter is dark brown, the groin and concealed surfaces of the thighs and tibia are black with irregular white spots (larger in the groin region). The venter is black. The ventral surfaces of hands are cream with dark brown spots. Toes I, II and III and the tips of Toes IV and V are cream, the plantar surfaces as well as Toes IV and V present a dense brown spatter. The iris is grayish-gold with dark reticulations and a reddish horizontal bar in the middle. The cloacal region presents a dark triangle delimited by a thin gray strip that extends to the thighs.</p><p>In preservative (Fig. 11) the dorsum and flanks are dark brown with tiny light brown dots (the tip of the tubercles is light gray). The head and upper eyelids are grayish-brown, the dorsal surfaces of the limbs present the same coloration as the dorsum. The dorsal surfaces of hands and foot are light brown with cream spots, the dorsal surfaces of the tips in Fingers I and II are cream. The dorsal surfaces of toes I, II and III are cream with a tiny brown spatter. The throat and chest are light brown, the venter is dark brown, the groin and concealed surfaces of thighs and tibia are dark brown with white irregular spots. The ventral surfaces of hands are white whit brown spatter. Toes I, II and III and the tips of Toes IV and V are white, the plantar surface as well as Toes IV and V show a dense brown spatter. The cloacal region presents a dark triangle delimited by a thin gray strip that extends to the thighs.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Morphometric variation is detailed in Table 5. In the males MZUA.AN.1900 (Fig. 13A) and MZUA.AN.1880 (Fig. 13B), the tubercles on the dorsum and on the upper eyelid are less distinguishable (character more notorious in life in these specimens). One individual, MZUA.AN.2705 (Fig. 13C) has smaller blueish-white spots on the groin, the dorsal surfaces of finger tips and toes and the ventral surfaces of hands and foot are pink. The throat is dark brown with minute dark gray spots. In the male MZUA.AN.1900, the flanks and posterior limbs have dark brown vertical chevrons delimited by cream. The throat, chest and the region of the flanks next to the belly is yellowish-cream, the venter is reddish-cream. The male, MZUA.AN.1880 presents a lighter dorsal coloration with a light brown and yellowish-cream pattern.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet honors Dr Pedro Quintana-Ascencio for his contributions teaching young scientists from Ecuador and the USA and for promoting conservation studies in endangered ecosystems in the south of Ecuador. This is our tribute to Pedro as an ecologist, professor and friend.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Pristimantis quintanai is know from three localities in the Province of Cañar: Guangras, Rivera and Llavircay in an elevation range between 2500 and 2800 m. The ecosystem were the species is found is categorized as an evergreen high montane forest from the eastern Andes of Ecuador (Ministerio de Ambiente del Ecuador 2012). All specimens were encountered during the night between small shrubs and in leaf litter. Some specimens were observed in small branches between 0 and 25 cm above ground. Other sympatric frogs include P. pycnodermis and two other unidentified species of Pristimantis .</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The localities where P. quintanai has been registered cover an estimated area of 40 km2. The landscape is highly fragmented and includes extensive areas of both active and abandoned paddocks and has been directly influenced by the infrastructure of the Mazar hydroelectric project. In all the localities, the montane forest has been drastically reduced, particularly next to villages and cities. Pristimantis quintanai is not a locally abundant species given that only a handful of individuals (&lt;7) were found in each of the visited localities. We therefore recommend that this species be categorized as Endangered B1ab (iii), following the IUCN criteria, because its extent of occurrence is less than 5000 km2 and its natural habitat has been severely fragmented.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E064E44594124677974AAFF00D50488E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Urgiles, Veronica L.;Szekely, Paul;Szekely, Diana;Christodoulides, Nicholas;Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C.;Savage, Anna E.	Urgiles, Veronica L., Szekely, Paul, Szekely, Diana, Christodoulides, Nicholas, Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Savage, Anna E. (2019): Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae). ZooKeys 864: 111-146, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.35102
