taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BC87C5FFE78237FF7DFDA2599B9281.taxon	type_taxon	— LECTOTYPE species: S. trifolium Dunal (designated by Seithe 1962).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78237FF7DFDA2599B9281.taxon	description	Herbaceous to woody, ground-trailing to climbing vines, rooting at the nodes; stems and leaves glabrous to pubescent, the trichomes, if present, multicellular and unbranched. Sympodial units plurifoliate or unifoliate. Leaves simple or pinnately compound, membranous to somewhat fleshy, sand-punctate, the leaf venation palmate or pinnate, the compound leaves with 3 or 5 leaflets, with interstitial leaflets lacking; pseudostipules absent. Inflorescences usually extraaxillary, rarely axillary or leaf-opposed, usually opposed by adventitious roots in the ground-trailing species, usually unbranched, but rarely once or twice branched, ebracteate, bearing 3 – 116 flowers (scars), but usually fewer than 15; pedicels articulated at the base. Buds globose, rounded to pointed at apex (onion-shaped). Flowers apparently all perfect. Calyx short-lobed, the lobes membranous to fleshy; corollas stellate to pentagonal to rotate, 7 – 20 mm in diameter; anthers yellow, more or less equal, short and stout, oblong, not connivent, dehiscing by large apical pores, opening into introrse longitudinal slits with age, the filaments free, glabrous; ovary glabrous to minutely papillose. Fruit a berry, yellow, bronzebrown, purplish-black, to orangish-red when mature, occasionally mottled, slightly flattened and globose to conical to spindle-shaped, or strongly flattened and rhomboid to deltoid in outline, flattened perpendicular to the septum, the strongly flattened fruits with a narrow ridge around the margin. Seeds (mature) 1.5 – 2.5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, rounded, teardropshaped to reniform, flattened, ca. 0.5 mm thick, tan to light reddish-brown, the surface minutely rugose to granular.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78237FF7DFDA2599B9281.taxon	discussion	KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SOLANUM SECT. HERPYSTICHUM	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: ECUADOR. Carchi / Esmeraldas: near Lita, 600 m, wet evergreen forest, 19 May 1987 (fl, fr), H. H. van der Werff 9496 (holotype: QCNE – 8516!; isotypes: MO – 4299600!, NY – NY 00735823!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	description	Vine or scandent shrub, climbing understory trees to 4 m or more; leafy branches spreading to pendulous. Stems thickly herbaceous to weakly woody, somewhat fleshy, glabrous to sparsely pubescent and soon glabrescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate to rarely unifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 3.5 – 14 × 1.5 – 8 cm, 1 – 2 times as long as wide, gradually reduced in size toward the inflorescence, ovate to elliptic, somewhat fleshy, sand-punctate, glabrous adaxially and abaxially or rarely with fine pubescence on the midvein adaxially; venation pinnate, with 5 – 7 pairsofsecondaryveins, these conspicuous and prominent abaxially, densely sand-punctate; base rounded to truncate to cordate, sometimes oblique; margins entire; apex shortly acuminate; petioles (0.2 –) 1 – 1.5 cm, glabrous or rarely pubescent adaxially, densely white sandpunctate. Internodes 1.5 – 5.5 cm. Inflorescences 1 – 3 cmlong in flower to ca. 6 cm in fruit, unbranched to branched, stemterminal to axillary to extra-axillary, with 2 – 16 flowers (scars), the axes glabrous; peduncle 0.1 – 0.5 cm; rachis 0.1 – 2 cm; pedicels 4 – 12 mm in flower, 9 – 18 mm in fruit, only slightly enlarged distally, glabrous to rarely sparsely pubescent, spaced nearly contiguously. Calyx 2.5 – 3.5 mm long, glabrous, themargins thickened, the tube 2.5 – 3 mm long, the lobes 1.5 – 2.5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, deltoid, acute to acuminate at tips, white to pale pink; fruiting calyx somewhat accrescent, the lobes 1.5 – 2.5 × 1.5 – 2.5 mm. Corolla 1.5 – 2 cmindiameter, 5 – 8 mm long, stellate, somewhat fleshy, white, the lobes 5 – 8 × 2.5 – 3 mm, planar at anthesis, acute to acuminate at apices, glabrous adaxially, sparsely pubescent near the apex abaxially, the margins densely ciliate. Stamens with filaments 1 – 1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 3 – 4 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4 – 6 × ca. 0.3 mm, glabrous, cylindrical, sometimes deflected to one side of flower; stigma capitate. Fruit (immature) 0.7 – 1 × 0.7 – 0.9 cm, ovoid to nearly globose, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at apex, green to pale orangish to brownish at maturity, glabrous. Seeds 2 – 2.2 × 1.8 – 2 mm, flattened-reniform, tan, the surface minutely reticulate-rugulose. Figure 1 F – G.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum crassinervium occurs west of the Andes in southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador in lowland and premontane rainforest habitats, including the Mache-Chindul mountain range in northwestern Ecuador; 150 – 600 (– 1,800) m in elevation (Fig. 5).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering apparently occurs year-round; fruiting specimens have been collected from Jan. – Feb., and Sept. – Dec.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. crassinervium is classified as B 1 a + biii (endangered). This species is restricted to rainforest habitats in northwestern Ecuador and extreme southwestern Colombia, covering an area estimated to be considerably less than 5,000 km 2. This area is one of the more inaccessible parts of Ecuador, but increasing exploitation of this area continues to decrease the amount of suitable habitat for S. crassinervium (C. Aulestia, Bilsa Biological Station, pers. comm.).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet crassinervium describes the prominent secondary veins that are useful in helping distinguish this species from its closest relatives.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum crassinervium is one of the climbing species, and can be distinguished from the other species in the section by the somewhat fleshy texture of the stems, leaves, and flowers, its ovate to elliptical leaves with conspicuous secondary veins that are visible in fresh and dried material, and its occasionally branched inflorescences. This is the most robust species of sect. Herpystichum. Solanum crassinervium is most similar to S. evolvulifolium and S. loxophyllum, but differs from both species in its robust habit, broadly ovate leaves (vs. mostly oblong), fleshy calyx and corolla, and inflorescences that may be simple and branched on the same individual. It can be easily differentiated from S. evolvulifolium by its much larger leaves, petioles, and internodes. The leaves of both S. crassinervium and S. loxophyllum are somewhat fleshy, and both species tend to dry dark to nearly black; however, S. crassinervium has more secondary veins (5 – 7 vs. 3 – 4 pairs) and these are prominent abaxially, whereas those of S. loxophyllum are often obscure within the fleshy leaf blade (translucent in living material and flush with the leaf surface in dried material). The often stout and branched inflorescences of S. crassinervium differ from those of S. loxophyllum, which are apparently always simple, and are slender and delicate. Furthermore, inflorescences of S. crassinervium are typically produced in the leafy part of the stem, as compared to those of S. loxophyllum, which are typically borne on older, leafless parts of the stem.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE78239FF7DF8B75E8997DE.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — COLOMBIA. Nariño: 1,000 m, 9 May 1939 (fl), A. H. G. Alston 8547 (BM); Trayecto Pialapi – La Planada, 1 ° 10 ’ N 77 ° 58 ’ W, 1,300 – 1,700 m, 23 Jul 1988 (fr), O. de Benavides 10150 (MO); Mpio. Barbacoas, Corregimiento Altaquer, Vereda El Barro, Reserva Natural Río Ñambí, margen derecha del Río Ñambí, 1 ° 18 ’ N 78 ° 08 ’ W, 1,325 m, 1 Dec 1993 (fl), P. Franco et al. 4707 (COL, NY); Mpio. Tumaco, Resguardo de Albí, lado izquierdo del Río Albí, 1 ° 22 ’ N 78 ° 28 ’ W, 220 – 280 m, 12 Nov 1995 (fl, fr), B. R. Ramírez et al. 8826 (NY); Mpio. Barbacoas, Resguardo Indígena de Saundé, 1 ° 30 ’ N, 78 ° 20 ’ W, 350 m, 21 Jan 1996 (fr), B. R. Ramírez et al. 9699 (NY). ECUADOR. Carchí: Río Blanco drainage above Chical, ca. 12 km Wof Maldonado, 1,300 – 1,500 m, 25 Sep 1979 (fl), A. Gentry & G. Schupp 26522 (MO); Cantón Tulcán, Parroquia Tobar Donoso, Reserva Indígena Awá, Centro El Baboso, 0 ° 53 ’ N 78 ° 25 ’ W, 1,800 m, 17 – 27 Aug 1992 (fr), G. Tipaz et al. 1802 (MO); Cantón Tulcán, Parroquia Tobar Donoso, Reserva Indígena Awá, Centro El Baboso, 0 ° 53 ’ N 78 ° 25 ’ W, 1,800 m, 17 – 27 Aug 1992 (fr), G. Tipaz et al. 1813 (BM, NY, QCNE); border area between Prov. Carchi and Esmeraldas, 20 km past Lita on road Lita-Alto Tambo, 550 m, 25 Jun 1991 (fl), H. van der Werff et al. 11972 (MO, NY, QCNE). Esmeraldas: Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 20 km NW of Quinindé, 3 km W of Santa Isabel, 0 ° 22 ’ N 79 ° 45 ’ W, 600 m, 26 Sep 1994 (fr), J. R. Abbott 15256 (MO, SEL); San Lorenzo, Reserva Étnica Awá, Parroquia Alto Tambo, Centro de la Union, Cañon del Río Mira, 0 ° 52 ’ N 78 ° 26 ’ W, 250 m, 22 Mar 1993 (fl), C. Aulestia & M. Aulestia 1431 (MO, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabel, reserve boundary Nfrom Station road, between the Río Cube tributary and the E-bearing boundary crossing the Río Cube, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 400 – 600 m, 26 Sep 1994 (fr), M. S. Bass & N. Pitman 68 (BM, NY); Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 400 – 600 m, 6 Dec 1994 (fl), M. S. Bass & N. Pitman 289 (MO); San José, km 321 along railroad from Ibarra to San Lorenzo, 1 ° N 78 ° W, 350 m, 5 May 1982 (fl), B. M. Boom 1374 (F, NY, QCA); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, Monkey Bone Trail, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 400 – 600 m, 15 Sep 1994 (fr), J. L. Clark & B. Adnepos 55 (MO, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 400 – 600 m, 24 Jan 1995 (fl), J. L. Clark 412 (BM, NY, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabel, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 500 m, 18 Feb 1996 (fr), J. L. Clark 2121 (BM, NY, QCNE, US); Cantón Quinindé, Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 500 m, 1 – 10 Jan 1997 (fr), J. L. Clark 2993 (MO, US); Cantón Quinindé, Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 500 m, 1 – 10 Jan 1997 (fr), J. L. Clark et al. 3762 (MO, NY, QCNE, US); 10 km Wof Lita on road to San Lorenzo, 0 ° 55 ’ N 78 ° 30 ’ W, 800 m, 12 May 1991 (fl), A. Gentry et al. 69984 (GOET, MO, NY); Cantón San Lorenzo, Lita to El Cristal road, finca of Dr. La Lama, 13.5 km Sof Lita, 0 ° 49 ’ N 78 ° 26 ’ W, 1,220 – 1,350 m, 2 Nov 1992 (fl, fr), J. L. Luteyn et al. 14744 (MO, NY, QCA, US); Cantón Quinindé, carretera Herrera-El Páramo (Sta. Isabel), Estación Biológica Bilsa, 0 ° 1 ’ 36.7 ” N 79 ° 42 ′ 40.4 ″ W, 580 m, 18 Feb- 5 Mar 1995 (fr), W. Palacios et al. 13548 (MO, NY, QCNE); Cantón Quinindé, carretera Herrera-El Páramo (Sta. Isabel), suroeste de la casa de la Estación Biológica Bilsa, 0 ° 1 ’ 36.7 ” N 79 ° 42 ′ 40.4 ″ W, 580 m, 2 – 4 Mar 1995 (fl), W. Palacios et al. 13719 (MO); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Santa Isabela, Monkey Bone trail, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 400 – 600 m, 11 Dec 1994 (fl, fr), N. Pitman & M. Bass 1091 (MO, NY, QCNE); San Lorenzo, Territorio Awá, centro Mataje, 1 ° 11 ’ 44 ” N 78 ° 34 ′ 29 ″ W, 200 m, 17 Nov 2000 (fl), W. Ramírez et al. 12 (NY), 15 (NY); Bilsa Biological Station, 5 km Wof Sta. Isabel, 0 ° 20 ’ 49 ” N 79 ° 42 ′ 41 ″ W, 540 m, 14 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), S. Stern 400 (QCNE, UT); Bilsa Biological Station, 5 km Wof Sta. Isabel, 0 ° 20 ’ 49 ” N 79 ° 42 ′ 41 ″ W, 540 m, 13 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), E. J. Tepe & S. Stern 2729 (BM, MU, NY, QCA, QCNE, UT); Eloy Alfaro, Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, Parroquia Luis Vargas Torres, Río Santiago, Estero Angostura, 0 ° 49 ’ S 78 ° 45 ’ W, 250 m, 28 Oct 1993 (fr), M. Tirado et al. 628 (MO); Eloy Alfaro, Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi- Cayapas, Parroquia Luis Vargas Torres, Río Santiago, Estero Angostura, 0 ° 49 ’ S 78 ° 45 ’ W, 250 m, 8 – 14 Dec 1993 (fr), M. Tirado et al. 775 (MO).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: COLOMBIA. Quindío, “ region froide Quindiu, ” Feb (fl.), J. Goudot 19 (holotype: W – W 0001345 [scan!]; photos of holotype [F neg. 33066]: F – 957755!, G – G 00080130!, MO – 1691587!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	description	Herbaceous vine, terrestrial or climbing. Stems slender, herbaceous, sparsely pubescent with trichomes 0.5 – 1 mm long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 1.5 – 8 × 3 – 5 cm, slightly longer than wide, broadly ovate, chartaceous to somewhat fleshy, sparsely pubescent adaxially, glabrous to sparsely pubescent abaxially, moderately pubescent on veins adaxially and abaxially, the trichomes on the adaxial side of the veins ca. 0.2 mm, the other leaf trichomes like those of the stems; venation palmate, with 5 – 7 primary veins, sparsely sand-punctate; base deeply cordate; margins minutely revolute and with small, widely spaced teeth, these often hairtipped, often obscure; apex acuminate; petioles 2 – 11 cm, sparsely pubescent, sparsely sand-punctate. Internodes 5 – 10 cm. Inflorescences 5 – 13 cmlong, unbranched, extra-axillary, with 3 – 6 flowers, the axes sparsely pubescent; peduncle 2.5 – 7 cm, slender; rachis 0.8 – 2.5 cm; pedicels 15 – 35 mm in flower, unknown in fruit, slender, sparsely pubescent, spaced 5 – 8 mm apart. Calyx 3 – 4.5 mm long, the tube 1 – 1.5 mm long, the lobes 1 – 3 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm, rounded to lanceolate, acute to acuminate at tips, sparsely pubescent abaxially with short, scattered hairs, more densely pubescent at the tips; fruiting calyx unknown. Corolla 1.5 – 1.8 cmindiameter, 6 – 10 mm long, rotate-stellate to pentagonal, membranous, white to light blue, the tube 4 – 9 mm, the lobes 2.3 – 5 × 6 – 7 mm, broadly deltoid, narrowly acute at tips, glabrous adaxially, sparsely pubescent abaxially, the margins ciliate apically. Stamens with filaments 0.7 – 1 mm, glabrous; anthers 2 – 2.2 × ca. 1 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4 – 6 × ca. 0.2 mm, glabrous to minutely papillose in lower half, cylindrical to somewhat clavate; stigma capitate. Fruits 2 – 2.5 × 1.2 – 1.8 cm, ovoid, slightly to markedly flattened, rounded to pointed at apex, the color unknown, glabrous. Seeds unknown. Figure 2 B.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum dalibardiforme is apparently endemic to Colombia (Depts. Cauca, Quindío, and Tolima); 2,400 – 3,500 m in elevation (Fig. 5).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering specimens have been collected in Apr. – Aug., and Nov. The single fruiting specimen seen was collected in July.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. dalibardiforme is classified as D 2 (vulnerable). This species occupies a restricted area in the Cordillera Central in Colombia and is only known from three locations. Furthermore, S. dalibardiforme is only known from nine collections, suggesting that it is rare.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet dalibardiforme refers to the superficial similarity of the leaves and habit of this species to the genus Dalibarda (Rosaceae).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum dalibardiforme is one of the ground-trailing species, and is one of the most distinctive species of the section. It can be distinguished from the rest of the species in this group by its simple leaves and rotate-stellate to pentagonal corollas. It is most similar to the Ecuadorean S. limoncochaense, but has pubescent vegetative parts, pentagonal corollas, and occurs in high elevation habitats. Solanum trifolium is the only other member of sect. Herpystichum with considerable interpetalar tissue, resulting in pentagonal or rotate corollas, but is easily distinguished by its 3 - foliate compound leaves. We have seen only one scan of a fruiting specimen of this species (L. Reyes 119, COL), and the fruits appear to be elliptical and pointed apically, but without the distinctive arrowhead shape of S. limoncochaense, S. phaseoloides, S. pentaphyllum, and S. trifolium. It is not possible to determine the cross sectional shape of the fruit from the pressed specimens available, and it is not clear whether this species has flattened fruits like the rest of the ground-trailing species.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE98239FF7DFBBE5F9791D1.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — COLOMBIA. Cauca: Puracé, Parque Nacional Puracé, 15 Jun 1974 (fl, fr), L. Reyes 119 (COL). Tolima: La Suiza, Cordillera Central, 2,600 m, 11 May 1932 (fl), J. Cuatrecasas 3355 (MA); Quebrada Cajamarca to “ Mermillon ”, New Quindio Trail, Cordillera Central, 14 Aug 1922 (fl), E. P. Killip 9753 (NY); Along Quindo highway, between Cajamarca and summit of Divide, 2,400 m, 27 Mar 1939 (fl), E. P. Killip & G. Varela 34519 (COL, US); Roncesvalles, Vereda de San Marcos, Finca el Corazón, 5 Nov 2003 (fl), J. Mora & J. Palma 743 (COL); Roncesvalles, Vereda de San Marcos, Finca el Orinoco, 5 Nov 2003 (st), J. Mora & J. Palma 924 (COL); Toche, 2,500 m, 25 May 1942 (fl), K. Von Sneidern 3121 (NY, S); Toche, 2,500 m, 25 Apr 1942 (fl), K. Von Sneidern 3121 bis (LL, US).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: ECUADOR. Guayas: Balao, “ in silvestris, rarium, ” May 1892 (fl, fr), H. Eggers 14641 (holotype: M – M 0111203!; isotypes: A – GH 00077619!, B [destroyed], L – L 0403275!, LE [photo!], US – 1324515!, WU!; photo of Bisotype [F neg. 2658]: G – G 00080131!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	description	Scandent shrub or liana, climbing to 8 m or more. Stems slender, wiry-woody, glabrous to moderately pubescent with trichomes 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, these frequently in distinct lines along stem. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the arrangement distichous, the blades 4.4 – 11 × 1.3 – 4.5 cm, 2 – 3 times as long as wide, ovate to elliptical, chartaceous to coriaceous to somewhat fleshy, glabrous to moderately pubescent on the midvein adaxially, glabrous abaxially; venation pinnate, with ca. 5 pairs of secondary veins, the veins sand-punctate; base oblique, sides of the lamina 3 – 4 mm distant on the petiole, the two sides rounded to truncate to somewhat cordate; margins entire; apex acuminate; petioles 0.2 – 0.6 cm, moderately pubescent adaxially, sandpunctate. Internodes 0.7 – 2.8 cm. Inflorescences 3 – 55 cmlong, unbranched, terminal to extra-axillary to nearly leaf-opposed, with 14 – 116 flowers (scars), the axes slender, densely pubescent; peduncle 2 – 5 cm; rachis 2 – 49 cm; pedicels 5 – 6 mm in flower, slender, 13 – 14 mm in fruit, glabrous to minutely pubescent, spaced 1.5 – 8 mm apart. Calyx 1.5 – 2 mm long, membranous, sparsely pubescent, sand-punctate, the tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 0.5 – 1 × ca. 2 mm, broadly rounded, rounded to shortly acuminate at tips; fruiting calyx not accrescent. Corolla 0.7 – 1 cmindiameter, 3 – 5 mm long, stellate, membranous, white to greenish-white, the lobes 3 – 4.5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, lanceolate, acute at tips, reflexed at maturity, glabrous adaxially, pubescent along center of petal abaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens with filaments 0.5 – 1 mm long, glabrous; anthers ca. 2.5 × 1 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 3 – 4 × ca. 0.3 mm, clavate, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruits (immature) 9 – 18 × 4 – 6 cm, 2 – 3 times as long as wide, spindle-shaped to possibly cordate, pointed at apex, the color unknown, glabrous. Seeds unknown. Figure 2 C.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum dolichorhachis occurs in the Pacific and Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador and in the Amazonian lowlands of Peru; 50 – 350 m in elevation. (Fig. 5)	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering specimens have been collected in Apr. and Dec.; fruits have been collected in Apr.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. dolichorhachis is classified as B 1 a + biii (critically endangered). This species is only known from five widely scattered locations, two of which are in western Ecuador, an area that continues to experience extreme habitat degradation (Dodson and Gentry 1991). The location at Limoncocha is in the center of an oil field, continued development of which is encroaching on all sides of the 4,600 ha Reserva Biológica Limoncocha (E. J. Tepe, pers. obs.). Despite its broad distribution, only five collections of this species are known, suggesting that it occurs at low densities, and appears to have been rare even at the time of collection. The label on the type specimen notes in silvestris, rarium (and in silvis rarissimum on some of the isotypes). Solanum dolichorhachis was collected near the Laguna de Limoncocha near the Río Napo in 1974 (B. A. Drummond III 7329, MO); however, EJT was unable to relocate this species during a five day visit to the Reserva Biológica Limoncocha in 2009. Montúfar (2000) listed S. dolichorhachis as a critically endangered species endemic to Ecuador. If the Peruvian collection is, in fact, a population of S. dolichorhachis (see below), then the species is more widespread than previously believed. Nevertheless, based on the number of collections available for this species, we believe that it is critically endangered, especially in western Ecuador where the type was collected and which has experienced tremendous habitat destruction.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet dolichorhachis refers to the long, slender inflorescences of this species.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum dolichorhachis is a climbing species recognizable by the long and slender inflorescences, small stellate flowers, spindle-shaped fruits, and the simple, usually large leaves with distinctly oblique bases. This species is most similar to S. pacificum, but the wiry-woody stems, densely shortpubescent inflorescences and young stems, and oblique leaf bases set this species apart. The label from the type collection describes the fruits as cordate (fructu cordato). It is difficult to know what Eggers saw in three dimensions based on the single fruit on the isotype at A, but Egger’s notes suggest that the fruits may have been flattened and, therefore, possibly somewhat like those of the ground-trailing species in shape (i. e. Figs. 1 B – C). The collections of this species from eastern Ecuador differ somewhat from the type in that they have longer pubescence, darker stems that are densely sand-punctate (vs. light tan, non-punctate stems), inflorescences with less dense and coarser pubescence, and non-punctate calyces. The Peruvian collection is closer to the type in leaf shape than collections from eastern Ecuador, but the plant appears to be rather fleshy. It is possible that the two variants from the regions east of the Andes merit recognition at the species level; however, they have no unambiguous, qualitative differences and, since this species has been collected few times, there is currently insufficient material upon which to base further taxonomic decisions.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFE9823AFCC5F9BB59CF97B9.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — ECUADOR. Los Ríos: Near Quevedo, Canton Vinces, Hacienda San José, 0 ° 30 ’ S 79 ° 21 ’ W, 50 m, 28 Oct 1934 (fl), Y. Mexia 6617 (UC, US). Sucumbíos: Limoncocha on Río Napo, 0 ° 23 ′ 15 ” S 76 ° 36 ′ 35 ″ W, 300 m, 1 Oct 1974 (fr), B. A. Drummond III (MO). Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuni, Río Tiputini, al noroeste de al confluencia con el Río Tivacuno, 0 ° 38 ’ S 76 ° 30 ’ W, 200 – 300 m, 25 Apr 2002 (fl), G. Villa et al. 1461 (BM, F). PERU. Loreto: Maynas, Indiana, Reserva Explorama, 3 ° 28 ’ S 72 ° 50 ’ W, 106 m, 9 May 1990 (fl), R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 13680 (MO, NY).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: COSTA RICA. San José: La Palma, 1,460 m, Sep 1898 (fl, fr), A. Tonduz 12615 (lectotype, here designated: GH – GH 00077489!; possible isolectotypes: CR – 12615, K – K 000449423!, K – K 000449424!, M – M 0111204!, NY – NY 00138984!, US – US 00027570!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	description	Vine, sometimes shrubby, climbing tree trunks or other vegetation. Stems slender, woody, glabrous to densely pubescent, the trichomes typically ca. 1 mm or longer, occasionally in distinct lines along stem. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the arrangement distinctly distichous, the blades 0.5 – 5 × 0.3 – 3 cm, 1 – 3 times as long as wide, ovate to oblong-ovate, chartaceous to coriaceous, sand-punctate, glabrous to densely pubescent on the leaf blade adaxially and abaxially, pubescent on midvein adaxially with hairs 0.2 – 0.5 mm, discolored, occasionally reddish below; venation pinnate, with 3 – 4 pairs of secondary veins, the veins densely sand-punctate; base truncate to cordate, often oblique; margins entire to undulate, revolute; apex rounded and apiculate to acute, sometimes acuminate; petioles nearly absent to 0.5 cm, glabrous to densely pubescent, densely sand-punctate. Internodes 0.5 – 1.5 (– 3.5) cm. Inflorescences 1 – 15 cmlong, unbranched, nearly leaf-opposed to extra-axillary, with 2 – 80 flowers (scars), the axes glabrous to pubescent with simple, uniseriate, curled hairs; peduncle 0.6 – 1.5 cm; rachis 1 – 14 cm; pedicels 4 – 10 mm in flower, green to pink, 10 – 15 mm in fruit, glabrous to densely pubescent, spaced nearly contiguously to 8 mm apart. Calyx 1.5 – 3 mm long, conical, the tube 1 – 2.5 mm long, the lobes 0.5 – 1.5 × 0.8 – 1.5 mm, deltate, rounded and minutely apiculate at tips to acute, the margins somewhat thickened, glabrous to sparsely pubescent along margins, more dense at tips of the lobes, pale green to pink; fruiting calyx minutely accrescent. Corolla 1 – 2 cmindiameter, 5 – 8 mm long, stellate, membranous, greenish, white, pink, to bluish-purple, sometimes mottled, the lobes 5 – 11 × 2 – 3 mm, lanceolate, acute at apices, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens withfilamentsca. 1 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2 – 3 × 0.8 – 1.5 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4 – 6 × ca. 0.25 mm, cylindrical to somewhat clavate, minutely papillose in lower 2 / 3; stigma truncate to somewhat capitate. Fruit 0.6 – 1.5 × 0.6 – 1 cm, globose to ovoid, slightly flattened, rounded to acute at apex, glabrous, red to reddish-brown when ripe. Seeds 1.5 – 2 mm in diameter, rounded, tan, the surface rugulose. Figure 1 H – I.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum evolvulifolium occursin Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru as an epiphyte on tree trunks in rain and cloud forest habitats; (200 –) 800 – 2,600 m in elevation (Fig. 6).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering and fruiting apparently occurs yearround.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet evolvulifolium refers to the similarity of the leaves of this species to some species of Evolvulus (Convolvulaceae).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum evolvulifolium, a climbing species, is recognizable by its characteristic distichous leaf arrangement (Fig. 1 H) and branching pattern. The main stem of this species is most often encountered climbing on tree trunks, attached with adventitious roots at the nodes; secondary branches extend away from the main stem. Higher order branches are typically distichous and arise at ca. 45 ° angles, often giving the plant a characteristic, flattened appearance. The leaves often diminish in size along a branch, occasionally to a branching point or inflorescence, and then increase in size again. The pedicels, calyx and corolla are frequently pinkish-white to greenish-pink. This species can be distinguished from other simple leaved, viny members of sect. Herpystichum by the uniformly short internodes, somewhat coriaceous leaves (instead of chartaceous or somewhat fleshy), and the flattened aspect of the branches that results from the distichous leaves branches. South American collections are more variable than those from Central America in leaf shape and, especially, the degree of pubescence. The calyx lobes of Central American collections are broadly ovate and rounded apically, whereas the lobes of most South American collections are deltoid in shape and acute apically. These calyx characters, however, are not sufficiently uniform, nor are they correlated with other characters that might justify segregation of S. evolvulifolium into one or more additional species. Several extreme forms from South America are included here, and these include especially robust forms from Colombia and Ecuador and an especially pubescent form from Ecuador. It is possible that the differences merit specific status, but both forms are represented by only a few collections and are thus included within a broadly defined and variable, yet easily identifiable S. evolvulifolium. Furthermore, the three sequenced accessions of S. evolvulifolium, including one accession of the robust form and two of the standard form, form a monophyletic group together with S. crassinervium and S. loxophyllum (Fig. 4). The robust form of S. evolvulifolium is strongly supported as sister to Central American accessions of S. evolvulifolium lending support for its inclusion in a morphologically variable, yet easily recognizeable S. evolvulifolium. There is some confusion about the numbering and collector of the lectotype collection of S. evolvulifolium. Greenman’s protologue states that the collector and number is Pittier 7413. However, the handwritten labels on the K specimens give the collector as Tonduz. They do not have a collector number, but they do have a “ herb. nat. Cost. number 12615 (Herbario del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica). Nevertheless, there is sufficient overlap of label information on different specimens to determine that they are all clearly part of the same collection. All labels list Tonduz’ name and the herb. nat. Cost. number. Furthermore, it seems that Tonduz was the actual collector, but that Pittier distributed the specimens under his own set of numbers (Dauphin López 2009; B. Hammel, pers. comm.). For these reasons, we refer to the collection as Tonduz 12615. Greenman cited two syntypes, Tonduz 12615 (as Pittier 7413) and Wercklé 11599, in his original description of S. evolvulifolium. Tonduz 12615 is chosen as the lectotype because this collection has many duplicates, whereas only a single specimen is known of the Wercklé collection. The GH specimen of Tonduz 12615 is chosen as the lectotype because Greenman was at GH in 1904 and this is likely the specimen that he used in his description of S. evolvulifolium. Furthermore, the GH specimen gives the altitude as 1460 m, the altitude stated in the protologue. The rest of the Tonduz 12615 collections report an altitude of 1,542 m and therefore they are listed above as possible isolectotypes.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEA823CFCA5FC1B5C8D92A6.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens Examined — COSTA RICA. La Palma, 1,500 m, Nov 1897 (fr), K. Wercklé 11599 (GH). Alajuela: Reserva Biológica Monteverde, 10 ° 19 ’ N 84 ° 43 ’ W, 820 m, 22 Oct 1988 (fl), E. Bello 468 (F, MO); Reserva Forestal de Arenal, 10 ° 18 ’ N 84 ° 42 ’ W, 850 – 900 m, 28 Feb 1990 (fl), E. Bello 1961 (MO); San Carlos, La Forma, Finca El Jilguero, 10 ° 25 ′ 25 ″ N 84 ° 42 ′ 05 ″ W, 800 m, 22 Nov 1992 (fl), G. Herrera 5696 (MO); 12 km NNW of San Ramón by road on way to San Lorenzo, 1 km Sof Balsa, 10 ° 10 ’ N 84 ° 29 ’ W, 1,100 m, 25 Apr 1983 (fl), R. L. Liesner & E. Judziewicz 14936 (MO, WIS). Cartago: Beside Río Villegas, valley of Río Grande de Orosi, 9 ° 42 ’ N 83 ° 47 ’ W, 1,620 m, 11 Jan 1970 (fl), R. W. Lent 1849 (F, MO, U); Monumento Nacional Guayabo, 9 ° 58 ’ N 83 ° 41 ’ W, 26 Jan 1993 (fl), G. Rivera 2054 (F, K); growing in dense upland rain forest about 5 km SW of Tapanti, 9 ° 47 ’ N 83 ° 55 ’ W, 1,500 m, 17 Aug 1967 (fr), J. Taylor & C. Taylor 4472 (MO, NY). Heredia: Vicinity of Colonia Virgen del Socorro, 10 ° 17 ’ N 84 ° 10 ’ W, 900 m, 10 Aug 1975, (fl), J. Utley & K. Utley 2824 (F); Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 10 ° 15 ′ 50 ″ N 84 ° 05 ’ W, 1,200 – 1,400 m, 13 Nov 1986 (fl), M. Grayum & G. Herrera 7881 (MO). Limon: Guápiles, Los Angeles, San Miguel, 10 ° 04 ′ 20 ″ N 83 ° 50 ′ 40 ″ W, 1,300 m, 21 Feb 1990 (fl), A. Chacón et al. 744 (MO); Parque Nacional Cordillera de Talamanca, 9 ° 22 ′ 30 ″ N 83 ° 14 ′ 10 ″ W, 1,700 m, 24 Mar 1993 (fl), A. Fernández 818 (BM, MO); El Progreso, 9 ° 47 ′ 20 ″ N, 83 ° 07 ′ 30 ″ W, 1,600 m, 24 Apr 1989 (fl), G. Herrera & A. Chacón 2771 (F, MO, NY); San Jose: road between Alto La Palma and Bajo La Hondura, 1,400 m, 24 Feb 1978 (fl), F. Almeda & K Nakai 3913 (MO); Pérez Zeledón, Savegre, 9 ° 31 ’ N 83 ° 51 ’ W, 1,900 m, 3 Aug 1994 (fl, fr), G. Herrera et al. 7253 (K); woods near Quebrada Vargus, Alto La Palma, 10 ° 04 ’ N 83 ° 59 ’ W, 1,400 m, 31 Mar 1974 (fl), R. W. Lent 3852 (AAU, F, MO). PANAMA. Bocas del Toro: Nslope of Cerro Horqueta, 8 ° 49 ′ 24 ” N 82 ° 26 ′ 54 ″ W, 6,000 – 7,000 ft, 5 Aug 1947 (fr), P. H. Allen 4995 (F, G, U); along road from Fortuna Dam, towards Chiriquí Grande, 2.2 miles Nof the continental divide, 8 ° 45 ’ N 82 ° 15 ’ W, 800 m, 12 Mar 1985 (fl), G. McPherson 6815 (MO, WIS). Chiriqui: Boquete, Bajo Chorro, 8 ° 50 ’ N 82 ° 29 ’ W, 6,000 ft, 12 Jan 1938 (fl) M. E. Davidson 112 (GH, F, US). Chiriquí / Bocas del Toro: Zona Protectora Palo Seco, along continental divide, 8 ° 47 ’ N 82 ° 13 ’ W, 1,100 – 1,300 m, 11 Aug 2000 (fl), S. Knapp & J. Mallet 9178 (BR, MO). COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Río Caldera, 5 ° 58 ’ N, 74 ° 58 ’ W, Jan 1953 (fl), Bro. Daniel 4498 (US). Caldas: La Finca, Quindío, 4 ° 27 ’ N 75 ° 40 ’ W, 3,200 m, Feb 1937 (st), E. Dryander 2136 (US); Santa Cecelia, Cordillera occidental, vertiente occidental, 5 ° 18 ’ N 76 ° 13 ’ W, 800 m, 29 Dec 1945 (fl), K. von Sneidern 5524 (F). Cauca: El Tambo, Parque Nacional Munchique, 2 ° 36 ′ 40 ” N 74 ° 54 ′ 10 ″ W, 2,570 m, 20 Jul 1993 (fl, fr), G. Lozano et al. 6961 (COL, MA); El Cairo, Cerro del Inglés, Cordillera Occidental, 4 ° 45 ’ N 76 ° 13 ’ W, 2,260 m, 5 Jan 1987 (fl), F. A. Silverstone Sopkin et al. 2967 (NY); El Tambo, La Costa, 4 ° 4 ’ N 77 ° 1 ’ W, 1,500 m, 25 Mar 1938 (infl), K. von Sneidern 1663 (F, G, S, US). Chocó: San Jose del Palmar, Hoya del Rio Torito, Finca Los Guaduales, 5 ° 02 ’ N 76 ° 22 ’ W, 630 m, 6 Mar 1980 (fl), E. Forero et al. 6793 (COL, MO); 6 km Eof Río Pato, ca. 48 km Wof Las Animas on the Pan American Highway, 5 ° 20 N 76 ° 49 ’ W, 250 m, 11 Jan 1979 (fl, fr), A. H. Gentry & A. Renteria 24016 (AAU, MO). Nariño: Cordillera Occidental, Finca La Planada, near Chucunes, 1 ° 11 ’ N 77 ° 58 ’ W, 1,950 m, 13 Jan 1981 (fr), A. H. Gentry et al. 30549 (COL, MO, NY); Junin-Barbacoas road, 2 – 10 km. Nof Junin, 1 ° 30 ’ N 78 ° 10 ’ W, 900 m, 26 Jul 1986, (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 55333 (MO). Putumayo: Villagarzón, Carretera a Pto. Asis, 4 May 1994 (st), J. L. Fernández 11431 (COL); Punto de Buenos Aires, Cerro Portachuelo, 0 ° 22 ’ N 75 ° 01 ’ W, 2,080 m, 27 Jul 1964 (fl), D. D. Soejarto 1139 (GH). Risaralda: Apía, Vereda La Cumbre, 5 ° 8 ’ 42 N 76 ° 0 ′ 46 ″ W, 2,285 m, 24 Feb 1983 (fl), J. H. Torres 2216 (COL); Pereira, La Pastora, 2,500 m, 20 Jan 1998 (fl), G. Vargas 4472 (COL). Valle: Cordillera occidental, Hoya del Río Digua, La Elsa, 3 ° 15 ’ N 70 ° 51 ’ W, 1,000 – 1,200 m, 9 Nov 1943 (fl, fr), J. Cuatrecasas 15313 (F, US). VENEZUELA. Mérida: Rivas Dávila, 22 – 27 km Sof Tovar along rd. to Canaguá, 8 ° 14 ’ N 71 ° 45 ’ W, 2,100 – 2,256 m, 16 Apr 1984 (fl, fr), J. L. Luteyn et al. 9960 (NY). ECUADOR. Carchi: Mira, Norte del Carmen, Camino a Chical, 0 ° 17 ’ N 78 ° 13 ’ W, 2,000 m, 10 Feb 1992 (fl), W. A. Palacios et al. 9753 (MO); Tulcan, Reserva Indígena Awá, 0 ° 53 ’ N 78 ° 25 ’ W, 1,800 m, 17 Aug 1992 (fr), G. Tipaz et al. 1923 (MO). Carchi / Esmeraldas: Near Lita, 0 ° 52 ’ N 78 ° 27 ’ W, 600 m, 19 May 1987 (fl). H. Van der Werff et al. 9493 (MO). Cotopaxi: Sigchos, Triunfo Grande, 0 ° 32 ′ 22 ” S 78 ° 58 ′ 59 ″ W, 2,349 m, 6 Aug 2003 (fl, fr), J. E. Ramos Perez et al. 7061 (NY); Pujilí, Reserva Biológica Los Ilinizas, 0 ° 58 ′ 45 ” S 79 ° 06 ′ 53 ″ W, 1,725 m, 10 Aug 2003 (st), F. A. Silverstone Sopkin et al. 10027 (MO, NY). Esmeraldas: Road Lita-Alto Tambo, ca. km 17.8, 0 ° 51 ’ N 78 ° 29 ’ W, 850 m, 28 Sep 1991 (fl), B. Ollgaard 99154 (AAU). Loja: Cerro de Celica, Celica - Guachanamá, km 2.7, 4 ° 05 ′ 46 ” S 79 ° 56 ′ 45 ″ W, 2,250 m, 12 Apr 1994 (fl, fr), P. M. Jorgensen et al. 93 (NY). Napo: Parque Nacional Sumaco y Comunidad de Pacto Sumaco, 0 ° 38 ′ 56 ″ S 77 ° 35 ′ 49 ″ W, 1,550 – 1,700 m, 26 Apr 1997 (fr), A. Alvarez et al. 2017 (MO); Quijos, Cosanga, Yanayacu Biological Station and Center for Creative Studies, 0 ° 35 ′ 55 ” S 77 ° 53 ′ 22 ″ W, 2,200 m, 18 Aug 2005 (fl), J. L. Clark et al. 9438 (BM, NY, US); Km 2, carretera nueva Cotundo – Coca, 0 ° 42 ’ N 77 ° 42 ’ W, 1,130 m, 5 Aug 1984 (fl), C. H. Dodson et al. 15031 (NY, MO). Pichincha: Reservaecológica Río Guajalito, km 59 delacarretera antigua Quito-St. Domingo de los Colorados, 0 ° 13 ′ 53 ″ S 74 ° 48 ′ 10 ″ W, 1,800 – 2,000 m, 4 May 2000 (fl, fr), I. Tapia 1254 (SEL). Sucumbios: El Reventador, colecciones en ámbas márgenes del Rio Reventador, 0 ° 02 ’ N 77 ° 41 ’ W, 1,850 m, 6 Oct 1990 (st), J. Jaramillo & E. Grijalva 12933 (AAU, NY). PERU. Amazonas: Monte Virgen, 50 m frente la comunidad de Caterpiza, 3 ° 55 ’ S 77 ° 42 ’ W, 200 m, 30 Aug 1979, (fl, fr), V. Huashikat 268 (MO).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: ECUADOR. Sucumbíos: Limoncocha, Reserva Biológica Limoncocha, in wet primary forest near NW corner of lake, 250 m, 22 Jan 2009 (fl, fr), E. J. Tepe & S. Stern 2627 (holotype: QCA!; isotypes: BM!, MO!, MU – 272379!, NY – NY 01163478!, QCNE!, US!, UT!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	description	Herbaceous vine, terrestrial or climbing to ca. 1 m from ground. Stems slender, glabrous. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 3.5 – 7 × 3.5 – 8 cm, slightly wider than long, rounded, somewhat fleshy, moderately sand-punctate, glabrous; venation palmate with 5 (– 7) primary veins, these sparsely sand-punctate; base cordate; margins entire, slightly revolute on some leaves; apex rounded to obtuse to shortly acuminate; petioles 3 – 16 cm, moderately sand-punctate, glabrous. Internodes 2.5 – 20 cm. Inflorescences 4 – 8 cmlong, unbranched, extra-axillary, with 2 – 3 flowers, the axes glabrous; peduncle 1.3 – 4.5 cm, slender; rachis 0.9 – 1.5 cm; pedicels 15 – 25 mm in flower, 25 – 30 mm in fruit, slender, glabrous, spaced ca. 15 mm apart. Calyx 2.5 – 4.2 mm long, the tube 1 – 1.5 mm long, the lobes 1.5 – 2 × ca. 1.2 mm, rounded, acuminate at tips, glabrous to sparsely pubescent abaxially, densely pubescent adaxially, purplish; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, the lobes 1 – 1.2 × 1.5 – 2 mm, truncate-acuminate. Corolla 1 – 1.6 cmindiameter, 5 – 8 mm long, stellate, membranous, white, the tube 1.5 – 2 mm, the lobes 6 – 10 × 1.5 – 3 mm, lanceolate, narrowly acute at tips, the apex papillose adaxially and abaxially, the margins ciliate apically. Stamens with filaments ca. 1 mm, glabrous; anthers 2 – 2.5 × ca. 1 mm. Ovary sparsely papillose; style 2 – 2.5 × ca. 0.3 mm, straight, cylindrical, stout, sparsely papillose in lower half; stigma capitate, somewhat 2 - lobed. Fruits 1 – 3 × 0.6 – 3.2 cm, ovoid-rhomboid, flattened, the apex truncate to emarginate, greenish-brown to purplish near apex when immature, bronze-brown when mature, sparsely pubescent with hairs <0.1 mm to glabrous when mature, strongly fragrant with a sweet, heavy scent, juicy, the flavor sweet. Seeds 2 – 2.5 mm in diameter, lenticular, light reddish-brown, the surface minutely rugose. Figure 1 A – C.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — This species appears to be endemic to Sucumbíos Province (historically part of Napo Province), Ecuador, near the Laguna de Limoncocha, where it grows in terra firme primary forests and clearings; 240 – 300 m (Fig. 7).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering specimens have been collected in Jan., June, Sept., and Oct.; fruiting specimens have been collected in Jan and Jun.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. limoncochaense is classified as B 1 a + biii (critically endangered) and D 2 (vulnerable because of restricted area of occupancy). This species is only known from the terra firme forest near the northwest part of the Laguna de Limoncocha in western Ecuador. The four known collections of this species are all from this area, where it is common, but exploration of much of the Reserva Biológica Limoncocha did not reveal any additional populations (E. J. Tepe, pers. obs.). There is also a continuing decline in suitable habitats in the area due to deforestation for additional oil exploration, and an increase in the local population resulting from oil-associated jobs (H. Moya, Reserva Biológica Limoncocha, pers. comm.).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Solanum limoncochaense is named for the Laguna de Limoncocha in western Ecuador, the only known collection locality of this species.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum limoncochaense is one of the ground-trailing species and can easily be recognized by its simple, palmately veined leaves, glabrous vegetative parts, and stellate flowers. It is most similar to the Colombian S. dalibardiforme, which is pubescent throughout, has rotate-stellate corollas, and appears to be a strictly high-elevation species. This species grows in dense patches on the rainforest floor and over fallen trees. It is a weak climber, and plants in the field were encountered climbing tree trunks up to ca. 1 m from the ground (E. J. Tepe and S. Stern, pers. obs.).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEC823DFF5DF9265E379719.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — ECUADOR. Sucumbíos: Limoncocha on Río Napo, 300 m, 18 Oct 1974 (fl), B. A. Drummond 7350 (MO); environs of Limoncocha, 240 m, 16 Jun 1978 (fl, fr), M. T. Madison et al. 5327 (AAU, F, K, MO, NY, QCA, SEL); near northwest corner of lake, Limoncocha, Sep 1969 (fl), R. N. Mowbray 699104 (MO).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: ECUADOR. Chimborazo / Guayas: “ In silvis tropicalibus prope Puente de Chimbo, ” Sep 1891 (fr), L. Sodiro 114 / 20 (holotype: B, [destroyed]; photos of holotype [F neg. 2668]: G – G 00080136!, NY!, NY!; isotype: QPLS – SOLA 0192!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	description	Vine, woody, climbing understory vegetation and canopy trees to 15 m or more. Stems slender, strong and wiry, the olderstems 8 - shaped in cross section, reaching ca. 3 × 6 mm in cross section or larger, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, the trichomes slender, 0.8 – 1.5 mm long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 2.5 – 8 × 0.8 – 3.5 cm, 2 – 3 times as long as wide, ovate to elliptical, somewhat fleshy, moderately sand-punctate, pubescent on the midvein adaxially with small trichomes 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, more rarely glabrous or pubescent across the leaf surface, glabrous to pubescent on the veins or the entire leaf surface abaxially; venation pinnate, with 3 – 4 pairs of secondary veins, these translucent in living material, inconspicuous and flush with the leaf surface on dried specimens, moderately sand-punctate; base rounded to truncate, oblique, the sides of the lamina 1 – 2 mm distant on the petiole; margins entire; apex acute; petioles 1 – 5 mm, moderately sand-punctate, pubescent adaxially. Internodes 1.5 – 2.2 cm. Inflorescences 1 – 11 cm long, simple or rarely once branched, extra-axillary to nearly leaf opposed, with 3 – 50 flowers (scars), the axes glabrous, slender and delicate; peduncle 0.3 – 0.5 cm, slender; rachis 2 – 10 cm; pedicels 3 – 10 mm in flower, slender, 9 – 12 mm and slightly enlarged in fruit, 9 – 12 mm, somewhat thickened apically, glabrous, spaced 1 – 6 mm apart. Calyx 2.5 – 5 mm long, glabrous except for the margins which are sparsely ciliate apically, the tube 1 – 1.5 mm long, the lobes ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm, rounded-deltoid, shortly apiculate at the tips, pale pinkish-white; fruiting calyx only slightly accrescent, the lobes 1.5 – 2 × ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla 0.8 – 1 cmindiameter, 3 – 5 mm long, stellate, membranaceous, white, the tube ca. 1 mm, the lobes 7 – 8 × 2 – 2.5 mm, lanceolate, attenuate at tips, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins minutely ciliate apically. Stamens with filaments 0.8 – 1 mm, glabrous; anthers 2.5 – 3 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm. Ovary glabrous; style ca. 5 × 0.3 mm, cylindrical, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruits 1 – 1.5 × 0.5 – 1.1 cm, ellipsoidal to conical, the apex somewhat pointed, glabrous. Seeds ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, ca. 0.5 mm thick, flattened, teardrop-shaped, light tan in color, the surface minutely rugose. Figure 1 L – M.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum loxophyllum is apparently endemic to the Pacific lowlands and low mountains of western Ecuador; 100 – 600 (– 850) m in elevation (Fig. 7).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering and fruiting apparently occur throughout the year.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet loxophyllum (loxo = oblique in Greek) makes reference to the oblique leaf bases found in this species. The leaf bases of S. dolichorhachis, however, are much more markedly oblique than they are in S. loxophyllum.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. loxophyllum is classified as B 1 a + biii (endangered). Although this species is common in the habitats where it occurs, deep shade of low to midelevation rainforests in western Ecuador, less than 1,500 km 2 of these habitats remain, and they continue to be converted to agricultural lands (Dodson and Gentry 1991; C. Aulestia, Bilsa Biological Station, pers. comm.).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	vernacular_names	Common Names — Ecuador: Chinba chuba tape (Cayapa; Kvist 40522, AAU, QCA), chiro nairamo tape (Cayapa; Kvist 40437, AAU, BM), quinfo aran sili (Colorado; Kvist 40691, AAU, BM).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	discussion	Uses — Ecuador: the leaves are used for pain relief and for healing of open wounds at joints. Leaves are applied to the affected joint (Kvist 40437). The flowersare crushed and rubbed on the body as a perfume (Kvist 40522). The plant is used for a bath (baño de caliente) when feeling cold (Kvist 40691). Notes — Solanum loxophyllum is a climbing species closely allied to S. evolvulifolium, with which it has frequently been synonymized. It differs from S. evolvulifolium in its thin, but distinctly fleshy, larger leaves, less regular branching, sinuous rather than more or less straight branches, older stems that are 8 - shaped in cross section, a tendency toward cauliflory, its high-climbing habit (individuals have been seen to climb to 12 m or more; E. J. Tepe, pers. obs.), and distribution under 850 m (S. evolvulifolium has occasionally been collected as low as 250 m, but is most frequently encountered above 1,000 m). Solanumloxophyllum canbedistinguished from other species of sect. Herpystichum by its fleshy leaves with inconspicuous veins (translucent in fresh material), cauliflorous inflorescences, and the distinctive older stems that are 8 - shaped in cross section. The slender, delicate inflorescences emerge from the cleft between the two halves of the 8 - shaped stems. Several collections from the area around Zapallo Grande and the Colorado community, Congoma Grande, are more robust and are more densely pubescent than collections from other areas. Herbarium specimens of S. loxophyllum typically dry dark to nearly black, a character shared with S. crassinervium. The provenance of the type collection is rather vague, given that the town of Puente de Chimbo is no longer extant. One references states, however, that Puente de Chimbo was located at the end of the Chimbo valley, where the Chimbo river leaves the mountains and enters the plains, and turns from a south-flowing to a west-flowing river (Wolf 1892, p. 132). This would place Puente de Chimbo near the current town of Bucay (Bromley and Bromley 1975), and the locality falls well within the geographic and altitudinal range of other collections of S. loxophyllum. Based on recent fieldwork, it appears that S. loxophyllum is widespread and common in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador. It seems to be tolerant of intermediate levels of disturbance, and is abundant along trails and in secondary, but shady habitats. Flowering is apparently rather rare, and the flowers are inconspicuous and few in number. Consequently, S. loxophyllum is underrepresented in herbarium collections.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFED823EFF7DFCE75F7F90F9.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — ECUADOR. Azuay / Cañar: Manta Real, Río Patul, Sur de la Carretera La Troncal-Zhud, 2 ° 33 ’ S 79 ° 20 ’ W, 450 – 800 m, 13 Jul 1991 (fr), R. B. Foster & B. Mitsui 13542 (F, QCA). El Oro: Hcda. Daucay, Limón – Playa, 3 ° 28 ’ S 78 ° 45 ’ W, 500 m, 22 Apr 1994 (st), X. Cornejo & C. Bonifaz 2478 (NY); 11 km Wof Pinas on new road to Sta. Rosa, 850 m, 8 Oct 1979 (fl), C. H. Dodson et al. 9049 (MO, SEL). Esmeraldas: Mache- Chindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Sta. Isabel, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 500 m, 17 Feb 1996 (fl), J. L. Clark et al. 2054 (BM, MO, NY); Reserva Cotacachi-Cayapas, La Aguita, 0 ° 28 ′ 48 ” N 78 ° 26 ′ 24 ″ W, 150 m, 26 Jun 1998 (infl), X. Cornejo & C. Bonifaz 6389 (NY); Río Cayapa, Zapallo Grande, 1 km upriver Río Zapallo Grande, 0 ° 48 ’ N 78 ° 54 ’ W, 100 m, 29 Jun 1982 (infl), L. P. Kvist 40437 (AAU, BM); Río Cayapa, Zapallo Grande, 1 km upriver Río Zapallo Grande, 0 ° 48 ’ N 78 ° 55 ’ W, 100 m, 3 Jul 1982 (st), L. P. Kvist 40522 (AAU, QCA); environs of Lita, on the Ibarra-San Lorenzo RR, 550 – 650 m, 10 Jun 1978 (fl), M. T. Madison et al. 5154 (F, QCA); Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km Wof Quinindé, 5 km Wof Sta. Isabel, 0 ° 21 ’ N 79 ° 44 ’ W, 500 m, 13 Feb 2009 (fl), E. J. Tepe & S. Stern 2726 (QCNE, UT); Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapa, Charco Vicente, Río San Miguel, 0 ° 43 ’ N 78 ° 53 ’ W, 200 m, 20 – 31 Sep 1993 (fr), M. Tirado et al. 391 (MO, QCNE). Los Ríos: Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 on the Quevedo-Santo Domingo Rd, 0 ° 30 ’ S 79 ° 21 ’ W, 150 – 220, 8 Jun 1974 (fl, fr), C. H. Dodson 5543 (SEL, US); Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 on the Quevedo-Santo Domingo Rd, 0 ° 30 ’ S 79 ° 21 ’ W, 150 – 220 m, 29 Mar 1980 (fr), C. H. Dodson & A. Gentry 10040 (MO, SEL); Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 on the Quevedo-Santo Domingo Rd, 0 ° 30 ’ S 79 ° 21 ’ W, 150 – 220 m, 5 Feb 2009 (st), E. J. Tepe et al. 2698 (QCNE, UT). Los Ríos or Pichincha: El Centinela at crest of Montañas Ila on road from Patricia Pilar to 24 de Mayo, 0 ° 37 ′ 33 ” S 79 ° 17 ′ 46 ″ W, 600 m, 6 Feb 1979 (fl), C. H. Dodson 7389 (MO, SEL); El Centinela at crest of Montañas Ila on road from Patricia Pilar to 24 de Mayo, 0 ° 37 ′ 33 ” S 79 ° 17 ′ 46 ″ W, 600 m, 20 Jul 1979 (fr), C. H. Dodson et al. 8626 (MO, SEL). Pichincha: Santo Domingo bypass ca. 3 km Sof Santo Domingo, 530 m, 8 Apr 1980 (fl), C. H. Dodson & A. Gentry 10359 (F, MO, SEL); Reserva Forestal ENDESA, Río Silanche, 0 ° 06 ’ N 79 ° 02 ’ W, 650 – 700 m, 9 Jun 1984 (fl, fr), J. Jaramillo (AAU, MO, QCNE); in the Colorado community “ congoma grande ” at km 23 on the Santo Domingo - Puerto Limon road, 0 ° 21 ’ S 79 ° 22 ’ W, 100 m, 21 Jul 1982 (st), L. P. Kvist 40691 (AAU, BM).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: ECUADOR. Los Ríos: Centro Científico Río Palenque, in secondary forest, 215 m, 5 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), E. J. Tepe et al. 2696 (holotype: QCNE!; isotypes: BM!, MO!, NY – NY 01163476!, QCA!, UT!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	description	Herbaceous vine, climbing secondary vegetation in gaps. Stems slender, weakly herbaceous, glabrous; fertile branch tips pendent. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, the blades 14 – 19 × 4.5 – 8 cm, 2 – 3 times as long as wide, lanceolate to ovate, membranaceous to thinly chartaceous, moderately to densely sand-punctate, glabrous adaxially and abaxially; venation pinnate, with 4 – 7 pairsofsecondaryveins, these densely sand-punctate; base rounded to obtuse, more or less symmetrical; margins entire; apex acuminate; petioles 1 – 1.5 cm, densely sand-punctate, glabrous. Internodes 1.5 – 7 cm. Inflorescences 4 – 10 cmlong, slender, unbranched, extraaxillary, with 17 – 58 flowers (scars), the axes glabrous, slender; peduncle 2 – 4.5 cm; rachis ca. 6 cm; pedicels 8 – 10 mm in flower, slender, 15 – 20 mm in fruit, enlarged apically, glabrous, spaced nearly contiguously to 12 mm apart. Calyx 1 – 1.2 mm long, glabrous to minutely and sparsely ciliate along margins, the tube 0.5 – 0.7 mm long, the lobes 0.5 – 0.6 × 0.8 – 1 mm, rounded, rounded to weakly acuminate at tips; fruiting calyx somewhat accrescent, the lobes 0.6 – 0.8 × ca. 1 mm. Corolla 0.8 – 1 cm in diameter, ca. 5 mm long, stellate, membranous, green to white near the margins of the petals, the lobes 4 – 5 × 1.2 – 2.5 mm, ovate, reflexed at maturity, acute at apices, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens subequal, with filaments ca. 0.8 mm long, glabrous; anthers 1.5 – 2 × 0.7 – 1.2 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4 – 4.5 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm, glabrous, slightly clavate; stigma truncate. Fruit (immature) ca. 0.9 × 0.6 cm, ovoid, somewhat flattened, pointed at apex, green, glabrous. Seeds unknown. Figure 1 J – K.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum pacificum occurs in primary and secondary rainforest habitats in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador; 50 – 380 m in elevation (Fig. 8).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering specimens have been collected from Feb. – Aug.; the type collection, collected in Feb., is the only fruiting specimen seen. It is likely that fruiting is more frequent than the collection record indicates.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. pacificum is classified as B 1 a + 3 iii (critically endangered) and D 2 (vulnerable because of restricted area of occupancy). This species is restricted to lowland rainforest habitats of western Ecuador. This habitat type has suffered extreme degradation, and has been reduced from an estimated 32,000 km 2 to ca. 1,500 km 2 (Dodson and Gentry 1991). The six known collections of S. pacificum are from a small portion of this area, and because of the extensive habitat destruction, it is possible that this species survives only within the 0.87 km 2 Centro Científico Río Palenque.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Solanum pacificum is named after the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador where it is endemic, and for María Paz Moreno, the first author’s wife and frequent field companion. “ Pax, ” Latin for peace, is the root of both “ Pacific ” and “ Paz. ”	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum pacificum is a climbing species recognizable by its completely glabrous vegetative parts; slender, weakly herbaceous stems; small, greenish flowers; and large, thin leaves. The leaves of S. pacificum are deep purplish-green above with whitish veins, and are weakly to intensely purple below. The upper surfaces of fresh leaves have a distinctly velvety luster. Within sect. Herpystichum, this species is most similar to S. dolichorhachis, but differs in having leaves with ± symmetrical vs. distinctly oblique leaf bases and green, herbaceous vs. tan, woody stems. It can be distinguished from other climbing species by the texture, shape, and size of the leaves. Solanum pacificum is also similar to the sympatric S. leptorhachis Bitter [sect. Geminata (G. Don) Walp.] in the size and shape of the leaves, the long, slender inflorescences, and small, greenishwhite, stellate flowers; however, S. leptorhachis is an upright, woody shrub with unifoliate sympodial units on flowering stems and geminate leaves at nonflowering nodes. In contract, S. pacificum has plurifoliate sympodial units and always has only one leaf per node (i. e. not geminate).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEE823FFF5DFB455F569686.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — ECUADOR. Junction of the provinces Bolivar, Cañar, Chimborazo, and Guayas: Foothills of the western cordillera near the village of Bucay, 1,000 – 1,250 ft, 8 – 15 Jun 1945 (st), W. H. Camp E- 3782 (MO). Los Ríos: Cantón Quevedo, Centro Científico Río Palenque, along road between Santo Domingo de los Colorados and Quevedo at km 47, 1.7 km Sof Patricia Pilar, 0 ° 35 ’ S 79 ° 21 ’ W, 220 m, 9 Apr 1992 (st), T. B. Croat 73807 (MO); Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 Rd. Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 150 – 220 m, 26 Oct 1974 (st), C. H. Dodson 5663 (SEL); Río Palenque Biological Station, km 56 Rd. Quevedo-Santo Domingo, 150 – 220 m, 7 Aug 1975 (fl), C. H. Dodson 5933 (AAU, MO, QCA, SEL); Río Palenque Field Station, half way between Quevedo and Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 200 m, 22 Feb 1974 (fl), A. Gentry 10109 (MO).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Ibagué, 1845 (fr), J. Goudot s. n. (holotype: G – G 00104280 [scan!]; photos of holotype [Morton neg. 8546]: F – 1589922!, MO – 1781232!, NY!; isotype: G – G 00096093 [scan!]; photos of isotype [F neg. 23140]: F – 758058!, MO – 1691340!, NY!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE. VENEZUELA. Carabobo: Valencia, Oct 1843 (fl), N. Funck 791 (holotype: G – G 00104281 [scan!]; possible isotypes: BR – BR 00000988419!, P – P 00578798 [scan!]).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	description	Herbaceous vine, terrestrial, trailing over ground or fallen logs. Stems slender, herbaceous, sparsely to densely pubescent, the trichomes 1 – 2 mm long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves 5 - pinnate, the blades 1.2 – 7 × 1.5 – 8 cm, about as long as wide, membranaceous to chartaceous, sparsely sandpunctate, sparsely pubescent adaxially with widely scattered, short, wide-diameter trichomes 0.3 – 1.5 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm, with thinner trichomes occasionally present on midvein adaxially, glabrous to pubescent only on the veins abaxially, the margins entire, the rachis sparsely to densely pubescent with hairs like those of the stem, the pubescence especially dense in the adaxial groove; lateral leaflets (the most distal pair) 0.8 – 4 × 0.4 – 2 cm, oblique, elliptical on lower side, obovate on upper side giving the leaflets a falcate appearance, the base oblique, acute to obtuse to slightly cordate on the proximal side, the apex obtuse to rounded to minutely acuminate, the basal pair slightly smaller than the upper pair, the upper pair more strongly oblique, the petiolules 0.5 – 2 mm on upper pair of leaflets, 1.5 – 6 mm on lower pair, glabrous to densely pubescent, especially in the adaxial groove; apical leaflet 0.8 – 4.5 × 0.6 – 2.4 cm, obovate, rhomboid, the base acute to cuneate, the apex obtuse to shortly acuminate, sessile to shortly petiolulate, the petiolule 0.5 – 2.5 mm, glabrous to densely pubescent, especially along adaxial groove; petioles 1.5 – 5.5 cm, sparsely sand-punctate, sparsely to densely pubescent, especially in adaxial groove. Internodes 2.5 – 9 cm. Inflorescences 3 – 7 cm long, unbranched, extra-axillary, with 1 – 3 flowers, the axes sparsely pubescent; peduncle 2 – 6 cm, slender; rachis 0.5 – 1 cm; pedicels 5 – 10 mm in flower, 15 – 22 mm in fruit, slender, sparsely pubescent, spaced 2 – 10 mm apart. Calyx 1.5 – 2 mm long, the tube 0.5 – 1 mm long, the lobes 0.5 – 0.8 × 1 – 1.2 mm, deltoid, acute to acuminate and slightly thickened at tips, sparselypubescentwithshorttrichomes (<0.1 mm), themargins ciliate; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, the lobes 1.5 – 3 × ca. 1.5 – 1.8 mm. Corolla 1 – 1.5 cmindiameter, ca. 0.5 mm long, stellate, membranous, white, the tube 1 – 3 mm, the lobes 3 – 5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, lanceolate, acute at tips, glabrous abaxially and adaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens with filaments 0.6 – 1 mm, glabrous; anthers 2 – 2.5 × 0.8 – 1.2 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 3 – 5 × ca. 0.2 mm, clavate, papillose in lower half; stigma capitate. Fruits 2.2 – 3 × 1 – 2.5 cm, ovoid-rhomboid, flattened, the apex acute, green to purplish brown, glabrous. Seeds 2.2 – 2.5 × 1.8 – 2 mm, ca. 0.5 mm thick, lenticular, orangish tan in color, the surface sparsely granular. Figure 2 A.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum pentaphyllum occurs in Colombia and Venezuela. Two collections are also known from Costa Rica. It is usually terrestrial, but occasionally grows over fallen logs; 600 – 1,700 m in elevation (Fig. 8).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering specimens have been collected year round; fruiting specimens have been collected from Feb. to Apr., and in Aug.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	etymology	Etymology — This species takes its name, pentaphyllum, from its 5 - foliate compound leaves.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum pentaphyllum is one of the ground-trailing species, and can easily be differentiated from the others based on its 5 - foliate leaves. The leaves from several populations in Antioquia, Colombia are smaller than the average and are reddish below. The two collections known from Costa Rica are indistinguishable from South American collections. We obtained trnT – trnF and trnS – trnG sequences from one of the Costa Rican collections (Haber & Zuchowski 9863, NY), and it was well supported as sister to the South American collection of S. pentaphyllum rather than to Costa Rican S. phaseoloides (Fig. 4). Based on available collections, S. pentaphyllum is apparently absent from Panama, thus the Costa Rican collections represent a significant disjunction from the species’ primary range in Colombia and Venezuela. The labels of two collections state that the deep green to purplish-brown fruits dig themselves into the ground during development (Pittier 8031, GH; Tamayo 2224, G). From these labels, it is unclear whether the fruits are actively pressed in to the ground by the plant and are truly geocarpic (this seems unlikely because the infructescences of this species are thin) or if they become buried during development as they lie on the ground. This intriguing phenomenon merits further research. The protologue of S. pentaphyllum var. caraboboanum states that this variety differs from variety pentaphyllum in that it is smaller and less pubescent than var. pentaphyllum, and has a distribution in northern Venezuela. These morphological characters hold true for some specimens, but the same variation can be found among specimens throughout the range of the species. We were unable to identify any consistent morphological character to reliably identify variety caraboboanum, and could not separate the varieties unless their provenance was known. As a result, S. pentaphyllum var. caraboboanum is not recognized in this treatment. The holotype of S. pentaphyllum at Gis clearly identifiable because the locality information on Goudot’s label matches the protologue. An isotype is also housed at G. Several of the photos of this specimen indicate Brazil as the country of origin; however, the locality on Goudot’s label, Ibagué, is unequivocally Colombian. Furthermore, Goudot lived in Colombia and most of his collections are from there (Palmer 1918). He also collected in northern Venezuela from the upper Orinoco to Puerto Cabello on the Caribbean coast, but he does not seem to have collected in Brazil. The holotype of S. pentaphyllum var. caraboboanum is also at G. Possible isotypes, held at BR and P, are also labeled Funck 791, but the localities of these two specimens differ from the holotype.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFEF8220FF7DFD015D529281.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Cantón de San Ramón, Cordillera de Tilarán, Bajo Los Rodríguez, Río La Esperanza, Quebrada Mirasol, Finca Araya, 10 ° 18 ′ 30 ″ N 84 ° 35 ′ 0 ″ W, 500 – 600 m, 10 Mar 1993 (fl), Bello et al. 4862 (INB); Reserva Biológica Monteverde, Finca Villalobos, 8 km Sof Volcán Arenal, 10 ° 23 ’ N 84 ° 43 ’ W, 1,000 – 1,200 m, 21 Apr 1990 (fl), W. Haber & W. Zuckowski 9863 (INB, NY). COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Frontino, Corregimiento Nutibara, Región Murí, camino hacia La Blanquita, 6 ° 45 ’ N 76 ° 25 ’ W, 1,440 m, 10 Jul 1986 (fl), P. Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. 1203 (NY); Frontino, Corregimiento La Blanquita, región de Murrí, vía Nutibarra-La Blanquita, 6 ° 45 ’ N 76 ° 25 ’ W, 1,350 – 1,450 m, 10 Jun 1988 (fl) R. Callejas Posada et al. 6525 (MO, NY); Frontino, Region of Murrí, road between Nutibara and La Blanquita, 06 ° 40 ’ N 76 ° 26 ’ W, 1,460 m, 10 Feb 1989 (fl, fr), J. M. MacDougal et al. 3876 (NY); Parque Nacional Natural Las Orquideas, Sector de Calles, Río Calles, 6 ° 31 ’ N 76 ° 19 ’ W, 1,300 – 1,320 m, 29 Mar 1991 (fl), J. G. Ramírez & E. Muñoz 4062 (MO). Chocó: Slopes of Serranía del Darién Eof Ungía, 8 ° 01 ’ N 77 ° 05 ’ W, 300 – 1,300 m, 19 Jun 1976 (st), A. Gentry et al. 16770 (MO). El Valle: Río Dagua Valley, La Margarita, 3 ° 30 ’ N 75 ° 52 ’ W, 760 m, 4 Apr 1939 (fl, fr), E. P. Killip 34895 (COL, F, GH, NY, US). Los Llanos: Intendencia, El Meta, near Villavicencio, 3 ° 16 ’ N 73 ° 05 ’ W, 600 m, 20 Jan 1939 (fl), O. Haught 2551 (COL, F, MA, US). Meta: Trayecto desde la Vereda Aguas Claras (escuela) hasta el puente colgante del Río Ariari, 760 – 800 m, 25 Oct 1995 (fl), J. L. Fernández 12883 (COL); Cubarral, Vda. Aguas Claras alrededores de la escuela Aguas Claras, 3 ° 47 ′ 42 ” N 73 ° 54 ′ 37 ″ W, 855 m, 19 Nov 1995 (fl), M. E. Morales 590 (COL). VENEZUELA. Aragua: Colonia Tovar, between Maracai and Chorona, 10 ° 24 ’ N 67 ° 17 ’ W, 5,500 ft, 1856 (fl, fr), A. Fendler 2092 (GH, GOET); between Portachuelo and Ocumare, 10 ° 34 ’ N 69 ° 23 ’ W, 20 Jan 1924 (fl), H. Pittier 11379 (G, NY, US); Toma de Rancho Grande, 10 ° 27 ’ N 68 ° 0 ’ W (fl), H. Pittier 15311 (US); Alto de Choroni, 10 ° 29 ’ N 67 ° 36 ’ W, 1,600 m, 16 Apr 1967 (fl), B. Trujillo 7632 (WIS). Barinas: Bolivar, Altimira, La Gallineta Caserío El Celoso near feldspar mine, 8 ° 50 ’ N 70 ° 35 ’ W, 1,500 – 1,700 m, 6 Jun 1988 (fr), L. J. Dorr et al. 5444 (MO, NY); Bolivar, near feldspar mine, between La Soledad and Santo Domingo, 8 ° 51 ’ N 71 ° 35 ’ W, 1,300 m, 24 Nov 1984 (fl, fr), H. Van der Werff & F. Ortega 6142 (MO, NY). Carabobo: Montagne La Soledad, 2,000 ft, Dec 1840 (?) (st), J. Linden 1599 (G); Hacienda de Cura, near San Joaquín, 10 ° 06 ’ N 67 ° 46 ’ W, 1,300 m, 15 Aug 1918 (fl, fr), H. Pittier 8031 (GH, US); Soto dela selva pluvial de Borburrata, 10 ° 21 ’ N 68 ° 03 ’ W, 600 m, Feb 1942 (fl, fr), F. Tamayo 2224 (G, US). Distrito Capital: Along old road between Portachuelo and Peñita (Petaquire) and Carayaca, between Colonia Tovar-Junquito road and Hacienda El Limon, 10 ° 28 ’ N 67 ° 11 ’ W, 25 May 1963 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 91446 (F, NY, US, VEN). Lara: Jiménez, Between Alto del Viento to Cerro Pando, 09 ° 39 ’ N 69 ° 34 ’ W, 1,400 m, 26 Oct 1982 (fl), G. Davidse & A. C. González 21180 (NY); Iribarren, Vecinidades de la Laguna Negra, Loma de Los Naranjos, Montaña de Macanillal y Fila de San Estaban, 9 ° 52 ’ N 69 ° 18 ’ W, 1,300 – 1,500 m, 24 Mar 1975 (infl), J. A. Steyermark et al. 111628 (VEN); Jiménez, Montaña Oscura, en La Briza, 9 ° 52 ’ N 69 ° 21 ’ W, 1,630 m, 8 Aug 1970 (fl, fr) J. A. Steyermark et al. 103578 (M, US, VEN). Trujillo: 13 km ESE of Bocono, 1 km Wof Guarameca, 9 ° 11 ’ N 70 ° 09 ’ W, 1,600 m, 16 Mar 1982 (infl), R. L. Liesner et al. 12907 (MO, NY). Yaracuy: El Amparo camino abierto hasta la fila, 8 ° 21 ’ N 71 ° 39 ’ W, 1,300 m, 19 Mar 1973 (fl), E. Diederichs 108 (MO); Cerro la Chapa, 10 ° 12 ’ N 68 ° 24 ’ W, 1,250 m, 12 Apr 1999 (fl), J. R. Grant et al. 99 – 03335 (US); Nirgua, Serranía Santa María - Cerro la Chapa, 10 ° 12 ’ N 68 ° 35 ’ W, 1,200 – 1,350 m, 31 Apr 1994 (fl), W. Meier et al. 3919 (MO).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Desengaño, Jun 1875 (fl), H. Polakowsky 147 (lectotype, here designated: BM – BM 000579755!; isolectotype: B [destroyed]).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: GUATEMALA. Alta Verapáz: Pansamalá, 3,800 ft, May 1887 (fl), H. von Tuerckheim 1226 (lectotype, here designated: US – US 00027712!; isolectotypes: GH – GH 00077524!, K – K 000449425!, NY – NY 00169750!).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	description	Herbaceous vine, terrestrial. Stems slender, glabrous or rarely pubescent with slender trichomes 0.8 – 1.5 m long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves 3 - pinnate, the blades 1.5 – 7.5 × 1 – 7 cm, about as long as wide, membranous to chartaceous, glabrous adaxially or with widely scattered to dense, wide-diameter trichomes, 0.3 – 1.2 × 0.1 – 0.2 mm on the leaf blade, with trichomes like those of the stem more abundant along veins, glabrous abaxially, the margins entire to undulate, minutely revolute on some leaves, the rachis glabrous; lateral leaflets 0.5 – 5 × 1 – 5.5 cm, elliptical to rounded, the base oblique, cuneate to cordate on the proximal side, the apex obtuse to acuminate, the petiolules 0.5 – 3 mm, glabrous; apical leaflet 0.8 – 4 × 1 – 6 cm, broadly elliptical to rhomboid, the base cuneate, the apex obtuse to acute, apiculate, the petiolule 1 – 5 mm, glabrous; petioles 1.5 – 13 cm, sparsely sand-punctate, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Internodes 3 – 12 cm. Inflorescences 3 – 12 cmlong, unbranched, extra-axillary, with (2 –) 3 (– 7) flowers, the axes glabrous; peduncle 1.5 – 5 cm, slender; rachis 1 – 6.5 cm; pedicels 10 – 25 mm in flower and fruit, slender, glabrous, spaced 4 – 8 mm apart. Calyx 1.5 – 2 mm long, the tube 1 – 1.5 mm long, the lobes 0.5 – 1 × ca. 1.5 mm, deltoid to truncate, acute to acuminate at tips, glabrous; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, the lobes 1 – 1.2 × 1.5 – 2 mm, truncate-acuminate. Corolla 1 – 1.5 cmindiameter, ca. 5 mm long, stellate, white, the tube 1 – 3 mm, the lobes 6 – 7 × 1.2 – 3 mm, lanceolate, acute at the tips, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens with filaments 1 – 1.5 mm, glabrous; anthers 2 – 2.5 × ca. 1 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 4 – 5 × ca. 0.2 mm, cylindrical, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruits 2 – 4 × 1 – 2.5 cm, ovoidrhomboid, flattened, pointed at apex, greenish to yellowish, often mottled, glabrous. Seeds ca. 2 × 1.5 mm in diameter, lenticular, light brown, the surface smooth. Figure 1 E.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum phaseoloides occurs in the understory of wet forests and in clearings from southern Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, to Panama. It is usually terrestrial, but occasionally grows on fallen logs or as an epiphyte; 500 – 2,900 m in elevation. Asingle collection is known from Peru (Fig. 9).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The name, phaseoloides, refers to the similar leaves and viny habit of the genus Phaseolus L. (Fabaceae).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum phaseoloides is a ground-trailing species characterized by 3 - foliate leaves and stellate flowers. It is most similar to S. pentaphyllum from which it differs by its 3 - foliate vs. 5 - foliate leaves. It also resembles S. trifolium, but can be differentiated by its white, stellate flowers and pointed leaf apices vs. blue-violet, rotate flowers and rounded leaf apices. Vegetative parts of most collections are glabrous; however, plants with pubescent stems and petioles appear to be localized in the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica at 1,700 – 3,200 m. Asingle collection of S. phaseoloides is known from north-central Peru. The leaves of this collection are somewhat fleshier than typical plants from Central America, but it corresponds to them in other characters. If this specimen truly represents a population of S. phaseoloides, then it is a remarkable disjunction from the species’ native range in Central America. Alternatively, it is possible that this collection represents an additional species of sect. Herpystichum; however, we must reserve judgment until additional collections are available. We have been unable to successfully obtain a DNA sequence from this Peruvian collection. Finally, we have not seen collections of S. phaseoloides from Nicaragua; however, its presence there is expected based on the overall distribution of this species. The location Polakowsky’s holotype is not explicitly stated in the protologue; the existence of a specimen at Bis implied, but it has almost certainly been destroyed and no photos of the specimen are known to exist. A duplicate of this collection exists at BM and this specimen (BM 000579755) has been chosen as the lectotype. Donnell Smith did not designate a single sheet of Tuerckheim 1226 as the holotype of S. olivaeforme in his 1889 protologue. The specimen from US (US 00027712) is here chosen as the lectotype. Donnell Smith’s herbarium is now held at US and this specimen has the original label written in Donnell Smith’s hand.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF08221FF5DF90D5F8697DE.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens Examined — MEXICO. Chiapas: Finca Irelanda, Jun 1914 (fl), C. A. Purpus 7310 (BM, F, GH, NY, UC); Finca Mexiquito, Jun 1913 (fl), C. A. Purpus 7460 (UC). GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Barrancade Rubelcruz, 15 ° 29 ’ N 90 ° 08 ’ W, 2,500 ft, Apr 1889 (fr), J. Donnell Smith 1785 (G, GH, M, US); Vicinityof Laguna Sapalá (Chajvuvuch), 280 m, 11 Mar 1942 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 44895 (F, UC). Izabal: Montañas del Mico, 7 – 8 km Wof Santo Tomás de Castilla on road to microwave tower, 15 ° 40 ’ N 88 ° 40 ’ W, 600 – 650 m, 19 Aug 1988 (fl, fr), W. D. Stevens et al. 25577 (NY). Peten: La Cumbre, Pusila road, in high forest, 17 Aug 1976 (fl), C. L. Lundell & E. Contreras 20189 (F, LL). Quetzaltenango: Finca Pirineos, lower south-facing slopes of Volcán Santa María, between Santa María de Jesús and Calahuaché, 1,300 – 1,500 m, 31 Dec 1939 (infl), J. A. Steyermark 33254 (F). Retalhuleu: Barrancade Salamá, 1,700 ft, Apr 1892 (fl, fr), J. Donnell Smith 2673 (F, GH, K, M, MO, NY, US, WU); Near Chivolandia (Dept. Quezaltenango), along road to San Felipe, 650 m, 15 Feb 1941 (infl), P. C. Standley 87182 (F). San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir, along Río Chopal, south-facing slopes of Volcán Tajumulco, 1,300 – 1,500 m, 11 Mar 1940 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 37528 (F). Suchitepéquez: Southern lower slopes of Volcán Zunil, vicinity of Finca Las Nubes, along Quebrada Chita, Eof Pueblo Nuevo, 500 – 800 m, 2 Feb 1940 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 35395 (F). BELIZE. Esperanza Rd, 2600 ft, 2 Jul 1934 (fl), W. A. Schipp 727 (F). Cayo: Chiquibul, Ceibo Grande to Main Divide track, 16 ° 31 ′ 49 ″ N 89 ° 05 ′ 06 ″ W, 500 m, 26 Aug 1998 (fl), A. K. Monro & S. Cafferty 2689 (BM, MO). Toledo: in high ridge, on hill slope, Edwards road beyond Columbia, 16 ° 14 ’ N 88 ° 14 ’ W, 18 Feb 1948 (fl), P. H. Gentle 6417 (LL). HONDURAS. La Muralla visitors center and environs, 8 km NNW of La Union, 15 ° 05 ’ N 86 ° 44 ’ W, 1,415 – 1,580 m, 4 Jun 1992 (fl), W. G. D’Arcy 18123 (MO, NY). Yoro: Ca. 16 km from Yarucha on Quebrada de Oro to Cerro Bufalo, 900 – 950 m, 16 Aug 1982 (fl, fr), W. C. Holmes 4407 (NY). COSTA RICA. Rampante - Forets de la Palma, Sep 1898, A. Tonduz 12611 (US). Alajuela: Primary forest on ridge top between Río Gorrión and Río Toro, 10 ° 12 ’ N 84 ° 19 ’ W, 1,700 m, 7 Oct 1972 (fl), R. Lent 2998 (F). Cartago: Paraíso, P. N. Tapantí-Macizo de La Muerte, Cuenca del Reventazón, 9 ° 45 ′ 20 ” N 83 ° 47 ′ 00 ″ W, 1,250 m, 15 Mar 2000 (fl, fr), L. Acosta & V. Ramirez 646 (NY); El Muñeco, Sof Cartago and Navarro Valley, near boundary of San Joséand Cartago provinces, 4,500 ft, 19 Jun 1928 (fr), H. E. Stork 2659 (F, UC). Heredia: Braulio Carrillo Park, 1,700 – 2,000 m, Mar 1983 (st), L. D. Gómez 20200 (MO, NY); Vara Blanca de Sarapiquí, North slope of Central Cordillera, 1,500 – 1,750 m, Jul 1937 (fl, fr), A. F. Skutch 3177 (K, MO, NY, US). Puntarenas: Ca. 2 km SE of Monteverde, 10 ° 18 ’ N 84 ° 48 ’ W, 1,500 – 1,550 m, 18 Mar 1973 (fl, fr), J. L. Gentry & W. C. Burger 2696 (AAU, F, MO); Cantón de Osa, Fila Costeña, Fila Cruces, cabeceras del Río Piedras Blancas, Cerro Anguciana, faldas al Oeste, 8 ° 48 ′ 56 ″ N 83 ° 10 ′ 37 ″ W, 1,400 – 1,600 m, 10 Dec 1993, B. Hammel 19293 (MO); Fila las Cruces near San Vito de Java, 1,400 m, 22 Aug 1974 (fl, fr), P. J. Maas & B. McAlpin 1400 (F, GH, U). San José: Cordillera Talamanca, mountain of Cerro de la Muerte, Panamerican highway between San Isidro El General and Division, 1,900 m, 4 Mar 1966 (fl), A. Molina Rositto et al. 18354 (BM, F, GH, NY); San José, slopes of Cordillera de Talamanca Nof San Isidro El General, 1,750 – 2,000 m, 5 Feb 1963 (fl), L. O. Williams et al. 24342 (F, G, GH, NY). PANAMA. Chiriqui: Vicinity of Fortuna Dam, Sof lake on Eside of river valley across river, 1,400 m, 7 Feb 1987 (fl, fr), L. Bohs & G. McPherson 2311 (GH); 3.5 mi NE of Boquete, end of road along Río Palo Alto, 17 Nov 1978 (fr), B. Hammel 5679 (MO); Vicinityof Fortuna Dam, 8 ° 45 ′ 04 ″ N 82 ° 15 ′ 04 ″ W, 1,300 – 1,400 m, 7 Feb 1987 (fr), G. McPherson 10387 (MO). Veraguas: 5 mi Wof Santa Fe on road past Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra on Pacific side of divide, 800 – 1,200 m, 18 Mar 1973 (fl), R. L. Liesner 948 (C, F, L, LL, NY). PERU. San Martín: Cataratas de Ahuashiyacu, km 15 Tarapoto- Yurimaguas Road, 6 ° 29 ’ S 76 ° 21 ’ W, 700 m, 10 Jun 1986 (fl), S. Knapp & P. Alcorn 7791 (MO).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: ECUADOR. “ In Peruviae provinciâ Huyaquil, ” 1804 (fl), H. Ruiz & J. Pavón s. n. (holotype: G – G 00080145 [scan!]; photos of holotype [F neg. 8591]: F – 651206!, MO – 1691471!, NY!; isotypes: MA – 747193!; possible isotype: G-DC – G 00144594 [scan!]).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	description	Herbaceous vine, terrestrial. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent with trichomes 0.2 – 0.5 mm long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves 3 - pinnate, the blades 1 – 5 × 1 – 6.5 cm, chartaceous to slightly fleshy, pubescent adaxially with widely scattered, wide-diameter trichomes ca. 1 mm long, the pubescence on veins adaxially of slender trichomes like those of the stem, the pubescence more dense abaxially and of slender (typical) trichomes, the margins entire, ciliate with short, fine hairs, the rachis with short, dense pubescence with trichomes like those of the stems; lateral leaflets 0.4 – 3 × 0.4 – 3 cm, rounded, the base oblique, rounded to cuneate, the apex rounded to truncate, minutely apiculate, the petiolules 2 – 3 mm, with short, dense pubescence; apical leaflet 0.6 – 3.5 × 0.6 – 4 cm, rounded, the base cuneate, the apex rounded to truncate to emarginate, minutely apiculate, the petiolule 1 – 3 mm, with short, dense pubescence; petioles 0.5 – 13.5 cm, sparsely to moderately sand-punctate, with short, dense pubescence. Internodes 1.5 – 10 cm. Inflorescences 2.5 – 6 cmlong, unbranched, extra-axillary, with 2 – 3 flowers, the axes sparsely pubescent; peduncle 1 – 2 cm, slender; rachis 0.5 – 4 cm; pedicels 15 – 60 mm in fruit and flower, slender, sparsely pubescent, spaced 5 – 15 mm apart. Calyx 1.5 – 2.5 mm, the tube 1.2 – 1.5 mm long, the lobes 1 – 1.2 × ca. 1 mm, deltoid, acute at tips, sparsely pubescent abaxially with short, slender hairs, more densely pubescent adaxially; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, the lobes ca. 2 × 2 mm. Corolla ca. 1.5 cmindiameter, 7.5 – 8 mm long, rotate, violet, the tube 5 – 9 mm, the lobes ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, acuminate at tips, glabrous abaxially, pubescent adaxially near the tips, the margins ciliate near the tips. Stamens with filaments 1 – 1.2 mm, glabrous; anthers 1 – 1.8 × ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary glabrous; style 3 – 3.5 × ca. 0.25 mm, clavate, papillose in middle; stigma capitate. Fruits 0.8 – 1 × 0.7 – 0.8 cm, ovoiddeltoid, flattened, pointed at apex, the color unknown, glabrous. Seeds ca. 2 mm in diameter, lenticular, the color and surface unknown. Figure 1 D.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	distribution	Habitat and Distribution — Solanum trifolium is endemic to Ecuador and is only known from the western slopes of the Andes in Bolívar Province; 2,600 – 3,000 m in elevation (Fig. 9).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering specimens have been collected in Feb., May, and Sept. to Nov. Fruiting specimens have been collected in Feb.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — According to the IUCN red list categories (IUCN 2010), S. trifolium is classified as D 2 (vulnerable). The nine known collections of this species are from two to three closely clustered localities within a narrow elevational band (2,500 – 3,000 m) between San José de Chimbo and Chillanes, Bolívar Province, Ecuador. Solanum trifolium appears to be well suited to the disturbed habitats in the area, and has been collected in disturbed forest fragments, along roadsides, and in cow pastures. Nevertheless, it seems prudent to list it as vulnerable, because of the extremely narrow distribution of this species.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet trifolium refers to the 3 - foliate compound leaves, and their striking similarity in size and shape to the leaves of some species in the genus Trifolium L. (Fabaceae).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	discussion	Notes — Solanum trifolium, a ground-trailing species, is the only species in sect. Herpystichum with compound leaves and rotate flowers. The other two species with compound leaves, S. pentaphyllum and S. phaseoloides, both have stellate flowers, and the only other species with rotate or rotate-stellate flowers is S. dalibardiforme, which has simple leaves. Dunal’s (1852) protologue lists a specimen in “ h. Lambert et Boiss. ”, and the Boissier herbarium is now held at G. A specimen at G-BOIS is labeled “ Solanum trifolium Dun.! in DC Prodr. ” in Dunal’s hand, and this is interpreted as the holotype. Apresumed duplicate of this collection exists at MA, but does not have Dunal’s annotation. It is interpreted as an isotype. Both specimens have “ Fl. H. no. 449 ” on the labels, which has been interpreted by some as a collection number; however, the number refers to description No. 449 in a manuscript by J. A. Manzanilla (of S. ternatum, the original determination of Ruiz and Pavón’s collection), which has only recently been published in Tafalla’s Flora Huayaquilensis (Tafalla and Estrella 1989). Another possible isotype exists at G. This sterile specimen was found in the DC herbarium, but with no associated collection information.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF18222FCC5FBBF5D4893E4.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — ECUADOR. Bolívar: Chillanes, Urcu-corral, 2,600 – 3,000 m, 3 Nov 1943 (fl), M. Acosta Solís 6594 (F); Road Chimbo-Babahoyo, 12 km from Chimbo, 1 ° 43 ’ S 79 ° 06 ’ W, 2,800 m, 3 Nov 1983 (fl), B. Boysen Larsen 45527 (AAU); Chillanes, Crecit in lugares sombríos silvestres interandinos pueblo Atenas et Chillanes, Sep 1881 (infl), L. Sodiro / 121 (QPLS); Crecit in silvis inter Atenas et Chillanes, Prov. Riobamba, 1881 (infl), L. Sodiro 336 / 11 (QPLS); in Quebrada Lanszi, ca. 1 km Eof rd from La Magdalena to Balsapamba, 01 ° 39 ’ S 79 ° 06 ’ W, 2,820 m, 12 May 1991 (fl), D. M. Spooner et al. 5073 (NY); in Andibus, 1857 (fl, fr), R. Spruce 5535 (C, E, G, GH, GOET, P, NY, S, W); Magdalena- Balzapamba road, ca. 5 km Wof Magdalena, 1 ° 40 ′ 36 ” S 79 ° 06 ′ 15 ″ W, 2,800 m, 2 Feb 2009 (fl, fr), E. J. Tepe & S. Stern 2684 (MU, QCNE, UT); Rivulet NE of Chillanes, 2,500, Sep-Oct 1995 (fl), M. Weigend & S. Horn 3820 (QCA).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF28222FCA5FF71580B962C.taxon	materials_examined	— TYPE: MEXICO. Veracruz or Puebla: Volcán de Orizaba, Ahuayeca, 7,500 – 8,000 ft., C. B. Heller 205 (holotype: W- 0001947 [scan!]).	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
03BC87C5FFF28222FCA5FF71580B962C.taxon	discussion	Bitter (1912 b, 1913 a) and later authors (Child 1990) include this species, implicitly, in sect. Herpystichum, allying it closely to S. dalibardiforme, but its thickly coriaceous leaves and pseudostipules do not fit the concept of sect. Herpystichum presented here. Instead, based on morphological and molecular data (E. J. Tepe and L. Bohs, unpubl. data), it is a member of sect. Anarrhichomenum.	en	Tepe, EJ, Bohs, L (2011): A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum. Systematic Botany 36 (4): 1068-1087, DOI: 10.1600/036364411X605074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074
