taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BC6F50CD4D3A3BBD969431FE0EFD52.taxon	description	This result is concordant with the most recent classification of the subfamily Phaedusinae based on anatomical differences in the bursa copulatrix (Nordsieck, 2007). We therefore used Synprosphyma as an outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis of Japanese clausiliids. Among the generic / subgeneric classifications of Japanese clausiliids that differ substantially among taxonomists (see Supporting Information Table S 1), we used the latest generic classification of Nordsieck (2007) as a working hypothesis for the phylogenetic analysis. All subgenera were treated equally as distinct generic taxa. CHARACTER MAPPING To test the phylogenetic significance of taxonomic characters that have been used in the traditional systems, 14 characters were selected as taxonomically important characters, due to them being used as key characters for supra-specific classification of Japanese clausiliids in Azuma (1982), Minato (1988), Nordsieck (1998) and Schileyko (2000), and were mapped onto the molecular phylogenetic tree obtained by this study. Characters with unique character states that are not shared by more than two taxa were excluded from the analysis. The characters used for the analysis include the following 12 morphological characters (11 shell characters and one anatomical character), one reproductive character and one ecological character. Character 1 is the morphology of the superior lamella with two character states (developed or reduced). Character 2 is the morphology of the inferior lamella with two character states (spirally ascending or not). Character 3 is the morphology of the clausilium plate with three character states (wide, narrow or with a distinctive projection such as a spine or a transverse plate). Character 4 is the location of the plicae and clausilium with two character states (lateral or ventral to ventro-lateral). Character 5 is the morphology of the lunella with three character states (present and axial, present and oblique or absent). Character 6 is the morphology of the upper palatal plica in relation to the lunella with five character states (present and without a lunella, present and attached to the lunella, present and fused with the lunella, present and separated from the lunella or absent). Character 7 is the morphology of the upper palatal plica with three character states (short, long and / or interrupted or absent). Character 8 is the morphology of the middle palatal plica with three character states (present and developed, weakly developed and coalesced to a lunella-like structure or absent). Character 9 is the morphology of the lower palatal plica in relation to the lunella with five character states (present and without a lunella, present and attached to the lunella, present and fused with the lunella, present and separated from the lunella or absent). Character 10 is the presence or absence of the sutural plica with two character states (present or absent). Character 11 is the morphology of the shell apex with three character states (pointed, rounded or decollated). Character 12 is the morphology of the diverticulum of the bursa copulatrix with two character states (developed or reduced). Character 13 is the mode of reproduction with two character states (oviparous or ovoviviparous). Character 14 is the type of habitat with two character states (terrestrial or arboreal). The character state of a character is usually fixed in each taxon. In a few exceptional cases where a character shows some intra-taxon variation, the character state was coded as polymorphic in the species or subspecies.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD463A34BEAB94BFFD64FD1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia valida Pfeiffer, 1850 Synonyms: Breviphaedusa Azuma, 1982; L u ch u p h a e d u s a P i l s b r y, 1 9 0 1; M e s o p h a e d u s a Ehrmann, 1929; Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905; Oophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905; Pliciphaedusa Nordsieck, 1998; Vastina Ehrmann, 1929. Diagnosis: Although, Stereophaedusa redefined here cannot be diagnosed by morphology, its monophyly is strongly supported by molecular phylogeny. The presence of unique deletions and substitutions in the hyper variable region of ITS 2 (Fig. 5) is a molecular diagnostic character of the genus. Morphology: Shell small to large. Apex usually pointed and preserved, rarely decollated in adult. Plicae and clausilium located laterally to ventrally. Superior lamella always developed. Inferior lamella variable, spirally or obliquely ascending and appearing at the aperture, or almost straightly ascending and receding within the aperture. Lunella present or absent. Principal plica developed. Middle palatal plica (e) present or absent, rarely coalesced into a lunella. Clausilium wide or narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD7C3A0BBE729374FB83FBC3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia gracilispira Moellendorff, 1882 Diagnosis: Shell small and thin. Parietal margin of the aperture with a longitudinal groove just beside the superior lamella or not. Plicae and clausilium located laterally to ventro-laterally. Lunella present or absent. Upper and lower palatal plicae always present. Distribution: endemic to Western Honshu, Shikoku and Kyusyu. Morphology: Apex pointed. Superior lamella developed. Inferior lamella receded. Principal plica developed. Middle palatal plica (e) absent. Clausilium narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD7F3A08BD9F9798FC36FE64.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Neophaedusa ishikawai Kuroda & Minato, 1975 Synonym: Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 (nomen nudum) Diagnosis: Shell small. Apex rounded. Inferior lamella spirally ascending or not. Middle palatal plica (e) present or absent, occasionally replaced by a lunella. Distribution: endemic to Kyushu. Morphology: Plicae and clausilium located laterally. Superior lamella developed. Lunella present or absent. Principal plica developed. Clausilium wide or narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD7F3A08BE309432FACFF910.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pauciphaedusa toshiyukii Minato & Habe, 1983 Diagnosis: Shell small, glossy. Plica simple, comprised of only principal plica. Palatal plica and lunella absent. Morphology: Apex pointed. Plicae and clausilium located laterally. Superior lamella developed. Inferior lamella receded. Clausilium narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD783A0FBDA49548FA35FEC2.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia cincticollis Ehrmann, 1900 Diagnosis: Although, Tosaphaedusa redefined here cannot be diagnosed by morphology, its monophyly is strongly supported by molecular phylogeny. The presence of unique deletions and substitutions in the hyper variable region of ITS 2 (Fig. 5) is a molecular diagnostic character of the genus. The distribution is endemic to Shikoku. Morphology: Shell small to medium-sized. Apex rounded or somewhat pointed. Plicae and clausilium located ventrally or laterally. Superior lamella developed. Inferior lamella receded. Lunella present or absent. Principal plica developed. Upper and lower palatal plicae present. Middle palatal plica (e) present or absent. Dorsal crest present or absent. Clausilium wide or narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD783A0FBEC0951EFAD8F8F2.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Balea variegata A. Adams, 1868 Synonyms: Parareinia Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982; Proreinia Thiele, 1931; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984. Diagnosis: Shell small to very small, frequently thin-walled, frequently with subaxial and whitish flammulation, occasionally with a light-coloured band below the suture. Superior lamella frequently reduced to various degrees, occasionally developed. Inferior lamella usually developed, spirally ascending and approaching to the superior lamella. Plicae present except for R. variegata (A. Adams, 1868). Principal plica usually developed, but occasionally shortened or reduced. Upper and lower palatal plicae usually present. Lunella always absent. Clausilium present except for R. variegata, wide. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix frequently reduced to various degrees. Ecology arboreal. Reproduction ovoviviparous. Presence of unique deletions in the hyper variable region of ITS 2 (Fig. 5) is a molecular diagnostic character of the genus. Morphology: Apex pointed. Plicae and clausilium located laterally if present. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD7B3A0DBEB792E4FED8FE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia hirasei Pilsbry, 1900 Synonyms: Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906; Idiozaptyx Pilsbry, 1909; Oligozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Paganizaptyx Azuma, 1982; Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981; Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908; Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1901; Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908; Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930; Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927. Diagnosis: Shell mostly small and slender, but becoming large only in a few subgenera. Plicae and clausilium located laterally to ventrally. Sutural plica present or absent. Lunella always present, strongly developed. Upper palatal plica usually present, mostly attached to the lunella, variable in the length. Presence of unique deletions and substitution in the hyper variable region of ITS 2 (Fig. 5) that are shared only with Tauphaedusa is a molecular diagnostic character of the genus. Morphology: Apex pointed. Lower palatal plica frequently absent. Middle palatal plica absent. Superior lamella usually developed, rarely reduced. Inferior lamella variable, spirally ascending and appearing at the aperture, or almost straightly ascending and receding within the aperture. Clausilium wide or narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD7A3A0DBC1395EAFB04FF6E.taxon	description	Synonyms: Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Idiozaptyx Pilsbry, 1909. Diagnosis: Shell small, slender. Superior lamella usually developed, rarely reduced. Inferior lamella variable, spirally ascending and appearing at the aperture, or almost straightly ascending and receded within the aperture. Sutural plica always present, one or two. Lunella present, usually developed, rarely shortened in an exceptional case. Upper palatal plica present, usually short, rarely long and / or interrupted. Lower palatal plica usually absent. Clausilium wide or narrow. Reproduction oviparous or ovoviviparous. Distribution: endemic to the Ryukyu Islands and southern Kyushu. Morphology: Apex pointed. Plicae and clausilium located laterally. Principal plica developed. Middle palatal plica absent. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD753A02BDE19352FD8FFBC8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia thaumatopoma Pilsbry, 1905 Diagnosis: Shell small, slender. Inferior lamella receded, but developed inside the aperture, obliquely ascending. Sutural plica absent. Lunella oblique, separated from the upper palatal plica. Principal plica developed, long. Lower palatal plica absent. Clausilium wide, with a short transverse plate on the outer side. Reproduction ovoviviparous. Distribution: endemic to Kerama Islands in the central Ryukyus. Morphology: Apex pointed. Plicae and clausilium located laterally. Superior lamella developed. Inferior lamella receded. Upper palatal plica present. Middle palatal plica (e) absent. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD753A02BDDA949CFEFDF8C4.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia longiplicata Pilsbry, 1908 Diagnosis: Shell small, slender. Sutural plica absent. Lunella oblique, short, separated from the upper palatal plica. Upper palatal plica very long, extended near the aperture. Lower palatal plica absent. Distribution endemic to Tokashiki Islands in the central Ryukyus. Morphology: Apex pointed. Superior lamella developed. Inferior lamella receded. Plicae and clausilium located laterally. Middle palatal plica (e) absent. Clausilium narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
03BC6F50CD773A00BE60937FFB16FC60.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Clausilia buschi Küster, 1844 Diagnosis: Shell medium-sized to rather large, glossy. Plica very simple, almost missing except for a lunella. Sutural plica absent or vestigial. Principal plica and palatal plica absent or vestigial. Lunella strongly developed. Distribution: endemic to Eastern Honshu. Morphology: Apex pointed. Superior lamella developed. Inferior lamella receded within the aperture. Clausilium narrow. Diverticulum of bursa copulatrix developed. See also Diagnosis.	en	Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min, Ueshima, Rei (2017): Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 795-845
