identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BC47730B5BF71D4359FAC41CCEFC8B.text	03BC47730B5BF71D4359FAC41CCEFC8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola CARPENTER 1864	<div><p>GENUS FLUMINICOLA CARPENTER, 1864</p> <p>Fluminicola Carpenter, 1864: 676. Type species Paludina nuttalliana Lea, 1838, by original designation.</p> <p>Fluminicola shares with other members of the family Lithoglyphidae (fide Wilke et al., 2001) a distinctive combination of a flattened, blade-like penis lacking glands and a female capsule gland with an enclosed ventral channel (Radoman, 1983; Thompson, 1984; Hershler &amp; Thompson, 1990). Hershler &amp; Frest (1996) provided a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis that resolved a ‘ Fluminicola clade’ that was more closely related to eastern North American Somatogyrus than to divergent F. virens. However, because the phylogenetic placement of the type species of Fluminicola (Paludina nuttalliana Lea, 1838) is unknown (this snail has never been anatomically studied and is probably extinct), the genus continues to be broadly envisaged as a paraphyletic unit consisting of F. virens and all other regional lithoglyphids (Hershler &amp; Frest, 1996). A detailed description of Fluminicola was provided by Hershler &amp; Frest (1996) and does not need to be repeated or emended here.</p> <p>The fauna of the upper Sacramento River basin described below may be referred to as the ‘ Fluminicola clade’ (see above) as they share the two synapomorphies of this unit – an elongate pedal commissure and a sickle-shaped or elongate penis that lacks an eversible, terminal papilla (Hershler &amp; Frest, 1996). Variation in reproductive morphology, which has often been useful in taxonomic studies of freshwater rissooidean snails, proved to be relatively minor among the members of this fauna (Figs 6, 7) and most of the new species described below are instead diagnosed by shell or radular features. Species are treated in the text below in approximately the order of their distribution within the upper Sacramento River basin.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B5BF71D4359FAC41CCEFC8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B5AF71D40E1FCEA1DE4F9C0.text	03BC47730B5AF71D40E1FCEA1DE4F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola fremonti Hershler & Liu & Frest & Johannes 2007	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA FREMONTI SP. NOV. (FREMONT</p> <p>PEBBLESNAIL)</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (Fig. 8A), USNM 1020660, Hunters Spring on the north side of FS28, Fremont National Forest, Lake County, Oregon (704840 E, 4684990 N, 1604 m), 26 August 2000 TF, EJ. Paratypes, USNM 1020661, from same lot as holotype.</p> <p>Referred material: USNM 1020662, topotypes, 30 October 2002, TF, EJ.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Differs from closely similar F. turbiniformis in its smaller basal cusps on the central radular teeth, the typically pointed distal end of the penis, the presence of internal pigment in the penis, a more triangular-shaped bursa copulatrix, a longer bursa copulatrix duct, a larger seminal receptacle, and the absence of a seminal receptacle duct. Readily distinguished from geographically proximal F. modoci by its typically broader shell, narrower columellar lip, and lighter coloured periostracum.</p> <p>Description: Shell (Fig. 8A–E; Table 3) usually subglobose, rarely ovate-conic, rarely having eroded spire; height, 2.32–3.98 mm; whorls, 3.25–4.0. Protoconch 1.3–1.4 whorls, diameter approximately 0.70 mm. Teleoconch whorls medium convex, narrowly shouldered. Aperture broad, angled above. Parietal lip complete, usually adnate, thin and curved across body whorl; occasionally slightly disjunct, thickened. Columellar lip narrow to medium width, often overlapping part of umbilical region. Outer lip usually thin, prosocline. Shell anomphalous or having narrow umbilicus, umbilical region narrowly excavated. Periostracum tan or light brown. Outer surface of operculum smooth (Fig. 8F). Central radular tooth approximately 37 µm wide, cutting edge convex, lateral cusps four to five; central cusp near parallel-sided, distal end rounded; basal cusps one; basal tongue broadly V- or U-shaped, equal to lateral margin (Fig. 8H). Lateral tooth face broadly rectangular; central cusp rounded; lateral cusps three (inner), four to five (outer); outer wing flexed, medium length (Fig. 8I). Inner marginal teeth (Fig. 8G) having 27–33 cusps. Outer marginal teeth having 28–36 cusps; basal wing rectangular (Fig. 8G, J). Head-foot dark brown, almost black. Ctenidium connected to pericardium by short, efferent branchial vessel (fide Hershler &amp; Ponder, 1998: fig. 18c); ctenidial filaments approximately 16, weakly pleated. Osphradium elongate, positioned opposite middle of ctenidium. Female reproductive anatomy shown in Figure 6A. Bursa copulatrix longitudinal, triangular, duct medium length. Seminal receptacle mediumsized, partly overlapped by albumen gland. Albumen gland having moderate rectal furrow. Capsule gland a little longer than albumen gland. Genital aperture a simple pore. Penis medium-sized, coiled, distal end usually pointed, rarely tapering or having papilla (Fig. 7A). Penis surface pale; internal black granules scattered along length of penial duct. Penial duct near centrally positioned, weakly undulating medially.</p> <p>Distribution: Known only from the type locality, which is located in the Thomas Creek drainage, Goose Lake basin (Fig. 9).</p> <p>Etymology: Named after John C. Frémont, intrepid early explorer of the American West. The single locality for this species is located in the Fremont National Forest.</p> <p>Remarks: On the basis of sequence divergence data, F. fremonti is most similar to species living in the lower Pit River basin: F. anserinus (described below) (COI 3.5–3.8%) and F. scopulinus (described below) (cytb 5.5–5.8%).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B5AF71D40E1FCEA1DE4F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B44F7044093F9041B92FF72.text	03BC47730B44F7044093F9041B92FF72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola warnerensis Hershler & Liu & Frest & Johannes 2007	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA WARNERENSIS SP. NOV. (WARNER</p> <p>PEBBLESNAIL)</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (Fig. 10A), USNM 1020652, Parsnip Springs, south of South Warner Road (FS64, also designated as 39NO1) in wet, open meadow, Modoc National Forest, Lassen County, California</p> <p>(729680 E, 4559760 N, 1957 m), 18 September 2001, TF, EJ. Paratypes (from same lot), USNM 1020653.</p> <p>Referred material: CALIFORNIA. Lassen County: USNM 1020655, spring brook in sedge meadow on east side of Blue Lake just east of Blue Lake Campground access road, c. 0.16 km east of lake, Modoc National Forest (728375 E, 4558240 N, 1853 m), 17 September 2001 TF, EJ.— USNM 1020656, spring creek to Blue Lake on west side of FS64, c. 0.81 km south-east of Blue Lake Campground, Modoc National Forest (729020 E, 4557760 N, 1894 m), 18 June 1994 TF, EJ. – USNM 883557, USNM 883561, spring tributary to Blue Lake (729770 E, 4557577 N, 1830 m), 2 June 1993 DS. – USNM 883559, spring tributary to large meadow, Harvey Creek drainage, Jess Valley (725112 E, 4563474 N), 2 June 1993 DS. – USNM 883564, stream tributary to south end of Blue Lake (728489 E, 4558041 N, 1830 m), 1 July 2003 DS. Modoc County: USNM 1020654, Soup Spring just north of Soup Spring Campground, Modoc National Forest (728000 E, 4576530 N, 2067 m), 17 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020789, Soup Creek on north side of FS40N24 crossing, Modoc National Forest (726000 E, 4574760 N, 1702 m), 17 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020657, springs south-east of Hilton on south side of Hilton Road, 0.48 km west of Hilton Creek (689280 E, 4567560 N, 1769 m), 18 September 2001, TF, EJ. – USNM 1020658, head spring of Rush Creek west of FS40N18, north-west end of Manzanita Ridge, Modoc National Forest (682590 E, 4573530 N, 1903 m), 20 July 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020659, Miller Spring run, 0.32 km south of FS41N11, Miller Gulch, Modoc National Forest (664700 E, 4577150 N, 1586 m), 22 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020790, springs in gulch east of Miller Gulch, 0.48 km on road off (south of) FS41N12, Modoc National Forest (667260 E, 4576920 N, 1513 m), 22 September 2001, TF, EJ.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Differs from similar F. turbiniformis in its larger size (SH, SW, P = 0; data for latter given below), darker body pigment, less prominent sperm storage area in the coiled oviduct, complete overlap of the seminal receptacle by the albumen gland, broader bursa copulatrix, absence of a seminal receptacle duct, and frequent occurrence of a papilla-like capsule gland opening. Distinguished from geographically proximal F. erosus and F. lunsfordensis (both described below) by its more elongate shell, more convex shell whorls, single basal cusp of the central radular tooth, and enlarged large central cusp of the lateral radular tooth. Also differs from the former in its larger size and from the latter by its weakly angled adapical portion of the aperture.</p> <p>Description: Shell (Fig. 10A–K; Table 4) turbiniform to ovate-conic, rarely having eroded spire; height, 2.40–4.68 mm; whorls, 3.5–4.0. Protoconch 1.4 whorls, diameter approximately 0.70 mm. Teleoconch whorls medium to weakly convex, sometimes wider below, narrowly shouldered. Last 0.125 whorl rarely disjunct. Aperture broad, angled above. Parietal lip complete, slightly disjunct and thickened in larger specimens. Columellar lip usually medium width and overlapping part of umbilical region, sometimes narrow. Outer lip usually thin, prosocline. Shell anomphalous or narrowly rimate, umbilical region sometimes excavated. Periostracum tan, light brown, or red. Last 0.5 whorl of operculum very weakly frilled (Fig. 10L). Central radular tooth approximately 53 µm wide, cutting edge convex, lateral cusps four (one tooth having three); central cusp pointed; basal cusps one; basal tongue Vshaped, equal to lateral margin (Fig. 10O). Lateral tooth face broadly rectangular; central cusp rounded, lateral cusps two (inner), three to five (outer); outer wing flexed, medium length (Fig. 10N). Inner marginal teeth having 20–26 cusps (Fig. 10M, N). Outer marginal teeth having 24–38 cusps; basal wing rectangular (Fig. 10M). Head-foot dark brown, almost black. Ctenidium connected to pericardium by short, efferent branchial vessel; ctenidial filaments approximately 17, without pleats. Osphradium elongate, positioned opposite middle of ctenidium. Female reproductive anatomy shown in Figure 6B. Bursa copulatrix horizontal, pyriform or triangular, duct short. Seminal receptacle medium-sized, overlapped by albumen gland. Albumen gland having pronounced rectal furrow. Capsule gland a little longer than albumen gland. Genital aperture a short slit, usually forming a small papilla. Penis medium-sized, narrow, coiled, distal end pointed (Fig. 7B). Base and medial section grey, pigment concentrated along penial duct. Penial duct near centrally positioned, weakly undulating in proximal section.</p> <p>Distribution: Distributed within the drainage of the south fork of the Pit River, and along the Pit River just above Big Valley (upper Pit River basin) (Fig. 9).</p> <p>Etymology: The species name refers to the type locality area in the Warner Mountains, north-eastern California.</p> <p>Remarks: Populations allocated to F. warnerensis vary somewhat in shell form (Fig. 10A–K). Nonetheless they share diagnostic morphological features, are little divergent genetically (0–0.6% for COI, 0–0.3% for cytb), and were consistently depicted as a well-supported monophyletic group (Figs 2–4), justifying recognition as a single species. In all of the phylogenetic analyses, F. warnerensis was depicted as most closely related to F. turbiniformis, with moderate to strong bootstrap support (75–100%). Haplotypes of these two species differ by 2.3–2.6% (COI) and 3.6–3.9% (cytb).</p> <p>This species was referred to as Fluminicola n. sp. 13 by Frest &amp; Johannes (1995a).</p> <p>FLUMINICOLA LUNSFORDENSIS SP. NOV. (LUNSFORD</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B44F7044093F9041B92FF72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B4AF73340E9F9431A85FB15.text	03BC47730B4AF73340E9F9431A85FB15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola ahjumawi Hershler & Liu & Frest & Johannes 2007	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA AHJUMAWI SP. NOV. (AHJUMAWI</p> <p>PEBBLESNAIL)</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (Fig. 16A), USNM 1020691, spring run north of Sam Wolfin Spring, south of Pit River and powerlines, 1.93 km south-west of Pit 1 Powerhouse, Pacific Gas and Electric land, Shasta County, California (625140 E, 4537060 N, 860 m), 31 August 2001 TF, EJ. Paratypes, USNM 1020699, from same lot.</p> <p>Referred material: CALIFORNIA. Modoc County: USNM 1020703, Jimmerson Spring on south side of Modoc County 93, 3.38 km north-west of Jimmerson Mountain (642800E, 4567230 N, 1318 m), 19 July 2002 TF, EJ. Shasta County: USNM 1020692, spring on west side of run of Thousand Spring, 0.32 km south-west of source of Thousand Springs, south of Mares Meadow, Thousand Springs Ranch (621560 E, 4552530 N, 1011 m), 1 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020693, Hat Creek at Bridge Picnic Area across from Bridge Campground, Lassen National Forest (632000 E, 4510000 N, 1262 m), 29 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020694, three unnamed springs on point opposite large island in Pit River (north-east side), c. 0.31 km north-west of CA 299 bridge across Pit River (621680 E, 4537580 N, 841 m), 12 September 1993 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020695, ibid., 3 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020696, lower part of unnamed spring run, north-east side of Lions Club Picnic Grounds, near access road and just above (west of) Pit River, near Pit River Hatchery (625090 E, 4538340 N, 869 m), 31 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020697, ibid., 16 August 2000, TF, EJ. – USNM 1020698, Honn Creek at Honn Creek Campground, just east of CA 89, c. 2.9 km south of Hat Creek Forest Service Station, Lassen National Forest (626450 E, 4515120 N, 1034 m), 29 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020700, west spring source of Mallard Creek, west of source of Thousand Springs, Thousand Springs Ranch (621120 E, 4552740 N, 1011 m), 1 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020701, Beaver Creek just over 0.16 km downstream (west of) Beaver Spring, 0.16 km upstream of FS34N10 crossing, Lassen National Forest (649540 E, 4520640 N, 479 m), 24 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020702, Burney Creek at Falls Trail bridge, c. 0.08 km upstream of Burney Falls, McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial State Park (613420 E, 4540640 N, 881 m), 25 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020704, Lost Creek (upper site) in lava field on north side of Wilcox Road, west of Hat Creek Rim, Lassen National Forest (632560 E, 4513140 N, 1141 m), 29 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020797, Lost Creek above intake for upper penstock (of two), c. 0.32 km above mouth of canyon, Hat Creek Rim, Lassen National Forest (634450 E, 4513060 N, 1241 m), 3 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020798, Lost Creek (upper most site) in lava field on north side of Wilcox Road, west of Hat Creek Rim, inside and west of Lassen National Forest boundary (632730 E, 4513100 N, 1141 m), 3 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020791, upper end of Sucker Springs Creek channel, north-east of California Fish and Game Pit River Hatchery on west side of access road and Pit River, 0.97 km southwest of Pit 1 Powerhouse (Pacific Gas and Electric) (625320 E, 4538180 N, 875 m), 31 August 2001 TF, EJ.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Readily differentiated from geographically proximal and occasionally syntopic F. seminalis by its smaller size, broader shell, more convex and narrowly shouldered teleoconch whorls, broader columellar lip, weaker collabral growth lines, and thinner, lighter coloured periostracum. Differs from other congeners of the Pit River basin by the combination of fairly large size, globose or broadly conical shell, ovate or weakly angled aperture, absent or very narrow umbilicus, and well-developed columellar lip.</p> <p>Description: Shell (Fig. 16A–J; Table 10) usually subglobose to trochoidal, rarely ovate-conic, usually having eroded spire; height, 2.42–4.53 mm; whorls, 3.25– 3.75. Protoconch 1.4 whorls, diameter approximately 0.70 mm. Teleoconch whorls medium to high convexity, often having broad, prominent shoulders, rarely having subsutural thickening or weak cord. Aperture ovate or weakly angled adapically, sometimes having subsutural angulation. Parietal lip complete, adnate, sometimes thickened across parietal wall and forming fairly broad callus. Columellar lip medium width, often covering umbilical region. Outer lip usually thin, rarely thickened, prosocline, sometimes weakly sinuate. Shell usually anomphalous, sometimes having rimate umbilicus; umbilical region sometimes weakly excavated. Periostracum tan or brown. Last 0.5 whorl of operculum weakly frilled (Fig. 16K). Central radular tooth approximately 37 µm wide, cutting edge almost horizontal (very slightly indented), lateral cusps three to six; central cusp parallel-sided, rounded; basal cusps two to four; basal tongue Vshaped, even with lateral margin (Fig. 16M). Lateral tooth face rectangular; central cusp rounded; lateral cusps four to five (inner), four to five (outer); outer wing flexed, elongate (Fig. 16N). Inner marginal teeth having 24–32 cusps (Fig. 16L). Outer marginal teeth having 25–37 cusps; basal wing narrowly rectangular or absent (Fig. 16L). Head-foot dark brown or black. Ctenidium abutting pericardium; ctenidial filaments 18, broadly triangular, lacking pleats. Osphradium elongate, positioned opposite centre of ctenidium. Bursa copulatrix as long as wide, pyriform; duct short. Seminal receptacle medium-sized, completely overlapped by albumen gland. Rectal furrow well developed on albumen gland. Capsule gland a little longer than albumen gland. Genital aperture a simple pore. Penis medium-sized, thick, distal end tapering or pointed (Fig. 7H). Penis having black internal pigment concentrated in distal two-thirds of length; brown melanin cover often present on base. Penial duct near centrally positioned, weakly undulating medially.</p> <p>Distribution: Broadly ranging within the lower Pit River basin, including drainages of Hat Creek, Lost Creek, and Fall River. Also found at one locality in the upper Pit River basin (Jimmerson Spring).</p> <p>Etymology: Referring to the Native American tribe (also known as the Achumawi) that lived in the vicinity of the Fall and Pit Rivers.</p> <p>Remarks: In the phylogenetic trees, this species often occupied a near basal position within clade A. On the basis of sequence divergence, F. ahjumawi is most similar to F. lunsfordensis (COI 1.9–2.7%) and Fluminicola sp. (B) (cytb 1.4–2.5%).</p> <p>This species was referred to as F. turbiniformis by Frest &amp; Johannes (1993) and as Fluminicola n. sp. 10 by Frest &amp; Johannes (1995a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B4AF73340E9F9431A85FB15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B74F73143A4FB4A1B51F8DB.text	03BC47730B74F73143A4FB4A1B51F8DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds 1842)	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA SEMINALIS (HINDS, 1842)</p> <p>Paludina seminalis Hinds, 1842: 83–84 (type locality, Rio Sacramento, California) [see Hershler &amp; Frest (1996) for a detailed synonymy of this species].</p> <p>Referred material: CALIFORNIA. Lassen County: USNM 1020741, Ash Creek on west side of Ash Valley Road (Modoc County 527), Ash Valley (692080 E, 4551080 N, 1536 m), 23 July 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020742, Ash Creek north-west of Ash Creek Campground, below (west of) FS22 and a spring, Modoc National Forest (682130 E, 4558830 N, 1462 m), 19 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020748, Ash Creek on south side of FS39N50 bridge, 1.6 km east of Hunsinger Draw, Modoc National Forest (685560 E, 4555260 N, 1498 m), 20 July 2002 TF, EJ. Shasta County: USNM 883742, Big Lake at Rat Farm Public Fishing Access, 0.8 km north of Rat Farm site, Pacific Gas and Electric land (635100 E, 4551300 N, 1008 m), 25 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020736, ibid., 30 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020737, Baum Lake (impoundment of Hat Creek) just offshore from a boat ramp, north of parking lot of Baum Lake Public Fishing Access (Pacific Gas and Electric), off Hat Creek Powerhouse Road, north-west of Crystal Lake State Hatchery, north of Cassel (622400 E, 4532260 N, 908 m), 30 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020738, Fall River at Caltrout Public Fishing Access Area just east of Island Road bridge, south of The Island, north of Glenburn (626700 E, 4549500 N, 1008 m), 30 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020739, Baum Lake west of a boat ramp, north-west of parking lot of Baum Lake Public Fishing Access (Pacific Gas and Electric), off Hat Creek Powerhouse Road, north-west of Crystal Lake State Hatchery, north of Cassel (622360 E, 4532260 N, 908 m), 30 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020743, Crystal Springs, Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park (630328 E, 4552200 N, 1008 m), 26 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020744, 1020745, Big Lake Springs west spring pool, north end of Big Lake, Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park (633640 E, 4554560 N, 1008 m), 27 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020746, Pit River on south-east side of CA 299 bridge near (upstream of) confluence of Hat Creek, Pacific Gas and Electric public fishing access (622340 E, 4537400 N, 840 m), 29 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 883739, Pit River on south side, c. 0.64 km above footbridge, upstream of Pit 1 Powerhouse (627240 E, 4538620 N, 894 m), 12 September 1993 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020747, Spring Creek on south side of Spring Creek Road (624470 E, 4550920 N, 1008 m), 29 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020749, Lava Creek at boathouse on Hanna Estate (626800 E, 4552380 N, 1008 m), 2 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020750, spring source and pool of Lava Creek tributary north of boathouse on Hanna Estate (626660 E, 4552570 N, 1008 m), 2 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 883180, Lava Creek at and west of Island Road bridge near mouth to Eastman Lake, Lava Creek Ranch, north side of The Island, c. 8.4 km north of Glenburn 102 (626720 E, 4551820 N, 1008 m), 18 August 1991 TF, EJ, JJ. – USNM 1020751, spring on west side of Spring Creek, flowing out under east side of road, c. 1.38 km north-west of junction with Spring Creek Road, Spring Creek Ranch (625020 E, 4552070 N, 1009 m), 6 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020752, Lava Creek source spring pool, Spring Creek Ranch (626050 E, 4553040 N, 1008 m), 6 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020804, spring on west side of run of Thousand Spring, 0.32 km south-west of source of Thousand Springs, south of Mares Meadow, Thousand Springs Ranch (621560 E, 4552530 N, 1011 m), 1 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020805, west spring source of Mallard Creek, west of source of Thousand Springs, Thousand Springs Ranch (621120 E, 4552740 N, 1011 m), 1 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020806, Pit River, 0.81 km south-west of Pit 4 Dam, 0.48 km north-east of Ruling Creek mouth, south-east side of Chalk Mountain off FS50, Shasta National Forest (603010 E, 4537620 N, 721 m), 19 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020807, below dam diverting Hat Creek into a canal for Hat 1 Powerhouse, north side of Cassel Road bridge, Cassel (622040 E, 4530600 N, 970 m) 24 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020808, Crystal Lake at south-west end off Hat Creek Powerhouse Road, c. 0.97 km west of Crystal Lake State Fish Hatchery (621140 E, 4532360 N, 911 m), 17 August 1991 TF, EJ, JJ. – USNM 1020809, Pit River, c. 0.2 km east of Pit River Fish Hatchery, below Lions Club Picnic area spring channels (east end) (625360 E, 4538080 N, 868 m), 20 October 1994 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020810, Ja She Creek on south-east side of bridge of Lava Springs Rim Trail, Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park (629680 E, 4552170 N, 1008 m), 26 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 883188, west side of McCloud River south of the McCloud Bridge (Gilman Road, FS 27), north of the McCloud Bridge Campground, Whiskeytown – Shasta – Trinity National Recreation Area (563620 E, 4532200 N, 317 m), 15 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020740, Battle Creek on east side of Coleman Fish Hatchery Road, 1.29 km east of Coleman Fish Hatchery, near (upsteam of) former site of pedestrian suspension bridge (573950 E, 4472540 N, 134 m), 28 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 883465, Battle Creek near county park off Jellys Ferry Road, c. 0.16 km east of road on north side of creek near Tehama / Shasta County line (569860 E, 4471400 N, 111 m), 13 September 1993 TF, EJ.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Readily differentiated from other regional pebblesnails by its large size (up to 8.0 mm shell height), very thin shell parietal lip, thick periostracum, very large central cusps of the central and lateral radular teeth, and smooth, rather elongate, penis.</p> <p>Description: Hershler &amp; Frest (1996) provided a detailed description of this species. A few aspects of this description are emended or expanded below, and some additional details are also provided, based on our study of a larger amount of new material.</p> <p>Shell (Fig. 18) subglobose to ovate-conic. Shell body whorl sometimes having a distinct, subsutural angulation. Outer lip orthocline or weakly prosocline. Shell periostracum thickened. Last 0.5–0.75 whorl of operculum frilled. Cutting edge of central radular tooth near horizontal or slightly convex, lateral cusps two to eight; basal cusps one to three; basal tongue Ushaped, even with lateral margin. Inner marginal teeth having 13–23 cusps. Outer marginal teeth having 18–33 cusps; basal wing rectangular. Osphradium elongate, positioned opposite middle of ctenidium. Bursa copulatrix globose or pyriform (horizontal). Seminal receptacle small. Penis medium or large.</p> <p>Distribution: The new records provided above extend the distribution of this species within the Pit River basin (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Remarks: The populations in lower Ash Valley (Fig. 17) are distinguished by their small and frequently subglobose-shaped shells (Fig. 18D), but otherwise are identical with this species in all morphological details. Mitochondrial DNA sequences differed among lower Ash Valley populations by 0.2– 0.6% (COI) and 0% (cytb), and varied among other populations of F. seminalis included in this study by 0–1.4% (COI) and 0–0.6% (cytb). The mean genetic distances between Ash Valley and other F. seminalis haplotypes were 0.91% (COI) and 0.18% (cytb).</p> <p>In all of the phylogenetic analyses, F. seminalis was depicted (often with strong bootstrap support) as sister to F. modoci, with these two species forming clade B. On the basis of sequence divergence, these species differ by 5.0–6.1% (COI) and 6.4–8.0% (cytb).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B74F73143A4FB4A1B51F8DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B71F73640B4FA781B9BF8C4.text	03BC47730B71F73640B4FA781B9BF8C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola umbilicatus Hershler & Liu & Frest & Johannes 2007	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA UMBILICATUS SP. NOV. (HAT CREEK</p> <p>PEBBLESNAIL)</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (Fig. 19A), USNM 1020705, Big Spring, tributary of Hat Creek, south of Old Station (PO) at the south end of Hat Creek Hill, flowing from beneath CA 89 /44 on the south side, Lassen National Forest, Shasta County, California (629540 E, 4500140 N, 1403 m), 24 October 1992 TF, EJ. Paratypes (from same lot), USNM 1020706.</p> <p>Referred material: CALIFORNIA. Shasta County: USNM 1020707, topotypes, 28 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020708, Lost Creek (lower site) in lava field on north side of Wilcox Road, west of Hat Creek Rim, Lassen National Forest (632120 E, 4513600 N, 1141 m), 17 August 1991 TF, EJ, JJ. – USNM 1020709, ibid., 24 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020710, ibid., 29 August 2001. TF, EJ. – USNM 1020711, Lost Creek (upper site) in lava field on north side of Wilcox Road, west of Hat Creek Rim, Lassen National Forest (632560 E, 4513140 N, 1141 m), 29 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020799, Lost Creek (upper most site) in lava field on north side of Wilcox Road, west of Hat Creek Rim, inside and west of Lassen National Forest boundary (632730 E, 4513100 N, 1141 m), 3 November 2002 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020716, Hat Creek on upstream (east) side of CA 89 bridge, both sides of creek at Hat Creek Resort, east of Hat Creek Hill, Old Station Post</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B71F73640B4FA781B9BF8C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B7CF7394087F9421B89F9C4.text	03BC47730B7CF7394087F9421B89F9C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola potemicus Hershler & Liu & Frest & Johannes 2007	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA POTEMICUS SP. NOV. (POTEM CREEK</p> <p>PEBBLESNAIL)</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (Fig. 22A), USNM 1020718, unnamed spring pool on the west side of FS27 (Fend- ers Ferry Road), c. 10.8 rd km north of CA 299 junction, 4.18 km north of FS27 bridge over Potem Creek, west side of Potem Creek, inholding in Shasta National Forest, Shasta County, California (580660 E, 4524820 N, 439 m), 18 October 1992 TF, EJ. Paratypes (from same lot), USNM 1020719.</p> <p>Referred material: USNM 1020720, topotypes, 28 September 2001 TF, EJ.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Differentiated from similar species also living in the lower Pit River basin (e.g. F. anserinus) above. Differs from F. scopulinus (described below), from the Sacramento River headwaters, in its narrower shell (mean SH/ SW, 1.182, 1.136, respectively, P = 0.008), smaller shell umbilicus, and more posteriorly positioned ctenidium.</p> <p>Description: Shell (Fig. 22A–G; Table 13) broadly or ovate-conic, rarely having eroded spire; height, 2.55– 3.31 mm; whorls, 3.0–3.75. Protoconch approximately 1.4 whorls, diameter approximately 0.51 mm. Teleoconch whorls medium convex, shoulders well developed. Aperture ovate, angled above. Parietal lip complete, narrowly adnate. Columellar lip narrow. Outer lip thin, orthocline or weakly prosocline. Shell perforate, umbilical region not excavated. Periostracum tan or light green. Outer surface of operculum smooth (Fig. 22H). Central radular tooth approximately 35 µm wide, cutting edge convex, lateral cusps three to four; central cusp parallel sided, rounded or weakly pointed; basal cusps one (two seen in one specimen); basal tongue U-shaped, even with lateral margin (Fig. 22J). Lateral tooth face broadly rectangular; central cusp rounded, lateral cusps two to three (inner), three to four (outer); outer wing weakly flexed, medium length (Fig. 22K). Inner marginal teeth having 22–28 cusps (Fig. 22I). Outer marginal teeth having 21–36 cusps; basal wing absent (Fig. 22I). Head-foot near pale, brown or grey. Ctenidium abutting pericardium; ctenidial filaments 14, without pleats. Osphradium elongate, positioned opposite middle of ctenidium. Bursa copulatrix horizontal, ovate or triangular, duct medium length. Seminal receptacle medium-sized, overlapped by albumen gland. Capsule gland a little longer than albumen gland. Genital aperture a simple pore. Penis medium-sized, usually tightly coiled, distal end tapering or pointed (Fig. 7K). Penis having medial patch of dark, internal pigment. Penial duct positioned near outer edge, nearly straight.</p> <p>Distribution: Restricted to the type locality, which is situated in the lower Pit River basin, a short distance above Shasta Lake (Fig. 20).</p> <p>Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the name of the type locality, which may have been derived from a Native American word meaning ‘mountain lion’ (Gudde, 1998).</p> <p>Remarks: Fluminicola potemicus differs from other species of clade C described herein by 3.2–5.0% (COI) and 5.5–8.0% (cytb).</p> <p>This species was referred to as Fluminicola n. sp. 2 by Frest &amp; Johannes (1993).</p> <p>FLUMINICOLA SCOPULINUS SP. NOV. (CASTLE CREEK</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B7CF7394087F9421B89F9C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
03BC47730B79F7224364FCEA1D60FC5C.text	03BC47730B79F7224364FCEA1D60FC5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fluminicola multifarius Hershler & Liu & Frest & Johannes 2007	<div><p>FLUMINICOLA MULTIFARIUS SP. NOV. (SHASTA</p> <p>PEBBLESNAIL)</p> <p>Type material: Holotype (Fig. 24A), USNM 883782, Big Springs (source) at Big Springs City Park northwest of the city of Mount Shasta, south of Spring Hill, Siskiyou County, California (556400 E, 4575265 N, 1092 m), 25 May 1991 TF, EJ. Paratypes (from same lot), USNM 1020753.</p> <p>Referred material: CALIFORNIA. Siskiyou County: USNM 1020754, topotypes, 12 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020755, topotypes, 23 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020756, Ney Springs on the north side of Ney Springs Road, north tributary of Ney Springs Creek, east of Faery Falls, south-west of the city of Mount Shasta (556120 E, 4568040 N, 964 m), 12 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020757, ibid., 23 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020758, Sacramento River on the north side, just upstream and opposite from the mouth of Stink Creek, at former site of USGS gauging station, just west (upstream) of the site of Cantara (Cantara Bend), near the end of Cantara Road, Cantara / Ney Springs Wildlife Area (California Fish and Game) (557860 E, 4568220 N, 915 m), 13 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020759, ibid., 21 September 1996 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020760, ibid., 17 August 2000 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020761, unnamed spring above north side of Sacramento River, ditched on north side of UPRR track, tributary (west side) to first permanent creek west of Big Canyon Creek, east of Cantara Bend (Cantara town site) (559160 E, 4568405 N, 885 m), 6 September 1993 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020762, ibid., 1 October 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020763, unnamed spring above sharp bend in Sacramento River (north side), collected on north side of UPRR track, east of Cantara Bend (Cantara town site) (558820 E, 4568560 N, 878 m), 6 September 1993 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020764, ibid., 1 October 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020765, Big Springs three middle runs upstream of wooden bridges of access trail, c. 31 m west of eastern-most spring run, Big Springs City Park north-west of the city of Mount Shasta, south of Spring Hill (556370 E, 4575265 N, 1092 m), 23 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020766, Big Springs westernmost run upstream of wooden bridge of access trail, c. 61 m west of eastern-most spring run and 31 m west of three middle spring runs, south of Spring Hill on west edge of Big Springs City Park north-west of the city of Mount Shasta (556330 E, 4575280 N, 1092 m), 23 September 1996 TF, EJ, JL. – USNM 1020767, ibid., TF, EJ, JL. – USNM 1020768, Big Springs east spring run downstream of wooden bridge of access trail, c. 31 m south of source springs, Big Springs City Park northwest of the city of Mount Shasta, south of Spring Hill (556390 E, 4575240 N, 1092 m), 23 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020769, west spring run of Big Springs on west side of Big Springs City Park, collected approximately 61 m below spring sources, north-west of the city of Mount Shasta, south of Spring Hill (556350 E, 4575220 N, 1089 m), 23 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020771, Bundoora Spring c. 0.16 km west of Tom Cabin Spring and ruins of Tom’s Cabin, west of access road off FS40N44 c. 0.48 km west of Camp 4, Shasta National Forest (584400 E, 4564900 N, 1083 m), 30 September 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020801, Lower Elk Spring, at spring house (577223 E, 4572303 N, 1179 m), 4 November 2004 AH. – USNM 1020802, ibid., 21 December 2004 JC. – USNM 1020803, Elk Spring, outflow channel (577316 E, 4572190 N, 1172 m), 21 December 2004 JC. – USNM 1020772, spring flowing under UPRR tracks (source on west side of tracks), collected on both sides of tracks, west of Sacramento River, opposite mouth of Sweetbrier Creek, near the former site of Conant (556720 E, 4551100 N, 561 m), 25 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020773, Crystal Spring near its source (which is now a covered well) on west-facing slope above the Sacramento River, above bridge of Zig Zag Trail, Shasta Springs, St. Germain Foundation (561580 E, 4566360 N, 854 m), 17 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020774, ibid., 25 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020775, 1020776, Rock Spring above (east of) UPRR tracks, above Sacramento River (east side), Shasta Springs (561580 E, 4566200 N, 769 m), 17 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020777, 1020778, ibid., 24 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020779, fourth spring from the north at the lower (downstream) end of Shasta Springs complex, east side of the Sacramento River above UPRR track (561560 E, 4566000 N, 756 m), 21 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020780, 1020781, 1020782, 1020792, ibid., 24 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020800, springs north of Mossbrae Falls on a west-facing slope, east side of the Sacramento River above UPRR track near the north end of railroad bridge (561520 E, 4565800 N, 756 m), 21 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020783, ibid., 24 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020784, spring runs north of Mossbrae Falls on a west-facing slope, east side of the Sacramento River, near the east side of UPRR bridge (561560 E, 4565720 N, 769 m), 21 October 1992 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020785, ibid., 24 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020786, east side of the Sacramento River at Cave Springs below Cave Springs Resort and Motel, Dunsmuir; 30 m transect north (upriver) from Cave Springs run (560710 E, 4564080 N, 724 m), 24 August 2001 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020787, ibid., 14 October 2003 TF, EJ. – USNM 1020788, spring run north of Crystal Spring (Glacier Spring) run, north side of northern most switch back of Zig Zag Trail, Shasta Springs, Saint Germain Foundation (561520 E, 4566310 N), 25 August 2001 TF, EJ.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Readily distinguished from F. scopulinus, which also lives in the Sacramento River headwaters, by its smaller shell umbilicus and broader columellar lip. Distinguished from F. seminalis, which also lives in the McCloud River drainage, by its smaller size, more convex shell whorls, well-developed shell parietal lip, more numerous radular tooth cusps, and squatter penis.</p> <p>Description: Shell (Figs 24, 25A–K; Table 15) usually subglobose to narrow conical; height, 2.30–4.64 mm; whorls, 3.25–4.50. Protoconch 1.4 whorls, diameter approximately 0.82 mm; spiral microsculpture often wavy or wrinkled near apex. Teleoconch whorls weakly to highly convex, often having weak subsutural angulation; shoulders usually absent or narrow, rarely broad. In some conical shelled populations, specimens had last 1.0 whorl loosened from body whorl, producing an almost scalariform appearance (Figs 24P, 25D). Aperture broadly ovate, often angled above. Parietal lip complete, thin or slightly thickened, usually adnate, sometimes slightly disjunct, lip usually forming callus. Columellar lip medium width, often covering all or most of umbilical region. Outer lip thin or slightly thickened, sometimes markedly so, prosocline, weakly sinuate. Shell usually anomphalous, sometimes narrowly rimate, rarely perforate. Periostracum tan, brown, or light green. Last 0.5 operculum whorl frilled (Fig. 25L). Central radular tooth approximately 41 µm wide, cutting edge convex, lateral cusps three to four; central cusp parallel-sided, rounded or weakly pointed; basal cusps one to two, basal tongue V- or U-shaped, even with lateral margin (Fig. 25N). Lateral tooth face broadly rectangular; central cusp rounded, lateral cusps three (inner), three to four (outer); outer wing flexed, medium length (Fig. 25O). Inner marginal teeth having 22–29 cusps (Fig. 25M). Outer marginal teeth having 23–33 cusps; basal wing rectangular (Fig. 25M). Head-foot dark brown, almost black. Ctenidium connected to pericardium by short, efferent branchial vessel; ctenidial filaments approximately 17, without pleats. Osphradium elongate, positioned opposite middle of ctenidium. Bursa copulatrix horizontal; ovate, pyriform or triangular; duct medium length. Seminal receptacle small or medium-sized, sometimes only partly overlapped by albumen gland. Glandular oviduct having well-developed rectal furrow. Capsule gland about as long as albumen gland. Genital aperture a simple pore or weak papilla. Penis mediumsized, fairly broad, tightly coiled, distal end pointed or papillate (Fig. 7M). Penis having dark brown or black patch of internal pigment concentrated distally, surface pigment very light. Penial duct positioned near outer edge, straight except for a few distal undulations.</p> <p>Distribution: Sacramento River headwater region (as far downflow as Conant), and a few sites in the upper reaches of the McCloud River drainage (Fig. 20).</p> <p>Etymology: From New Latin multifarius, meaning in many places, or in various manners, and referring to the broad range of shell shape observed in this species.</p> <p>Remarks: As noted in the Results section, this species is composed of two distinct subclades that differ by 2.1–3.0% (COI) and 3.3–4.7% (cytb) and are allopatrically distributed, with one ranging from Shasta Springs to Conant along the Sacramento River and the other distributed in the Sacramento headwater region from Cantara Bend to Big Springs (north of the city of Mount Shasta) as well as in the upper McCloud River drainage. Marked shell variation, with shape ranging from subglobose to narrowly conic and the entire body whorl sometimes completely loosened from the coiling axis, was observed within both subclades and sometimes within individual populations. Distinct shell morphs (e.g. at site 65) collected in sympatry did not differ in sequences of either gene and also did not differ anatomically. On the basis of these observations and the morphological overlap described above, we chose to treat the two subclades as a single species at this time, although the evolutionary and taxonomic significance of the remarkable shell variation within this taxon merits additional study. F. multifarius was variably positioned relative to other species of clade C described herein in the phylogenetic analyses and differs from these by 2.6–4.6% (COI) and 6.4–10.3% (cytb).</p> <p>Populations of this species were referred to as Fluminicola n. sp. 1, Fluminicola n. sp. 3, Fluminicola n. sp. 4, and Fluminicola n. sp. 5 by Frest &amp; Johannes (1993).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC47730B79F7224364FCEA1D60FC5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hershler, Robert;Liu, Hsiu-Ping;Frest, Terrence J.;Johannes, Edward J.	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Frest, Terrence J., Johannes, Edward J. (2007): Extensive diversification of pebblesnails (Lithoglyphidae: Fluminicola) in the upper Sacramento River basin, northwestern USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (3): 371-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00243.x
