identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BFF404FFE5FFD1FF660007BA7D7A91.text	03BFF404FFE5FFD1FF660007BA7D7A91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus confusus Palma	<div><p>Halipeurus confusus Palma, new species</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 28, 43, 57)</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) accentor Edwards, 1961: 151, figs 3R–7R (in part Halipeurus confusus; in part H. leucophryna Timmermann, 1960; in part H. theresae Timmermann, 1969).</p><p>“ Halipeurus accentor ” Nelson, 1969: 199 (not Halipeurus accentor Edwards, 1961).</p><p>Halipeurus theresae; Amerson &amp; Emerson, 1971: 4 (in part Halipeurus confusus; in part H. theresae Timmermann, 1969).</p><p>Halipeurus leucophryna; Amerson &amp; Emerson, 1971: 5 (in part Halipeurus confusus; in part H. leucophryna Timmermann, 1960).</p><p>“ Halipeurus pelagicus ” Amerson &amp; Emerson, 1971: 5 (not Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>“ Halipeurus leucophryna ” Watt, 1971: 236, 242 (not Halipeurus leucophryna Timmermann, 1960).</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) sp.; Pilgrim &amp; Palma, 1982: 9, 30.</p><p>TYPE HOST: Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild, 1893) .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: South East Island, Chatham Islands, New Zealand.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: 3 in MONZ.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 1; clypeal signature as in Fig. 3; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 28; genitalia as in Fig. 57. Female: habitus as in Fig 2; clypeal signature as for male; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 43. Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet confusus is from Latin, meaning confused, mingled, and is used here as an adjective in the nominative singular.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma nigripennis: Holotype 3 (MONZ, AI.023491), allotype Ƥ (MONZ, AI.023492) and 23, 2Ƥ paratypes, South East I., Chatham Is, New Zealand, 8 Jan. 1973, D.E. Crockett (MONZ). Other 274 paratypes as follows: 1Ƥ, Chatham Is, N.Z., Aug. 1900 (MONZ); 73, 9Ƥ, Herald I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 11 Nov. 1925, R.H. Beck (MONZ; RLCP); 1Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 3 Jan. 1963, C.M. Clark (BPBM); 23, N. Terraces, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 16 Jan. 1963, C.M. Clark (BPBM); 83, 3Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 3 Mar. 1963, C.M. Clark (BPBM); 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 13 Sep. 1963 (USNM); 23, 3Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 4 Nov. 1963, P. Gould (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 4–15 Jun. 1964 (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 8 Oct. 1964 (USNM); 13, 43 miles S off Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 23 Nov. 1964, F.C. Kinsky (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 25 Nov. 1964 (USNM); 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 6o04’N- 154o56’W, 11 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4032-496099 (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 7o18’N- 159o30’W, 12 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4024 (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 15o38’N- 169o55’W, 17 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4003 (USNM); 53, 4Ƥ, at sea, 13o46’N- 172o56’W, 18 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4269-495656 (AMNH; KCEM; USNM); 1Ƥ, at sea, 9o00’N- 155o W, 5 Jul. 1965, POBSP 4210-495272 (USNM); 13, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 22 Dec. 1966, J.C. Watt &amp; C.R. Veitch (NZAC); 203, 22Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 31 Dec. 1966, D.E. Crockett &amp; J.C. Watt (NZAC; MONZ; RLCP); 23, 1Ƥ, Norfolk I., Australia, 26 Nov. 1968, H.J. Disney (AMSA); 33, Norfolk I., Australia, 21 Mar. 1969, H.J. Disney (AMSA); 23, 2Ƥ, Sumner, Canterbury, N.Z., 4 Apr. 1970, J. Warham (RLCP); 63, 4Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 29 Nov. 1972, J. Ireland (NZAC; RLCP); 53, 2Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., N.Z., 4 Dec. 1972, J. Ireland (NZAC; RLCP); 113, 11Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 27 Jan. 1973, J. Ireland (NZAC; RLCP); 23, Waipu, Ruakaka, N.Z., 7 Apr. 1974, M. O’Reilley (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Suva, Viti Levu I., Fiji, 4 Apr. 1975, W.N. Beckon (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Kermadec Is, N.Z., 28 Jan. 1979 (MONZ); 63, 1Ƥ, Muriwai Beach, Auckland, N.Z., 10 Feb. 1979, S.M. Reed (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Dargaville Beach, Northland, N.Z., 17 Feb. 1979, D.E. Crockett (MONZ); 73, 7Ƥ, Matthew I., New Caledonia, 18 Dec. 1979, R. de Naurois (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 11 Feb. 1980, A.C.G. Heath (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Ruatahuna, Urewera National Park, N.Z., winter 1980, C. Whiting (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 21 Nov. 1980, D.M. Cunningham (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 2 Dec. 1982, M. Frazer (MONZ); 53, 4Ƥ, Starkeys I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 8 Dec. 1982, S. Cotter (MONZ); 23, 4Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 10 Feb. 1986, M.J. Imber (MONZ); 83, 6Ƥ, Muri, Rarotonga I., Cook Is, Feb. 1986, G. McCormack (MONZ); 63, 5Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 29 Nov. 1988, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Curtis I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 8 Nov. 1989, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Islets in lagoon, S. New Caledonia, 1–10 Mar. 1995, V. Bretagnolle (MONZ); 13, 2Ƥ, Herald I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., no date (AMNH); 13, 1Ƥ, Kermadec Is, N.Z., no date (NHML, Thompson Collection 1980-40. These specimens are also paratypes of Halipeurus accentor Edwards, 1961).</p><p>Species Head width Head length Total length Paramere length * number &amp; sex (at temples) (including hyaline margin) (including hyaline margin)</p><p>Halipeurus confusus</p><p>Holotype 3 0.37 0.74 3.78 0.41 30 3 0.356 (0.34–0.38) 0.719 (0.69–0.75) 3.670 (3.50–3.87) 0.406 (0.39–0.42) 30 Ƥ 0.391 (0.36–0.41) 0.725 (0.69–0.76) 3.913 (3.69–4.10) –</p><p>Halipeurus pricei</p><p>Holotype 3 0.32 0.66 3.07 0.30 25 3 0.309 (0.30–0.33) 0.635 (0.62–0.66) 2.960 (2.80–3.14) 0.302 (0.29–0.31) 25 Ƥ 0.359 (0.34–0.37) 0.686 (0.66–0.70) 3.561 (3.46–3.68) – * If parameres are asymmetrical, measurement given corresponds to longer paramere.</p><p>DISCUSSION: The type series of H. confusus comprises 148 males and 132 females divided into 25 samples from eight different host-breeding localities, and 18 samples from birds taken at sea or found dead onshore. This extensive series shows that H. confusus is a morphologically uniform species, closer to H. kermadecensis (Johnston &amp; Harrison, 1912) and H. turtur Edwards, 1961 than to all other species of Halipeurus . However, males of H. confusus differ from those two species by the genitalia having much longer and wider parameres, as well as a different configuration of the aedeagal sac (Fig. 57), and by the shape and chaetotaxy of the ventral terminalia (Fig. 28). In addition, the abdomen of male H. confusus is about 30% longer than that of H. turtur . Females of H. confusus can be separated from those of H. turtur by their greater total length and by fine details of the terminalia. Females of H. confusus and H. kermadecensis are very similar and can only be separated by a detailed comparison of their terminalia.</p><p>No other species of Halipeurus has suffered such an identity crisis as that of H. confusus . The confusion began with Edwards (1961: 151) when he described H. accentor based on a mixture of samples from four hosts, which he believed were two species of Pterodroma, each including two subspecies, as follows: “ Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae ”, “ Pterodroma leucoptera hypoleuca ”, “ Pterodroma cookii nigripennis ” and “ Pterodroma cookii difilipianna ” (sic). These host taxa are now regarded, respectively, as the following four species: Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger, 1893), Pterodroma hypoleuca (Salvin, 1888), Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild, 1893) and Pterodroma defilippiana (Giglioli &amp; Salvadori, 1869) (see Jouanin &amp; Mougin 1979: 76 and Dickinson 2003: 75). Two species of Halipeurus ( H. leucophryna Timmermann, 1960 and H. theresae Timmermann, 1969) are known from three of those petrels (see Price et al. 2003: 187, 371) and a third, H. confusus, parasitises the fourth host species. Edwards’s type series of H. accentor contains all three Halipeurus species.</p><p>I have examined the holotype male, the allotype female and one paratype male of H. accentor (all deposited in AMNH) from Pterodroma longirostris, the type host, and I have no doubt that they are conspecific with H. leucophryna . Further, I have examined a male-female pair of paratypes of H. accentor (deposited in MCZC) from Pterodroma defilippiana, which is also H. leucophryna . However, another male-female pair of paratypes of H. accentor (deposited in NHML) from Pterodroma nigripennis is clearly not H. leucophryna but H. confusus (see Material examined). Emerson (1972: 80) listed H. accentor as a junior synonym of H. leucophryna without any comment and without citing any material examined to justify his synonymy. Nevertheless, I agree with Emerson’s new synonymy, which left the Halipeurus from Pterodroma nigripennis unnamed.</p><p>Timmermann (1965: 148) realised that both H. accentor and H. leucophryna had the same type host but he was not convinced that they represented the same species, hence he listed the former species under H. leucophryna as “Syn.? H. accentor ”. Timmermann correctly pointed out the gross differences between the genitalia of those two species, as far as he could judge from comparing his H. leucophryna material against Edwards’s (1961: 140, fig. 5R) illustration of H. accentor genitalia, but he was cautious and did not confirm the synonymy because he had not compared the types. After examining the types of H. accentor, I can only conclude that the figure of the male genitalia depicted by Edwards for H. accentor (1961: 140, fig. 5R) was drawn from a paratype male from Pterodroma nigripennis, and is therefore H. confusus . The male genitalia of H. leucophryna is, as stated and illustrated by Timmermann (1965: 149, fig. 89), very slender, thus differing significantly from the genitalia of H. confusus (Fig. 57).</p><p>Amerson &amp; Emerson (1971) listed many records of lice collected by the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP) carried out by the Smithsonian Institution in the Pacific Ocean from 1963 to 1969. I have been able to examine some of the Halipeurus collected by the POBSP (see Material examined) but I found them to be mostly misidentified. The problem is that not only the lice but also the petrel hosts were incorrectly identified (G.E. Watson pers. comm. 1982, J.A. Bartle pers. comm. 1982). Thus, records of H. theresae listed by Amerson &amp; Emerson (1971: 4) under Pterodroma hypoleuca actually refer to two species: H. theresae from Pterodroma hypoleuca and H. confusus from Pterodroma nigripennis . Similarly, records of H. leucophryna listed under Pterodroma cooki cooki (sic) in Amerson &amp; Emerson (1971: 5) are a mixture of H. leucophryna and H. confusus, but none of them were from Pterodroma cookii: the hosts involved were Pterodroma longirostris and Pterodroma nigripennis . Another incorrect host-louse record is that of H. pelagicus under Pterodroma cooki cooki (sic) in Amerson &amp; Emerson (1971: 5): the lice are again H. confusus and the host Pterodroma nigripennis .</p><p>My examination of samples from Norfolk Island identified by Nelson (1969), those from the Kermadec Islands published by Watt (1971), and specimens collected by the POBSP reported by Amerson &amp; Emerson (1971) (see Material examined), confirm that the entries I have listed above in the synonymy of H. confusus are correct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFE5FFD1FF660007BA7D7A91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFE1FFDCFF660619BE9B7B8C.text	03BFF404FFE1FFDCFF660619BE9B7B8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus pricei Palma	<div><p>Halipeurus pricei Palma, new species</p><p>(Figs 4, 13–15, 29, 44, 65)</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) sp.; Pilgrim &amp; Palma, 1982: 9. Halipeurus (Halipeurus) sp.; Watling, 1986: 66.</p><p>TYPE HOST: Pterodroma brevipes brevipes (Peale, 1848) .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: Rarotonga Island, Cook Islands, Pacific Ocean.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: 3 in MONZ.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 13; clypeal signature as in Fig. 4; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 29; genitalia as in Fig. 65. Female: habitus as in Fig. 14; clypeal signature as in Fig. 15; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 44.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet is a noun in the genitive case honouring Professor Roger D. Price for his outstanding contribution to the systematics of Phthiraptera during the last 50 years, and for his friendship and collaboration during a great part of those years.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma brevipes brevipes: Holotype 3 (MONZ, AI.023446), allotype Ƥ (MONZ, AI.023447) and 43, 9Ƥ paratypes, Rarotonga I., Cook Is, 26 Jul. 1984, G. McCormack (MONZ). Other 21 paratypes as follows: 63, 6Ƥ, Gau I., Fiji, 1 May 1984, D. Watling, DW-F602 (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Raivavae I., Austral Group (Tubuai Is), French Polynesia, Jul. 1992, G. McCormack (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Viti Levu I., Fiji, no date, Macleay Museum B.4433 (MONZ).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma brevipes magnificens Bretagnolle &amp; Shirihai, 2010: 13, 3Ƥ, Mt Suretamatai, Vanua Lava I., Banks Is, Vanuatu, 7–8 Mar. 2011, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma brevipes (not identified to subspecies): 23, 30 miles west of “Melapan” I. [probably Mera Lava I., Banks Is, Vanuatu; fide Imber &amp; Tennyson 2001: 123], no date (AMNH).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera (Gould, 1844): 23, 2Ƥ, Cabbage Tree I., New South Wales, Australia, 14– 15 Feb. 1977, P.J. Fullagar (RLCP); 1Ƥ, Cabbage Tree I., New South Wales, Australia, 27 Nov. 1995 (MONZ). Ex Pterodroma leucoptera caledonica Imber &amp; Jenkins, 1981: 13, 2Ƥ, Otaki Beach, N.Z., 25 Jun. 1961, P.C. Bull, DM 11377 (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Tasman Sea, 43o28’S- 163o55’E, 3 Mar. 1965, P.C. Harper, DM 11378 (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Titahi Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 4 May 1973, S.P.C.A., DM 17366 (MONZ); 43, 2Ƥ, Kalouehola River, Mt Dzumac (550m), New Caledonia, 19 Feb. 1978, Greenway-Vuilleumier (MONZ); 73, 7Ƥ, New Caledonia, Feb. 1994, V. Bretagnolle (MONZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: My examination of the 32 males and 41 females of H. pricei listed above shows no consistent morphological or size differences associated with the Halipeurus on any of the four hosts. The uniformity of the four populations of H. pricei is not unexpected considering the close relationship of its host taxa, which have been variously treated as full species or subspecies. Pterodroma brevipes was originally described as a full species, then treated as a subspecies of Pterodroma leucoptera for some years (Jouanin &amp; Mougin 1979: 78, Watling 1986), and now is considered a full species by most authors (e.g. BirdLife International 2000: 56; Watling 2001: 186; Bretagnolle &amp; Shirihai 2010), but as a subspecies of Pterodroma leucoptera by others (e.g. Dickinson 2003: 75). Although in this paper I follow the bird nomenclature in Dickinson (2003), I have made an exception with this group of Pterodroma taxa and have adopted the taxonomy used by the Ornithological Society of New Zealand Checklist Committee (2010) and Bretagnolle &amp; Shirihai (2010).</p><p>Among the Halipeurus males with a very short sixth abdominal segment—i.e. all species except Halipeurus marquesanus (Ferris, 1932), H. heraldicus Timmermann, 1960 and H. noctivagus Timmermann, 1960 — Halipeurus pricei belongs to a group of small species with slender genitalia, thin parallel parameres, and without pigmented aedeagal sclerites. They are: Halipeurus bulweriae Timmermann, 1960; H. falsus falsus Eichler, 1949; H. falsus pacificus Edwards, 1961; H. forficulatus Edwards, 1961; H. leucophryna; H. spadix spadix Timmermann, 1961 and H. spadix subclavus Timmermann, 1961 . However, males of H. pricei can be distinguished from males of all of those species/subspecies by a number of characters, especially the short length of its parameres (see Tables 1 and 2), the shape of the clypeal signature, the shape and chaetotaxy of the ventral terminalia, and the length/width ratio of the head. As is the case with most Halipeurus species, females of H. pricei are much more difficult to separate than males; however, a detailed comparison of the shape of the clypeal signature and of the shape and chaetotaxy of the last two abdominal segments allows morphological separation of H. pricei females from those of the species mentioned above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFE1FFDCFF660619BE9B7B8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFEFFFDEFF6604EBBB0378B5.text	03BFF404FFEFFFDEFF6604EBBB0378B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus atlanticus Palma	<div><p>Halipeurus atlanticus Palma, new species</p><p>(Figs 5, 16, 20–21, 31, 46, 56)</p><p>Halipeurus sp.; Hilburn, 1990: 187.</p><p>Halipeurus sp. nov. (A); Zonfrillo, 1993: 327. Halipeurus sp. GLA959; Hammer et al., 2010: 1114, 1116.</p><p>TYPE HOST: Pterodroma madeira Mathews, 1934 .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: Madeira Island, North Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: 3 in MONZ.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 20; clypeal signature as in Fig. 5; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 31; genitalia as in Fig. 56. Female: habitus as in Fig. 21; clypeal signature as in Fig. 16; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 46.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet atlanticus is a noun in apposition derived from the word Atlantic, referring to the ocean where the geographical ranges of the hosts of this louse are situated. MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma madeira: Holotype 3 (MONZ, AI.023873), allotype Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, Sep. 1990, F. Zino (MONZ). Twenty-four paratypes as follows: 23, 1Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 30 May 1987, F. Zino (MONZ; MFMP); 13, 1Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, Jul. 1989, F. Zino (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 10 Apr. 2003, F. Zino (MONZ; MFMP); 33, 4Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 21 Apr. 2005, F. Zino (MONZ; MFMP); 7Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 31 May 2006, F. Zino (MONZ; MFMP).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma cahow (Nichols &amp; Mowbray, 1916): 13, 1Ƥ, Inner Pier, Bermuda, 16 Jun. 1969 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Nonsuch I., Bermuda, 31 Mar. 1988, D. Wingate &amp; D. Hilburn (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Nov. 2003, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: Morphologically, Halipeurus atlanticus is extremely similar to H. procellariae (J.C. Fabricius, 1775) recorded from five species of Pterodroma (Price et al. 2003: 188) . Males only differ in details of the genitalia, and females are indistinguishable at present. However, molecular analysis has shown that they are not as closely related as their morphology would indicate. Values calculated as percentage sequence divergence between H. atlanticus (ex Pt. madeira) and Halipeurus procellariae (ex Pt. lessonii) are 12.7–13% for the 12S gene, and 14.5% for the COI gene (Joseph Hughes pers. comm. 2007). Furthermore, Hammer et al. (2010) have found that H. procellariae and H. consimilis Timmermann, 1960 are sister species, and that H. atlanticus (as H. sp GLA959) is sister to these two taxa. However, the phylogenetic trees in Hammer et al. (2010: 1113) for this clade show that bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities are low for these relationships. Therefore, morphological data may still be showing the true relationship between H. atlanticus and H. procellariae as sister species.</p><p>Recent research by Jesús et al. (2009) on the phylogeny of the two subspecies of Pterodroma feae (Salvadori, 1899) and Pt. madeira shows that these species are more closely related to each other than to other North Atlantic species such as Pt. cahow and Pt. hasitata (Kuhl, 1820) . Considering that both Pterodroma feae deserta (Mathews, 1934) and Pt. hasitata harbour Halipeurus theresae Timmermann, 1969 (Zonfrillo 1993), the presence of H. atlanticus on Pt. madeira and Pt. cahow is incongruent with the phylogeny of its hosts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFEFFFDEFF6604EBBB0378B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFEDFFDBFF6607F8BB627F3E.text	03BFF404FFEDFFDBFF6607F8BB627F3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus pelagodromae Palma	<div><p>Halipeurus pelagodromae Palma, new species</p><p>(Figs 6, 22, 24, 26–27, 32, 47, 63)</p><p>“ Halipeurus (“ Synnautes ”) pelagicus ” Timmermann, 1960: 321, fig. 3 (not Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>Halipeurus pelagicus; Timmermann, 1961: 413 (in part Halipeurus pelagodromae; in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Edwards, 1961: 155 (in part Halipeurus pelagodromae; in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Timmermann, 1965: 153, fig. 76 (in part Halipeurus pelagodromae; in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus (Denny, 1842) s. l.; Pilgrim &amp; Palma, 1982: 13 (in part Halipeurus pelagodromae; in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>“ Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus ” Green &amp; Palma, 1991: 14 (not Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Palma &amp; Barker, 1996: 186 (in part Halipeurus pelagodromae; in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Price et al., 2003: 188 (in part Halipeurus pelagodromae; in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>“ Halipeurus pelagicus Hap 3” Hammer et al., 2010: 1114 (not Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842).</p><p>TYPE HOST: Pelagodroma marina maoriana Mathews, 1912 .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: 3 in MONZ.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 26; head as in Fig. 22; clypeal signature as in Fig. 6; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 32; genitalia as in Fig. 63. Female: habitus as in Fig. 27; head as in Fig. 24; clypeal signature as for male; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 47.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1. Head length/head width ratios: males 2.2; females 1.9. ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet pelagodromae is an adjectival possessive form derived from the generic name of the type host.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina maoriana: Holotype 3 (MONZ, AI.023444), allotype Ƥ (MONZ, AI.023445) and 33, 3Ƥ paratypes, Poor Knights Is, New Zealand, 27 Oct. 1975, S.M. Towle (MONZ; RLCP). Other 171 paratypes as follows: 1Ƥ, N.Z., 26 Nov. 1928, E.F. Stead (MONZ); 1Ƥ, 100 miles S.W. off Galápagos Is, Sep. 1930, CMNZ Av.432 (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Point Crozier, Auckland Is, N.Z., 14 Jan. 1943, R.A. Falla (RLCP); 13, 5Ƥ, Port Ross, Auckland Is, N.Z., 9 Feb. 1945, J.H. Sorensen (MONZ); 143, 10Ƥ, Chatham Is, N.Z., 3 Feb. 1954, E.W. Dawson, CMNZ Av.12592/610 (MONZ; RLCP); 23, 2Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 22 Nov. 1970, A. Baker (RLCP); 23, 2Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., N.Z., 5 Nov. 1972, G. Wilson (RLCP); 1Ƥ, Hongiara I., Alderman Is, N.Z., 10 Nov. 1972, D. Merton (NZAC); 43, 1Ƥ, Lizard I., Mokohinau Is, N.Z., 21 Nov. 1973, C.R. Veitch (MONZ); 3Ƥ, Ashburton, N.Z., 24 Apr. 1974, M. Lane (RLCP); 33, 5Ƥ, Rangatira I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 3 Jan. 1975, E.C. Young (NZAC; MONZ); 113, 11Ƥ, Motunau I., N.Z., 4 Jan. 1976, C.N. Challies (MONZ; RLCP); 73, 7Ƥ, Castlepoint, Wairarapa, N.Z., 31 Oct. 1978, P. Laing (MONZ); 53, 9Ƥ, Tuku Valley, Chatham I., N.Z., 27–29 Dec. 1978, S. Cotter (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 2 Mar. 1979, Wildlife Service (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, at sea, 9o51’S- 88o41’W, 22 May 1980, Research Ship Sonne, Band C-22055 (MONZ); 53, 6Ƥ, Tawhiti Rahi, Poor Knights Is, N.Z., 6–7 Dec. 1980, R.H. Kleinpaste (NZAC); 43, 3Ƥ, North Auckland, N.Z., Feb. 1981, D.E. Crockett (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., 20 Dec. 1982, S. Cotter (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, South East I., Chatham Is, N.Z., N.Z., 17 Jan. 1991, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Tuku Valley, Chatham I., N.Z., 1 Nov. 1997, M.J. Imber (MONZ).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina albiclunis Murphy &amp; Irving, 1951: 1 Ƥ, Kermadec Is, N.Z., no date, T.H. Johnston (MONZ); 83, 6Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 5 Dec. 1988, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Haszard I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 25 Aug. 2006, M.J. Imber (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina dulciae Mathews, 1912: 13, 1Ƥ, Reevesby I., South Australia, 10 Dec. 1936, H.T. Condon (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Waikanae Beach, N.Z., 28 Dec. 1995, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina eadesi Bourne, 1953: 1 Ƥ, Branco I., Cape Verde Is, 16o38’59”N- 24o40’59”W, 1 Apr. 1999, R.W. Furness (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon, 1841): 13, 1Ƥ, Tenerife I., Canary Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 22 Mar. 1889 (MONZ); 13, Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 29 Apr. 1895 (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Jun. 1991, F. Zino (MFMP; MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina marina (Latham, 1790): 113, 11Ƥ, Gough I., South Atlantic Ocean, Nov. 1985, R.W. Furness (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pelagodroma marina (not identified to subspecies): 13, New Zealand, 10 Feb. 1936, N o 24 (CMNZ); 13, 1Ƥ, New Zealand, 26 Oct. 1937 (CMNZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Tollgate Is, New South Wales, Australia, 20 Nov. 1959, J.H. Calaby (ANIC); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, off Perú, 1 Apr. 1965, Watson &amp; Angle (KCEM); 1Ƥ, 14o15’S- 83o30’W, 9 Mar. 1966, R.F. Cressey (USNM); 23, 2Ƥ, Foster Is, Bass Strait, Tasmania, Australia, 7 Dec. 1966, R.H. Green (ANIC); 13, 1Ƥ, Chile, 17 Jul. 1969, T.J. Lewis (KCEM); 13, Chalky I., Tasmania, Australia, 29 Nov. 1979, R.H. Green (KCEM); 23, 1Ƥ, Craggy I., Bass Strait, Tasmania, Australia, 29 Nov. 1981, R.H. Green (QVTA); 23, 5Ƥ, Eddystone Point, Tasmania, Australia, 28 Dec. 1981, R.H. Green (QVTA); 13, 2Ƥ, Eddystone Lighthouse, Tasmania, Australia, 16 Jan. 1988, T. Scarborough (QVTA); 13, New Zealand, no date, N o 40 (CMNZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: The type series of H. pelagodromae comprises 84 males and 95 females divided into 21 samples from six different host-breeding localities, plus several samples from birds taken at sea or found dead onshore. The type series together with non-types from all the other host subspecies show that, although some dimensions are wide ranging (see Table 1), H. pelagodromae is morphologically a uniform species, and close to H. pelagicus . Both sexes of these two species can be separated by the shape of the preantennal region of the head (compare Figs 22 and 24 with Figs 23 and 25 respectively) and the clypeal signatures (compare Fig. 6 with Fig. 7). Males can be further distinguished by the shape of their last abdominal segment and the length of distal ventral setae (compare Fig. 32 with Fig. 33). The female ventral terminalia of H. pelagodromae and H. pelagicus are very similar, but still distinguishable in some details (compare Fig. 47 with Fig. 48). Although the total body lengths of the two species are very close in both mean values and ranges, the head of H. pelagodromae is, on average, wider and longer than that of H. pelagicus in both sexes (Table 1). However, head length/head width ratios are higher for H. pelagicus (males 2.4; females 2.1) than for H. pelagodromae (males 2.2; females 1.9) in both sexes. The overall shape of the male genitalia of H. pelagodromae is extremely similar to that of H. pelagicus; although ranges of lengths of parameres overlap completely, the mean value for H. pelagicus is 10% longer than for H. pelagodromae (Table 1).</p><p>Percentage sequence divergence between Halipeurus pelagodromae and H. pelagicus (ex Oceanodroma castro) calculated for genes 12s and COI are 2.183% and 5.026% respectively (Vincent S. Smith pers. comm. 2007). Although those values are not high, they support the separation of the Halipeurus population from Pelagodroma marina into a taxon different from H. pelagicus . Considering that there are also morphological differences in both sexes, albeit not marked, I am confident in regarding this new taxon as a full species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFEDFFDBFF6607F8BB627F3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFE8FFDBFF660044BBA97B34.text	03BFF404FFE8FFDBFF660044BBA97B34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus vincesmithi Palma	<div><p>Halipeurus vincesmithi Palma, new species</p><p>(Figs 8, 34, 41–42, 49, 58)</p><p>TYPE HOST: Oceanodroma matsudairae N. Kuroda, 1922 .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: Hahajima Island, Bonin Islands, Japan.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: 3 in NSMJ.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 41; clypeal signature as in Fig. 8; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 34; genitalia as in Fig. 58. Female: habitus as in Fig. 42; clypeal signature as for male; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 49.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet is a noun in the genitive case honouring Vincent S. Smith, for his outstanding contribution to the phylogeny of Phthiraptera, and for his assistance with molecular data for this paper. MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Holotype 3 and allotype Ƥ, Hahajima I., Bonin Is, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 30 Mar. 2004, M. Tsurumi (NSMJ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: Halipeurus vincesmithi has closer morphological affinities with H. raphanus, H. pelagicus, H. pelagodromae and H. nesofregettae than with all other species of Halipeurus . Those affinities are not surprising considering that its host, Oceanodroma matsudairae, and all the hosts of the four species mentioned above belong to the storm petrel family Hydrobatidae . Halipeurus vincesmithi is easily distinguished from H. pelagicus, H. pelagodromae and H. nesofregettae by its much greater length and width in both sexes (Table 1), by robust male antennae, by unique male genitalia (compare Fig. 58 with Figs 59, 63), and by the chaetotaxy of the ventral terminalia in both sexes (compare Fig. 34 with Figs 32, 33, 35 for males, and Fig. 49 with Figs 47, 48, 50 for females). Further, males of H. vincesmithi can be separated from males of H. raphanus by the shape of the clypeal signature, ventral terminalia and genitalia (compare Figs 8, 34, 58 with Figs 10, 36, 60 respectively), while females can be distinguished by the shape of the clypeal signature (compare Fig. 8 with 17), and the length of the terminal pair of peg-like setae in addition to the shape plus chaetotaxy of the subgenital plate (compare Fig. 49 with 52).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFE8FFDBFF660044BBA97B34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFF7FFC4FF6607CDBA5C7B45.text	03BFF404FFF7FFC4FF6607CDBA5C7B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus bulweriae Timmermann 1960	<div><p>Halipeurus bulweriae Timmermann, 1960</p><p>Halipeurus bulweriae Timmermann, 1960: 328, figs 11, 15a. Type host: Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine &amp; Selby, 1828) . Holotype 3in NHML.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) bulweriae Edwards, 1961: 145, figs 3B–7B. Type host: Bulweria bulwerii . Holotype 3in MCZC.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFF7FFC4FF6607CDBA5C7B45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFF5FFC1FF6602C4BA5A7CE6.text	03BFF404FFF5FFC1FF6602C4BA5A7CE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus angusticeps (Piaget 1880) Piaget 1880	<div><p>Halipeurus angusticeps (Piaget, 1880)</p><p>(Figs 38–40, 62)</p><p>Lipeurus angusticeps Piaget, 1880: 306, pl. 25, fig. 4. Type host: Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, 1789 (in error). Lectotype 3 in NHML, designated by Edwards (1961: 135).</p><p>“ Lipeurus exiguus ” Uchida, 1917: 206 (not Lipeurus exiguus Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902: 479).</p><p>Halipeurus angusticeps; Hopkins &amp; Clay, 1952: 163.</p><p>Halipeurus sawadai Nakagawa, 1959: 384, fig. 1A–C, 2B,D. Type host: Calonectris leucomelas (Temminck, 1835) . Holotype 3 in NSMJ. New synonymy.</p><p>Halipeurus angusticeps; Timmermann, 1961: 402.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) angusticeps angusticeps; Edwards, 1961: 135, figs 3A–7A.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) angusticeps fosteri Edwards, 1961: 137, figs 3B–7B. Type host: Calonectris leucomelas (Temminck, 1835) . Holotype 3 in MCZC. New synonymy.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) angusticeps; Timmermann, 1965: 139.</p><p>Halipeurus sawadai; Tsurumi, 1989: 281.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) angusticeps angusticeps; Price et al., 2003: 187.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) angusticeps fosteri; Price et al., 2003: 187.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) sawadai; Price et al., 2003: 188.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Procellaria cinerea: Lectotype 3 and 43, 2Ƥ paralectotypes of Halipeurus angusticeps, no locality, no date (NHML, Piaget Collection 1928-325, slides 442, 444, 445, p51a,b).</p><p>Ex Calonectris leucomelas: Holotype 3, allotype Ƥ and 23, 1Ƥ paratypes of Halipeurus sawadai, Izu-Toshima I., Japan, 17 Jul. 1957, H. Sawada &amp; K. Shirai (NSMJ). Holotype 3 of Halipeurus angusticeps fosteri, near Shanghai, MCZ skin 131514 (see note below), no date (MCZC); 13, 1Ƥ paratypes of H. angusticeps fosteri, 3o10’S- 155o E, no date, C.H. Curran (AMNH); 1Ƥ paratype of H. angusticeps fosteri, New Guinea, no date (NHML, Thompson Collection 1980-40).</p><p>Note: Edwards (1961: 139) published the number of the MCZ skin, from which he collected the holotype of H. angusticeps fosteri, as “131515”. However, the label of the holotype slide, also written by Edwards, clearly reads “131514”.</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Calonectris leucomelas: 13, 1Ƥ, Hachijojima I., Izu Is, Japan, Jul. 1958 (NSMJ); 1Ƥ, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, 7 Oct. 1958, T. Suzuki (NSMJ); 23, 1Ƥ, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines, 12 May 1962, M. Thompson (KCEM); 13, Nango, Mikura I., Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 14 Nov. 1964, H.E. McClure (KCEM); 43, 2Ƥ, Kawada, Mikura I., Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 17 Nov. 1964, H.E. McClure (KCEM); 33, 1Ƥ, Kawada, Mikura I., Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 20 Nov. 1964, H.E. McClure (KCEM; USNM); 23, 6Ƥ, Kawada, Mikura I., Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 22 May 1967, K. Takahashi (NSMJ); 13, 3Ƥ, 22 km S of Raine I., Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 12 Dec. 1979, B. King (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Toshima I., Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 11 Oct. 1981, M. Tsurumi (MONZ; YIOJ); 73, 6Ƥ, Oga-gou, Hachijojima I., Izu Is, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 25 Nov. 1995, M. Tsurumi (MONZ; YIOJ); 73, 9Ƥ, Hachijojima I., Izu Is, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 15 Nov. 2000, M. Tsurumi (MONZ; YIOJ); 123, 14Ƥ, Kawhia Beach, Waikato, N.Z., 25 Feb. 2006, D. Christie (MONZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: Comparison of the lectotype of Halipeurus angusticeps (Fig. 38) against each of the holotypes of Halipeurus sawadai and of Halipeurus angusticeps fosteri shows that they are all conspecific, and so are all other male specimens listed above under material examined. Also, female paralectotypes of H. angusticeps (e.g. Fig. 39) are conspecific with paratypes of both H. sawadai and H. angusticeps fosteri, as well as with all other females listed above under material examined. The identity of the type host of H. angusticeps —certainly not its natural regular host—has contributed to the proliferation of junior synonyms. I have never collected a Halipeurus louse from Procellaria cinerea, and neither did Edwards (1961: 136) who carefully examined “… almost 75 museum skins ...” without finding any specimen. In fact, no species of Procellaria harbours any Halipeurus species as regular natural ectoparasites (Pilgrim &amp; Palma 1982: 11; Price et al. 2003: 371).</p><p>There are two possible scenarios to explain the artificial association of Piaget’s type series of H. angusticeps with Procellaria cinerea . One is that the type series was somewhat accidentally transferred from a specimen of C. leucomelas to one of P. c i n e re a before or after the latter became a skin in the collection of the Leiden Museum. After all, cross contamination of lice among skins kept in museum collections is not unusual, as it has been the case of other Piaget louse material (see Clay 1973: 218). However, I believe the most likely explanation is a misidentification of the original bird from which the Piaget type series of H. angusticeps originated. Further evidence of a host misidentification can be found in the Piaget (1880: 501) designation of Procellaria cinerea as the type host for his new species “ Menopon longithoracicum ” (now Austromenopon longithoracicum (Piaget, 1880)) . Price &amp; Clay (1972: 497) failed to find any additional specimen of A. longithoracicum from its type host, but they examined four other samples of this louse species from Calonectris leucomelas (as Puffinus leucomelas). I have examined five additional samples (21 lice) of A. longithoracicum from C. leucomelas . In my opinion, a cross contamination of all the type material of both H. angusticeps and A. longithoracicum (a total of at least 15 specimens) from one or more C. leucomelas to one or two P. c i n e re a is far less likely than a misidentification of the type host(s).</p><p>Nakagawa (1959) compared his Halipeurus material from Calonectris leucomelas against specimens of Halipeurus diversus (Kellogg, 1896), H. mirabilis (Thompson, 1940) and H. abnormis (Piaget, 1885) . Indeed, those three species are very different from H. angusticeps in several features, especially the terminalia and genitalia of the males. However, Nakagawa (1959) failed to compare his material against authenticated specimens of H. angusticeps, perhaps misled by the fact that the type host of this latter species is not a species of Calonectris . From my examination of the types of H. sawadai and the clear illustrations published by Nakagawa (1959: 388), I have no doubt that H. sawadai is a subjective junior synonym of H. angusticeps .</p><p>The rationale behind the Edwards (1961) decision to segregate the Halipeurus from Calonectris leucomelas as a new subspecies of H. angusticeps is not entirely clear. Firstly, he was not aware of the Nakagawa (1959) paper, otherwise he may not have published his new taxon. Secondly, Edwards (1961: 137) stated that H. a. angusticeps “… is very closely related to that parasitizing Puffinus leucomelas, …” and, thirdly, he believed that there may have existed a local population of Calonectris diomedea parasitized by H. a. angusticeps, despite the fact that in his own experience all subspecies of C. diomedea were parasitized by Halipeurus abnormis only. After examining 30 samples of Halipeurus from as many individuals of the three subspecies of C. diomedea, I have not been able to find a single H. angusticeps: all specimens are H. abnormis . On the other hand, I have examined 16 samples of H. angusticeps from C. leucomelas (see above).</p><p>Having examined three males and four females of Piaget’s type series of H. angusticeps, Edwards (1961) distinguished his subspecies H. angusticeps fosteri from H. angusticeps angusticeps on the basis of very tenuous characters, such as size, degree of sclerotization, the shape of the posterior margin of the male sternite 9 + 10, and the curvature of the right paramere in the male genitalia. From my examination of 48 males of H. angusticeps from Calonectris leucomelas and 5 males from Piaget’s type series, I found that the shape of the posterior margin of the male sternite 9 + 10 is quite variable as shown in Fig. 40a–g. Similarly, the curvature of the right paramere in the male genitalia (Fig. 62) is likely to vary among individuals because that paramere is very thin and liable to bend during the slide-mounting process. Therefore, I have no hesitation to propose that H. angusticeps fosteri is an objective junior synonym of H. sawadai as well as a subjective junior synonym of H. angusticeps sensu stricto .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFF5FFC1FF6602C4BA5A7CE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFF2FFC2FF660070BEE57939.text	03BFF404FFF2FFC2FF660070BEE57939.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus spadix subsp. spadix Timmermann 1961	<div><p>Halipeurus spadix spadix Timmermann, 1961 —new status</p><p>Halipeurus spadix Timmermann, 1961: 409, fig. 7. Type host: Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, 1864 . Holotype 3 in NHML.</p><p>Halipeurus intestatus Timmermann, 1961: 410 . Type host: Puffinus lherminieri lherminieri Lesson, 1839 . Holotype 3 in NHML.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) taxosetus Edwards, 1961: 145, figs 3I–7I. Type host: Puffinus nativitatis Streets, 1877 . Holotype 3 in AMNH.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) spadix; Timmermann, 1965: 142, fig. 84.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) spadix; Price et al., 2003: 188.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Puffinus nativitatis: Holotype 3 and 23 paratypes of Halipeurus taxosetus, Ducie I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, no date, R.H. Beck, RLE 62 (AMNH); allotype Ƥ of H. taxosetus, Christmas I., Pacific Ocean, no date, R.H. Beck, RLE 16 (AMNH).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Puffinus opisthomelas: 13, 9Ƥ, Pacific Grove, California, U.S.A., Oct. 1896, V. Kellogg (CISC); 43, 3Ƥ, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A., 11 Feb. 1903 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Monterey Bay, California, U.S.A., no date, R.L. Edwards 16 (KCEM).</p><p>Ex Puffinus nativitatis: 13, 3Ƥ, Ducie I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 30 Mar. 1922, R.H. Beck (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Moku Manu, off Oahu I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 17 May 1947, L. Kartman, 47-9866 (USNM); 103, 2Ƥ, Eastern I., Midway Atoll, Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 26 Jul. 1962, H.I. Fisher (MONZ; BPBM; USNM); 13, Motu Upua Islet, Christmas I., Pacific Ocean, 17 Jun. 1964, D. Hackman, 1531 (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, Phoenix Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, 12 Jul. 1964, D. Hackman, 1699 (KCEM; USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Phoenix I., Phoenix Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, 28 May 1965, POBSP 4485 (KCEM); 23, 2Ƥ, at sea, 6o41’N- 152o45’W, 10 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4268 (USNM); 83, 3Ƥ, Ducie I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 2 Aug. 1991, J.N. Jolly (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus lherminieri lherminieri: 13, 1Ƥ, Bird Rocks, Barbados I., Atlantic Ocean, 21 Mar. 1889 (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Cape May, New Jersey, U.S.A., Aug. 1926, A. Wetmore (USNM); 423, 51Ƥ, W. Elbow Key, Bahamas Is, Atlantic Ocean, 19 Jun. 1930, H.S. Peters (USNM; KCEM; MONZ); 53, 3Ƥ, Edisto Beach, South Carolina, U.S.A., 24 Jul. 1938, E.B. Chamberlain, 64-7554 (USNM); 53, 5Ƥ, Black Bay, North Carolina, U.S.A., Aug. 1939, J.H. Grey (KCEM); 153, 6Ƥ, Manzanilla Beach, Trinidad I., Atlantic Ocean, 4 Apr. 1957, W.G. Downs, 656 (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 9 May 1980, 1169 (KCEM); 13, 1Ƥ, Patrick AFB, Florida, U.S.A., 21 Jul. 1980, W. Hoffman (KCEM); 83, 8Ƥ, Morant Cays, Jamaica, 4 Dec. 1997, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 13, Grenada I., Atlantic Ocean, no date, B. Lintern, D.M. 18666 (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus lherminieri bannermani Mathews &amp; Iredale, 1915: 43, 6Ƥ, Chichijima I., Bonin Is, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, no date, M. Tsurumi (MONZ; YIOJ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus huttoni Mathews, 1912: 13, Waimakariri River Estuary, Canterbury, N.Z., 2 Oct. 1964, D. Dawson (RLCP); 13, 2Ƥ, Taumutu, Canterbury, N.Z., 17 Oct. 1964, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Spencerville, Canterbury, N.Z., 2 Nov. 1964, D. Dawson (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 23 Mar. 1966, J.T. Kay (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 20 Nov. 1966, L. Bowring (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Kaikouras, N.Z., 24 Sep. 1967, W.V. Ward (NZAC); 43, Kaikoura, N.Z., 1 Apr. 1968, C.M. 68/535 (RLCP); 2Ƥ, Head of Kowhai River, Kaikoura, N.Z., 21 Feb. 1970, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 13, 5Ƥ, Head of Kowhai River, Kaikoura, N.Z., 8 Mar. 1970, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 16 Mar. 1970, L. Bowring (RLCP); 33, 3Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 4 Oct. 1970, I. Mannering, KA 0 27 (RLCP); 1Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 9 Oct. 1971, KA 074B (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, New Brighton, Canterbury, N.Z., 24 Oct. 1971, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 15 Mar. 1972, I. Mannering, KA 193B (RLCP); 23, Kaikoura, N.Z., 16 Mar. 1973, G.D. Fenwick (RLCP); 33, 3Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 23 Mar. 1973, I. Mannering (RLCP); 63, 6Ƥ, Taumutu, Canterbury, N.Z., 10 Nov. 1973, D. Geddes (RLCP; MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 23 Mar. 1974, W.C. Clark (RLCP); 53, 5Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 5 Dec. 1974, I. Mannering, KA 306 (RLCP; MONZ); 63, Kaikoura, N.Z., 23 Dec. 1974, I. Mannering (RLCP; MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 8 Nov. 1975, J.R. Jackson (RLCP; MONZ); 13, Kaikoura, N.Z., 21 Jan. 1977, W.C. Clark, KA 465A (RLCP); 53, 1Ƥ, Wellington City, N.Z., 21 Apr. 1977, Wildlife Service (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Lyall Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 22 Apr. 1977, Mr Reed (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 14 Oct. 1978, J. Cowie (MONZ); 33, 1Ƥ, Plimmerton, Wellington, N.Z., 29 Apr. 1979, J. Woodward (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Muriwai, Auckland, N.Z., 9 Nov. 1979, S.M. Reed (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 3 Jan. 1980, M.D. McNeil (MONZ); 53, 3Ƥ, North Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 17 Jan. 1981, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Waikanae Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 12 Feb. 1983, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Strathmore, Wellington, N.Z., 26 Mar. 1984, M. Roberts (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 20 Oct. 1984, J. Warham (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Kaikoura, N.Z., 2 Nov. 1998, J. Briskie &amp; T.D. Galloway (MONZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: The new status of Halipeurus spadix as the nominate subspecies is the result of my demoting the taxon Halipeurus subclavus to a subspecies of H. spadix (see Discussion under H. spadix subclavus).</p><p>Edwards (1961: 146) identified two males and two females from Puffinus lherminieri bannermani ex Bonin Islands, as Halipeurus taxosetus (= Halipeurus spadix spadix), but that host-louse association was not included in Price et al. (2003). The specimens of Halipeurus from P. l. bannermani examined for this paper fall within the ranges of H. spadix spadix .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFF2FFC2FF660070BEE57939	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFF1FFCEFF66067EBB427989.text	03BFF404FFF1FFCEFF66067EBB427989.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus spadix subsp. subclavus Timmermann 1961	<div><p>Halipeurus spadix subclavus Timmermann, 1961 —new status</p><p>(Figs 9, 30, 45, 64, 66–67)</p><p>Halipeurus subclavus Timmermann, 1961: 411 . Type host: Puffinus lherminieri (? persicus Hume, 1873). Holotype 3 in NHML.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) subclavus; Timmermann, 1965: 144.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) subclavus; Price et al., 2003: 188.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 66; clypeal signature as in Fig. 9; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 30; genitalia as in Fig. 64. Female: habitus as in Fig. 67; clypeal signature as for male; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 45.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 2.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Puffinus lherminieri (? persicus): Holotype 3, allotype Ƥ, N. Male Atoll, Maldive Is, Indian Ocean, 23 Jan. 1957, W.W.A. Phillips (NHML 1957-283).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Puffinus lherminieri bailloni (Bonaparte, 1857): 323, 24Ƥ, Réunion I., Indian Ocean, Jan. 1996, V. Bretagnolle (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>Ex Puffinus lherminieri nicolae Jouanin, 1971: 23, Cousine I., Seychelles Is, Indian Ocean, 12 Jan. 1996, V. Bretagnolle (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>Ex Puffinus gavia (Forster, 1844): 2Ƥ, New Zealand, 21 May 1934, #23 (CMNZ); 13, The Brothers Is, Cook Strait, N.Z., 12–18 Jun. 1956, G.W. Ramsay (NZAC); 1Ƥ, The Brothers Is, Cook Strait, N.Z., 29 May 1962, A. Wright, AW97 (MONZ); 33, 1Ƥ, Australia, Mar. 1968, D. Sawyer (ANIC); 23, 1Ƥ, Great I., Three Kings Is, N.Z., Nov. 1970, J.C. Watt (NZAC); 23, Motuara I., Queen Charlotte Sound, N.Z., 23 Jan. 1971, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 23, Bay of Plenty, N.Z., May 1971, O.M.196 (RLCP); 23, Botany Bay, N.S.W., Australia, 27 Aug. 1972, B. Jones (ANIC); 13, 2Ƥ, Karewa I., Bay of Plenty, N.Z., 9 Nov. 1972, L. Moran (NZAC); 13, 3Ƥ, Ikamaru Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 27 Jul. 1975, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Opau Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 31 Aug. 1975, J.R. Jackson (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Farewell Spit, N.Z., 1977, K. Owen (MONZ); 13, Petone Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 31 Jul. 1978, S. Cotter (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Lyall Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 1 Aug. 1978, P. Roberts (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Petone Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 31 Mar. 1979, S. Cotter (MONZ); 73, 7Ƥ, White Beach, Nubeena, S.E. Tasmania, Australia, Feb. 1980, H.D. Barker (TMTA; RLCP); 13, 2Ƥ, Blumine I., Queen Charlotte Sound, N.Z., 28 Aug. 1983, G. Wragg (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Moturipa I., Anaura Bay, N.Z., 2 Sep. 1983, G. Wragg (RLCP); 143, 18Ƥ, Petone Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 5 Feb. 1988, S. Cotter (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Hot Water Beach, Coromandel, N.Z., 15 Dec. 1992, R.L. Palma (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>* If parameres are asymmetrical, measurement given corresponds to longer paramere.</p><p>DISCUSSION: Timmermann’s (1961) description of Halipeurus subclavus is very brief and without illustrations, but includes measurements and a comparison with H. spadix (as H. intestatus), which he regarded as the closest species. Besides the holotype and allotype, no additional specimens of H. subclavus have been reported in the literature. My examination of the types of H. subclavus (Figs 66–67) shows that they are extremely similar to H. spadix; hence, the logical conclusion would be to demote H. subclavus to a junior synonym of H. spadix . However, considering that the dimensions of H. subclavus —including many specimens from three other hosts—are consistently smaller in both mean values and ranges than those of H. spadix from five hosts (see Table 2), I believe that regarding both taxa as subspecies of H. spadix is the best option to show that, despite being morphologically very close, they are still different and identifiable as separate entities. There are a few specimens of H. spadix spadix from Puffinus huttoni that slightly overlap in head dimensions with specimens of H. spadix subclavus from P. l h e rminieri bailloni and P. g a v i a. However, they can be clearly separated by their total length in both sexes as well as by paramere length in males (Table 2). Timmermann (1961: 412) commented that studies of larger series than those available to him might show that his three new species ( H. spadix, H. intestatus and H. subclavus) would have to be considered as conspecific.</p><p>Based on molecular data, Austin et al. (2004: 858) proposed that Puffinus lherminieri persicus and P. l h e r m i n - ieri bailloni should be regarded as subspecies of P. bailloni; the host distribution of Halipeurus spadix subclavus is congruent with that arrangement. Austin et al. (2004: 858) also concluded that Puffinus lherminieri nicolae should be synonymised with Puffinus lherminieri dichrous (as Puffinus bailloni dichrous). However, this latter synonymy does not agree with the distribution of Halipeurus lice on those hosts because a very different species, H. forficulatus, is the regular Halipeurus parasitising P. lherminieri dichrous in the Pacific Ocean (28 males and 28 females examined—including the holotype, the allotype and two paratypes of H. forficulatus —from nine hosts collected in eight localities). If the synonymy between P. l. nicolae and P. l. dichrous is correct, the Indian Ocean population of P. l. dichrous (known as P. l. nicolae) must have had its ancestral population of H. forficulatus replaced by H. spadix subclavus after a host switch from one of the other Indian Ocean subspecies of P. lherminieri . On the other hand, the presence of H. spadix subclavus on Indian Ocean birds, regarded as P. bailloni dichrous by Austin et al. (2004: 858), may in fact indicate that P. l. nicolae should not be synonymised with P. l. dichrous .</p><p>Two other subspecies of Puffinus lherminieri have been described from the Indian Ocean: P. l. temptator Louette &amp; Herremans, 1985 from the Comoro Islands, and P. l. colstoni Shirihai &amp; Christie, 1996 from Aldabra Island (Dickinson 2003: 76). However, no lice have been recorded from those shearwaters yet.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFF1FFCEFF66067EBB427989	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFFDFFC8FF660720BA737927.text	03BFF404FFFDFFC8FF660720BA737927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus pelagicus (Denny 1842) Denny 1842	<div><p>Halipeurus pelagicus (Denny, 1842)</p><p>(Figs 7, 23, 25, 33, 48)</p><p>Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842: 58, 173, pl. 14, fig. 2. Type host: Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Lectotype Ƥ in NMHL, designated below.</p><p>Lipeurus subangusticeps Piaget, 1880: 308, pl. 25, fig. 5. Type host: Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818) . Syntypes ƤƤ in NHML.</p><p>Lipeurus languidus Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902: 475, pl. 29, fig. 8. Type host: Oceanodroma tethys (Bonaparte, 1852) . Lectotype 3 in CISC, slide 1047b, designated below.</p><p>Lipeurus exiguus Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902: 479, pl. 30, fig. 2. Type host: Oceanites gracilis (Elliot, 1859) . Syntypes (2 nymphs) presumed lost.</p><p>Esthiopterum pelagicum; Harrison, 1916: 139.</p><p>Synnautes pelagicus; Thompson, 1937: 81.</p><p>Halipeurus pelagicus (Denny, 1842); Hopkins &amp; Clay,1952: 164.</p><p>Halipeurus pelagicus; Timmermann, 1961: 413, figs 9, 10. (in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842; in part Halipeurus pelagodromae).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Edwards, 1961: 155, figs 3V–7V. (in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842; in part Halipeurus pelagodromae).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Timmermann, 1965: 153, fig. 94, pl. 7, figs 3, 4. (in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842; in part Halipeurus pelagodromae).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus (Denny, 1842) s. l.; Pilgrim &amp; Palma, 1982: 13 (in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842; in part Halipeurus pelagodromae).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Palma &amp; Barker, 1996: 186 (in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842; in part Halipeurus pelagodromae).</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) pelagicus; Price et al., 2003: 188 (in part Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842; in part Halipeurus pelagodromae).</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758): Lectotype Ƥ of Lipeurus pelagicus, “Stormy Petrel”, Britain, no date (NHML, Denny Collection). Designated below.</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818): Paralectotype 3 of Lipeurus pelagicus, Carlisle, Britain, Mr Heysham, no date (NHML, Denny Collection). Designated below.</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma tethys (Bonaparte, 1852): Lectotype 3 and 1 paralectotype Ƥ of Lipeurus languidus, Albermale I. (= Isabela Island), Galápagos Is, 1899 (CISC, Kellogg Collection: 3 on slide 1047b, Ƥ on slide 1047a). Designated below.</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758): 2Ƥ, Station 54, 13 Sep. 1898, “Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition” (CISC, Kellogg Collection 1796); 83, 9Ƥ, Shetland Is, Scotland, Jul. 1984, J.A. Fowler (MONZ); 23, 3Ƥ, Ailsa Craig I., Scotland, Aug. 1987, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 13, Lunga I., Treshnish Is, Scotland, 20 Jul. 1989, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Ailsa Craig I., Scotland, Jul. 1990, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Paiño, No Pobra, Baleares Is, Spain, 23 Aug. 1994, J.S. Aguilar (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Nólsoy, Faroe Is, 9 Aug. 1996, J-K. Jensen (NHTF); 13, 2Ƥ, oil rig, North Sea, no date (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820): 1Ƥ, Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, U.S.A., 7 Mar. 1945 (KCEM); 23, 1Ƥ, off coast West Africa, 1 Aug. 1964, G.E. Watson (KCEM; USNM); 83, 3Ƥ, Masirah I., Oman, 12 Nov. 1979 (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Golfe du Morbihan, Kerguelen Is, 10 Feb. 1985, J.A. Bartle (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Oceanites gracilis (Elliot, 1859): 13, 1Ƥ, Tagus Cove, Albermale I. (= Isabela I.), Galápagos Is, 29 Jan. 1941, Boulton (USNM); 103, 10Ƥ, Punta Espinosa, Fernandina I., Galápagos Is, 13 May 1992, R.L. Palma &amp; E. Vilema (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, 13o N-103o W, no date, A.M.B., Beck 206 (CISC, Kellogg Collection 1422b); 2Ƥ, no locality, no date, Beck 46 (CISC, Kellogg Collection 1447).</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt, 1851): 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, off Ecuador, 25 Apr. 1965, Watson &amp; Angle (KCEM); 33, 1Ƥ, Baixo I., Porto Santo Is, Madeira, North Atlantic Ocean, 14 Jul. 1967, C. Jouanin (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Chile, 1969, T.J. Lewis (KCEM); 2Ƥ, Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Oct. 1987, F. Zino (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Bugio I., Desertas Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Oct. 1989, F. Zino (MONZ); 113, 10Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 16 Oct. 1990, F. Zino (MONZ; MFMP); 3Ƥ, Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Jun. 1991, F. Zino (MONZ); 23, 6Ƥ, same data, Sep. 1991 (MONZ); 93, 9Ƥ, Corona del Diablo I. (near Floreana I.), Galápagos Is, 21 Apr. 1992, R.L. Palma &amp; E. Vilema (MONZ); 93, 3Ƥ, Plaza Norte I. (near Santa Cruz I.), Galápagos Is, 6 May 1992, R.L. Palma &amp; E. Vilema (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Aug. 1992, F. Zino (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Sep. 1993, R.W. Furness (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Raso I., Cape Verde Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 1 Apr. 1999, R.W. Furness (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Vila, Santa María I., Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 28 Aug. 2003, E. Gómez Díaz (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Porto Santo I., Madeira Is, North Atlantic Ocean, no date, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma monteiroi Bolton et al., 2008: 33, 3Ƥ, Praia I. (off Graciosa I.), Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 16 Apr. 2000, M. Bolton (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Praia I. (off Graciosa I.), Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 25 May 2000 (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Praia I. (off Graciosa I.), Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 3 Aug. 2000 (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Praia I. (off Graciosa I.), Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 8 Aug. 2003, E. Gómez Díaz (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot, 1818): 53, 2Ƥ, Coronados Is, México, 19 Jun. 1913, A.B. Howell (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean I., 26 Nov. 1964, 2047 (KCEM; USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, E. side of Goat I., N. of Brookings, Oregon, U.S.A., 16 Sep. 1967 &amp; 22 Jun. 1968, E. Easton (USNM); 43, 4Ƥ, North Rona I., Scotland, Jul. 1987, J.A. Fowler &amp; D. Hodson (MONZ); 113, 5Ƥ, Ninety Mile Beach, Northland, N.Z., 17 Oct. 1998, L. Honnor (MONZ); 13, Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Oct. 1999, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 123, 4Ƥ, St Kilda, Scotland, 13– 25 Sep. 2009, W. Miles (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma tethys (Bonaparte, 1852): 1Ƥ, at sea, 70 miles SW off Galápagos Is, 23 Jul. 1963, P.A. Werf (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Chile, 17–18 Jul. 1969, T.J. Lewis (USNM).</p><p>Ex Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot, 1817): 13, off Juan Fernández Is, Chile, Mar. 1966, R.F. Cressey (KCEM); 13, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 3 Aug. 1966, J. O’Brian (MONZ); 23, Gough I., South Atlantic Ocean, Nov. 1985, R.W. Furness (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 20 Sep. 1988, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 13, 4Ƥ, Curtis I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., Nov. 1989, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Santa Clara I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, 3 Mar. 2004, P. Scofield (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Fregetta tropica (Gould, 1844): 1Ƥ, Antipodes Is, N.Z., 17 Feb. 1969, G. Kuschel (NZAC).</p><p>DISCUSSION: For the morphological and molecular separation of H. pelagicus from H. pelagodromae, see above under the latter species.</p><p>DESIGNATION OF LECTOTYPES</p><p>Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842</p><p>In the original description, Denny (1842: 174) examined two specimens: a female from Hydrobates pelagicus, which he illustrated on plate 14, fig. 2, and a male from Oceanodroma leucorhoa, although he stated that both were females. As Denny did not designate a holotype and, to the best of my knowledge, no designation of a lectotype has been published, the two specimens are syntypes. Thompson (1937: 81) listed the same specimens and designated the type host as Hydrobates pelagicus, an action that has been followed by subsequent authors. Although that type host designation would make the female from Hydrobates pelagicus the sole name bearing type of Lipeurus pelagicus, it is neither the holotype nor the lectotype. At present, Denny’s syntypes are held in the NHML, and labelled as “ TYPE ” (the female) and “ Paratype ” (the male). In order to clarify the status of these “ types ”, I herewith designate the female from Hydrobates pelagicus as the lectotype of Lipeurus pelagicus Denny, 1842 . Thus, the male from Oceanodroma leucorhoa becomes a paralectotype.</p><p>Article 74.7.3. of the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N., 1999: 83) states that, for a lectotype designation to be valid, it must “contain an express statement of the taxonomic purpose of the designation.”. Clarifying the status of the name bearing type of Lipeurus pelagicus, as well as describing a new, closely related taxon (see above under Halipeurus pelagodromae) fulfil the “taxonomic purpose” of this designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFFDFFC8FF660720BA737927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFFBFFC8FF660624BB597B2C.text	03BFF404FFFBFFC8FF660624BB597B2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lipeurus languidus Kellogg & Kuwana 1902	<div><p>Lpeurus languidus Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902</p><p>The original description of Lipeurus languidus by Kellogg &amp; Kuwana (1902: 475) was based on specimens collected from eight different host species. Kellogg (1906: 319) added four further hosts for L. languidus . Subsequent collections show that only two ( Oceanites gracilis and Oceanodroma tethys) of those 12 hosts are natural and regular hosts for H. pelagicus (see material examined above). Hopkins &amp; Clay (1952: 164) selected Oceanites gracilis as the type host for L. languidus . However, the specimen figured by Kellogg &amp; Kuwana (1902: pl. 29, fig. 8) is a male from Oceanodroma tethys mounted on slide 1047b (CISC), which was labelled as the lectotype by Theresa Clay at an unknown date. From the literature available, it appears that neither Clay nor anybody else published the designation of that lectotype. Therefore, as I agree with Clay’s informal proposal, I herewith designate the same male on slide 1047b as the lectotype of L. languidus Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902 . The female from the same host species on slide 1047a (CISC), with the same data as the lectotype (see material examined above), is a paralectotype. Consequently, Oceanodroma tethys becomes the type host of L. languidus . The taxonomic purpose of this designation is to clarify the status of the type specimens and to fix the type host of L. languidus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFFBFFC8FF660624BB597B2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFFBFFCAFF660443BBC97C4D.text	03BFF404FFFBFFCAFF660443BBC97C4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus kermadecensis	<div><p>Halipeurus kermadecensis (Johnston &amp; Harrison, 1912)</p><p>Lipeurus kermadecensis Johnston &amp; Harrison, 1912: 365, fig. 1. Type host: Pterodroma neglecta neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) . Holotype nymph in MONZ.</p><p>Lipeurus diversus var. excavatus Johnston &amp; Harrison, 1912: 366, fig. 2. Type host: Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) . Two syntypes Ƥ in MONZ.</p><p>Halipeurus kermadecensis; Hopkins &amp; Clay, 1952: 164.</p><p>Halipeurus kermadecensis; Timmermann, 1960: 327, fig. 8.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) kermadecense (sic); Edwards, 1961: 150, figs 3Q– 7Q.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) kermadecensis; Timmermann, 1965: 137, fig. 87.</p><p>Halipeurus kermadecensis; Watt, 1971: 236, fig. 5.</p><p>Halipeurus kermadecensis; Emerson, 1972: 80.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) kermadecensis; Price et al., 2003: 187.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma neglecta neglecta: Holotype nymph of Lipeurus kermadecensis, Kermadec Is, New Zealand, 1907–1908, W.R.B. Oliver (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, syntypes of Lipeurus diversus excavatus, Kermadec Is, New Zealand, 1907–1908, W.R.B. Oliver (MONZ).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma neglecta neglecta: 43, 1Ƥ, Rapa I., Austral Group (Tubuai Is) French Polynesia, Feb. 1922, R.H. Beck (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Ducie I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 3 Jan. 1935, E.J. Gerberg, “Crocker Expedition” (KCEM); 43, 4Ƥ, Kermadec Is, N.Z., 6 Aug. 1944, N o 52 (CMNZ; NHML); 23, 4Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 20 Aug. 1944, J.H. Sorensen, DM 11376 (MONZ); 13, 2Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 30 Oct. 1962, G.A. Samuelson, 210 (NHML); 13, 3Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 17 Mar. 1963, C.M. Clark (BPBM; NHML); 243, 20Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 29–31 Dec. 1966, D.E. Crockett &amp; J.C. Watt (NZAC; MONZ; RLCP; NHML); 13, 1Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 20 Jan. 1967, D. Merton (MONZ); 83, 8Ƥ, North Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 23 Mar. 1973, J. Ireland (NZAC; MONZ; RLCP); 93, 10Ƥ, Baixo do Sueste, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, 28 Dec. 1975, S.L. Olson, USNM 503731 (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Cuvier I., N.Z., 27 Jan. 1976, S.M. Reed (MONZ); 113, 11Ƥ, Chanter I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 13 Oct. 1976, A.N. Baker (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 1983, A.W. Blundell (MONZ); 43, 3Ƥ, Omamari (35o52’S- 173o40’E), Northland, N.Z., 22 Mar. 1986, G. Carlin (MONZ); 83, 8Ƥ, Henderson I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 20 Jul. 1991, J.N. Jolly, E176251 (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Raivavae I., Austral Group (Tubuai Is) French Polynesia, Jul. 1992, G. McCormack (MONZ); 13, New Zealand, no date (MONZ); 13, Bass Rocks, Tubuai Is, French Polynesia, no date (AMNH). Ex Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews, 1935: 13, 3Ƥ, Santa Clara I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, 27 Feb. 2004, P. Scofield (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Masatierra I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, no date, RLE 28 (NHML, 1954-251); 53, 4Ƥ, Masatierra I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, no date (AMNH).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma neglecta (not identified to subspecies): 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 24 Nov. 1964, POBSP 2044 (USNM); 23, 3Ƥ, Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, no date (AMNH).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma externa (Salvin, 1875): 63, 15Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 21–22 Jul. 1964, POBSP 1762-1767 (KCEM; USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 8 Aug. 1964, POBSP 1907 (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 23–24 Nov. 1964, POBSP 2043, 2045 (USNM); 13, Pacific Ocean, 13o07’N- 170o20’W, 11 Dec. 1964, POBSP 3989 (USNM); 43, 4Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, off Chile, 5 Apr. 1965, Watson &amp; Angle POBSP 3802 (KCEM; USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 9o07’N- 150o34’W, 9 Jun. 1965, POBSP 3822 (USNM); 43, 4Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 8o12’N- 162o12’W, 13 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4030 (USNM); 23, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 8o54’N- 162o58’W, 13 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4033 (USNM); 13, 9o N-155o W, 5 Jul. 1965, POBSP 4212 (USNM); 73, 5Ƥ, North Pacific Ocean, 8o02’N- 174o00’W, 21 Nov. 1965, POBSP 503358 (MONZ); 3Ƥ, off Masafuera I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, 25 Nov. 1965, P.C. Harper, DM 12608 (MONZ); 13, Central Pacific Ocean, 26 Nov. 1965, P.C. Harper (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Juan Fernández Is, Chile, Mar. 1966, R.F. Cressey (USNM); 33, 2Ƥ, Ngahinapouri, South Auckland, N.Z., 22 Oct. 1971, D.G. Berrett, A.M. Av.1072.1 (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Waimanalo, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 27 Jul. 1991 (MONZ; BPBM, 178481); 23, 3Ƥ, Daimon-cho, Moriyama-shi, Siga Prefecture, Japan, 5 Aug. 2004, S. Kobayashi (MONZ; YIOJ). Ex Pterodroma arminjoniana arminjoniana (Giglioli &amp; Salvadori, 1869): 23, 6Ƥ, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, 3 Jan. 1906 (MONZ); 13, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, 28 Jul. 1910, E.A. Wilson, “British Antarctic Expedition”, NMNZ 18657 (MONZ); 793, 86Ƥ, (ex 64 birds) Trindade I. (several locations), Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, Jun. 2006 – Apr. 2007, L. Bugoni (MONZ; MZSB); 73, 13Ƥ, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, no date (NHML, Thompson Collection 1980-40; Meinertzhagen Collection 12590 &amp; 12598).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis (Ridgway, 1884): 73, 7Ƥ, on board ship “ Townsend Cromwell ”, 22o20’N- 151o W, 21 Jul. 1964, D. Au (BPBM; MONZ); 103, 5Ƥ, Haleakala Crater, Maui I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., May 1973, USNM 512636 (MONZ); 33, 5Ƥ, Haleakala Crater, Maui I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 20 May 1976, BBM- X 148358 (BPBM; MONZ). New host record.</p><p>DISCUSSION: The new host-louse record of Halipeurus kermadecensis from Hawaiian petrels –referred to as Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis by Dickinson (2003: 74) —is further evidence that the Galápagos and the Hawaiian petrels are different species and not subspecies, as shown by Browne et al. (1997) with a study of the genetic diversity and divergence of those petrels based on allozyme electrophoresis. The Galápagos petrel, Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia, is host to Halipeurus noctivagus (see below), a louse species extremely different from H. kermadecensis .</p><p>Halipeurus kermadecensis has been found parasitising two species of Pterodroma petrels on Trindade Island, situated off the coast of Brazil in the South Atlantic Ocean: Pt. neglecta and Pt. arminjoniana arminjoniana . That is, if the identification by Imber (2004: 36) of a specimen kept in the USNM collection (Reg. 503731) as Pt. neglecta is accepted as valid; see Hammer et al. (2010) and discussion under H. heraldicus below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFFBFFCAFF660443BBC97C4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFF9FFCBFF6603ADBA017F76.text	03BFF404FFF9FFCBFF6603ADBA017F76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus heraldicus Timmermann 1960	<div><p>Halipeurus heraldicus Timmermann, 1960</p><p>Halipeurus heraldicus Timmermann, 1960: 331, fig. 14, 15b, 16a. Type host: Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica (Salvin, 1888) . Holotype 3 in NHML.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) postmarquesanus Edwards, 1961: 153, figs 3U–7U. Type host: Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica . Holotype 3 in AMNH.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) heraldicus; Timmermann, 1965: 152, fig. 93.</p><p>Halipeurus heraldicus; Amerson &amp; Emerson, 1971: 5.</p><p>Halipeurus heraldicus; Vinson, 1976: 14.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) heraldicus; Price et al., 2003: 187.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica: 13, 1Ƥ paratypes of Halipeurus heraldicus, Marquesas Is, no date (NHML, Meinertzhagen Collection 12600a). Holotype 3, allotype Ƥ and 1 3 paratype of Halipeurus postmarquesanus, South Pacific Ocean, no date, RLE 90 (AMNH); 1 Ƥ paratype of Halipeurus postmarquesanus, Chesterfield Group, South Pacific Ocean, no date (NHML, Thompson Collection).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica: 43, South Pacific Ocean, Feb. 1922, R.H. Beck (MONZ); 153, 11Ƥ, Henderson I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 26 Jul.–21 Aug. 1991, J.N. Jolly (MONZ); 23, 2Ƥ, Raivavae I., Austral Group (Tubuai Is) French Polynesia, Jul. 1992, G. McCormack (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma arminjoniana arminjoniana (Giglioli &amp; Salvadori, 1869): 143, 9Ƥ, Round I., Mauritius, Indian Ocean, 18 Jun. 1987, D. Merton (MONZ); 63, 5Ƥ, (ex 10 birds) Round I., Mauritius, Indian Ocean, 14–28 Sep. 2005, R. Brown (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma neglecta neglecta: 33, 2Ƥ, (ex 5 birds) Round I., Mauritius, Indian Ocean, 11 Sep.–5 Oct. 2005, R. Brown (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>Ex Pterodroma alba (Gmelin, 1789): 23, 1Ƥ, Christmas Atoll, Pacific Ocean, Feb. 1921, R.H. Beck (AMNH); 2Ƥ, Ducie I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, Mar. 1922, R.H. Beck, NM 309 (MONZ); 13, 4Ƥ, Oeno I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 17 Apr. 1922, R.H. Beck, NM 19159 (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Phoenix I., Phoenix Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, Mar. 1929, R.H. Beck (AMNH); 2Ƥ, Canton I., Phoenix Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, Mar. 1929, R.H. Beck (AMNH); 13, Sand I., Johnston Atoll, Pacific Ocean, 18 Aug. 1964, P. Lehner, POBSP 2504 (USNM); 23, 1Ƥ, Howland I., Pacific Ocean, 19 May 1965, POBSP 4153 (USNM); 23, 3Ƥ, Phoenix I., Phoenix Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, 27 May 1965, POBSP 4182, 4183 (KCEM; USNM); 33, 2Ƥ, Motu Upua I., Christmas Atoll, Pacific Ocean, 29 Oct. 1965, POBSP 503249 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, no date (AMNH).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma atrata (Mathews, 1912): 43, 5Ƥ, Henderson I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 5 Apr. 1922, R.H. Beck, NM 19160 (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Henderson I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 23–24 Aug. 1991, J.N. Jolly (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>Ex Pterodroma baraui (Jouanin, 1964): 73, 2Ƥ, Rivière Saint-Etienne Estuary, Saint Louis, Réunion I., Indian Ocean, 15 Feb. 1993, C. Attié &amp; V. Bretagnolle (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>DISCUSSION: The host species Pterodroma atrata, regarded as a junior synonym of Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica for many years, has been recognised as a different species and separated from the latter (Brooke &amp; Rowe 1996). Accordingly, Pt. atrata is a new host for Halipeurus heraldicus .</p><p>The first record of Halipeurus heraldicus from Pterodroma arminjoniana arminjoniana was published by Vinson (1976) for Round Island, Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean. My examination of additional samples from the same locality (see above) agrees with Vinson’s identification. However, Pt. arminjoniana arminjoniana is also known to harbour Halipeurus kermadecensis on the island of Trindade, in the South Atlantic Ocean (see above). There is only one known case of two species of Halipeurus regularly parasitising one host species: that of H. procellariae and H. theresae (Timmermann, 1969) coexisting on individuals of Pterodroma magentae (Giglioli &amp; Salvadori, 1869) in the Chatham Islands, as reported by Palma &amp; Imber (2000). However, the situation with Pt. arminjoniana arminjoniana is different because there are two widely separated populations involved: one on Round Island, sympatric with other two Pterodroma species— Pt. neglecta and Pt. heraldica (see Hammer et al. 2010); and another on Trindade Island, sympatric with Pt. neglecta according to Imber (2004) but disputed by Hammer et al. (2010). Many louse samples from Pt. arminjoniana arminjoniana and one from Pt. neglecta collected at Trindade Island (see above) show that only H. kermadecensis is present there, while 23 samples from Pt. arminjoniana arminjoniana and five from Pt. neglecta (see above) collected at Round Island contain H. heraldicus only. Further sampling from those islands may still show that H. heraldicus and H. kermadecensis coexist within the same host populations, but the available evidence does not support that scenario (Brown et al. 2011, Hammer et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFF9FFCBFF6603ADBA017F76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFF8FFF5FF660095BC417CE6.text	03BFF404FFF8FFF5FF660095BC417CE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus diversus (Kellogg 1896) Kellogg 1896	<div><p>Halipeurus diversus (Kellogg, 1896)</p><p>Lipeurus diversus Kellogg, 1896: 123, pl. 8, fig. 3, 4. Type host: Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, 1864 (in error). Syntypes Ƥ in USNM &amp; CISC.</p><p>Lipeurus limitatus Kellogg, 1896: 124, pl. 8, fig. 5, 6. Type host: Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) . Syntypes nymphs in USNM &amp; Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas.</p><p>Esthiopterum constrictiventre Pessôa &amp; Guimarães, 1935: 313, fig. 6, 7. Type host: Pterodroma macroptera (Smith, 1840) (in error). Holotype 3 in Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.</p><p>Halipeurus hanaki Balát, 1958: 415 . Type host: Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) . Syntypes Ƥ, repository unknown.</p><p>Halipeurus diversus; Hopkins &amp; Clay,1952: 163.</p><p>Halipeurus diversus; Timmermann, 1961: 408, fig. 6.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) diversus; Edwards, 1961: 142, figs 3F– 7F.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) diversus; Timmermann, 1965: 142, fig. 83.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) diversus; Price et al., 2003: 187.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789): 12Ƥ, Pacific Grove, California, U.S.A., Aug. 1896, V. Kellogg. (CISC); 23, Nova Scotia, Canada, 24 Jun. 1927, O.L. Austin (USNM); 23, 2Ƥ, Antipodes Is, N.Z., 4 Nov. 1950, R.A. Falla (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Lyall Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 12 May 1954, K.J. Brownie (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Big South Cape I., Stewart Is, N.Z., 25 Jan. 1955, B.A. Holloway (MONZ); 23, Lake Forsyth, N.Z., 30 Nov. 1958, J.R. Jackson (CMNZ); 2Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 4 Nov. 1961, R.L.C. Pilgrim (RLCP; CMNZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4 Apr. 1964, C. Christoan (BPBM); 23, 3Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 2o35’N- 174o34’W, 17 May 1965, POBSP 4148 (USNM); 83, 5Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 2o32’N- 174o42’W, 17 May 1965, POBSP 4130, 4131, 4134,4149, 4150 (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 3o10’N- 178o45’W, 23 May 1965, POBSP 4136 (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Big South Cape I., Stewart Is, N.Z., 9 Nov. 1968, J.S. Dugdale &amp; J.C. Watt (NZAC); 43, Reef Point, Antipodes Is, N.Z., 17 Feb. 1969, G. Kuschel (MONZ; NZAC); 13, 1Ƥ, Big South Cape I., Stewart Is, N.Z., Feb. 1969, L.J. Dumbleton (NZAC); 13, Taylor's Mistake, Canterbury, N.Z., 3 May 1969, B.N. Norris (RLCP); 63, 6Ƥ, Waipara River mouth, Canterbury, N.Z., 11 May 1969, R.L. Sparrow (RLCP); 43, Wellington, N.Z., 11 May 1969, M. Harrison (RLCP); 23, 1Ƥ, Lake Ellesmere, Canterbury, N.Z., 15 May 1970, C.J. Burrows (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Motukiekie Rocks, Greymouth, N.Z., 12 Dec. 1970, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 23, 1Ƥ, Snares Is, N.Z., 15 Dec. 1970, O.R. Wilkes &amp; C.J. Wilson (RLCP); 13, Bahía Crossley, Staten I., Argentina, 26 Apr. 1971 (USNM); 1Ƥ, Bahía Capitán Cánepa, Staten I., Argentina, 1 May 1971 (USNM); 33, 3Ƥ, Stewart I., N.Z., 11 May 1971, G. Fenwick (RLCP); 1Ƥ, Lyttelton Harbour, Banks Peninsula, N.Z., 16 May 1971, B.N. Norris (RLCP); 33, 1Ƥ, New Brighton, Christchurch, N.Z., J.R. Jackson, 24 Oct. 1971 (MONZ; RLCP); 13, Snares Is, N.Z., 5 Feb. 1972, D.S. Horning (MONZ); 13, Biological Station, Snares Is, N.Z., 3 Mar. 1972, C.J. Horning (RLCP); 33, 2Ƥ, Christchurch, N.Z., 29 Apr. 1972, B.N. Norris (MONZ; RLCP); 53, 3Ƥ, Thorndon, Wellington, N.Z., 14 Mar. 1974, Wildlife Dept (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Taiaroa Head, Dunedin, N.Z., 6 May 1974, A. Wright (NZAC); 33, 3Ƥ, Pinehaven, Hutt Valley, N.Z., 8 May 1974, D.J. Campbell (MONZ); 23, Ohope Beach, Bay of Plenty, N.Z., 19 Jun. 1974, N.R. Hellyer (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Station Cove, Snares Is, N.Z., 18 Dec. 1974, C.J. Horning (RLCP); 13, Biological Station, Snares Is, N.Z., 31 Dec. 1974, C.J. Horning (RLCP); 33, 3Ƥ, Otago Peninsula, N.Z., 1 Mar. 1975, A. Wright (MONZ); 73, 2Ƥ, Mollymawk Bay, Snares Is, N.Z., 26 Nov. 1976, D.S. Horning (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Muttonbird Creek, Snares Is, N.Z., 11 Feb. 1977, D.S. Horning (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Stokes Valley, N.Z., 6 May 1977, Wildlife Dept (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Eastbourne, Wellington, N.Z., May 1977, W.H. Gibbs (MONZ); 13, Taylor's Mistake, Canterbury, N.Z., 1 May 1978, B.N. Norris (RLCP); 33, 3Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 5 May 1982, G. Taylor (MONZ); 13, 2Ƥ, Isla Guamblin, Magallanes Province, Chile, 30 Oct. 1983, G. Clark, “ Totorore Expedition” (MONZ); 43, 8Ƥ, Montrose, Scotland, 11 Feb. 1987, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Bill Baileys Bank, 60o30’N- 11o00’W, Faroe Is, 20 Sep. 1996, J.-K. Jensen (MONZ; NHTF); 53, 5Ƥ, Bill Baileys Bank, Faroe Is, 14 Aug. 1997, J.-K. Jensen (MONZ; NHTF).</p><p>Ex Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck, 1836): 2Ƥ, Rat I., Alaska, U.S.A., 20 Jun. 1937, V.B. Schaeffer (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Fisher I., Bass Strait, Australia, 1 Jan. 1953 (ANIC); 1Ƥ, Castlepoint, Wairarapa, N.Z., 23 Jul. 1956, F. Abernethy (MONZ); 23, 67 o38’N- 165o45’W, Alaska, U.S.A., 20 Aug. 1960 (BPBM; KCEM); 13, 1Ƥ, Fisher I., Bass Strait, Australia, 27 Nov. 1961 (ANIC); 13, Pacific Ocean, 22 Nov. 1964 (USNM); 33, 5Ƥ, South Beach, Greymouth, N.Z., 30 Oct. 1968, T.H. Smith (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Auckland, N.Z., Oct. 1974, C. Smith (MONZ); 83, 4Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 8 Nov. 1975, J.R. Jackson (MONZ; RLCP); 13, St Kilda, Dunedin, N.Z., 7 May 1977, L.C. Esler (RLCP); 43, 4Ƥ, Wellington west coast, N.Z., 17 Mar. 1979, N McKenzie (MONZ; YIOJ); 53, 5Ƥ, Palliser Bay, N.Z., 25 Oct. 1979, D. Sim (MONZ; YIOJ); 1Ƥ, Sleaford Dist., South Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, 19 Apr. 1983, C. Gill (KCEM); 2Ƥ, Macquarie I., Australia, 1984–1985, T. Scarborough (QVTA); 63, 2Ƥ, Waitarere Beach, Manawatu, N.Z., 8 May 1986, D.M. Stracy (MONZ); 13, Park Beach, Tasmania, Australia, 11 Jan. 1989, A. Cupit (TMTA); 53, 4Ƥ, Vanua Belavu I., Northern Lau Group, Fiji Is, 3 Jan. 1994, G. Wragg (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Straham, Australia, 28 Dec. 2000, R.W. Furness (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764): 13, 4Ƥ, South Atlantic Ocean, 1912–1913, R.C. Murphy (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Pukerua Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 26 Jun. 1972, T.L.C. Symms (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Rhum I., Hebrides Is, Scotland, 20 Apr. 1984, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Waikanae Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 25 Jan. 1985, B.A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Rhum I., Hebrides Is, Scotland, Sep. 1985, R. Furness (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Rhum I., Hebrides Is, Scotland, 29 Sep. 1985, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 13, Skerryvore, Scotland, Jul. 1986, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 7 Jul. 1987, F. Zino (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Skerryvore, Scotland, May 1988, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Skúvoy, Faroe Is, 10 Sep. 1996, J.-K. Jensen (MONZ; NHTF); 43, 4Ƥ, Otaki Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 12 Jul. 2002, E. Horn (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, no date (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Strait of Bosphorus, no date (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827): 23, Island of Malta, Mediterranean Sea, Dec. 1863 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Sicilia, Italy, 28 Jul. 1898 (MONZ); 63, 8Ƥ, Isla Marettimo, off Sicilia, Italy, 8 Jul. 1923 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Tunis, 1923, Whitaker Coll. (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Akrotiri, Cyprus, 26 Aug. 1969 (MONZ); 93, 9Ƥ, Catalky, near Kyrenia, Cyprus, 14 Jul. 1996, A. Kelly (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus mauretanicus Lowe, 1921: 93, 2Ƥ, Málaga, Spain, 30 Jan. 1877 (MONZ); 5Ƥ, La Mola, Isla Formentera, Baleares Is, Spain, 19 May 1950 (MONZ); 23, 3Ƥ, Algeria, 24 Feb. 1973 (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Ericeira Sea, Portugal, 23 Jun. 1975, C. Pinto (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Isla Tagomago, Baleares Is, Spain, 9 Jun. 1995, J.S. Aguilar G. (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Llumeta, Isla Cabrera, Baleares Is, Spain, 21 Jun. 1995, J.S. Aguilar G. (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Blanquer, Conills I., off Isla Cabrera, Baleares Is, Spain, 3 Jul. 1996, J.S. Aguilar G. (MONZ); 43, 2Ƥ, Villanova, Spain, 2 Jun. 2008, E. Soldaat (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Puffinus assimilis boydi Mathews, 1912: 33, Rombos I., Cape Verde Is, 25 Nov. 1897, B. Alexander, N.M.18667 (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Raso I., Cape Verde Is, 16o37’N- 24o36’W, 1 Apr. 1999, R.W. Furness (MONZ). Ex Puffinus assimilis baroli (Bonaparte, 1857): 13, 2Ƥ, Porto Santo I., Madeira Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 7 Feb. 1893 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Stockport, Chesire, England, 12 May 1958 (NHML 1958-277); 13, 1Ƥ, Bugio I., Desertas Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Oct. 1989, F. Zino (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Selvagem Grande I., Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Aug. 1992, F. Zino (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Selvagem Grande I., Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 1 Sep. 1997, R.W. Furness (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Vila, Santa María I., Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 27 Aug. 2003, E. Gómez Díaz (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>DISCUSSION: Edwards (1961: 143) identified five males and 13 females from Puffinus assimilis boydi (as “ Puffinus l’hermineiri boydi ”) ex Cape Verde Islands as Halipeurus diversus, while Timmermann (1961: 410) identified material from P. a. boydi as H. intestatus (= H. spadix spadix). My examination of three males and one female from P. a. boydi (see above) agrees with Edwards’s identification. This host-louse association was not included in Price et al. (2003).</p><p>Edwards (1961: 146) identified two males and four females collected from Puffinus assimilis baroli near Porto Santo ( Madeira Islands) as Halipeurus taxosetus, a species now regarded as a junior synonym of H. spadix spadix (see above). However, my identification of the specimens listed above under P. assimilis baroli, including some from Madeira Islands, show that they are Halipeurus diversus .</p><p>Austin et al. (2004: 859, Table 3) placed Puffinus boydi and P. b a ro l i as subspecies of P. lherminieri based on a molecular phylogeny of the Puffinus lherminieri – assimilis complex. If the phylogeny proposed by Austin et al. (2004) is correct, and considering that these two petrels are parasitised by Halipeurus diversus, there must have been a host switch of H. diversus from one of its Atlantic Ocean hosts onto the ancestor of P. a. b o y d i and P. a. baroli, which replaced their ancestral Halipeurus spadix lineage.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFF8FFF5FF660095BC417CE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFC6FFF6FF660070BCDC7DDE.text	03BFF404FFC6FFF6FF660070BCDC7DDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus raphanus Timmermann 1961	<div><p>Halipeurus raphanus Timmermann, 1961</p><p>(Figs 10, 17, 36, 52, 54–55, 60)</p><p>“ Naubates sp.” Clay, 1940: 309, pl. I, fig. 2. Host: Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant, 1887 .</p><p>Halipeurus raphanus Timmermann, 1961: 415, fig. 11. Type host: Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant, 1887 . Holotype 3 in NHML.</p><p>Halipeurus (Anamias) raphanus; Timmermann, 1965: 155, fig. 95.</p><p>Halipeurus raphanus; Marshall &amp; Nelson, 1967: 335.</p><p>Halipeurus raphanus; Mey, 1990: 71.</p><p>Halipeurus (Anamias) raphanus; Price et al., 2003: 188.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 54.; clypeal signature as in Fig. 10; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 36; genitalia as in Fig. 60. Female: habitus as in Fig. 55; clypeal signature as in Fig. 17; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 52.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Type</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla: Holotype 3, Mexico, no date (NHML, Meinertzhagen Collection 12673). Non-types</p><p>Ex Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues, 1864): 13, South Farallon I., California, U.S.A., 7 Jul. 1964, A.G. Marshall (NHML 1968-213); 13, 2Ƥ, South Farallon I., California, U.S.A., Jul. 1965, A.G. Marshall &amp; B. Nelson (MONZ, NHML 1968-213); 33, 2Ƥ, Monterey Bay, California, U.S.A. (LRPC; MONZ). Ex Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin, 1896: 1 Ƥ, Torishima Island, Japan, 23 Apr. 1959, Akiyama Collection (NSMJ); 13, Pearl &amp; Hermes Reef, Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 15 Dec. 1970, J.L. Gressitt (MONZ); 13, Tadanae-jima I., Izu Is, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, 2 May 1999, F. Sato (MONZ). New host record.</p><p>DISCUSSION: Halipeurus raphanus is morphologically closest to H. vincesmithi, but they can be separated in both sexes by features of their clypeal signatures, genitalia and terminalia, as discussed above under H. vincesmithi . The figure of the male genitalia published by Timmermann (1961) is schematic and shows both parameres bent outwards, diverging from the longitudinal midline. Those diverging parameres can also be seen in Clay’s (1940) photograph of the male, which later became the holotype. Having examined eight males, including the holotype, I believe that the bent parameres of the holotype are artefacts of mounting, and that the usual configuration of the genitalia is with straight parameres as shown in Fig. 60.</p><p>The description of H. raphanus was based on the holotype only. Since its type host, Oceanodroma macrodactyla, is probably extinct (Jouanin &amp; Mougin 1979: 116, Dickinson 2003: 78), the probability of finding the female of H. raphanus was minimal until Marshall &amp; Nelson (1967: 337) identified a sample containing five males, six females and five nymphs from a second host species, Oceanodroma homochroa . A third host species, O ceanodroma tristrami, has been identified in this paper, indicating that H. raphanus may still be found on more Oceanodroma species. Unaware of Marshall &amp; Nelson’s (1967) record, Mey (1990: 71) listed H. raphanus as an extinct species together with seven other louse species. Like H. raphanus, at least one more of those presumed extinct lice has been recorded from an extant host different from the type host: Columbicola extinctus Malcomson, 1937, a species originally described from the extinct passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus, 1766), has been found parasitising Columba fasciata Say, 1823 (Clayton &amp; Price 1999: 681) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFC6FFF6FF660070BCDC7DDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFC3FFFCFF66046CBD567E1E.text	03BFF404FFC3FFFCFF66046CBD567E1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus fallacis Timmermann 1960	<div><p>Halipeurus fallacis Timmermann, 1960</p><p>(Figs 11, 18, 37, 51, 61, 68–69)</p><p>Halipeurus fallacis Timmermann, 1960: 328, fig. 12. Type host: Bulweria fallax Jouanin, 1955 . Holotype 3 in NHML. Halipeurus (Halipeurus) fallacis; Timmermann, 1965: 149, fig. 91.</p><p>Halipeurus fallacis; Zonfrillo, 1988: 74.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) fallacis; Price et al., 2003: 187.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Male: habitus as in Fig. 68.; clypeal signature as in Fig. 11; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 37; genitalia as in Fig. 61. Female: habitus as in Fig. 69; clypeal signature as in Fig. 18; terminalia (ventral view) as in Fig. 51.</p><p>Measurements of both sexes as in Table 1.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Bulweria fallax: Holotype 3, allotype Ƥ, Indian Ocean, East of Sokotra, 12o04’N- 57o44’E, 6 Aug. 1953, W.W.A. Phillips (NHML 1953-736).</p><p>DISCUSSION: The Timmermann (1960) description of Halipeurus fallacis is brief. Besides measurements and a comparison with H. bulweriae, which he regarded as the closest species, the description includes only one schematic illustration of the male genitalia. Apart from the two types, no additional specimens of H. fallacis have been reported in the literature and I have been unable to obtain any further specimen. Considering the rarity of H. fallacis and the paucity of specimens of Bulweria fallax available in collections, in addition to the difficulties to identify the host correctly (see Zonfrillo, 1988), I include additional illustrations of key features and habitus of both sexes of H. fallacis to facilitate the identification of this species.</p><p>The petrel that became the type host of H. fallacis was originally identified and published by Alexander (1954: 489) as Pterodroma aterrima (Bonaparte, 1857), the Mascarene black petrel. That petrel was caught alive on board a ship, examined, measured, sketched, deloused and then released. Jouanin published his new species Bulweria fallax in 1955. Therefore, the host name attached to the lice that became the types of H. fallacis must have been changed to B. fallax at the NHML—albeit without a re-examination of the actual bird—prior to Timmermann’s (1960) publication. The identity of the petrel reported by Alexander (1954) as P. aterrima has been discussed by Jouanin (1957: 19). He admits that the descriptive data given by Alexander (1954) does not clearly fit either Pt. aterrima or B. fallax but, considering the geographical coordinates where the bird was captured, Jouanin (1957: 19) believes it was more likely B. fallax . Obviously, without a voucher specimen to support a definite identification, the identity of that petrel will remain forever in doubt. The uncertainty opens the possibility that the identity of the type host of H. fallacis may be in error. New louse collections from authenticated B. fallax and/or Pt. aterrima will be extremely useful to clarify that uncertainty.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFC3FFFCFF66046CBD567E1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFCFFFFCFF660194BE327BF6.text	03BFF404FFCFFFFCFF660194BE327BF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus nesofregettae Timmermann 1961	<div><p>Halipeurus nesofregettae Timmermann, 1961</p><p>(Figs 12, 19, 35, 50, 59)</p><p>“ Naubates sp.” Clay, 1940: 309, pl.1, fig 1. Host: Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Gmelin, 1758) .</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) nesofregettae Edwards (MS); Timmermann, 1961: 417. Type host: Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Gmelin, 1758) .</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) nesofregettae Edwards, 1961: 156, figs 3W– 7W. Type host: Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Gmelin, 1758) . Holotype 3 in AMNH.</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) nesofregettae Timmermann, 1961; Timmermann, 1965: 153.</p><p>Halipeurus (Synnautes) nesofregettae; Price et al., 2003: 188.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Nesofregetta fuliginosa: 23, 1Ƥ, paratypes, Phoenix I., Phoenix Group, Kiribati, AMNH skin 205901 (AMNH).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Nesofregetta fuliginosa: 13, 1Ƥ, Phoenix Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, 13 Jul. 1964, D. Hackman, 1715 (KCEM); 33, 4Ƥ, Phoenix Island, Phoenix Group, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, 26 May 1965, POBSP 4177 (USNM; MONZ); 13, Christmas Atoll, Line Is, Kiribati, Pacific Ocean, 1 Jul. 1965, POBSP 4208 (USNM); 33, 1Ƥ, Gambier Is, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia, South Pacific Ocean, Jul. 1996, J.C. Thibault (MONZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: Clay (1940) provided a photograph of the female, and Edwards (1961) included schematic drawings of diagnostic characters for both sexes. I include more detailed illustrations of male and female abdominal terminalia (Figs 35, 50), clypeal signature (Figs 12, 19), and male genitalia (Fig. 59) to facilitate the identification of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFCFFFFCFF660194BE327BF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
03BFF404FFCFFFFDFF660526BB6F7A7E.text	03BFF404FFCFFFFDFF660526BB6F7A7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halipeurus noctivagus Timmermann 1961	<div><p>Halipeurus noctivagus Timmermann, 1961</p><p>(Fig. 53)</p><p>Lipeurus diversus var. major Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902: 477 (not Lipeurus major Piaget, 1880). Type host: Puffinus lherminieri subalaris Ridgway, 1897 (in error). Syntypes Ƥ, presumed lost.</p><p>“ Lipeurus diversus ” Kellogg, 1906: 318 (not Lipeurus diversus Kellogg, 1896). In part H. noctivagus Timmermann, 1960; in part H. attenuatus Edwards, 1961 .</p><p>“ Lipeurus limitatus ” Kellogg, 1906: 319 (not Lipeurus limitatus Kellogg, 1896). In part H. noctivagus Timmermann, 1960; in part H. attenuatus Edwards, 1961 .</p><p>Halipeurus sp.?; Thompson, 1938: 485.</p><p>Halipeurus noctivagus Timmermann, 1960: 331, fig. 13, 16b. Type host: Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia (Salvin, 1876) . Holotype 3 in NHML, slide 8215.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) intermedius Edwards, 1961: 151, figs 3S–7S. Nomen novum for Lipeurus diversus var. major Kellogg &amp; Kuwana, 1902 .</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) noctivagus; Timmermann, 1965: 151, fig. 92.</p><p>Halipeurus noctivagus; Imber &amp; Tennyson, 2001: 125.</p><p>Halipeurus (Halipeurus) noctivagus; Price et al., 2003: 188.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED</p><p>Types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia: 1 3 paratype of Halipeurus noctivagus, Galápagos Is, no date (NHML, Meinertzhagen Collection 8215). “ Holotype ” 3 and “allotype” Ƥ (see below) of Halipeurus (Halipeurus) intermedius, Galápagos Is, no date, RLE 73, 74 (AMNH).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma cervicalis (Salvin, 1891): 23, 2Ƥ “ paratypes ” of Halipeurus (Halipeurus) intermedius, Kermadec Is, South Pacific Ocean, no date (AMNH, RLE 70; NHML, Thompson Collection).</p><p>Non-types</p><p>Ex Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia: 1Ƥ, Cape St. Elena, Ecuador, 21 June 1922, A. Wetmore (KCEM); 13, 2Ƥ, Chile, 1969, T.J. Lewis (KCEM; USNM); 133, 13Ƥ, Bellavista, Santa Cruz I., Galápagos Is, 1971–1972, P. Kramer (MONZ); 13, Kauai Island, Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 25 Apr. 1978, USNM 556902 (KCEM); 73, 3Ƥ, Santa Cruz I., Galápagos Is, 18 Aug. 1986, F. Cruz (MONZ).</p><p>Ex Pterodroma cervicalis: 83, 7Ƥ, Kermadec Is, South Pacific Ocean, 1895, Buller Collection O.1237.6 (RLCP); 13, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 0 8o29’N- 162o33’W, 13 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4031 (USNM); 33, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 19 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4274 (USNM); 13, 4Ƥ, Mamaku Range, N.Z., Apr. 1968, Wildlife Service, DM 15736 (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 21 Nov. 1970, B.D. Bell (MONZ); 43, 13Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 25 Nov. 1970, J.C. Yaldwyn (MONZ); 53, 3Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 20 Nov. 1980, B.D. Bell (MONZ); 103, 10Ƥ, Macauley I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 21 Nov. 1980, D.M. Cunningham (MONZ). Ex Pterodroma occulta Imber &amp; Tennyson, 2001: 63, 11Ƥ, 30 miles E of Mera Lava, Banks Is, Vanuatu, 28 Jan. 1927, R.H. Beck, “Whitney South Sea Expedition” (MONZ); 153, 15Ƥ, Mt Suretamatai, Vanua Lava I., Banks Is, Vanuatu, 5–9 Mar. 2011, A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ).</p><p>DISCUSSION: Edwards (1961: 152) examined the two syntypes of Lipeurus diversus var. major, and qualified them as stragglers. I agree with Edwards in regarding those syntypes as stragglers, but I have not been able to examine them. In the course of my research on the lice from the Galápagos Islands, I have examined all specimens from those islands included in the Kellogg Collection held at CISC. Unfortunately, the syntypes of L. diversus var. major were not among them. Although Edwards (1961: 151) clearly indicated that H. (H.) intermedius was a nomen novum, he still designated a holotype, an allotype and paratypes for his new name. That designation contravenes Article 72.7 of the I.C.Z.N. (1999) Code, which states that the types of a nomen novum are the same as those of the preocuppied name it replaces. Therefore, the specimens listed above as “ types ” of H. (H.) intermedius are, in fact, not types.</p><p>The Timmermann (1960: 330, fig. 16b) illustration of the female last segment, taken from the allotype of H. noctivagus, has a clear angular indentation in its distal margin. However, all females listed above—identified as H. noctivagus according to males in the same samples—have terminalia with a slightly convex distal margin (Fig. 53). Timmermann (1965: 152) realised that females described by Edwards (1961: 138, fig. 4S) from the same host were much larger than the allotype of H. noctivagus and that also differed from it in the shape of the distal margin; therefore, he admitted that the “allotype” belonged to another species, not H. noctivagus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BFF404FFCFFFFDFF660526BB6F7A7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Palma, Ricardo L.	Palma, Ricardo L. (2011): New taxa, new synonymies and new host records in the louse genus Halipeurus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) parasitic on petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes). Zootaxa 3017: 1-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278615
