identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE.text	03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideridae Lydekker 1891	<div><p>Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE</p><p>(OLD WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS)</p><p>• Small to large-sized insectivorous bats with soft fine pelage; small eyes; and distinctive, large, but simple noseleaves on top of muzzles.</p><p>• 7-16 cm.</p><p>• Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions.</p><p>• Deserts, arid grasslands, savannas, tropical forests, from sea level to mid-elevations on mountains.</p><p>• 7 genera, 88 species, 129 taxa.</p><p>• 2 species Critically Endangered, 1 Endangered, 13 Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C674A206FF45FDB9FA6E4B85.text	03BD87A2C674A206FF45FDB9FA6E4B85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asellia arabica Benda, Vallo & Reiter 2011	<div><p>1.</p><p>Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Asellia arabica</p><p>French: Asellia dArabie I German: Südarabische Dreizackblattnase / Spanish: Asellia de Arabia</p><p>Other common names: Arabian Trident Bat, Yemeni Trident Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Asellia arabica Benda, Vallo &amp; Reiter, 2011,</p><p>“ Republic of Yemen, Province of Al Mahra, oasis of Hawf (easternmost edge of the country), 16°39’N, 53°03’E, 410 m a.s.l.”</p><p>This recendy described species was previously included in. tridens, from which it is distinct both in molecular and morphological features. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to S Arabian Peninsula, recorded from a narrow coastal strip in SE Yemen and SW Oman.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-60 mm, tail 16-29 mm, ear 14-22 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 43-1-46-5 mm; weight 6-13 g. Muzzle of the Arabian Trident Leafnosed Bat is relatively short with large, distinctive noseleaf that has three subtriangular projections from its posterior margin. Pelage is beige or pale brownish gray dorsally, somewhat paler ventrally. Dental formula for all members of all species of Asellia is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Coastal arid savanna and shrubland of southern Arabian Peninsula.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in caves and rock caverns. Echolocation call is not known.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bats roost in small groups of up to 30 individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on 77ie IUCNRed List. This recently described species may be threatened by habitat destruction and disturbance at roost sites.</p><p>Bibliography. Benda (2017a), Benda, Vallo &amp; Reiter (2011), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C674A206FF45FDB9FA6E4B85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C674A206FF4DF6AAFA214CD4.text	03BD87A2C674A206FF4DF6AAFA214CD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asellia italosomalica De Beaux 1931	<div><p>2.</p><p>Somalian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat Asellia italosomalica</p><p>French: Asellia de Somalie / German: Somalische Dreizackblattnase / Spanish: Asellia de Somalia</p><p>Other common names: Horn-of-Africa Trident Leaf-nosed Bat, Somalian Trident Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Asellia tridens italo-somalica De Beaux, 1931,</p><p>“Oddur,” Somalia .</p><p>This species was previously considered a subspecies of. tridens, but recent molecular and morphometric work support its treatment as a separate species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Somalia and Yemen (Socotra I).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 41-60 mm, tail 16-29 mm, ear 14-22 mm, hindfoot 8—10 mm, forearm 43-4—48-2 mm; weight 6—13 g. Muzzle of the Somalian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat is relatively short with large, distinctive noseleaf that has three subtriangular projections from its posterior margin. Pelage is pale brownish gray dorsally, somewhat paler ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Low-lying arid and semi-desert shrubland.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Somalian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in caves. Echolocation call is not known.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Somalian Trident Leaf-nosed Bats roost in small groups, typically ofseveral dozen individuals; however, c.1000 individuals have been found roosting in a cave on Socotra.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. This newly recognized species may be threatened by habitat destruction and disturbance at roost sites.</p><p>Bibliography. Benda (2017b), Benda, Vallo &amp; Reiter et al. (2011), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C674A206FF4DF6AAFA214CD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C674A206FF49F065F83845F1.text	03BD87A2C674A206FF49F065F83845F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asellia patrizii De Beaux 1931	<div><p>3.</p><p>Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Asellia patrizii</p><p>French: Asellia de Patrizi I German: Patrizi-Dreizackblattnase I Spanish: Asellia de Patrizi</p><p>Other common names: Patrizi's Trident Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Asellia patrizii De Beaux, 1931,</p><p>“Zona di Gaarre,” Dancalia, Ethiopia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Recorded from a handful of localities in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and offshore islands in the Red Sea.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42—46 mm, tail 13-20 mm, ear 12-16 mm, hindfoot 6 mm, forearm 38-43 mm; weight 3—4 g. Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat is the smallest species in the genus. Muzzle is relatively short with large and distinctive noseleaf that has three subtriangular projections from its posterior margin. Pelage is pale brownish gray dorsally, somewhat paler ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Low-lying arid and semi-desert shrubland, up to 1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in caves, lava tunnels, and anthropogenic structures. Echolocation call is not known.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In one cave, both males and females were present.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Although very few specimens have been collected, Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat occurs across a relatively large area with a low human population and in habitat that is not currently under threat. There may be some disturbance at roosting sites.</p><p>Bibliography. Aulagnier (2013a), Benda, Vallo &amp; Reiter (2011), Monadjem, Bergmans, Mickleburgh &amp; Hutson (2017a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C674A206FF49F065F83845F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C674A207F890F8BFFCE1472F.text	03BD87A2C674A207F890F8BFFCE1472F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asellia tridens (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813)	<div><p>4.</p><p>Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Asellia tridens</p><p>French: Asellia trident / German: Nordafrikanische Dreizackblattnase / Spanish: Asellia tridente</p><p>Other common names: Geoffroy’s Trident Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus tridens É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813,</p><p>near Luxor, Egypt.</p><p>Up to four subspecies have at times been recognized within this species, but recent molecular work suggests the existence of just two. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>A. t. tridens E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813 widespread in N Africa, from Morocco, Mauritania, and Senegal E to Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Somalia.</p><p>A. t. murraianaj. Anderson, 1881 widely in the Middle East, including Syria, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Arabian Peninsula, and Iran, and E to W Afghanistan and S Pakistan.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-60 mm, tail 16-29 mm, ear 14-22 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 45-55 mm; weight 6-13 g. Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat is the largest species in the genus. Muzzle is relatively short with large and distinctive noseleaf that has three subtriangular projections from its posterior margin. Pelage is beige or pale brownish gray dorsally, somewhat paler ventrally. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 62.</p><p>Habitat. Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits a variety of desert and semi-desert habitats where it is mostly associated with oases and dry riverbeds. It generally occurs at low elevations, but may occur up to 2000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat forages by flying low and hawking a variety of large insects including beetles, moths, flies, and grasshoppers.</p><p>Breeding. Apparently, Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat is a seasonal breeder, giving birth to a single young in the boreal summer. In Africa, pregnant females have been reported in April and May, and dependent young in July. In the Middle East, females are pregnant in April-June, with births in June-July followed by 40 days of lactation.</p><p>Activity patterns. Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in a wide range of situations including caves, mines, rock caverns, underground irrigation channels, and anthropogenic structures such as buildings, cellars, and tombs. It typically departs from its roost shortly after sunset, with males showing two peaks of activity during the night but females only one; both sexes have the greatest activity period in the hour immediately after sunset, with males showing a second peak in the early hours of the morning. Echolocation call includes a variable CF component of 115-120 kHz that varies individually and is negatively correlated with the size of the bat.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Geoffroy’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small to very large colonies, with up to 5000 individuals having been reported from a cave in Iran. Roosts are usually occupied by this species alone, although it may occasionally share its roost with other bats including the Egyptian Rousette ( Rousettus aegyptiacus), the Persian Trident Bat {Triaenopspersicus), and mouse-tailed bats {Rhinopoma spp.). Numbers of bats roosting typically vary with season, and sexual segregation has also been reported. Pregnant females form maternity roosts. Throughout much of the Middle East, bats disappear during the boreal winter, reappearing in April-May presumably because they migrate between summer and winter sites. Both sexes put on fat in the boreal autumn before migration. Bats move c.1-5-2 km between roosting and foraging sites.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red, List. Its large distribution, often in remote areas and harsh landscapes, suggests that this species ought to be relatively secure.</p><p>Bibliography. Al-Robaae (1966), Amichai et al. (2013), Aulagnier (2013b), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Benda, Vallo &amp; Reiter (2011), Bogdanowicz &amp; Owen (1998), Bray &amp; Benda (2016), Brasset &amp; Caubère (1960), De-Blase (1980), Feldman et al. (2000), Gustafson &amp; Schnitzler (1979), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Jones et al. (1993), Koch-Weser (1984), Kock (1969d), Kowalski &amp; Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), Fye (1972), Qumsiyeh (1985), Qumsiyeh &amp; Schütter (1981), Whitaker et al. (1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C674A207F890F8BFFCE1472F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C675A207FF29FA7AFD544EC5.text	03BD87A2C675A207FF29FA7AFD544EC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina camerunensis (Eisentraut 1956)	<div><p>5.</p><p>Greater Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina camerunensis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine du Cameroun I German: Kamerun-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Doryrina de Camenjn</p><p>Other common names: Cameroon Leaf-nosed Bat, Greater Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros camerunensis Eisentraut, 1956,</p><p>near Buea, Cameroon.</p><p>This species is only known from two isolated areas separated by a large gap, suggesting there may be some taxonomic distinction between the two populations, but this has not yet been investigated. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patchily recorded from SW Cameroon, E DR Congo, S Uganda, and W Kenya.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 92—97 mm, tail 23—45 mm, ear 30-38 mm, hindfoot 18-22 mm, forearm 74—80 mm; weight 39-53 g. The Greater Leaf-nosed Bat has a distinctive noseleaf with two median clubshaped processes. Pelage is dense, long and soft blackish brown with pale frosting dorsally, and somewhat paler with inconspicuous frosting ventrally. Ears are long, narrow and pointed at tip. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. An anal sac is present between penis and anus in males. Females do not have this sac but fur around vagina has been replaced by long stiff hairs. Dental formula for all species of Doryhina is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat Inhabits Afromontane and lowland rainforest. It occurs at 1200-1400 m on Mount Cameroon, and at 1600 m above sea level in Kenya, but at much lower altitudes in Uganda and DR Congo.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Twelve pregnant females were found in October on Mount Cameroon.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Greater Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves and hollow trees. Echolocation call is not known.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on IUCN Red List (as Hipposideros camerunensis). Due to its limited geographical distribution and its dependence on undisturbed rainforest, the Greater Leaf-nosed Bat may be threatened by deforestation.</p><p>Bibliography. Eisentraut (1956, 1973), Happold, M. (2013w), Hill (1963a), Rahm (1965), Schütter eta/. (1986), Thorn &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C675A207FF29FA7AFD544EC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C675A207FF22F275F58845A3.text	03BD87A2C675A207FF22F275F58845A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina corynophyllus (Hill 1985)	<div><p>6.</p><p>Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina corynophyllus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine deTelefomin / German: Telefomin-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Doryrina deTelefomin</p><p>Other common names: Telefomin Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros corynophyllus Hill, 1985,</p><p>“Inum Tem (Cave), 3 km ENE of Telefomin, West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 1800 m, c. 5°10’S, 141°35’E.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from a small area around Tifalmin and Telefomin in Sandaun Province, W Papua New Guinea, and also collected in Tembagapura region, Papua Province, Indonesia. Even so, its echolocation calls have been recorded in other areas and it is thought that this species has a larger distribution, probably occurring throughout the Central Range ofNew Guinea.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-9-63 mm, tail 9—12 mm, ear 18-9—22-6 mm, hindfoot 9-5—11-9 mm, forearm 48-54-6 mm; weight 14-5— 17 g. The Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat has an elongated rostrum and relatively long hair, which is densely distributed even on face and muzzle. Brownish colors are present on dorsum, with paler silver on ventral area. Fur is long (c.14-2 mm). Ears are relatively long, distally narrowed, and convex on anterior or medial margin of ear, without antitragal lobe. Noseleaf covers much of muzzle, with two lateral leaflets. Anterior leaf has no median emargination, intermedian leaf is elevated laterally, and posterior leaf is high. Median processes of intermediate and posterior leaves are well developed and club-shaped. Lower club is very long and tubular.</p><p>Habitat. The Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat is found in deep limestone caves, usually located at elevations of 1600—1800 m. It also occurs in forests and in other subterranean cavities. The altitudinal range of this species is very wide, ranging from close to sea level up to 2700 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat probably forages in forest habitats.</p><p>Breeding. The breeding biology of the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat is largely unknown; it is probably similar to that ofWollaston’s Leafnosed Bat (D. woUastoni).</p><p>Activity patterns. Activity patterns of the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat are probably similar to those ofWollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat may be found either solitarily or in small groups. It sometimes shares caves with Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat (subspecies pamabyi) in the Telefomin area.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros corynophyllus). Current population trends are unknown, but population is probably not strongly fragmented. Forest loss and modification might be the major threats for the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat, although large areas of intact forest still remain within its range. More research is needed to study and assess the ecology and population status of this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2017b), Bonaccorso (1998), Decher &amp; ahr (2005), lannery &amp; Colgan (1993), lannery &amp; Seri (1990), Helgen (2007a), Hill (1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C675A207FF22F275F58845A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C675A207F87BF8D5F50853B9.text	03BD87A2C675A207F87BF8D5F50853B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina cyclops (Temminck 1853)	<div><p>7.</p><p>Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina cyclops</p><p>French: Phyllorhine cyclope I German: Zyklopen-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Doryrina ciclope</p><p>Other common names: Cyclops Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. PhyUorrhina cyclops Temminck, 1853,</p><p>Boutry River, Ghana.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Widespread in tropical Africa from Senegal E to extreme S South Sudan, NE DR Congo, W Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, with isolated populations in W &amp; SE Kenya and NE Tanzania; also on Bioko I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70—95 mm, tail 18—36 mm, ear 28—38 mm, hindfoot 18—22 mm, forearm 59—75 mm; weight 21—45 g. The Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat has a distinctive noseleafwith two median club-shaped processes. Pelage is dense, long and soft, blackish brown with pale frosting dorsally, somewhat paler with inconspicuous frosting ventrally. Ears are long, narrow and pointed at tip. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. An anal sac is present between penis and anus in males. Females do not have this sac but fur around vagina has been replaced by long stiff hairs. This species is difficult to distinguish from the Greater Leaf-nosed Bat (D. caTzzmznmris) but is slighdy smaller.</p><p>Habitat. The Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits lowland rainforest up to 2000 m or more, but also occurs in the transition zone between rainforest and savanna mosaic, and even extends into Guinea woodland, where relict and gallery forests are present.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding predominantly on moths (particularly hawk moths of the family Sphingidae), but it may feed on a variety of other insects including Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. It forages by sallying out from a perch on a branch or twig typically less than 6 m aboveground. Captured prey is returned to the perch where it is consumed.</p><p>Breeding. The Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat gives birth to a single young that is bom immediately prior to, or during, the local rainy season.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in the hollow trunks of large trees, but may occasionally also use anthropogenic structures such as disused mines. Echolocation call includes a F component at c.60 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat regularly shares its roost with other bats, as well as rodents (including anomalures). Based on recapture rates, it has been estimated that its home range is small, in the order of several hectares. It roosts singly or in small groups of up to 18 individuals. Groups typically consist of 1-3 males and several females.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros cyclops). It has a wide distribution and occurs in several protected areas and forest reserves. However, its dependence on large trees for day roosts is of concern for this species in logged forests.</p><p>Bibliography. Aellen (1952), Cockle et al. (1998), Decher &amp; Fahr (2005), Eisentraut (1956, 1973), Fahr (2013j), Hill (1963a), Juste &amp; Ibânez (1994b), Lang &amp; Chapin (1917a, 1917b), Patterson &amp; Webala (2012), Schütter et al. (1986), Thom &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Verschuren (1957).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C675A207F87BF8D5F50853B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C675A200F87CEEF1F91D4A77.text	03BD87A2C675A200F87CEEF1F91D4A77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina edwardshilli (Flannery & Colgan 1993)	<div><p>8.</p><p>Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina edwardshilli</p><p>French: Phyllorhine d'Edwards Hill / German: Hill-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Doryrina de Edwards Hill</p><p>Other common names: Hill's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros edwardshilli Flannery &amp; Colgan, 1993,</p><p>“Imonda Station (3°20’S 141°10’E), Bewani Mountains, Papua New Guinea at an altitude of 240 m.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. New Guinea, known only from three zones of the Bewani Mts, North Coastal Range, Sandaun Province.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-6 mm, tail 11-1-15 mm, ear 19-3-21-3 mm, hindfoot 8-2 mm, forearm 49-6-51 mm; weight 11 g. Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat is similar to the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat (D. corynophyUus), but with darkish brown or reddish fur on dorsum, and more cinnamon color on ventral area; subadults can present grayish coloration. Fur is markedly shorter than on the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat: c.8-7 mm long on mid-back. Noseleaf differs in lower club being less pronounced, shorter and laterally flattened, as compared with that of the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat.</p><p>Habitat. Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat is a cave-roosting species reported in low hills. It can be present in forest and also in more modified and artificial environments such as gardens or rural village areas, although it always needs cave roosts nearby. It has only been reported at altitudes of c.200-300 m, which accounts for its restricted range.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insects constitute its main food. Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported foraging in forests, rural village areas, and gardens.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Unlike the Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bat, Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat has not been found sharing caves with Wollaston’s Leafnosed Bat ( D. wollastoni).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as Hipposideros edwardshiUi). Population size and trends of Hill’s Leaf-nosed Bat remain unknown. Main threats probably include habitat degradation and transformation of native forest to agricultural lands around Bewani Mountains. In addition, the fact that the North Coastal Range is not limestone might reduce the roost availability, restricting the potential range (100—2000 km 2) even more. More research on this species is needed to assess its population status accurately and to discover details of its ecology.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2017c), Bonaccorso (1998), Decher &amp; ahr (2005), lannery &amp; Colgan (1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C675A200F87CEEF1F91D4A77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C672A200FF5AF605FE6052B8.text	03BD87A2C672A200FF5AF605FE6052B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina muscinus (Thomas & Doria 1886)	<div><p>9.</p><p>Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina muscinus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Fly River / German: Fly-River-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Doryrina de Fly River</p><p>Other common names: Fly River Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina [sic] muscina Thomas &amp; Doria, 1886,</p><p>“Fly River,” Western Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to New Guinea, mostly along the Central Range, including Papua Province of Indonesia and Sandaun, Western, Chimbu, Gulf, and Central provinces of Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 44-52 mm, tail 23 mm, ear 18 mm, hindfoot 7-4- 11 mm, forearm 45-47 mm. Like Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat ( D. wollastoni), the Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat presents a posterior lateral leaflet, extended beneath anterior leaflet onto upper lip. Both species also present club-shaped processes in intermediate and posterior leaves. The Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat differs from Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat in its lack of posterior leaf, and in its nearly flat rostrum profile. This species is brownish.</p><p>Habitat. The Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat occupies lowland tropical forest rather than the caves typical for its congeners. Altitudinal range was reckoned to extend from sea level up to 750 m, but a more recent study suggested its presence up to 2400 m, based on acoustic registrations. However, its echolocation call might be confused with that of Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat, which is a more montane species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat is probably insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. This species probably reproduces in forests, as it does not inhabit caves.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat has been found roosting in tree holes. Small aggregations of this species have been observed roosting in hollow trees and, on one occasion, inside a curled banana leaf. Echolocation call frequency is c.89— 90 kHz</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros muscinus). Current population size and trends are unknown, but it is probably not greatly fragmented. Habitat loss and fragmentation might be the major threats for this species, although large areas of intact forest still remain within its range. It is thought to be more tolerant to habitat modification than other congeneric cave-dwellers. More research is needed to study and assess its ecology and population status.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2017d), Armstrong, Aplin &amp; Lamaris (2015), Decher &amp; Fahr (2005), Flannery I Colgan (1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C672A200FF5AF605FE6052B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C672A200F89DFECCF4D84ED7.text	03BD87A2C672A200F89DFECCF4D84ED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina semoni (Matschie 1903)	<div><p>10.</p><p>Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina semoni</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Semon / German: Semon-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Doryrina de Semon</p><p>Other common names: Semon's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros semoni Matschie, 1903,</p><p>Cooktown, Queensland, Australia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E New Guinea and NE Australia, where it has been reported in several locations of coastal Queensland from the E side of Cape York Peninsula to S of Cooktown; S limit of its distribution is not clear, as there are acoustic reports from other distant areas, such as in the Kroombit Tops National Park.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-50 mm, tail 22-28 mm, ear 18-20 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 38-424 mm; weight 6—10 g. As in the case of Wollaston’s Leafnosed Bat (Z). wollastoni) and the Fly River Leaf-nosed Bat ( D. muscinus), Semon’s Leafnosed Bat presents two supplementary leaflets: anterior leaflet is short and broad and posterior leaflet extends beneath anterior leaf onto upper lip. It also presents processes in intermediate and posterior leaves. Median process of posterior leaf is large and club-shaped. Its ears are notably long and well developed with pointed tips, and its rostrum is markedly inflated. Its dark grayish pelage is long and presents a curled appearance, being paler on ventral area.</p><p>Habitat. Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat is found in a wide variety of habitats, from rainforest to savanna forest and dry open areas, at elevations from the sea level up to 1400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat usually feeds on insects, especially moths; it also takes beetles, as well as spiders. It hunts prey from the ground, low vegetation or surfaces such as rocks or tree trunks. It has a slow flight, with considerable ability to maneuver, and usually flies within 1—2 m of the ground, foraging within dense vegetation and scrub.</p><p>Breeding. Females are probably mature in their first year, and give birth probably in early November. Each female produces a single young, but it is thought that in a few cases there may be twins. Generation length is estimated at 6-7 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been observed roosting in many different places such as in caves, mines, abandoned buildings, road culverts, fissures, and tree hollows. Some authors have suggested that this species is more tree-dweller than cave-dweller, inhabiting caves probably during the drier periods. Males and females have been suggested to have different echolocation call frequencies, being c.75 kHz and 95 kHz, respectively.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bats have been found roosting alone or in small aggregations. Movement patterns between roosts or habitats have not yet been studied. It may use vegetation strips in rainforests, following rivers and watercourses to move within large dense forest areas. Migration has not been reported.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros semoni). Current population size and trends are unknown, but it is probably not greatly fragmented. Habitat loss and fragmentation might be threats for this species, although no major risks have been yet identified. Predation by feral cats has been reported and inappropriate fire management could also become a threat for this species in Australia. In fact, a Recovery Plan has been established for Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bats, as it is considered a threatened species under Australian legislation. In Papua New Guinea, it is probably widely distributed, as much intact habitat remains. However, it has been suggested that it may occur at low densities, as the species has not been captured or recorded in recent surveys. In addition, its echolocation call might be confused with those of other bat species, which could easily give an erroneous idea of its true range. More research is needed to study and assess its ecology and population status.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2017f), Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (1998), Coles (1993), Flannery &amp; Colgan (1993), Hall (2008c), Oliveira &amp; Schulz (1997), Vestjens &amp; Hall (1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C672A200F89DFECCF4D84ED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C672A201F8ADF264FEB245CC.text	03BD87A2C672A201F8ADF264FEB245CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina stenotis (Thomas 1913)	<div><p>11.</p><p>Northern Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina stenotis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à oreilles fines / German: Nördliche Rundblattnase / Spanish: Doryrina nortena</p><p>Other common names: Narrow-eared Leaf-nosed Bat, Narrow-eared Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros stenotis Thomas, 1913,</p><p>“Mary River,” Northern Territory, Australia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Australia, including NE Western Australia, N Northern Territory, and NW Queensland (Mt Isa); also on several offshore Is such as Boongaree, Koolan, and Bathurst Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-46 mm, tail 26-27 mm, ear 19-21 mm, forearm 42—46 mm; weight 4-6-6-4 g. The Northern Leaf-nosed Bat is very similar to Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat { D. semoni), but considerably smaller. Both species present complex noseleafwith two supplementary leaflets: anterior leaflet is short and broad, and posterior leaflet extends beneath anterior leaf onto upper lip. The Northern Leaf-nosed Bat also presents processes in intermediate and posterior leaves, but differs by having median process of posterior leaf less prominent. Ears are long with pointed tips, and rostral eminences are moderately inflated. Fur is brownish dorsally, paler ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. The Northern Leaf-nosed Bat occurs at low densities and occupies a wide variety of habitats. It has been recorded in areas with sandstone cliffs, escarpments, gorges and waterholes, tall open forest, floodplains, and open meadows. Elevational range is unknown.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Northern Leaf-nosed Bat forages both in woodland and on open hilly plains, flying slowly with frequent changes of direction and great ability to maneuver. It mainly hunts flying insects close to the vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. Between October and January, females give birth to a single young. Northern Leaf-nosed Bats form maternity colonies.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Northern Leaf-nosed Bat can roost in sandstone and limestone caves, abandoned mines, crevices and boulder caves. It is thought that this species prefers low humidity, roosting near to cave entrances. This species emits echolocation calls at 102-106 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Northern Leaf-nosed Bats have been observed roosting alone, in pairs, or in small maternity colonies of 6-12 individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Hipposideros stenotis). Population size and trends are unknown; population is probably not greatly fragmented and is not declining markedly. No major threats are known, although destruction and disturbance of roosts are increasing. Habitat loss and degradation might also be significant, as well as reported predation by feral cats.</p><p>Bibliography. Churchill (2008), Duncan et al. (1999), Flannery &amp; Colgan (1993), Hourigan (2011), Menkhorst &amp; Knight (2001), Milne &amp; Hall (2008), Schulz &amp; Menkhorst (1986), Thomson &amp; McKenzie (2008), Woinarski et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C672A201F8ADF264FEB245CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C673A201FF20F962F9C25353.text	03BD87A2C673A201FF20F962F9C25353.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina wollastoni (Thomas 1913)	<div><p>12.</p><p>Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Doryrhina wollastoni</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Wollaston / German: Wollaston-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Doryrina de Wollaston</p><p>Other common names: Wollaston's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros wollastoni Thomas, 1913,</p><p>“Utakwa River, S.W. New Guinea [= Papua Province, Indonesia].”</p><p>Three subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>D. w. wollastoni Thomas, 1913 known only from Utakwa River, Fakfak regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia.</p><p>D. w. fasensis Flannery &amp; Colgan, 1993 known only from North Coastal Range, N Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><p>D. w. parnabyi Flannery &amp; Colgan, 1993 — Central Range in Sandaun, Western, Southern Highlands, Chimbu, Gulf, and Morobe provinces, mostly reported near Tifalmin and Telefomin, Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-8-45-3 mm, tail 27 mm, ear 15 mm, hindfoot 7-8-1 mm, forearm 44 mm; weight 8 g. Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat presents a posterior lateral leaflet extending beneath anterior leaflet onto upper lip. It has club-shaped processes in intermediate and posterior leaves. The characteristic that differentiates Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat from other conspecifics is presence of supplementary structure on posterior leaf, which is of similar height to the posterior leaf. Its rostrum eminences are notably inflated. Fur coloration on dorsum is brownish, while ventral part is brownish grayish.</p><p>Habitat. Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported in different habitats of both primary forest (montane Nothofagus, Nothofagaceae, forest, oak forest, and hill forest) and secondary forest. Altitudinal range is very wide (30-2440 m).</p><p>Food and Feeding. Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat probably feeds on insects.</p><p>Breeding. No information, but reproduction probably occurs in caves.</p><p>Activity patterns. Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been observed roosting in deeper and wetter caves in limestone areas. Call frequency is c.82 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Small colonies of Wollaston’s Leafnosed Bats have been observed roosting in caves. This species often shares roosts with Telefomin Leaf-nosed Bats ( D. corynophyllus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Hipposideros wollastoni). Current population size and trends are unknown, but population is probably not greatly fragmented. Loss or disturbance of cave roosts might be one of the major threats for Wollaston’s Leaf-nosed Bat, as well as foraging habitat loss and degradation. Further research is needed to study and understand the population distribution and ecology of this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2009, 2017f), Armstrong, Aplin &amp; Lamaris (2015), Bates, Rossiter et al. (2007), Bonaceorso (1998), Decher &amp; Fahr (2005), lannery &amp; Colgan (1993), Thomas (1913b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C673A201FF20F962F9C25353	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C673A201FF20EE16F31C481E.text	03BD87A2C673A201FF20EE16F31C481E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macronycteris commersonii (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813)	<div><p>13.</p><p>Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Macronycteris commersonii</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Commerson / German: Commerson-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Macronicterio de Commerson</p><p>Other common names: Commerson's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus commersonii É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813,</p><p>“fort Dauphin, île de Madagascar.” Based on neotype selection, identified by Goodman and colleagues in 2016 as “ Madagascar: Province de Fianarantsoa, Parc National de l’lsalo, along Sahanafa River, near foot of Bevato Mountain, 28 km south-east of Berenty-Betsileo, 22°19.0’S, 45°17.6’E, 550 m a.s.l.”</p><p>Widely used specific epithet commersoni changed as the original name is valid and thus retained. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Madagascar, where it is widely distributed.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 104—110 mm, tail 31-45 mm, ear 29-31 mm, hindfoot 13—18 mm, forearm 80—103 mm; weight 39-5— 98 g. Males are larger than females. Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three or four lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, reddish brown to dark brown dorsally, and somewhat paler ventrally. Flanks and armpits are white, and there is dark band across shoulders. Ears are long and narrow. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. It is difficult to distinguish from the Madagascar Cryptic Leaf-nosed Bat (M cryptaualorond), but is slightly larger. Dental formula for all members of Macronycteris is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits a variety of forested and wooded habitats, including degraded forest and the ecotone between forest and agricultural landscapes. It occurs at elevations up to 1350 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding predominantly on large beetles (Coleoptera) and, to a lesser degree, on bugs ( Hemiptera). A large variety of other insects are taken in smaller amounts, and even possibly small vertebrates (e.g. frogs). It forages by sallying out from a perch to capture prey, which is returned to the perch to be consumed. It puts on significant amounts of fat at the end of the rainy season.</p><p>Breeding. Females segregate into maternity roosts during the birthing season, with males and non-reproductive females roosting together in separate caves.</p><p>Activity patterns. Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in caves, but may occasionally also use tall forest trees. Echolocation call includes a GF component at C.65 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Some populations are thought to be migratory, as individuals disappear seasonally from certain caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List (as Tfrpposideros commersoni) because of extensive hunting pressure. This is partially mitigated by its widespread distribution and tolerance of habitat degradation.</p><p>Bibliography. Bader eta/. (2015), Bogdanowicz &amp; Owen (1998), Eger &amp; Mitchell (2003), Foley, Goodman eta/. (2017), Foley, Thong Vu Dinh eta/. (2015), Goodman (2006, 2011), Goodman, Andriafidison eta/. (2005), Good man, Ratrimomanarivo et al. (2008), Goodman, Schoeman et al. (2016), Hill (1963a), Jenkins &amp; Racey (2008), Kofoky, Andriafidison et al. (2007), Kofoky, Randrianandrianina et al. (2009), Raharinantenaina et al. (2008), Rakotoarivelo, Ralisata et al. (2009), Rakotoarivelo, Ranaivoson et al. (2007), Rakotoarivelo, Willows-Munro et al. (2015), Ramasindrazana et al. (2015), Ranivo &amp; Goodman (2007), Razakarivony et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C673A201FF20EE16F31C481E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C673A202F875F45CFA1E41C2.text	03BD87A2C673A202F875F45CFA1E41C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macronycteris cryptovalorona (Goodman, Schoeman, Rakotoarivelo & Willows-Munro 2016)	<div><p>14.</p><p>Madagascar Cryptic Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Macronycteris cryptovalorona</p><p>French: Phyllorhine cryptique I German: Madagaskar-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Macronicterio de Madagascar</p><p>Other common names: Cryptic Leaf-nosed Bat, Madagascar Cryptic Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros cryptovalorona Goodman et al, 2016,</p><p>“ Madagascar: Province de Fianarantsoa, Parc National de l’lsalo, along Sahanafa River, near foot of Bevato, 28 km south-east of Berenty-Betsileo, 22°19.0’S, 45°17.6’E, 550 m a.s.l.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Madagascar, where it is just known from type locality and Androimpano Cave, near Itampolo, Toliara Province.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 89—92 mm, tail 30—34 mm, ear 26—27 mm, hindfoot 15-18 mm, forearm 80-81 mm; weight 26-42-5 g. The Madagascar Cryptic Leafnosed Bat has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with four lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, reddish brown to dark brown dorsally, and somewhat paler ventrally. Armpits are white. Ears are long and narrow. Slightly smaller than Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat (M commersonii), but otherwise difficult to distinguish.</p><p>Habitat. Dry deciduous forest and spiny bush.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Madagascar Cryptic Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to roost in caves. Echolocation call is not known, but bats captured at Isalo National Park and originally identified as Commerson’s Leaf-nosed Bat (but possibly belonging to the Madagascar Cryptic Leaf-nosed Bat) had a F component at c.76 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List due to its recent recognition as a species. Due to its restricted distribution and the fact that Macronycteris species are under intensive hunting pressure in Madagascar, the Madagascar Cryptic Leafnosed Bat may well be threatened.</p><p>Bibliography. Foley, Goodman eta/. (2017), Foley, Thong Vu Dinh eta/. (2015), Goodman, Schoeman eta/. (2016), Rakotoarivelo eta/. (2015), Ramasindrazana eta/. (2015), Ranivo &amp; Goodman (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C673A202F875F45CFA1E41C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE.text	03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macronycteris gigas (Wagner 1845)	<div><p>15. Giant Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Macronycteris gigas</p><p>French: Phyllorhine géante / German: Riesenrundblattnase / Spanish: Macronicterio gigante</p><p>Other common names: Giant Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845,</p><p>“ Benguela,” Angola.</p><p>Macronycteris gigas was previously considered conspecific with M. vittatus and M. commersonii (under the latter name), and this has created much confusion in the records from old literature. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed throughout tropical Africa from Senegal E to extreme W Uganda and E DR Congo, with isolated populations in W Angola, SE Kenya, and N, NE &amp; SE Tanzania; also on Bioko I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 98-115 mm, tail 25-50 mm, ear 24-36 mm, hindfoot 18-28 mm, forearm 95-124 mm; weight 85-138 g. Males are larger than females. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is the largest species of Macronycteris . It has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three or four lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, medium to dark brown dorsally, and somewhat paler ventrally; it has numerous flecks and paler markings. Flanks and armpits are white, and there is dark band across shoulders. Ears are long and narrow. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. An orange morph exists which is rusty brown throughout Difficult to distinguish from the Striped Leaf-nosed Bat ( M. vittatus), but is significantly larger and generally darker.</p><p>Habitat. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits lowland and coastal rainforest, and extends into wooded savanna, where it occurs in gallery forest. It occurs at elevations up to 1500 m, at Mount Nimba, Liberia.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding on a variety of insects including large beetles (Coleoptera) and winged termites (Isoptera). It puts on significant amounts of fat at the end of the rainy season.</p><p>Breeding. In Gabon, mating takes place inJune and the single young is bom in October, during the rainy season. Young bats can fly at 30-35 days of age and are fully grown at two months, but only become sexually mature after two years. In coastal Kenya, mating takes place inJuly-August, with births in November.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in caves, but it may also roost in hollow trees and may hang in thick vegetation. Echolocation call includes a F component at 54—56 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Giant Leaf-nosed Bats roost in colonies of a few tens to a few hundred individuals. Pregnant females segregate into maternity roosts for only a few days. Some populations are migratory (e.g. in Kenya they migrate from the coast inland in October and again in May to take advantage of the wet season’s arrival).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros gigas). Although the Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread, it is locally threatened in parts of its range by general habitat loss (significant deforestation), cave disturbance, and subsistence hunting for food.</p><p>Bibliography. Brosset (1966b, 1969), Brosset &amp; Saint Girons (1980), Decher &amp; Fahr (2007), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, M. (2013y), Lang &amp; Chapin (1917a, 1917b), McWilliam (1982), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Monadjem, Richards,Taylor, Denys eta/. (2013), Monadjem, Schoeman eta/. (2010), Monadjem,Taylor et al. (2010), Porter et al. (2010), Pye (1972), Rosevear (1965), Schütter et al. (1982), Thorn &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Wolton eta/. (1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C670A202FF4AF1BFF4A1408C.text	03BD87A2C670A202FF4AF1BFF4A1408C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macronycteris thomensis (Bocage 1891)	<div><p>16. Sao Tome Leaf-nosed Bat Macronycteris thomensis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Sao Tomé / German: Sâo-Tomé-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Macronicterio de Sao Tomé</p><p>Other common names: SaoTome Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina [sic] commersoni [sic] var. thomensis Bocage, 1891,</p><p>Säo Tomé Island, Säo Tomé and Principe.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Sâo Tomé I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 102-106 mm, tail 29-30 mm, ear 25-35 mm.</p><p>Males are larger than females. The Sao Tome Leaf-nosed Bat has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, uniform blackish brown dorsally, and paler ventrally. Armpits are white. Ears are long and narrow. Difficult to distinguish from the Giant Leaf-nosed Bat ( M. gigas), but slightly smaller.</p><p>Habitat Lowland rainforest, secondary forest, degraded forest, and certain plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Sao Tome Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves and disused mines that it may share with Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros coffer). Echolocation call is not known.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sao Tome Leaf-nosed Bats may roost in colonies of up to 100 individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros thomensis). The Sao Tome Leaf-nosed Bat is a common species, and it appears to be facing no major threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Bocage (1891), Foley eta/. (2017), Goodman, Schoeman eta/. (2016), Juste &amp; Ibänez (1994b), Monadjem, Juste et al. (2017), Russo eta/. (2011), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C670A202FF4AF1BFF4A1408C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C670A202F894FBAEF2635154.text	03BD87A2C670A202F894FBAEF2635154.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macronycteris vittatus (Peters 1852)	<div><p>17.</p><p>Striped Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Macronycteris vittatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine rayée / German: Gestreifte Rundblattnase / Spanish: Macronicterio de rayas</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorrhina vittata Peters, 1852,</p><p>Ibo Island, Cap Delgado Province, Mozambique.</p><p>Macronycteris vittatus was previously considered conspecific with M. gigas and M. commersonii (under the latter name), and this has created much confusion in the records from old literature. It includes tnarungenris as a synonym. It is not clear whether there are any subspecies within this taxon as it is currently understood. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Widespread in the savanna regions of Africa, patchily N of the equator from Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya; S of the equator recorded from SE DR Congo, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and extreme NE South Africa; also in Zanzibar Archipelago (Pemba, Unguja, and Mafia Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 97-122 mm, tail 22-39 mm, ear 23-35 mm, hindfoot 17-25 mm, forearm 84-106 mm; weight 51-180 g. Males are larger than females with latter being a richer reddish brown. The Striped Leaf-nosed Bat has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, pale brown to reddish brown dorsally with patches of frosting particularly on head and nape. Fur is somewhat paler ventrally with frosting. Flanks and armpits are white, and there is dark band across shoulders. Ears are long and narrow. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. This species is difficult to distinguish from the Giant Leaf-nosed Bat ( M. gigas), but is slightly smaller and paler. Karyotype is 2n = 52 (South Africa).</p><p>Habitat. Wooded savanna and coastal forest, but may extend into drier savannas along rivers.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Striped Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding predominantly on large beetles (Coleoptera), which it captures by sallying out from a perch; the bat then returns to its perch, where prey is consumed. Perches are in tall trees and typically C. 6 m aboveground. The bat scans through an arc of 180° and flies out to intercept prey passing within 10 m. Bats appear to get most of their foraging done within the first hour after sunset. They accumulate large reserves offat during the wet season.</p><p>Breeding. A single young is bom during a restricted breeding season, which varies geographically. For 4-5 months leading up to the mating season males aggressively defend territories, with many males being wounded during these conflicts. Territorial behavior ends after the mating season. In Zimbabwe, mating takes place in June-July, during the dry season, and births occur in October-November, at the beginning of the rains. In Kenya, mating takes place inJuly-August and young are bom during the wet season in March-April. Females lactate for at least 13 weeks, and young can fly short distances at about two weeks of age. Females form maternity roosts after mating and while suckling their young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Striped Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in caves, but also in tall trees, usually in forested areas. During the cool dry season, it may remain inactive (but not torpid) at its roost for several days presumably taking advantage of accumulated fat reserves. Echolocation call includes a F component at c.62-66 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Some populations are migratory, for example in Kenya where they migrate between coastal areas and inland sites to take advantage of differences in rainfall (and presumably insect food supply). Individuals apparently forage singly, flying relatively short distances between roosting and foraging sites. Striped Leaf-nosed Bats typically roost in colonies of a few hundred individuals, but some roosts comprise tens of thousands.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros vittatus) due to the fact that a large proportion of the global population roosts as large colonies in just a handful of caves, where this species is disturbed and hunted for food.</p><p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schütter (1984), Aldridge &amp; Rautenbach (1987), Bernard &amp; Cumming (1997), Churchill eta/. (1997), Cockle eta/. (1998), Cooper-Bohannon eta/. (2016), Cotterill &amp; Fergusson (1999), Decher eta/. (2010), ahr &amp; Kalko (2011), Fenton (1985b), Fenton &amp; Bell (1981), Foley, Goodman eta/. (2017), Foley, Thong Vu Dinh eta/. (2015), Goodman, Schoeman eta/. (2016), Hill (1963a), McWilliam (1982), Mickleburgh, Hutson, Bergmans &amp; Cotterill (2008c), Monadjem, Richards,Taylor, Denys eta/. (2013), Monadjem, Schoeman eta/. (2010), Monadjem, Taylor eta/. (2010), Patterson &amp; Webala (2012), Pye (1972), Rautenbach eta/. (1993), Shapiro eta/. (2016), Skinner &amp; Chimimba (2005), Smithers (1971), Vaughan (1977), Whitaker &amp; Black (1976).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C670A202F894FBAEF2635154	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C671A203FF3CFDBBFEF54D68.text	03BD87A2C671A203FF3CFDBBFEF54D68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aselliscus dongbacanus Vuong, Csorba, Gorfol, Arai, N. T. Son, H. T. Thanh & Hasanin 2015	<div><p>18.</p><p>Dong Bac Trident Bat</p><p>Aselliscus dongbacanus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine du Dong Bac / German: Dong-Bac-Dreizackblattnase / Spanish: Aselisco de Dong Bac</p><p>Other common names: Dong Bac Trident Leaf-nosed Bat, Large Trident Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Aselliscus dongbacana [sic] Vuong et al., 2015, “Na Phong cave, Ba Be National Park, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (22°23’N, 105°36’E, entrance altitude: 280 m a.s.l.).”</p><p>Widely used specific name dongbacana has been changed for gender agreement. This species was previously placed in. stoliczkanus, from which it is distinguishable in genetics; it is rather larger in selected morphological and dental measurements.</p><p>Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Recorded from different karst and mountainous areas in NE Vietnam, including some offshore Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 35-47 mm, tail 36-42 mm, ear 8-12 mm, hindfoot 5-6 mm, forearm c.42-8 mm; weight 4-8 g. General pelage color varies from dark to light brown on dorsal surface and from brownish gray to dirty white on ventral surface. In all hairs, distal one-third is darker than remaining part. Muzzle is short with a small noseleaf. Anterior leaf is small with slighdy upward margins; there is a distinct median notch on its anterior edge. There are two pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets; of these, first is more developed. Anterior noseleaf and two supplementary leaflets are thin and naked. Outer parts of anterior noseleaf and each of lateral leaflets are darker than their inner parts. Intermediate leaf has a slighdy swollen median septum. Its width is substantially narrower than both anterior and posterior leaves. Upper border of posterior leaf is divided into three distinct points. Pinna of each ear has pointed tip and a slighdy convex anterior margin. On its posterior margin, upper one-half is deeply concave whereas remainder is convex. Dental formula for all members of Aselliscus is 1 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Karst habitats between sea level up to 500 m, or more, on both mainland and offshore islands in northern Vietnam.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Annual breeding season of the Dong Bac Trident Bat is variably from March to August: pregnant females were captured from March until July and lactating females fromJune to August.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Dong Bac Trident Bat roosts during the day in caves. Both sexes depart from the roosts for several hours after sunset. The species uses the typical multiharmonic calls of hipposiderid bats with the maximum energy in the second harmonic. Each signal comprises three components: a very short initial FM component; followed by a dominant F component; and a terminal FM component. Frequency values for the second harmonic are 120-7-133-2 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Dong Bac Trident Bats roost in small groups of several dozen individuals. It was usually recorded from the same caves as other species including Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bats { Hipposideros alongensis), Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats { H. armiger), Phou Khao Khouay Leaf-nosed Bats { H. khaokhouayensis), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats { H. larvatus), Pomona Leaf-nosed Bats {H. pomond), Marshall’s Horseshoe Bats { Rhinolophus marshaUz), Pearson’s Horseshoe Bats { R. pearsonii), and Least Horseshoe Bats (7t pusiUus). It appears in the roosts in every season of the year; it forages in different habitats ranging from fruit tree gardens to secondary and primary forests.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List due to its recent recognition as a species. The Dong Bac Trident Bat would be threatened by disturbance at roost sites in caves, and at foraging habitats.</p><p>Bibliography. Furey, Mackie &amp; Racey et al. (2009, 2011), Thong Vu Dinh (2011), Tu Vuong Tan, Csorba et al. (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C671A203FF3CFDBBFEF54D68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C671A203FF38F106F4624B76.text	03BD87A2C671A203FF38F106F4624B76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aselliscus stoliczkanus (Dobson 1871)	<div><p>19.</p><p>Stoliczka’s Trident Bat</p><p>Aselliscus stoliczkanus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Stoliczka / German: Stoliczka-Dreizackblattnase / Spanish: Aseliseo de Stoliczka</p><p>Other common names: Stoliczka's Asian Trident Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Asellia stoliczkana Dobson, 1871,</p><p>Penang Island, Malaysia.</p><p>It is suspected that this could be a species complex: further genetic and morphological research is needed. Taxa trifidus and wheeleri are here treated as synonyms. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. From NE Myanmar and S China S to S Thailand, C Laos, and C Vietnam; also on Penang and Tioman Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-50 mm, tail 33-44 mm, ear 10—13 mm, hindfoot 9—10 mm, forearm 39-45-6 mm; weight 6-9 g. As in its sister species, Temminck’s Trident Bat (A. tricuspidatus), Stoliczka’s Trident Bat has a tridentate noseleaf margin in posterior leaf. Intermediate point of trident is separated from lateral ones by large grooves. Stoliczka’s Trident Bat has slightly shorter forearm and tail than Temminck’s Trident Bat. Pelage is reddish brown on dorsum and grayish or white-gray in ventral part.Juveniles can be darker than adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56.</p><p>Habitat. Stoliczka’s Trident Bat occurs at low densities in limestone areas, often roosting in smaller caves than other bat species, with high levels of humidity to maintain water balance. It has been reported not only in primary forest, but also in agricultural lands and other human-degraded habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Stoliczka’s Trident Bat forages both in cluttered microhabitats and strongly disturbed areas. Its diet is based predominantly on insects, especially lepidopterans, hemipterans, beetles, and odonates, varying depending on the seasonal availability of prey. Its flight is slow, allowing a high capacity of maneuver, especially when hunting in closed environments. Due to its small size, predation by other bat species might occur.</p><p>Breeding. Reproductive females have been captured in May-June in Laos and Vietnam.</p><p>Activity patterns. During winter, Stoliczka’s Trident Bat hibernates in longer caves, which provide more stable microclimates with relatively low temperatures. Echolocation call frequency is c.120-125 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Stoliczka’s Trident Bats have been observed roosting in groups of 10—20 individuals, and sometimes separated from each other by few centimeters. They can share roosts with other bat species in larger caves as compared with single-species caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population size and trends of Stoliczka’s Trident Bat are still unknown, but population is probably not greatly fragmented and it is not declining markedly. Despite its generally low densities, this species can be locally common; it is present in several protected areas. There are no major threats for this species, but habitat destruction due to limestone mining and disturbance of roosts by tourism are increasingly affecting these animals.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis, Csorba &amp; Furey (2008), Bogdanowicz &amp; Owen (1998), Li Gang et al. (2007), Tu Vuong Tan, Csorba et al. (2015), Zhang Zongxiao et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C671A203FF38F106F4624B76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C671A203F880F704F55B5165.text	03BD87A2C671A203F880F704F55B5165.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aselliscus tricuspidatus (Temminck 1835)	<div><p>20.</p><p>Temminck’s Trident Bat</p><p>Aselliscus tricuspidatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Temminck / German: Temminck-Dreizackblattnase / Spanish: Aselisco deTemminck</p><p>Other common names: Temminck’s Asian Trident Bat, Trident Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus tricuspidatus Temminck, 1835,</p><p>Amboina, Molucca Islands, Indonesia.</p><p>Four subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>A. t. tricuspidatus Temminck, 1835 — Moluccas.</p><p>A. t. koopmani Schütter, S. L. Wilhams &amp; Hill, 1983 — Bismarck Archipelago, D’Entrecasteaux Is, Kiriwina I, Misima I, Woodlark I, and Solomon Is.</p><p>A. t. novaeguinae Schütter, S. L. Williams &amp; Hill, 1983 -E New Guinea and Misool, Numfor, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is.</p><p>A. t. novehebridensis Sanborn &amp; Nicholson, 1950 -Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo, Aore, and Malekula Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-49 mm, tail 16-9-27 mm, ear 10-3-15 mm, hindfoot 6-3-8-1 mm, forearm 36-5-44-7 mm; weight 4-6 g. As in its sister species Stoliczka’s Trident Bat (A. stoliczkanus), Temminck’s Trident Bat has tridentate noseleaf margin in posterior leaf; intermediate point of trident is separated from lateral ones by large grooves. Forearm and tail are larger than in Stoliczka’s Trident Bat. Ears are short, pointed, and narrow. Tail is long and extended, surpassing uropatagium. Fur is brown or brown-orange with whitish base on dorsum, and brownish yellow in the ventral part.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland tropical forest. Temminck’s Trident Bat appears to be a lowland species, mainly occurring from sea level to 600 m, although it has been acoustically recorded at above 900 m in Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Temminck’s Trident Bat is thought to forage in tropical and subtropical forest. Its diet is based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Females can give birth to one or two offspring each year.</p><p>Activity patterns. Temminck’s Trident Bat is known to roost in caves, tunnels, and other cavities. Echolocation call frequency is c. 115 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Temminck’s Trident Bats aggregate in small groups of 40-50 individuals, with individuals sometimes separated 30-40 cm from each other. They have also been observed roosting in colonies of several hundred.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Population of Temminck’s Trident Bat seems to be stable, and it is probably not greatly fragmented. There appear to be no major threats to this species, although habitat loss and disturbance of roosts by tourism might be increasingly affecting these animate1</p><p>.</p><p>Bibliography. Aplin &amp; Opiang (2009), Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso, Leary &amp; Hamilton (2008b), Leary &amp; Pennay (2011), Li Gang eta/. (2007), Robson eta/. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C671A203F880F704F55B5165	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67EA20CF8A3F817F2CE4DB8.text	03BD87A2C67EA20CF8A3F817F2CE4DB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthops omatus Thomas 1888	<div><p>23.</p><p>Solomons Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Anthops omatus</p><p>French: Anthopse des Salomen / German: Blumennasenfledermaus / Spanish: Anthops de Salomon</p><p>Other common names: lower-faced Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Anthops omatus Thomas, 1888,</p><p>“Aola, Guadalcanar [= Guadalcanal Island], Solomon Islands.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Solomon Is (Buka, Bougainville, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, Florida, and Guadacanal).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 46-6— 61 mm, tail 3-6-5 mm, ear 16-5-22 mm, hindfoot 9-5— 11 mm, forearm 48—53 mm; weight 8 g. The Solomons Leaf-nosed Bat has complex noseleaf with two supplementary leaflets and tridentate margin in posterior leaf, which is composed of three projections that rise, forming spherical cups. Tail is short, not reaching half of external border of membrane. On dorsum, base of pelage is black turning to silver and finishing again with black; fur of ventral part is also black-based changing to silver. Dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Reported in primary lowland tropical forest as well as around human villages, flying close to buildings and houses. It can occur from sea level up to 200 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Solomons Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to be a foliage-gleaning insectivore.</p><p>Breeding. Females probably give birth around November, as a female with a neonate was captured in this month.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Solomons Leaf-nosed Bat has not yet been encountered roosting in caves, and may be a tree-dweller. Echolocation call frequency is c.75 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. Population size and trends of the Solomons Leaf-nosed Bat are not yet known. Even so, there is probably not a strong fragmentation of its population. There seem to be no major threats to this species, although it might be increasingly affected by habitat loss. More research is needed to assess and study its population status and ecology.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Collen (2012), Hamilton (2008a), Lavery eta/. (2013), Miller (1907).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67EA20CF8A3F817F2CE4DB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67EA20CFF5BFDBBFB7848A4.text	03BD87A2C67EA20CFF5BFDBBFB7848A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelops frithii Blyth 1848	<div><p>21. East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Coelops frithii</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de rith / German: Ostasiatische Schwanzlose Blattnase / Spanish: Coelops de rith</p><p>Other common names: East Asian Tailless Roundleaf Bat, Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Coelops jrithii Blyth, 1848,</p><p>“Soonderbuns [= Sunderbans] of Lower Bengal,” India.</p><p>Taxonomic revision of this species is needed, as diagnostic and geographical limits of each taxon are still unclear. Five subspecies are currendy recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C. f. jrithii Blyth, 1848 -NE India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and possibly N Thailand. C. f. bemsteini Peters, 1862 — Sumatra, Java, and Bali.</p><p>C.f. formosanus Horikawa, 1928 — Taiwan I.</p><p>C. f. inflatus G. S. Miller, 1928 -SE &amp; S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan I), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.</p><p>C. f. sinicus G. M. Allen, 1928 — C China (Sichuan) Specimens from Malay Peninsula are not yet assigned to any subspecies.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 38-50 mm, forearm 34 44 mm; weight 3-7 g. Ears of the East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat are very large and rounded with antitragus at base. Noseleaf is distinct, with a large anterior leaf that covers muzzle, and divided by deep median emargination. There are two well developed supplementary lappets, rounded and elongated, projecting forwards under anterior leaf and extending beyond muzzle. Intermediate leaf possesses moderately developed median process. Pelage is long and soft, dark gray, or brown to chestnut-brown on dorsal side; ventral side is paler, brownish or ashy gray. Tail and interfemoral membrane are poorly developed. Skull is small; braincase is bulbous. In contrast to Hipposideros species, rostral swellings are flattened. Zygoma is without dorsal process. C1 is large, with well-developed posterior cusp. P2 is small and lies within the tooth row. Baculum is very small, with a bilobed base and slightly expanded tip. Dental formula for all members of Coelops is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56.</p><p>Habitat. Associated with forest habitats. Recorded from sea level up to 1370 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous. Its highfrequency echolocation suggests that its prey is probably small insects, captured within cluttered space of forest habitats; prey also captured very close to water surface.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves or hollow trees. Echolocation is of very high frequency, 350 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bats are known to roost in small colonies of 16 individuals or less.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on T/ie IUCN Red List. The East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat is a relatively widespread species but rather rare.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis, Csorba &amp; Molur (2008), Bogdanowicz &amp; Owen (1998), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67EA20CFF5BFDBBFB7848A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67EA20CFF5DF3D4F7BA4553.text	03BD87A2C67EA20CFF5DF3D4F7BA4553.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelops robinsoni Bonhote 1908	<div><p>22.</p><p>Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Coelops robinsoni</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Robinson / German: Malaiische Schwanzlose Blattnase / Spanish: Coelops de Robinson</p><p>Other common names: Malayan Tailless Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Coelops robinsoni Bonhote, 1908, “Gunong [= Mount] Tahan at 500 ft. [= 152 m], Pahang,” Peninsular Malaysia .</p><p>The taxon hirsutus of the Philippines may prove to be a distinct species but revision is required. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula (including Tarutao I), Borneo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 32-34 mm, ear 12-14 mm, forearm 34—37 mm; weight 3-5— 5 g. The Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat is similar to the East Asian Tailless Leafnosed Bat ( C. frithii), but smaller. Anterior leaf is round and wide, with deep median emargination dividing anterior leaf into two lobes. Supplementary lappets under anterior leaf are well developed, wide and rounded, and project forward covering muzzle. Pelage is long and soft, brown to dark brown on dorsal side, and brown or slightly gray on ventral side. As in the East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat, tail and interfemoral membrane are poorly developed. Skull is small with bulbous braincase. Rostral part is abruptly elevated. Upper tooth rows are almost parallel.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forest</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves or hollows of large trees.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bat is rather rare and poorly known. The species is probably affected by deforestation in many parts of its range due to logging, expanding agriculture, and plantations and fire. Population is currently declining due to widescale deforestation within its range.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heaney (2008), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Miller (1910), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67EA20CFF5DF3D4F7BA4553	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67CA20EF89EFC3DF79F4EBC.text	03BD87A2C67CA20EF89EFC3DF79F4EBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros alongensis Bourret 1942	<div><p>26.</p><p>Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros alongensis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine d'Halong / German: Halong-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Halong</p><p>Other common names: Halong Bay Leaf-nosed Bat, Ha Long Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros larvatus alongensis Bourret, 1942,</p><p>Ha Long Bay, north-east Vietnam.</p><p>Hipposideros alongensis is in the armiger species group along (5 species). This species was initially classified as a subspecies of H. larvatus . Subsequently, it was reclassified as a distinct species by G. Topal in 1975, who then reclassified again it as a subspecies of H. turpis . The recent study of Thong Vu Dinh and colleagues in 2012 demonstrated through genetic analyses that the three former subspecies of H. turpis instead constituted three different species. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H.a.alongensisBourret,1942—CatBaI,H.a.LongBay,NEVietnam.</p><p>H. a. sungi Thong et al, 2012 scattered localities in mainland NE Vietnam (Na H.a. Nature Reserve and Ba Be and Cue Phuong national parks).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 18-29 mm, forearm 68-1-76 mm; weight 22-5— 35 g. The two subspecies are very similar, sungi being slightly larger than nominotypical alongensis . Pelage of the Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat is bicolored; fur is dark brown on dorsum, and brownish or grayish on ventral part. This species presents a well-defined antitragus. It has three pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets in its noseleaf. Inflated intermediate leaf is narrower than anterior and posterior ones. Posterior leaf has a well-developed fold on upper margin, and its upperpart is wider than base. Four noticeable cells are formed by three vertical septa on frontal part. Males present a protuberance behind posterior leaf, which becomes more noticeable during breeding season. Baculum is small with fork-like bifid tip.</p><p>Habitat. The Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat occurs in limestone karst areas, commonly inhabiting caves and woodlands, from primary forest to more degraded habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Details of its diet are unknown. The Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat forages in both primary forest and disturbed woodland areas.</p><p>Breeding. The reproductive period is in summer and autumn, generally from May to September. Several females have been captured carrying their offspring during May and June, meaning that they must have given birth somewhat earlier. Males are reproductively active in August and September.</p><p>Activity patterns. Subspecies differ in echolocation call, F part being 73-3 kHz in sungi and 79-3 kHz in alongensis .</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bats can aggregate, forming large colonies of 300-500 bats. Some authors have suggested that this species changes its roosts seasonally.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List as a separate species from the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. turpis), which is classified as Near Threatened. As its overall range is much smaller than that previously attributed to the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat, the Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat is likely to be less secure.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba, Bates &amp; Furey (2008a), Thong Vu Dinh, Puechmaille, Denzinger, Bates et al. (2012), Topé I (1975, 1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67CA20EF89EFC3DF79F4EBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67CA20EFF4BF595F4A8407C.text	03BD87A2C67CA20EFF4BF595F4A8407C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros boeadii Bates 2007	<div><p>25.</p><p>Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros boeadii</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Boeadi I German: Boeadi-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Boeadi</p><p>Other common names: Boeadi's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros boeadii Bates et al, 2007,</p><p>“Lanowulu, Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, South-East Sulawesi (04°22’S, 121°44’E),” Indonesia .</p><p>Hipposideros boeadii is the sole member of the boeadii species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from type locality in SE Sulawesi.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 16-21 mm, ear 16' 8—18 mm, hindfoot 6'9—8' 7 mm, forearm 40-2-43-1 mm; weight 6-8-8-5 g.</p><p>Ears of Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat are rounded. Noseleaf has two supplementary leaflets; inner is short whereas outer reaches midline anteriorly. Tail is very short. Hair is uniformly reddish brown. Rostrum is moderately inflated with slight depression in midline. Anterior and posteromedial rostral chambers are equally inflated. Zygoma is broad and robust.Jugal bone has well-developed dorsal projection. Sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly. C1 is moderately large. P2 is very small and extruded, so C1 and P4 are almost in contact. Dental formula for all members of this genus (except the Largeeared Leaf-nosed Bat, Hipposideros megalotis) is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland rainforests. The forest where individuals were captured was disturbed, and vegetation near the edge had a high incidence of bamboo and rattan. Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat was found in the same area as New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bats { Rhinolophus euryotis), Sulawesi Horseshoe Bats (AE celebensis), Fawncolored Leaf-nosed Bats {H. ceruinus), H. cf. ater, Hardwicke’s Woolly Bats {Kerivoula hardwickii), Papillose Woolly Bats (K. papillosa), Peters’s Trumpet-eared Bats (Phoniscus jagorii), and Flores Tube-nosed Bats (Murinaflorium).</p><p>Food and Feeding. Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects in the understory of lowland rainforest.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Echolocation calls are typical CF, with frequency of maximum energy of the F portion of 116-6 kHz (114-2—118-3 kHz). Duration of F portion is 2-5-4 milliseconds, whereas the duration of the FM tail is of 1-1-5 milliseconds.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat is a very poorly known species, known from the single record of seven specimens collected from the type locality.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Rossiter eta/. (2007), Chiozza &amp; Bates (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67CA20EFF4BF595F4A8407C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67CA20EFF4AFDB5FE3C4AE4.text	03BD87A2C67CA20EFF4AFDB5FE3C4AE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros megalotis Heuglin 1862	<div><p>24.</p><p>Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros megalotis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à grandes oreilles I German: Grossohr-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de grandes orejas</p><p>Other common names: Ethiopian Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat, Ethiopian Large-eared Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. PhyUarrhina megalotis Heuglin, 1862,</p><p>Keren, Bogos Land, Eritrea.</p><p>Hipposideros megalotis is the sole member of the megalotis species group, and has in the past been placed in a separate genus or subgenus, Syndesmotis. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patchily recorded from the W coast of Saudi Arabia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 35 mm, tail 21-27 mm, ear 18—25 mm, hindfoot 5-6 mm, forearm 34-39 mm; weight 5 g. Muzzle of the Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat is relatively short with large but simple noseleaf that has no lateral leaflets. Frontal sac is absent Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate and relatively large and, unusually for Hipposideros, they arejoined at base. Fur is reddish brown-gray dorsally, cream or whitish ventrally; an orange morph also occurs and is typically bright cinnamon in color. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Affomontane vegetation, including bushland, wooded grassland, and arid savanna.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. A pregnant female with one embryo was collected in December in Kenya.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat has been recorded roosting in a lava tube at Mount Suswa, where fewer than 100 adults were hanging from the ceiling. It is also known to use anthropogenic structures as day roosts.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Largeeared Leaf-nosed Bat has a relatively wide distribution, although it has only rarely been observed, and never in large numbers.</p><p>Bibliography. Gaucher &amp; Brosset (1990), Happold (2013z), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Hill (1963a), Kingdon (1974), Kock &amp; Hillman (1975), Largen et al. (1974), Legendre (1982), Patterson &amp; Webala (2012), Pearch et al. (2001), Tate (1941a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67CA20EFF4AFDB5FE3C4AE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67CA20FF899F1F9FC2A4A21.text	03BD87A2C67CA20FF899F1F9FC2A4A21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros armiger Hodgson 1835	<div><p>27.</p><p>Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros armiger</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de I'Himalaya I German: Grosse Himalaya-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Himalaya</p><p>Other common names: Great Leaf-nosed Bat, Great Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolphus [sic] armiger Hodgson, 1835,</p><p>“Nipal [= Nepal].”</p><p>Hipposideros armiger is in the armiger species group. Four subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. a. armiger Hodgson, 1835 -N India, Nepal, Myanmar, C &amp; S China (including Hainan I), and mainland SE Asia except Vietnam.</p><p>H. a. fujianensis Zhen, 1987 -SE China (Fujian).</p><p>H. a. terasensis Kishida, 1924 — Taiwan I.</p><p>On following pages: 28. Griffin's Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros griffin/}; 29. Pendlebury's Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros grandis}; 32. Horsfield's Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros larvatus}; 33. Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros madurae sumbae}; 36. Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros lylei}; 37. Pratt's Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros pratti}; 38. 40. Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros diadema}; 41. Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros dinops}; 42. Crested Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros lankadiva}; 45. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros lekaguli}; 46. Peleng Leaf-nosed pendleburyi); 30. Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros turpis}; 31. Grand Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros}; 34. Sorensen's Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros sorensenl); 35. Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros scutinares}; 39. Makira Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros demissus}; Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros inexpectatus}; 43. Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat ( Hipposideros inornatus}; 44. Indian Bat ( Hipposideros pelingensis}.</p><p>H. a. traninhensis Bourret, 1942 — Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 80— 110 mm, tail 48-70 mm, ear 30-35 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm, forearm 85—103 mm; weight 44-67 g. Males are usually larger than females. Ears of the Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat are large and have a pointed tip. Hair is long and soft, and dark brown. Tail is long, with tip free from interfemoral membrane. Noseleaf is rather small and does not cover muzzle. There are four supplementary leaflets, outer one being very small. Intermediate leaf is thick and swollen. Posterior leaf is thick but narrower than anterior leaf. Adult males have a thick, swollen structure behind posterior leaf. Skull is large with well-developed sagittal crest. Rostrum and supraorbital region are gready inflated. C1 and j are heavily built. P2 is small and extruded from tooth row, so that C1 and P4 are in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat forages in primary and disturbed forests, seeking its food in the forest itself or in other vegetation near caves. It is also recorded in orchards and rubber plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects, mostly o leoptera and Hymenoptera, in forest understory and around trees. It sometimes flies high and fast in open spaces, perhaps while commuting to and from foraging sites.</p><p>Breeding. Females were found pregnant from January to early May. Young Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats were seen attached to females in the roost from February to June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat often roosts in large numbers in caves. Its echolocation calls are typical F components terminating with a FM tail, with the frequency of the F part of 65—75 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat forms small to very large colonies in caves. Each individual usually has a roosting space of c. 10-20 cm from other individuals. It is often found in mixed colonies with other large Hipposideros species, such as Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. diadema), Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. lekaguli), or Shield-feced Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. lylei).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread and rather common in cave habitats. It has been recorded from several protected areas throughout its range.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis &amp; Csorba (2008), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Hughes eta/. (2010), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67CA20FF899F1F9FC2A4A21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67DA20FFF31F64EFB1C5151.text	03BD87A2C67DA20FFF31F64EFB1C5151.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros griffini Thong, Puechmaille, Denzinger, Dietz, Csorba, Bates, Teeling & Schnitzler 2012	<div><p>28.</p><p>Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros griffini</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Griffin / German: Griffin-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Griffin</p><p>Other common names: Griffin's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros griffini Thong et aL, 2012,</p><p>“Cat Ba National Park, Cat Ba Island, Ha Long Bay, Vietnam, 20°48’N, 107°01'E, 248 m above sea level (m a.s.l.).”</p><p>Hipposideros griffini is in the armiger species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE &amp; C Vietnam, known only from Cat Ba I, Ha Long Bay (Haiphong Province) and Chu Mom Ray National Park (Kon Turn Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 27-5-30 mm, hindfoot 14-1-15-8 mm, forearm 83-3-90 mm; weight 44 g. Pelage of Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat is brownish or grayish, being darker on dorsum than on ventral area; on each hair, distal part is also darker than basal portion. This species presents four pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets. Second pair of leaflets is longest and widest. Fourth pair of leaflets is shortest and least pronounced, whereas posterior part of third leaflet is merged with an excrescence. Upper edge of posterior leaf is cusp-shaped. Ears are triangular and tail is long. Males present a noticeable excrescence and a sexual sac, which become more pronounced during breeding season.</p><p>Habitat. Both primary and degraded forest. Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported in karstic mountain areas, as well as in lowlands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Foraging behavior and diet are still unknown for Griffin’s Leafnosed Bat, but it probably forages in primary as well as disturbed forests; its diet may be based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. One young was captured in June. Males have been reported breeding in August at Chu Mom Ray National Park.</p><p>Activity patterns. Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported roosting in rock piles, crevices, caves, old mines, and hollow trees. Echolocation call frequency is c.76-6— 79-2 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts alone or in pairs.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on 7%e IUCNRed List due to its recent recognition as a species. More research on the ecology and population size and trends of Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat is needed to permit the establishment of adequate conservation and management measures.</p><p>Bibliography. Thong Vu Dinh, Puechmaille, Denzinger, Dietz et al. (2012)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67DA20FFF31F64EFB1C5151	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67DA20FF87DFECAF79849EC.text	03BD87A2C67DA20FF87DFECAF79849EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros pendleburyi Chasen 1936	<div><p>29.</p><p>Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros pendleburyi</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Pendlebury / German: Pendlebury-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Pendlebury</p><p>Other common names: Pendlebury’s Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros pendleburyi Chasen, 1936,</p><p>“cave near the foot of Khao Ram, Nakon Sri Tamarat, Peninsular Siam [= Thailand].”</p><p>Hipposideros pendleburyi is in the armiger species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Peninsular Thailand.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 48-70 mm, ear 30—35 mm, forearm 75—81 mm; weight 44-67 g. Males are usually larger than females. Ears of Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat re large with pointed tip. Hair is long and soft, and dark brown. Tail is long with tip free from interfemoral membrane. Noseleaf is rather small and does not cover muzzle. There are four supplementary leaflets, with outer one very small. Intermediate leaf is thick and swollen. Posterior leaf is thick but narrower than anterior leaf. Adult males have a thick, swollen structure behind posterior leaf. Skull is large with well-developed sagittal crest. Rostrum and supraorbital region are greatly inflated. C1 and j are heavily built. P2 small and extruded from tooth row, so that C1 and P4 are in contact.</p><p>Habitat. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat forages in primary and disturbed forests, seeking its food in the forest itself or in other vegetation near caves. It is also recorded in orchards and rubber plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects, mosdy Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, in the forest understory and around trees. It sometimes flies high and fest in open spaces, possibly commuting to and from foraging sites.</p><p>Breeding. Females were found pregnant fromJanuary to early May. Young were sighted attached to females in the roost from February to June.</p><p>Activity patterns. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, often in large numbers. Echolocation calls are typical F components terminating with a FM tail, with the frequency of the F part of 65-75 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat forms small to very large colonies in caves. Each individual usually has a roosting space of c.10-20 cm from other individuals. They are often found in mixed colonies with other large Hipposideros species such as Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats (Ä diadema), Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. lekaguli), or Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. lylei).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNRed List as a separate species from the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. turpis), which is classified as Near Threatened. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread and rather common in cave habitats. It has been recorded from several protected areas throughout its range.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Puechmaille et a/. (2009), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67DA20FF87DFECAF79849EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67DA208F885F482FD224729.text	03BD87A2C67DA208F885F482FD224729.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros turpis Bangs 1901	<div><p>30.</p><p>Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros turpis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine des Ryukyu I German: Ryukyu-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Ryukyu</p><p>Other common names: Lesser Great Leaf-nosed Bat, Lesser Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros turpis Bangs, 1901,</p><p>“Ishigaki Island, southern group of Liu Kiu Islands,’’ Japan.</p><p>Hipposideros turpis is in the armiger species group. This species was traditionally considered to include three subspecies, turpis, alongensis, and pendleburyi . Thong Vu Dinh and colleagues in 2012 demonstrated that all three were distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Japan, known only from Yaeyama Is (Yonaguni, Iriomote, Ishigaki, and Hateruma).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 69-88 mm, tail 42-51 mm, ear 26-5-28 mm, hindfoot 13-4— 18 mm, forearm 64—73-2 mm; weight 25—33-2 g. The Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat presents an anterior noseleaf narrowed in mid part, with three depressions on its anterior border. As in the Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. alongensis), it presents four pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets, second pair being most developed. Intermediate leaf is attached with inflated intemarial septum. Posterior leaf is narrower than intermediate, and presents four noticeable cells on frontal surface, separated by three vertical septa. Dorsal fur is brownish reddish, ventral fur is paler. Baculum is short and inverted-Y-shaped.</p><p>Habitat. The Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat is known to inhabit limestone caves, unused mines and even air-raid shelters in the Yaeyama Islands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat is probably based mainly on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Female Lesser Leaf-nosed Bats give birth from mid-May to midJune, depending on the temperature and climatic conditions between February and May. The mating period occurs some weeks after the birth of the previous offspring.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call frequency ranges at 77-4-83-6 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat is normally gregarious, forming large colonies of up to 10,000 individuals.</p><p>.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List, when the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat was still thought to comprise three subspecies. No assessments of their conservation status have yet been carried out since the three subspecies were reclassified as distinct species. As this species was initially listed as Near Threatened, the current status should be, at least, within the same category, although its more restricted range probably suggests a more precarious status. The main threat to the Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat might be disturbance of caves and other roosts. It has been reported that on Iriomote Island, the principal breeding colonies have been visited by people for several years; in addition, this species is also threatened by forest clearance, wood extraction and the expansion of agricultural lands. Strong declines have been reported on other islands of the archipelago. Collection of new data and further research are needed to understand the population distribution and ecology of this species.</p><p>Bibliography Abe et al. (2005), Csorba, Bates &amp; Furey (2008a), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Thong Vu Dinh, Puechmaille, Denzinger, Bates et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67DA208F885F482FD224729	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67AA208FF57FB47FB1E4E1A.text	03BD87A2C67AA208FF57FB47FB1E4E1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros grandis G. M. Allen 1936	<div><p>31.</p><p>Grand Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros grandis</p><p>French: Grande Phyllorhine / German: Grosse Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido grande</p><p>Other common names: Grand Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros larvatits grandis G. M. Allen, 1936,</p><p>“Akanti [= Hkamti], upper Chindwin River, Upper Burma [= Myanmar], 500 feet [= 152 m].”</p><p>Hipposideros grandis is in the larvatus species group (5 species). Taxonomic status of this species needs further revision for the clarification of differentiating characters and geographic limits with H. larvatus, particularly the taxon leptophyllus of Assam, north-east India. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S China (Yunnan), Myanmar, NW Thailand, N Laos, and NW Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 69-80 mm, tail 30-45 mm, ear 22-23 mm, hindfoot 10-15 mm, forearm 59-62 mm; weight 17-18 g. The Grand Leaf-nosed Bat is very similar to Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat { H. larvatus) but generally larger. Pelage is dark brown to orange-reddish brown. There are three supplementary leaflets on each side of noseleaf. Thickened and swollen structure behind posterior leaf is well defined in males. Skull is generally similar to that of Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat, but rather heavily built. Rostral chambers are gready inflated with a pronounced supraorbital depression. C1 and! are large. P2 is small and extruded from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. The Grand Leaf-nosed Bat can be found in primary forest to semideciduous forest, and disturbed habitats such as orchards. It forages in vegetation around limestone outcrops, in forest understory and open spaces in orchards.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Grand Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects in forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. In Myanmar, females were found lactating in April-May.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Grand Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in limestone caves. Echolocation calls typically have F components terminating with a FM tail. Based on data from upper Myanmar, near the type locality, the frequency of the F part is 86-91 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In upper Myanmar, the Grand Leafnosed Bat forms small to very large colonies of up to 300 individuals, in caves. Other species that were found in the same roosting cave include the Indian Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. lankadiva) and unknown small Rhinolophus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the taxonomic status remains unclear, and it is usually confused with Horsfield’s Leafnosed Bat, the Grand Leaf-nosed Bat is believed to be widespread in Indochina.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis &amp; Csorba (2016), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dobson (1874), Francis (20.08a), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Simmons (2005),Thabah eta/. (2006)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67AA208FF57FB47FB1E4E1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67AA208FF57F253F4564418.text	03BD87A2C67AA208FF57F253F4564418.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield 1823)	<div><p>32.</p><p>Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros larvatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Horsfield / German: Horsfield-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Horsfield</p><p>Other common names: Horsfield’s Roundleaf Bat, Intermediate Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus larvatus Horsfield, 1823,</p><p>Java, Indonesia.</p><p>Hipposideros larvatus is in the larvatus species group. Clarification is needed of differentiating characters and geographic limits with H. grandis, particularly the taxon leptophyllus. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE India, NE Bangladesh, S China (including Hainan I), mainland SE Asia, Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Is), Borneo, Java, Kangean, Bali, and many offshore Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-75 mm, tail 32-35 mm, ear 21-25 mm, hindfoot 7—12 mm, forearm 50—67 mm; weight 15—23 g. Greatest skull lengths are 20-4— 22-8 mm, tibia 18-4—24-8 mm. Horsfield’s Leafnosed Bat is very similar to the Grand Leaf-nosed Bat (77. grandis) but smaller. Ears are broad with pointed tip. There are three supplementary leaflets on each side of noseleaf. Posterior noseleaf is as broad as width of anterior leaf. Thickened and swollen structure behind posterior leaf is well defined in males. Pelage is dark gray-brown to orange-reddish brown. In skull, rostral chambers are well inflated. Sagittal crest is well developed. C1 and C1 are large. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat forages in the forest understory, and at edges and gaps in the vegetation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects in the forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. As in many other Hipposideros, females were usually found pregnant in March—May and lactating in April-July. Young were sighted attached to females at the roost in April-June.</p><p>Activity patterns. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat can be found roosting in limestone or sandstone caves or man-made underground tunnels. Echolocation calls typically have F components terminating with a FM tail. The range of the frequency of the F part can be variable between populations (89-100 kHz).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat forms small to very large colonies of up to 800 individuals, in caves. It is often found in the same cave with other species; for example, in Thailand it is found together with the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (77. diadema), Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat (77. pendleburyi), and the Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (77. armigef). Local movements of this species have been observed in several places in Myanmar and Thailand. Colonies are usually dramatically reduced, or totally missing from the known roosts from December to April, the bats returning in May orJune; this may reflect movements to the breeding colony.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77ze IUCN Red List, but some populations could be at risk locally due to cave-bat hunting by local people. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat is a common species in limestone habitats, and populations appear to be generally stable. It is recorded in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Suyanto, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Kitchener &amp; Maryanto (1993), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67AA208FF57F253F4564418	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67AA208F89EF856F2434C79.text	03BD87A2C67AA208F89EF856F2434C79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros madurae Kitchener & Maryanto 1993	<div><p>33.</p><p>Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros madurae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Madura / German: Madura-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Madura</p><p>Other common names: Maduran Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros modura« Kitchener &amp; Maryanto, 1993,</p><p>“Sampang, Pulau Madura [= Madura Island], nr NE Java (7° 13’S; 113° 15’E); altitude 0-30 m,” Indonesia.</p><p>Hipposideros madurae is in the larvatus species group. This species was previously included in H. larvatus but is now regarded as a distinct species, based mainly on its generally smaller skull. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H.m.wiodwoeKitchener&amp;Maryanto,1993-MaduraI,offNEJava.</p><p>H. m. jenningsi Kitchener &amp; Maryanto, 1993 -E Java.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 23-6-30-9 mm, ear 19-6-21-2 mm, forearm 53-58 mm. Greatest skull lengths are 20-21 mm, tibia 17-21 mm. The Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat is very similar to Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat { Hipposideros larvatus), but has smaller body. As in Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat, there are three supplementary leaflets on each cheek. Pelage is dark brown to reddish-brown. Baculum has two distinct prongs but is short and oval in shape rather than elongate as in Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat.</p><p>Habitat. In east-centralJava, the Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat was found in limestone caves near villages. It has been recorded from below 1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat is known to roost in limestone caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Maduran Leaf-nosed Bats are known to roost in small colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. It is currently known from the eastern part ofJava, but surveys are needed to confirm whether or not it also occurs in the western part of the island or further east. As a cave-dwelling bat, the Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat may be at risk due to limestone quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Hutson, Schütter, Kingston &amp; Maryanto (2008), Kitchener &amp; Maryanto (1993), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67AA208F89EF856F2434C79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67AA209F8A7F031FA57453A.text	03BD87A2C67AA209F8A7F031FA57453A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros sorenseni Kitchener & Maryanto 1993	<div><p>34.</p><p>Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros sorenseni</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Sorensen / German: Sorensen-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Sorensen</p><p>Other common names: Sorensen's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros sorenseni Kitchener &amp; Maryanto, 1993,</p><p>“ Gua Kramat (s holy cave), Pangandaran, W[est]. Java (c. 7° 41’S, 108° 40’E).”</p><p>Hipposideros sorenseni is in the larvatus species group. This species was initially allocated to H. larvatus . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in WGJava.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-2-60 mm, tail 30-1-36-2 mm, ear 20-2-22-8 mm, forearm 55-4-60-2 mm. Greatest lengths of skulls are 21-1-22-1 mm, tibia 21-4-23-3 mm. Ears of Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat are large and triangular, slightly concave before reaching tip. Anterior noseleaf has small depression in center and three supplementary lateral leaflets. Nasal septum is slighdy inflated. Upper border of posterior leaf is semicircular and there are three septa forming four noticeable cells on frontal surface, delimited by three vertical septa. Pelage is brownish reddish, with whitish at base of each hair; fur is grayish in ventral part. Baculum is large and robust. Both males and females present frontal sexual sac.</p><p>Habitat. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported in caves as well as over ricefields and other agricultural land. Altitudinal range is thought to be up to 1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat probably forages over different types of plantation, feeding predominandy on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat forms breeding colonies.</p><p>Activity patterns. This species is a cave-dweller.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bats seem to be gregarious, forming colonies of several individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because this species is only found in a small area. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat has been and is protected in its whole area of occurrence. Although it is abundant within its small range, the increasing disturbance of its roosts might be threatening its survival.</p><p>Bibliography. Kitchener &amp; Maryanto (1993), Maryanto et al. (2008), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67AA209F8A7F031FA57453A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67BA209FF35F162F5CB45F1.text	03BD87A2C67BA209FF35F162F5CB45F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros lylei Thomas 1913	<div><p>36.</p><p>Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros lylei</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Lyle I German: Lyle-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Lyle</p><p>Other common names: Shield-faced Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros lylei Thomas, 1913,</p><p>“Chiengdao Cave, 50 miles [= 80 km] north of Chiengmai [= Chiang Mai, northern Thailand]. Alt. 350 m.”</p><p>Hipposideros lylei is in the pratti species group (3 species). Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S China (Yunnan), E &amp; S Myanmar, W &amp; S Thailand, N Vietnam, and Malay Peninsula; a record from Laos has not been confirmed but the species is very likely to occur there.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-95 mm, tail 48-55 mm, ear 30 mm, hindfoot 16-21 mm, forearm 73—84 mm. The Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat has enlarged fleshy lobes projecting behind posterior noseleaf. Tip is terminated into two projections around forehead. Noseleaf is very large in adult males but much smaller in females and immatures. There are two lateral leaflets on each cheek. Ears are large with triangular tip, and without antitragus. Pelage is uniformly pale gray to fight brown, or sometimes paler on ventral side. In skull, sagittal crest and zygomata are moderately developed. P2 is small and usually slightly extruded from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. Primary forest as well as some disturbed and fragmented zones in limestone areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects in the understory of primary and disturbed lowland forest</p><p>Breeding. The Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat has been found pregnant in February and March, and young are found attached to females in late March-April.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in limestone caves. Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 70-75 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat is usually found sharing caves and mixing in the same large colonies with other large Hipposideros, such as Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats (77. armiger), Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats (77. diadema), and Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats (77. laruatus), but it is never abundant</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Shieldfaced Leaf-nosed Bat is recorded in several protected areas throughout its range. However, like other South-east Asian cave-dwelling bats, it might be at risk because of human disturbance or limestone mining, and quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Francis (2008b), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Simmons (2005),Thomas eta/. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67BA209FF35F162F5CB45F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67BA209F87BF8BBF3664DD5.text	03BD87A2C67BA209F87BF8BBF3664DD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros pratti Thomas 1891	<div><p>37.</p><p>Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros pratti</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Pratt / German: Pratt-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Pratt</p><p>Other common names: Pratt's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposiderus [sic] pratti Thomas, 1891,</p><p>“Kia-ting-fu [= Kiatingfu], Western Sze-chuen [= Sichuan], China.”</p><p>Hipposideros pratti is in the pratti species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C, E &amp; S China (including Hainan I) and N Vietnam; a record from N Myanmar has not been confirmed.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 91-110 mm, tail 50-62 mm, ear 33-38 mm, hindfoot 15-22 mm, forearm 79-89 mm.</p><p>Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat is a large Hipposideros . It has “shield” (enlarged fleshy lobes, behind posterior noseleaf) as in the Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat (77. lylei), but much smaller; in females, in particular, it looks like a ridge rather than a shield. Posterior and anterior noseleaves are similar in width but notjoined. There are two lateral leaflets on each cheek. Pelage is reddish brown, and paler on ventral side. In skull, sagittal is well developed; rostral chambers are somewhat flattened, less inflated than those of the Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat and the Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (77. scutinazKs). P2 is small and slightly extruded from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat is a cave-dwelling species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects in the understory of primary and disturbed lowland forest.</p><p>Breeding. Females with young were captured in earlyJuly.</p><p>Activity patterns. Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves. Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 58-62 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bats roost in large colonies; a maternity colony may have several hundred individuals. The species has been found in a mixed colony with the larger Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (77. armiger).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 7%e IUCN Red List. Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread and locally common in south China.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis &amp; Bates (2008a), Niu Huiling eta/. (2007), Robinson eta/. (2003), Simmons (2005), Smith &amp;XieYan (2008), Zhang Libiao, Jones eta/. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67BA209F87BF8BBF3664DD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67BA209FF37F972F9854DCD.text	03BD87A2C67BA209FF37F972F9854DCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros sumbae Oey 1960	<div><p>35.</p><p>Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros sumbae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Sumba I German: Sumba-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Samba</p><p>Other common names: Sumba Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros laruatus sumbae Oey, 1960,</p><p>Sumba Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from cave (c. 9°55’S, 120°41’E).</p><p>Hipposideros sumbae is in the larvatus species group. This species was previously regarded as a subspecies of H. larvatus, but based on its smaller size it is currently considered a distinct species. Three subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H s. sumbae Oey, 1960 — Sumba I 77. s. rotiensis Kitchener &amp; Maryanto, 1993 -Roti and W Timor Is.</p><p>.</p><p>H. s. sumbawae Kitchener &amp; Maryanto, 1993 -Sumbawa and Flores Is.</p><p>Specimens from Savu and Semau Is have been included in this species but it is unknown to which subspecies they belong.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 24-32-5 mm, ear 19-1-23-8 mm, forearm 48-57 mm. Greatest skull lengths are 19-2—21-3 mm. The Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat is very similar to Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat (77. Zaraztus), having three supplementary leaflets on each cheek and also fur color similar but slightly darker; however, its skull is generally smaller. Baculum is very short, somewhat ovoid in shape, with robust basal part and two short distal prongs.</p><p>Habitat. The Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat is found in caves and under the roofs of houses, at low elevations (below 1000 m).</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Sumban Leaf-nosed Bats roost in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat is suggested to roost in large colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat is a locally common species. However, as a cave-dwelling bat, it might be at risk due to limestone mining, and quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Hutson, Schütter &amp; Suyanto (2008), Kitchener &amp; Maryanto (1993), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67BA209FF37F972F9854DCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C67BA20AF882F09AFA924472.text	03BD87A2C67BA20AF882F09AFA924472.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros scutinares (M.F. Robinson et al. 2003)	<div><p>38.</p><p>Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros scutinares</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à blason I German: Nasenschild-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de escudo</p><p>Other common names: Shield-nosed Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros scutinares M. F. Robinson et al., 2003,</p><p>“Ban Khankeo (formerly known as Ban Phahôm), along the upper Nam Hinboun, Bolikhamsai Province, Khammouan Limestone NBCA, Lao PDR, 17°58’N, 104°49’E.”</p><p>Hipposideros scutinares is in the pratti species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to C Laos and adjacent C Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 50-4—54-3 mm, ear 27*6-29* 4 mm, hindfoot 15—18* 8 mm, forearm 77*9-82* 7 mm; weight 42 g. Ears of the Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat are well developed, haired in one-third of their length and with a slightly concave shape below tip. On dorsum, fur is brown or orange-reddish at base, followed by a brown-yellowish color in central portion of each hair, with brown tips; in ventral part, fur is brown-reddish at base with brown-yellow tips. In middle of anterior noseleaf there is a small emargination. There are two supplementary lateral leaflets. Lateral borders of anterior and posterior leaves are joined. To rear of posterior noseleaf there is a protuberance on each side of frontal sac; shape of this protuberance reminds supplementary lateral leaflet and is more noticeable in males. Rostrum eminences are slighdy inflated.</p><p>Habitat. The Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat has been observed roosting in caves in limestone areas, karst, and cliffs. It has also been reported in evergreen forest, and deciduous forest with bushes and bamboo. It occurs in primary forests as well as in more degraded habitats including agricultural land, such as ricefields, reaching altitudes of 160 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to forage in primary forests, as well as agricultural lands and other disturbed habitats. Its diet is probably based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding colonies are located only in caves. No other information is known as yet about the breeding biology of the Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat is a cave-dwelling species. Echolocation call frequency of this species is c.63*6 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNRed List due to its small geographic range. Reported only in eight areas, six in Laos and two from adjacent Vietnam. The population of the Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat is probably decreasing, its population size being estimated at 10,000 individuals or less. Habitat loss could be the most important threat to this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Francis &amp; Bates (2008b), Robinson et al. (2003), Thomas et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67BA20AF882F09AFA924472	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C678A20AFF4AF83BFC745253.text	03BD87A2C678A20AFF4AF83BFC745253.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros demissus K. Andersen 1909	<div><p>39.</p><p>Makira Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros demissus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Makira / German: Makira-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Makira</p><p>Other common names: Makira Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposiderus [sic] demissus K. Andersen, 1909,</p><p>“Yanuta, San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island],” Solomon Islands .</p><p>Hipposideros demissus is in the diadema species group along (8 species). It was initially described as a distinct species. Subsequently, J. E. Hill in 1963 and. J. Phillips in 1967 suggested reclassifying it as a subspecies of H. diadema, but more recently D.J. Kitchener and colleagues in 1992 and T. F. Flannery in 1995 supported the status of H. demissus as a separate species, based on its noticeably distinct morphological traits. In addition, T. H. Lavery and colleagues in 2014 found strong genetic differences between H. diadema and H. demissus, and recommended that further genetic analyses of these taxa were required to clarify their taxonomy. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Makira (= San Cristobal) I, Solomon Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64*8-70* 3 mm, tail 34*1-42* 6 mm, ear 20*6-24* 5 mm, forearm 66* 9 mm; weight 27 g. Ears of the Makira Leaf-nosed Bat are large, triangular, and slightly concave below tips. Posterior noseleaf has three pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets. In central part of intermediate noseleaf there is a small protuberance. Posterior noseleaf has a semicircular upper margin and there are four cells on frontal surface, divided by three vertical septa. Tail is long, surpassing uropatagium. In adult males, pelage is yellowish-brownish or greyish on dorsum, with whitish coloration in central portion of each hair. In adult females, pelage can be bright orange. Ventral part is slighdy paler.</p><p>Habitat. The Makira Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported in caves, along streams, in secondary forest, and also in disturbed habitats such as cacao plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Makira Leaf-nosed Bat may forage in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats and its diet is probably based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding biology of the Makira Leaf-nosed Bat is still unknown. o date, only a few breeding colonies have been reported, all of them in caves.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Makira Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves. The F part of its echolocation call is 69*3 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Makira Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious, forming large groups at some roosts.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on 77ze IUCN Red List due to its restricted range. Population trends of this species are unknown. One of its major threats might be the disturbance of its roosts. Cyclones are also suspected of being a threat to this species. More research focused on the Makira Leaf-nosed Bat is needed in order to assess its ecology and threats adequately.</p><p>Bibliography. Davies et al. (2016), Flannery (1995a), Hamilton (2008b), Hill (1963a), Kitchener, How, Cooper &amp; Suyanto (1992), Lavery et al. (2014), Phillips (1967).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C678A20AFF4AF83BFC745253	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C678A20AFF4EEE1BF55E48CD.text	03BD87A2C678A20AFF4EEE1BF55E48CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros diadema (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813)	<div><p>40.</p><p>Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros diadema</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à diadème / German: Diadem-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de diadema</p><p>Other common names: Diadem Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus diadema É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813,</p><p>“Timor [Island].”</p><p>Hipposideros diadema is in the diadema species group. Many subspecies have been described (anderseni, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius, vicarious), several of them of dubious validity; validity, diagnoses, and ranges of prospective subspecies require review.</p><p>Distribution. Mainland SE Asia, Philippines, Indonesian Archipelago, New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago), Solomon Is, and NE Australia; also on N Nicobar Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 66-100 mm, tail 32—51 mm, ear 28—32 mm, hindfoot 16-21 mm, forearm 58—96 mm; weight 22—57 g. Forearm length can be variable between populations, from as small as 58 mm (Nicobar Islands) to as large as 96 mm (Thailand). Pelage on upperparts is dark brown with distinctive white or yellowish white patches on shoulders and sides ofback; fur on underparts is grayish white. Noseleafis yellowish brown. Posterior noseleafis thick and tall. There are 3-4 lateral leaflets on each cheek. Skull is heavily built with large canine, inflated rostral swellings and well-developed sagittal crest P2 is small and extruded from tooth row so C1 and P4 are in contact, or almost. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, from lowland primary forest at sea level to agricultural areas and disturbed forests up to 1210 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest understory, in gaps, and over streams in forest. It feeds on insects (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and various orthopteroids were the most common in fecal pellets) and occasionally on birds. It is known to feed by hanging from a perch and waiting for prey to pass by, then flying to snatch it and returning right away to the perch.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young. In peninsular Thailand, females with young were found in the maternity roost in April.</p><p>Activity patterns. This species roosts in caves, crevices, and hollow trees. In peninsular Thailand, the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat was observed to remain in the cave late, until 20:00 h, being the last species that emerged from the roost Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 58-62 kHz (Malay Peninsula) and 64—66 kHz (Borneo).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in large colonies in caves. A maternity colony may number several hundred individuals. In southern Myanmar, at least 5000 individuals of this species have been estimated to be sharing a cave with Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats { H. armiger), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. laruatus), Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (77. gentilis), Least Leaf-nosed Bats (77. cineraceus), and Large Long-fingered Bats (Afinio/?tenw magnater).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat is found in several protected areas throughout its range but may be locally at risk due to limestone mining, and quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Helgen, Bates, Gumal, Kingston eta/. (2008), Francis (2008a), Pavey &amp; Burwell (1997), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C678A20AFF4EEE1BF55E48CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C678A20BF8A6F46DFA7F40E9.text	03BD87A2C678A20BF8A6F46DFA7F40E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros dinops K Andersen 1905	<div><p>41.</p><p>Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros dinops</p><p>French: Phyllorhine féroce / German: Salomonen-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Andersen</p><p>Other common names: Fierce Roundleaf Bat, Giant Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposiderus [sic] dinops K Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“Rubiana [= Roviana Lagoon], a minute inlet very near western coast of New Georgia, Solomon Islands.”</p><p>Hipposideros dinops is in the diadema species group. Many authors have considered this species to include pelingensis as a subspecies, but these taxa are separated by 1800 km and are diagnosably different. Here H. pelingensis is considered a good species, following N. B. Simmons in 2005.</p><p>Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Solomon Is (Bougainville, New Georgia, Santa Isabel, SanJorge, Malaita, and Guadalcanal).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 88-105 mm, tail 54-63 mm, ear 31-35 mm, forearm 86*1-98* 9 mm; weight 78 g. Ears of the Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat are large, triangular, and slightly concave below tips. Noseleaf is well developed and has three supplementary lateral leaflets, of which the third is the smallest. Anterior leaf is large and has no central emargination. Intermediate leaf is expanded and presents a protuberance in middle. Upper border of posterior leafis semicircular with a small projection, and has medial septum and two lateral septa forming four cells. Males present a frontal sac. Fur is whitish or white with light brown spots on dorsum, while ventral fur is yellowishbrownish.</p><p>Habitat. The Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat has been observed over forest habitats and tropical moist lowland. It has been reported from sea level up to 400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat is probably insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat occupies caves. Its CF echolocation call frequency ranges at 52-55 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat has been observed roosting both alone and in small groups of up to twelve individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List, due to the lack of information on its population status. The Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat occurs at low densities and it has only been reported from a few localities. The overall population is thought to be decreasing. Further research on ecology and threats is needed in order to establish adequate conservation measures.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Hamilton (2008c), Hill (1963a), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C678A20BF8A6F46DFA7F40E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C679A20BFF34FB87FA4D488D.text	03BD87A2C679A20BFF34FB87FA4D488D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros inexpectatus Laurie & Hill 1954	<div><p>42.</p><p>Crested Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros inexpectatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à crête I German: Sulawesi-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido crestado</p><p>Other common names: Crested Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros inexpectatus Laurie &amp; Hill, 1954,</p><p>“Posso (= Poso), north Celebes [= Sulawesi],” Indonesia.</p><p>Hipposideros inexpectatus is in the diadema species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; C Sulawesi.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 100-8 mm. No other specific measurements are available. The Crested Leaf-nosed Bat is has similar morphological characters to the Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat (Ä dmops). Ears are large, triangular, and slightly concave below tips. Anterior noseleaf is well developed and has four supplementary lateral leaflets. Fourth is tiny and third is small. Intermediate noseleaf is swollen and has weak medium crest. Upper margin ofposterior leaf is semicircular. There is a central septum with two lateral and less pronounced septa, which form four cells on frontal surface. Pelage coloration has not been well described as all the known specimens have been preserved in alcohol for many years; it is probably similar to that ofthe Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat, whitish-brownish on dorsum and yellowishbrownish on ventral area.</p><p>Habitat Not well known but the Crested Leaf-nosed Bat probably occurs in areas with suitable availability of caves and other subterranean roosts.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Crested Leaf-nosed Bat probably forages in open areas. Its diet is based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Maternity colonies may be located in caves.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Crested Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to be gregarious, forming colonies of many individuals in caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on T/ze IUCN Red List, due to the lack of information available. No recent captures or registers of the Crested Leafnosed Bat are known. Population trends are also unknown, as are population size, distribution, ecology, and threats. More research on this species is required in order to define adequate management and conservation measures.</p><p>Bibliography. Hill (1963a), Kingston (2016), Laurie &amp; Hill (1954), Pacifici et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C679A20BFF34FB87FA4D488D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C679A20BFF35F3A2F6D04680.text	03BD87A2C679A20BFF35F3A2F6D04680.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros inornatus McKean 1970	<div><p>43.</p><p>Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros inornatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de lArnhem / German: Arnhem-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Arnhem</p><p>Other common names: Arnhem Roundleaf Bat, McKean's Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros diadema inomatus McKean, 1970,</p><p>“Deaf Adder Creek, where it emerges from the Arnhem Land Plateau, 55 miles [= 89 km] due south of Oenpelli, N.T. [= Northern Territory, Australia], lat. 13°06’S. long. 132°56’E.”</p><p>Hipposideros inomatus is in the diadema species group. It has often been considered a subspecies of H. diadema, with opinions frequently changing. Further genetic analyses are needed to clarify the taxonomy of this taxon. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to a small area in N Northern Territory, N Australia, including few sites in Kakadu National Park and its surroundings, as well as a cave in Litchfield National Park.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 66-77 mm, tail 32-46 mm, ear 23-27 mm, forearm 68-74 mm; weight 22-35 g. The Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat has wide triangular ears, long tail, and well-developed noseleaf. Anterior leaf is large and presents 3—4 pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets. Posterior leaf is also large, with three vertical septa that form four noticeable cells on frontal surface. Its fur is brownish or grayish-brownish on dorsum, occasionally orange; paler on ventral part.</p><p>Habitat. The Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported in sandstone areas, close to streams, riparian forests and secondary forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Amhem Leaf-nosed bat is based on insects, predominantly moths, beetles, leafhoppers, and cockroaches. It is thought to forage close to cliffs and in many different habitats such as riparian forest, rainforest, eucalypt forest, and open sandy areas.</p><p>Breeding. The breeding biology of this species is still unknown. At the moment, only few breeding colonies have been reported, all of them in caves. Amhem Leaf-nosed Bats are estimated to become sexually mature at c.1-2 years; generation length may be c.6-7 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat typically roosts in cool, humid caves and unused mines.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In 2014, J. C. Z. Woinarski and colleagues estimated the area of occurrence for the Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat at 2100 km 2, but 10 km 2 when considering only caves and mines. This species is thought to be gregarious, forming groups in different caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on 77ze IUCN Red List, due to its restricted range and few known roosting sites. In Australia, the Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat is protected under law. Its total population size is unknown, but probably does not exceed a total of 300 individuals. Some authors claim that this rare species is stable and secure within its home range, whereas others affirm that it is declining, although not strongly. Habitat loss and disturbance of its roosting sites could be threatening its populations.</p><p>Bibliography. Churchill (2008), Duncan et al. (1999), McKean (1970), Richards &amp; Milne (2008), Woinarski (2004), Woinarski et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C679A20BFF35F3A2F6D04680	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C679A20BF87CF9AFF2B24DAE.text	03BD87A2C679A20BF87CF9AFF2B24DAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart 1850	<div><p>44.</p><p>Indian Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros lankadiva</p><p>French: Phyllorhine indienne / German: Indien-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido indio</p><p>Other common names: Indian Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, 1850,</p><p>Kandy, Sri Lanka.</p><p>Hipposideros lankadiva is in the diadema species group. Three subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. I. lankadiva Helaart, 1850 -Sri Lanka.</p><p>H. l. gyi Bates et aL, 2015 -NE India, Bangladesh, and N Myanmar.</p><p>H. l. indus K. Andersen, 1918 — peninsular India.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 35-58 mm, ear 19-5-30 mm, hindfoot 11-7-20 mm, forearm 75—99 mm. Greatest skulls lengths are 31-1—36-1 mm. Pelage on dorsum is pale cream to fulvous brown; ventral area is paler. There are three or four lateral leaflets on cheek, but fourth (outer) is very small or sometimes absent. Skull is robust There is no depression on rostral region. Sagittal crest is well developed. C1 is massive; P2is small and slightly extruded from tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Indian Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forests gaps from lower hills up to elevations of 1000m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Indian Leaf-nosed Bat is known as an aerial-hawking bat, feeding in mid-air. Diet consists mostly of Coleoptera.</p><p>Breeding. Copulation has been recorded in August and September. Females give birth to a single young once a year; they were found pregnant from February to May, and giving birth and carrying young between May andJune.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Indian Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, tunnels, and temples. Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 68-8-70-7 kHz (Myanmar).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colony size can be from 50 up to several thousand individuals. The Indian Leaf-nosed Bat can be found sharing a cave with Black-bearded Tomb Bats (Taphozous melanopogon), Greater Asian False-vampires { Lyroderma lyra), Lesser Dawn Bats ( Eonycteris spelata}, and Stoliczka’s Trident Bats (AstfZZiscus stoliczkanus}.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77ze IUCN Red List. Although the Indian Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread in the Indian subcontinent, only very few colonies have been recorded. It may be at risk due to hunting, limestone mining, and quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2015), Bhat &amp; Sreenivasan (1981), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Eckrich &amp; Neuweiler (1988), Francis (2008a), Molur, Yapa &amp; Srinivasulu et al. (2008a), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C679A20BF87CF9AFF2B24DAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C679A214F878F0CFFBBC44ED.text	03BD87A2C679A214F878F0CFFBBC44ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros lekaguli Thonglongya & Hill 1974	<div><p>45.</p><p>Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros lekaguli</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Lekagul / German: Lekagul-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Lekagul</p><p>Other common names: Large Asian Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros fefcagufö Thonglongya &amp; Hill, 1974,</p><p>“Phu Nam Tok Tap Kwang, Kaeng Khoi, Saraburi, Thailand c. 14° 34’ N., 101° 09’ E.”</p><p>Hipposideros lekaguli is in the diadema species group. The population in the Philippines may prove to be, at least, a distinct subspecies; taxonomic revision is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Philippines (Luzon and Mindoro Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 64-79 mm. Mainland South-east Asian populations are larger (forearm 71-79 mm) than those ofPhilippines (forearm 64-72 mm). Ears ofthe Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat are large and broad, with a triangular tip. Noseleaf is large and complex——anterior leaf is large and almost covers muzzle; intermediate noseleaf is large and thickened, with distinct median projection; posterior leaf is trilobed and forms three large protruding pockets. Pelage on upperparts is grayish brown or grayish white; underparts are dull creamy white. Skull is robust, with rostral part inflated. Sagittal crest is poorly developed. C1 is large; P2 is small and slightly extruded from the tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats forage in primary or disturbed forests and agricultural areas at low elevation, typically in gaps or over water bodies.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat is an aerial-hawking bat, feeding on insects up in the air. Diet is mosdy composed of Coleoptera.</p><p>Breeding. Females were found pregnant in March-April, giving birth and then carrying young between May and June.</p><p>Activity patterns. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats roost in caves. Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of45—46 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats roost in colonies. Colony size ranges from a few individuals up to 500 individuals. This species shares caves with Black-bearded Tomb Bats (Taphozous melanopogon), Greater Asian False-vampires ( Lyroderma lyra), Lesser Dawn Bats ( Eonycteris spelaea), Horsfield’s Leafnosed Bats { H. larvatus), and Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Ä pendleburyi).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on 7%♂ IUCN Red List. The population size of the Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat has been decreasing during recent decades. The major threats are hunting, unregulated activities associated with tourism, limestone mining, and quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Balete eta/. (1995), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal &amp; Kingston (2008a), Francis (2008a), Heaney eta/. (1998), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C679A214F878F0CFFBBC44ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C666A214FF55F782F74F4BFC.text	03BD87A2C666A214FF55F782F74F4BFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros pelingensis Shamel 1940	<div><p>46.</p><p>Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros pelingensis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Peleng / German: Peleng-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Peleng</p><p>Other common names: Peleng Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros pelingensis Shamel, 1940,</p><p>“Island of Peleng, Celebes [= east of Sulawesi],” Indonesia.</p><p>Hipposideros pelingensis is in the diadema species group. It was previously considered a subspecies of H. dinops . Further taxonomic research is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Peleng, Buton, and Kabaena Is, also on Tukangbesi Is (Wangi-wangi, Kaledupa, and Tornea).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 93-4—96-9 mm; weight 50 g. The Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat is very similar to the Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat (M dinops) but has shorter tibia. Ears are large and triangular, slightly concave below tip. Noseleaf is well developed, anterior leaf with three pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets. Intermediate leaf has a small protuberance in central part. Upper margin of posterior noseleaf is semicircular and three vertical septa form four cells on frontal surface. Fur is pale brown with brownishyellowish stripes along the sides.</p><p>Habitat. The Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported near karst areas and agricultural lands. It is found from the sea level up to 1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat is probably based on insects. The species has been observed foraging over farmland.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported roosting in caves. Echolocation call includes a F component of52—57 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to be gregarious, forming colonies of hundreds or even thousands of individuals, in caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Although the Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat is locally common, limestone extraction and human disturbance at roosts could constitute important threats to its population, which is probably decreasing already, or likely to do so in the near future.</p><p>Bibliography. Hill (1963a, 1983), Hutson, Schütter &amp; Kingston (2008), Murray et al. (2012), Patterson et al. (2017), Shamel (1940).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C666A214FF55F782F74F4BFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C664A216FF55FEE8FA6E443F.text	03BD87A2C664A216FF55FEE8FA6E443F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros curtus G. M. Allen 1921	<div><p>47.</p><p>Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros curtus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à queue courte / German: Kurzschwanz-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de cola corta</p><p>Other common names: Short-tailed Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros curtus G. M. Allen, 1921, Sakbayeme, Cameroon.</p><p>Hipposideros curtus was formerly included in the bicolor species group (4 species). Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patchily in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, including Bioko I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-55 mm, tail 18-23 mm, ear 15-22 mm, hindfoot 7—8 mm, forearm 42—47 mm. Muzzle of the Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bat is relatively short with large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is usually present in both sexes posterior to noseleaf. Intemarial septum is swollen and partially covering the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively large. Fur is fine and short, sepiabrown dorsally, and slightly lighter ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Restricted to lowland (0-500 m) forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bat has been observed roosting in caves and under boulders.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bats roost singly or in small groups.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List, because of habitat loss due to logging, and perhaps disturbance at roost sites.</p><p>Bibliography. Happold, M. (2013x), Hill (1963a), Rosevear (1965), Sanderson (1940).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C664A216FF55FEE8FA6E443F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C664A216FF55F87CFDE04CB7.text	03BD87A2C664A216FF55F87CFDE04CB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros jonesi Hayman 1947	<div><p>48 Jones ’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros jonesi</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Jones / German: Jones-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Jones</p><p>Other common names: Jones's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros jonesi Hayman, 1947,</p><p>Makeni, Sierra Leone.</p><p>Hipposiderosjonesi was previously included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the speoris species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patchily in W Africa with records from Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50— 55 mm, tail 17-27 mm, ear 21-28 mm, hindfoot 6-9 mm, forearm 44—50 mm; weight 4—8 g. Jones’s Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with large but simple noseleaf that has one lateral leaflet. Frontal sac is absent. Intemarial septum is greatly swollen and partially covers the nares. Ears are separate and relatively large. Fur is fine and short, gray-brown dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally. An orange morph exists, which is orangish-brown to cinnamon throughout.</p><p>Habitat. Jones’s Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits a variety of forest, woodland, and savanna habitats, including montane areas; it apparendy avoids the wetter rainforest zones. Presence of appropriate caves appears to be the most important determinant of this species’ habitat requirements.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The exact diet ofJones’s Leaf-nosed Bat is not known, but it is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. In Ghana, a single lactating female was collected in March.</p><p>Activity patterns. Jones’s Leaf-nosed Bat uses caves and disused mines as roost sites. Echolocation call includes a F component at 46-48 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Jones’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small to large mixed-sex colonies of up to several hundred individuals. It may share its roost with other species of Hipposideridae, as well as with Rhinolophus and Nycteris species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List, based on its fragmented distribution and the fact that for roosting it relies on specific caves, which are under threat of disturbance.</p><p>Bibliography. Eisentraut &amp; Knorr (1957), Fahr (20131), Happold (1987), Hayman (1947c, 1964), Koch-Weser (1984), Rosevear (1965).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C664A216FF55F87CFDE04CB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C664A216FF55EFC7F2B844F7.text	03BD87A2C664A216FF55EFC7F2B844F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros marisae Aellen 1954	<div><p>49.</p><p>Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros marisae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine d'Aellen / German: Aellen-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Aellen</p><p>Other common names: Aellen's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros marisae Aellen, 1954,</p><p>White Leopard Rock, Duékoué, Ivory Coast.</p><p>Hipposideros marisae was previously included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the speoris species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Very patchily in W Africa with records in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 41—47 mm, tail 19-21 mm, ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 6-8 mm, forearm 38—42 mm; weight 5 g. There are no obvious sexual differences in pelage or size. Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with large but simple noseleaf that has one lateral leaflet. A frontal sac is present in both sexes posterior to noseleaf. Intemarial septum is swollen and partially covering the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively large. Fur is fine and short, gray-brown dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical forest in lowland and hilly situations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Exact diet of Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat is not known, but it is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat rests up in caves and old mine adits. Echolocation call includes a F component at 146 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts singly or in small groups, typically consisting of 2-6 individuals. It may share its roost with other species of Hipposideros .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNRed List due to its small, fragmented distribution, which is under threat of deforestation. Disturbance ofits cave roosting sites is another threat.</p><p>Bibliography. Fahr (2013h), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Rosevear (1965), Wolton et al. (1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C664A216FF55EFC7F2B844F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C664A217F898F784FEDD41AC.text	03BD87A2C664A217F898F784FEDD41AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros speoris (Schneider 1800)	<div><p>50.</p><p>Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros speoris</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Schneider / German: Schneider-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Schneider</p><p>Other common names: Schneider's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Vespertilio speoris Schneider in Schreber, 1800,</p><p>Tranquebar, Madras, India.</p><p>Hipposideros speoris belongs to the speoris species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. India and Sri Lanka.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 46-62 mm, ear 12-19 mm, forearm 45-54 mm. Ears of Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat are relatively short. Noseleaf has three supplementary leaflets. Posterior leaf has three vertical septa, which divide posterior leaf into four cells. Males have frontal sac behind posterior leaf, whereas it is a tuft of hairs in females. Pelage varies from gray to bright orangebrown or yellowish-brown. Skull length is 18-20-5 mm, with weak rostral inflation and weak sagittal crest. C1 and j are large. P2 is small and slightly extruded from tooth row. Baculum is very small and simple, with narrow shaft and blunt tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Dry plains to forested hillsides. Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat forages either in dry, flat areas or forested hills up to 1385 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds in groups of 10-15 individuals on insects near the ground. Diet includes mosquitoes, flies, beetles, and other low-flying insects. After leaving the roost, it has been found to revisit it several times during the night.</p><p>Breeding. In Maharashtra, mating was observed from late December to mid-March. Females were found pregnant in May-July, giving birth to a single young from mid-May to midJune. Lactating females were captured until mid-September. However, reproductive cycle can be variable between sites—e.g. breeding season starts in mid-November in Bangalore; females give birth in September and October in Tamil Nadu. A single young was carried by its mother until its weight rose to 6 g. Females reach sexual maturity in 7-5-8 months, but this takes 16-17 months for males. Penis and scrotum of males are enlarged and thickened during the breeding season.</p><p>Activity patterns. Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat can be found roosting in small crevices caves, tunnels, temples, and abandoned buildings. Echolocation of individuals from southern India is a typical CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 131-135 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bats are gregarious. Colony size can be as small as a few individuals to hundreds or even thousands. Males and females cohabit at the roost, and the size of the colonies is constant throughout the year. Roosts of this species were shared with Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bats { H. fulvus), Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats { Rhinolophus rouxii), and Greater Asian False-Vampires ( Lyroderma lyrd).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List, because it has a wide distribution and large colony sizes. Potential threats are hunting, limestone mining, and quarrying.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Molur, Yapa &amp; Srinivasulu (2008b), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C664A217F898F784FEDD41AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C665A217FF28FCCDFE7A4F99.text	03BD87A2C665A217FF28FCCDFE7A4F99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros calcaratus Dobson 1877	<div><p>51.</p><p>Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros calcaratus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à éperons / German: Sporn-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de espolones</p><p>Other common names: Spurred Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina calcarata Dobson, 1877,</p><p>“Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain,” Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Hipposideros calcaratus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group (species). Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. c. calcaratus Dobson, 1877 — Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, Trobriand Is (Kiriwina), D’Entrecasteaux Is (Normanby), and Misima I; probably on other inshore Is of New Guinea.</p><p>H. c. cupidus K. Andersen, 1918 mainland New Guinea and Yapen I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 49-4— 70 mm, tail 31-44 mm, ear 16-5— 25 mm, hindfoot 7-9— 12 mm, forearm 46-2—55-8 mm; weight 11-5 g. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat has large, funnel-shaped ears, with slighdy rounded tips. Noseleaf is simple, without supplementary leaflets. Intermediate leaf has a medial and well-developed protuberance. Posterior leaf is long, with three vertical septa. There is a small protuberance above each eye and behind both laterals of posterior noseleaf. Frontal sac of males is relatively small. Wing membrane is attached to side of foot. Pelage is long and soft, with dark brown on dorsum, and paler colors over shoulders; fur is whitish-grayish on ventral part, and naked wing membranes are blackish brown. This species can occasionally present a reddish or orange coloration.</p><p>Habitat. Forests and wet lowlands from sea level to 1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is based on insects; it probably hunts mainly Blattodea and Orthoptera. Its foraging habitat is still unknown, but forest areas and river bodies are possible feeding zones.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding colonies have been reported in caves, with aggregations of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Females give birth to one or two offspring in May-June or October—November.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, tunnels, and other underground cavities. Echolocation call includes a F component of 125-130 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious and can be found in large colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is common within its range. Although the trends are unknown, it is thought that the overall population is large. No major threats to this species are known at present, although habitat loss and human disturbance could be of some importance.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso &amp; Reardon (2008f), Hill (1971c), Lavery eta/. (2014), Smith &amp; Hill (1981), Vestjens &amp; Hall (1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C665A217FF28FCCDFE7A4F99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C665A217FF2BF2D6F7904401.text	03BD87A2C665A217FF2BF2D6F7904401.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros cervinus (Gould 1854)	<div><p>52.</p><p>Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros cervinus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Gould / German: Rehbraune Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Gould</p><p>Other common names: awn Horseshoe Bat, awn Roundleaf Bat, Fawn-colored Roundleaf Bat, Gould's Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus cervinus Gould, 1854,</p><p>Cape York and Albany Island, Queensland, Australia.</p><p>Hipposideros ceruinus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group. Future taxonomic study may prove that the Malay Peninsula population represents a different taxon. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. c. ceruinus Gould, 1854 -Sulawesi and adjacent Is, Talaud, Moluccas, Kai, and Aru Is, New Guinea (including Waigeo and Yapen Is), Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck and Louisiade archipelagos, NE Australia (Cape York Peninsula and Moa and Albany Is), Solomon Is, and Vanuatu.</p><p>H. c. labuanensisTomes, 1859 -Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (includingMentawai, Enggano, and Bangka Is), Borneo, Kangean Is, and Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50—55 mm, tail 21—31 mm, ear 14-17-5 mm, forearm 44—53 mm; weight 6-9 g. There are no other specific measurements available. The Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat is a small to medium-sized Hipposideros . Noseleaf has two supplementary leaflets. Posterior leaf has three vertical septa, which divide the posterior leaf into four cells. Pelage color is variable from grayish brown or yellowish brown to bright orange; ventral side is paler than the dorsal.</p><p>Habitat. The Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat usually roosts in caves but can also be found in other habitats, e.g. abandoned mines and tree hollows. It forages in lowland forest understory from sea level up to 1400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on small beedes, moths, and other insects over shrubs, creeks and water bodies by using aerial and gleaning tactics. It can fly slowly and hover during the gleaning.</p><p>Breeding. In Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, females give birth to a single young twice a year, with lactation peaks in March and September. Pregnant females were captured in July-September. Females become sexually mature in c.8—9 months. In peninsular Malaysia, lactating females were found throughout the year, with peak pregnancy in February—March.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat emerges from the roost at sunset, and sets off, flying fast within 3 m of the ground, for its foraging grounds. It is a cavedwelling species. Echolocation is a typical CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 144—145 kHz, with the FM segment dropping to 120 kHz. In Peninsular Malaysia, call frequency is 126 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bats roost gregariously. Colony size can be thousands of individuals. In Niah Caves, Borneo, colony size was estimated at up to 250,000 individuals. The species can be found sharing the roost with Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats { H. bicolor) and antor ’s Leaf-nosed Bats { H. galeritus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. This species is common to abundant in caves throughout its range, and forms large colonies.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrumgsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal, Hall &amp; Bonaccorso (2008), Francis (2008a), Heaney eta/. (1998), Kingston eta/. (2006), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C665A217FF2BF2D6F7904401	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C665A217F87DF82FF6FE5327.text	03BD87A2C665A217F87DF82FF6FE5327.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros coxi Shelford 1901	<div><p>53.</p><p>Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros coxi</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Cox / German: Cox-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Cox</p><p>Other common names: Cox's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposiderus [sic] coxi Shelford, 1901,</p><p>“Mount Penrisen, Sarawak, Borneo [Malaysia], 4200 feet [= 1280 m].”</p><p>Hipposideros coxi was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from a few localities in W Borneo (N &amp; SW Sarawak), including Gunung Mulu, Bako, and Tanjung Datu national parks, Mt Penrissen, and Bau Limestone area; it has been reported in Central Kalimantan based on acoustic surveys, but this requires confirmation.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 53—55 mm. Ears of Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat are covered with hairs. Noseleaf is enlarged with two lateral leaflets. Anterior leaf fully covers muzzle. Intermediate leaf is bulbous and thickened. Posterior is large with swollen thick bump in middle. Wing membrane is dark. Pelage color is dark brown with ventral side paler.</p><p>Habitat. Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest gaps understory, e.g. trails. It has been netted in mangrove forest near rock crevices. It occurs in lowlands, from sea level up to a hill cave at 1200 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on small beedes, moths, and other insects over shrubs, creeks and water bodies by using aerial and gleaning tactics. It can fly slowly and hover during gleaning.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat is a cave-dwelling species. Echolocation is a typical CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of46-52 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, typically in small groups of 2-5 individuals. At Wind Cave, Sarawak, it was recorded roosting on the cave ceiling in a group of less than 20 individuals near an opening.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCNRed List. Cox’s Leafnosed Bat is endemic to Borneo and is rare; its population is very small and decreasing (area of occupancy is less than 500 km 2). Besides habitat loss, the main threats include mining and bird-nest harvesting. Recorded in Bako, Tanjung Datu, and Gunung Mulu national parks and Wind and Fairy cave reserves.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Khan eta/. (2008), MacArthur (2016a), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Rosli et al. (2018), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C665A217F87DF82FF6FE5327	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C665A210F87BEF57FC2F4967.text	03BD87A2C665A210F87BEF57FC2F4967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros galeritus Cantor 1846	<div><p>54.</p><p>Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros galeritus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Cantor / German: Cantor-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Cantor</p><p>Other common names: Cantor's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846,</p><p>“ Pinang [= Penang],” Malaysia .</p><p>Hipposideros galeritus was previously included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group. Four subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. g. galeritus Cantor, 1846 -SE Thailand, S Laos, C &amp; S Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula (including Tarutao and Penang Is), Sumatra, and Bangka I.</p><p>H. g. brachyotis Dobson, 1874 -India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh), Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.</p><p>H. g. insolens Lyon, 1911 — Borneo.</p><p>H. g. longicauda Peters, 1861 -W &amp; Java.</p><p>Also present on Sanana I (Sula Is), but subspecies involved not known.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 45—59-5 mm, tail 29-5— 37 mm, ear 14-5— 17 mm, hindfoot 4-9— 8 mm, forearm 45—51-3 mm; weight 8-6 g. Females are normally larger than males. Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat has relatively short triangular ears; antitragus is as much as one-third of ear length. Noseleaf is simple and has two pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets in anterior leaf. Upper margin of intermediate leaf is slightly convex. Posterior leaf has a semicircular upper margin and presents three septa, forming four cells on frontal surface. Frontal sac is well developed in males. Tail is long. Pelage is brownish-grayish and sometimes reddish on dorsum; on ventral area fur is paler.</p><p>Habitat. Both dry and wet forests at elevations from sea level up to 1100 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects, mosdy beetles and moths. It forages in forest habitats, flying close to the ground.</p><p>Breeding. Small breeding colonies of Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat have been reported, mosdy in caves. Females have been reported carrying young in May.</p><p>Activity patterns. Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, abandoned mines, fissures, churches, temples, crevices in buildings, and tunnels. Echolocation call includes a F component of 109-117 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious, forming groups of tens or hundreds of individuals. It has been observed sharing roosts with the Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat (H. ceruinus) and other bat species such as Eonycteris, Dobsonia, Miniopterus, Taphozous, Emballonura, and the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. diadema). In Sri Lanka, it is reported to change its roost sites frequently.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Although Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat is usually not very abundant, it has a wide range and is thought to have a large overall population, as well as the ability to adapt to a certain amount of habitat disturbance. Habitat loss and transformation, and disturbance to roosting sites are probably threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Debata &amp; Palita (2017), Debata eta/. (2015), Francis, Kingston eta/. (2008), Hill (1971c), Jenkins &amp; Hill (1981), Kaur eta/. (2017), Vestjens &amp; Hall (1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C665A210F87BEF57FC2F4967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C662A210FF52F514FBEA516B.text	03BD87A2C662A210FF52F514FBEA516B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros abae J. A. Allen 1917	<div><p>55.</p><p>Aba Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros abae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine d'Aba / German: Aba-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Aba</p><p>Other common names: Aba Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros abae J. A. Allen, 1917,</p><p>“Aba, Uele district, Belgian Congo [= DR Congo].”</p><p>Hipposideros abae was formerly included in the speoris species group, but is now placed in the ruber species group (7 species). Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patchily in Africa N of the equator from Guinea Bissau and Guinea E to South Sudan and extreme NW Uganda.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-70 mm, tail 28—40 mm, ear 18-24 mm, hindfoot 7—13 mm, forearm 54—65 mm; weight 17— 19 g. The Aba Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with a large but simple noseleaf that has three lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present in males only. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is fine and short, dark brown dorsally, paler ventrally; an orange morph exists, which is bright orange or rusty brown dorsally and paler ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Inhabits Guinea savanna, including derived savanna, dry forest, and recently cleared rainforest. Apparently avoids intact rainforest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Births of single young have been reported in March throughout its range.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Aba Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in caves, under boulders, and in burrows of mammals.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Aba Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small to large colonies of up to several hundred individuals. In one study, sex ratio was 1:2 with females doubling males. The species may share its roost with a number of other Hipposideridae and Rhinolophus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Aba Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread and relatively common with no major known conservation threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Decher (1997), Grubb eta/. (1998), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, M. (2013u), Hill (1963a), Koch-Weser (1984), Rosevear (1965), Schütter eta/. (1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C662A210FF52F514FBEA516B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C662A210F899FEF7F5EF4982.text	03BD87A2C662A210F899FEF7F5EF4982.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros beatus K. Andersen 1906	<div><p>56.</p><p>Benito Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros beatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine du Benito / German: Benito-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Benito</p><p>Other common names: Benito Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposiderus [sic] beatus K. Andersen, 1906,</p><p>“ 15 miles [= 24 km] from Benito River,” Rfo Muni, Equatorial Guinea.</p><p>Hipposideros beatus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the ruber species group. Validity of subspecies has not been tested with molecular data. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. b. beatus K Andersen, 1906 — patchily in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.</p><p>H. b. maximus Verschuren, 1957 patchily in Republic of the Congo, DR Congo, and extreme NW Uganda.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-50 mm, tail 20-31 mm, ear 12-17 mm, hindfoot 6-9 mm, forearm 39-48 mm; weight 6-9 g. The Benito Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with a large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is fine and short, dark brown dorsally, paler ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Inhabits lowland rainforest, and is usually associated with rivers and streams. May also occupy riparian forest in Guinea savanna.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Benito Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. In Gabon, mating seems to occur in June-July with births of single young four months later in October—November. Females reach sexual maturity at six months, males at one year of age.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Benito Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day under boulders and eroded roots of trees, in hollow trees, in holes in the ground, culverts under roads, and cavities under small rocks. It does not roost in large, deep caves. Echolocation call includes a F component at c.130-140 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Benito Leaf-nosed Bats roost singly, in pairs or in small family groups, typically numbering 3-4 individuals. In one study in Gabon, these family groups consisted of a mated pair with one young from the current year and one from the previous breeding season. These pairs broke up at the beginning of the next breeding season when new pairings were formed.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. At present, the only significant threat appears to be the loss of rainforest The Benito Leaf-nosed Bat is present in several protected areas and forest reserves.</p><p>Bibliography. Brosset (1966b, 1982), Grubb eta/. (1998), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, M. (2013v), Hill (1963a), Koopman (1984a), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Rosevear (1965), Schütter et al. (1982), Thom &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Verschuren (1957).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C662A210F899FEF7F5EF4982	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C662A211F8A4F4B7FA814A03.text	03BD87A2C662A211F8A4F4B7FA814A03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros caffer (Sundevall 1846)	<div><p>57.</p><p>Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros caffer</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Cafrerie I German: Gewöhnliche Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Cafreria</p><p>Other common names: Cape Leaf-nosed Bat, Common African Leaf-nosed Bat, Lesser Leaf-nosed bat, Sundevall’s Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus caffer Sundevall, 1846,</p><p>near Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.</p><p>Hipposideros caffer was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the ruber species group. There has been much confusion in the literature regarding the status of this species, particularly with respect to the rainforest H. ruber species complex. Recent molecular work suggests that H. caffer is present in southern Africa, but may also extend into East Africa. The validity of the proposed subspecies angolensis from Angola is uncertain, and the internal taxonomy of this species requires reassessment. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Widely in S Africa, but N &amp; W boundaries are not yet known; known to occur in S DR Congo, W Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, N Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Swaziland. A species morphologically identical to Ä caffer occurs widely in East Africa but whether this refers to H. caffer or H. tephrus has not yet been established.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-60 mm, tail 25-38 mm, ear 10-17 mm, hindfoot 6-10 mm, forearm 42-52 mm; weight 5-11 g. No obvious sexual differences in pelage or size although males tend to average slightly larger than females, but with considerable overlap. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present in both sexes, but greatly reduced in females. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is fine and fluffy, gray or brownish gray dorsally, paler ventrally; an orange morph exists, which is bright orange or rusty brown dorsally and paler ventrally. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. A wide range of wooded savanna habitats, including riparian forest, but avoids rainforest. In more arid regions, its distribution appears to be limited to riverine habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding predominandy on moths but possibly also caddisflies, beedes, and other arthropods. Moths are typically taken in proportion to availability, but clicking moths of the families Geometridae and Arctiidae are taken less frequently than would be expected.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding in South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya (the last two populations may or may not refer to this species) is seasonal with births of single young occurring at the beginning of the rains. In South Africa, copulation and fertilization occur in April followed by a period of retarded development during the cool dry season, with births in December. Hence, gestation is 220 days at these latitudes. In Uganda, females are pregnant between December and March with births in the latter month. Young are fed milk for 60 days.</p><p>Activity patterns. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in a variety of cavities and structures including caves, hollow trees, holes in the ground, old mines, culverts under roads, and disused houses and outhouses. It remains active throughout the year, even at high latitudes in South Africa. This species, like its congeners, has a low wing loading and low aspect ratio, allowing it to fly in cluttered environments, such as thickets. Echolocation call includes a F component usually at (or near) 145 kHz, but which is highly variable by up to 15 kHz above and below.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat typically roosts in colonies of up to several hundred individuals. However, it also roosts in small family groups, and occasionally may roost singly. In one study in Zimbabwe, a group of one adult male and seven lactating females roosted together in the same hollow tree, suggestive ofa harem mating system where a dominant male monopolizes several females. It occasionally shares its roosts with other bat species including Egyptian Slitfaced Bats (Nycteris thebaica), Rhinolophus spp., Temminck’s Myotis (Myotis tricolor), and Natal Long-fingered Bats (Miniopterus natalensis).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat has a wide distribution, utilizes many different structures as day roosts, and usually occurs in good numbers.</p><p>Bibliography. Aldridge &amp; Rautenbach (1987), Bell (1987), Bell &amp; Fenton (1984), Bernard &amp; Cumming (1997), Bernard &amp; Happold (2013b), Bernard &amp; Meester (1982), Bowie eta/. (1999), Cotterill (2001a), Fenton (1985a), Happold &amp; Happold (1990), Hill (1963a), Monadjem &amp; Reside (2008), Monadjem, Reside &amp; Lumsden (2007), Monadjem, Schoeman eta/. (2010), Monadjem, Taylor eta/. (2010), Mutere (1970), O'Shea &amp; Vaughan (1980), Rautenbach (1982), Rautenbach et a/. (1993), Schoeman &amp; Jacobs (2008, 2011), Thorn &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Vallo eta/. (2008), Van Cakenberghe eta/. (2017), Whitaker &amp; Black (1976).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C662A211F8A4F4B7FA814A03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C663A211FF31F628F2CF4179.text	03BD87A2C663A211FF31F628F2CF4179.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros fuliginosus (Temminck 1853)	<div><p>58. Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros fuliginosus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine fuligineuse / German: Temminck-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido tiznado</p><p>Other common names: Sooty Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorrhina fuliginosa Temminck, 1853,</p><p>“La côte de Guiné [= coast of Guinea].”</p><p>Hipposideros fuliginosus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the ruber species group. There has been considerable confusion in the literature regarding the distinguishing features of this species, but this has recently been resolved. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patchily across tropical Africa with records in Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, extreme SE Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, extreme S Central African Republic, N DR Congo, and SW Uganda.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-100 mm, tail 29-40 mm, ear 17-20 mm, hindfoot 11—13 mm, forearm 51—60 mm; weight 18—20 g. The Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. Frontal sac is absent. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is relatively coarse and dark brown dorsally, paler ventrally; an orange morph exists which is bright orange or rusty brown. Thumb and thumb claw are well developed compared with other similarsized species of Hipposideros .</p><p>Habitat. Lowland rainforest, extending up to 1300 m above sea level in Guinea and Uganda. The Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat also occurs in riparian forest in the rainforest-savanna transition zone.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat is likely to be insectivorous. In one study, average capture height was 1-7 m aboveground, indicating that it was mainly foraging in the understory.</p><p>Breeding. Based on observations in Ivory Coast, it would appear that there is a single restricted season during which Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat young are bom (young feeding on milk in March and May).</p><p>Activity patterns. The Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in hollow tree trunks. Echolocation call includes a F component at c.120 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sooty Leaf-nosed Bats roost in groups of up to 40 bats, comprising adult males and females, and perhaps also subadults orjuveniles. They may share their roosts with the West and Central African form of H. ruber (sensu lato).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The most important threat to the Sooty Leaf-nosed Bat is probably loss of pristine rainforest.</p><p>Bibliography. Aellen (1952), ahr (2013k), Grubb eta/. (1998), Hill (1963a), Koopman (1989), Koopman et al. (1995), Monadjem &amp; ahr (2007),Thorn &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Van Cakenberghe eta/. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C663A211FF31F628F2CF4179	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C663A211F878FD37F2574AFE.text	03BD87A2C663A211F878FD37F2574AFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros lamottei Brosset 1985	<div><p>59.</p><p>Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros lamottei</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Lamotte / German: Lamotte-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Lamotte</p><p>Other common names: Lamotte’s Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros lamottei Brosset, 1985,</p><p>“[Mont] Pierre Richaud,” Mount Nimba Range, Guinea.</p><p>Hipposideros lamottei vias formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the ruber species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Mt Nimba, known only from Guinean side.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 96-103 mm, tail 35—41 mm, ear 14—17 mm, hindfoot 8—10 mm, forearm 55—57 mm; weight 9—10 g. Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with a large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present in both sexes, posterior to noseleaf. Intemarial septum does not cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively short. Fur is fine and short, brown to dark brown dorsally, slightly lighter ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Inhabits the transition zone between montane grassland and forest, 500-1400 m above sea level.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in old mine adits. Echolocation call includes a F component at 119 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bats roost in groups of 50-200 individuals, including both males and females.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on 7%g IUCNRed List. Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bat is threatened with extinction by mining. It is currently known fromjust three roost sites, all ofwhich are within a mining concession and are due to be excavated. This action could very well result in the extinction of this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Brosset (1985), Decher &amp; Fahr (2005), Denys et a/. (2013), Fahr (2013m), Koopman (1989), Koopman eta/. (1995), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Monadjem, Richards,Taylor, Denys eta/. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C663A211F878FD37F2574AFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C663A212F880F5BFFC194F46.text	03BD87A2C663A212F880F5BFFC194F46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros ruber (Noack 1893)	<div><p>60.</p><p>Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros ruber</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Noack I German: Noack-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Noack</p><p>Other common names: Noack's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina rubra Noack, 1893,</p><p>Ngerengere River, Eastern Province, Tanzania.</p><p>Hipposideros ruber was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the ru&amp;erspecies group. There has been much confusion in the literature regarding the taxonomic status of this species, particularly with respect to its relationship with the savanna H. cofferspecies complex. Recent molecular work shows deep divergence between several lineages within this complex. The savanna species H. coffer and H. tephrus are clearly distinct from the rainforest species, based on both morphology and molecular sequences. However, there are at least three distinct species within the rainforest complex. The species Ä ruber (sensu stricto) refers to populations in East Africa. Populations in Central and West Africa refer to different, but as yet unnamed taxa. They have been referred to as separate lineages in the literature, but almost certainly are valid species. This confusion needs urgent attention. Many subspecies have been described but it is not clear what their status is, taxonomy requires reassessment.</p><p>Distribution. Widely in tropical Africa, but boundaries of each lineage (presumably separate species) are not known; this species complex occurs almost continuously from Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea E to S Sudan and Ethiopia, and S to Gabon, Republic of the Congo, DR Congo, and Tanzania, with isolated populations in NW Angola, Zambia, Malawi, and N Mozambique; also on Principe and Sâo Tomé Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-62 mm, tail 30-41 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 47-55 mm; weight 9-12 g. No obvious sexual differences in pelage or size, although males tend to average slightly larger than females, but with considerable overlap. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with a large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present in males. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is fine and fluffy, dark grayish brown or dark brown dorsally, paler ventrally; an orange morph exists, which is bright rusty brown or golden dorsally and paler ventrally.</p><p>Habitat. Typically lowland rainforest, as well as riparian forest and secondary forest. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat does not occur in drier savannas except along rivers. Locally, it occurs at higher elevations—e.g. up to 1000 m on Mount Nimba. It may utilize agricultural land but typically under semi-natural habitats where some indigenous trees and well-developed undergrowth vegetation persists.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding predominandy on beedes but it may also take a variety of other arthropods. It typically forages in cluttered vegetation, departing from the day roost at sunset and returning with bulging stomach two hours later. It may forage within agricultural land, particularly where these are intermixed with natural vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding of Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat is seasonal, with births of single young occurring at different times in different populations. In Liberia, Central African Republic, and northern DR Congo, young are bom in March-April. In contrast, in Tanzania, which refers to H. ruber (sensu stricto), copulation and fertilization occur in June-July followed by retarded development, births in December and lactation through to February. In Gabon, this species appears to have two birthing seasons in March and October, although there is confusion over the exact species that was studied.</p><p>Activity patterns. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in a variety of cavities and structures including caves, hollow trees, holes in the ground, old mines, culverts under roads, and abandoned houses. Like its congeners, it has a low wing loading and low aspect ratio, allowing it to fly in cluttered environments such as thickets, and to take off from the ground. It is active throughout the year. Bats emerge from day roost at sunset and are active throughout the night, but with three peaks of activity corresponding to the first two hours after sunset, an hour around midnight and the hour before sunrise. Males tend to fly for a longer period per night than females. Echolocation call includes a F component that is highly variable and may be distincdy different in different lineages—e.g. at Mount Nimba, in Liberia, one lineage had an echolocation call at 128 kHz, whereas the second lineage called at 148 kHz. Published accounts of echolocation calls of the H. ruber complex typically fall within this range of variation.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat typically roosts in small to very large colonies of over 500 individuals. Individual bats hang separately from the ceiling of the roost but in close proximity to other group-members. In Ghana, mean home range size of 13 radio-tracked bats was 36 ha, and these overlapped extensively between individuals; the foraging area was 50% of the home range. Mean maximum foraging distance from the day roost was 1 • 1 km but extended up to 2-6 km for some individuals, which is within the range predicted for a bat of this size. It occasionally shares its roosting sites with other bat species including various Rhinolophus spp., Hipposideros spp. and the Angolan Soft-fùrred Fruit Bat ( Lissonycteris angolensis).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat complex has a wide distribution, utilizes many different structures as day roosts, and usually occurs in good numbers.</p><p>Bibliography. Anciaux de Faveaux (1978), Bernard &amp; Cumming (1997), Brosset (1968), Brosset &amp; Saint Girons (1980), Denys et al. (2013), ahr &amp; Ebigbo (2003), Grubb et al. (1998), Guillén-Servent et al. (2000), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, D.C.D. &amp; Happold (1990), Happold, M. (2013aa), Hill (1963a), Jones et al. (1993), Kock et al. (2002), Koopman (1989), Koopman et al. (1995), Monadjem &amp; Fahr (2007), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Monadjem, Richards, Taylor, Denys et al. (2013), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Nkrumah, Vallo, Klose, Ripperger, Badu, Dorsten et al. (2016), Nkrumah, Vallo, Klose, Ripperger, Badu, Gloza-Rausch et al. (2016), Patterson &amp; Webala (2012), Rosevear (1965), Schütter et al. (1982), Thorn &amp; Kerbis Peterhans(2009), Vallo, Benda et al. (2011), Vallo, Guillén-Servent étal. (2008), Van Cakenberghe et al. (2017), Verschuren (1957,1977,1982),Wolton et al. (1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C663A212F880F5BFFC194F46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C660A212F8A5FB65F7915168.text	03BD87A2C660A212F8A5FB65F7915168.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros ater Templeton 1848	<div><p>62.</p><p>Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros ater</p><p>French: Phyllorhine sombre / German: Dunkle Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido sombreado</p><p>Other common names: Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat, Dusky Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros ater Templeton, 1848,</p><p>“Colombo,” Sri Lanka.</p><p>Hipposideros ater was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the new ater species group (13 species). Phylogenetic analyses suggested specimens referred to this species from throughout the range include cryptic species; e.g. in Borneo, and further revision of this widespread species is needed. Seven subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H.a.aterTempleton,1848-IndiaandSriLanka.</p><p>H.a.amboinensisPeters,1871—AmbonI,Moluccas.</p><p>H.a.antricolaPeters,1861—Philippines.</p><p>H.a.aruensisj.E.Gray,1858—NewGuinea,BismarckArchipelago,WoodlarkI,andEAustralia(Queensland).</p><p>H.a.gilbertiD.H.Johnson,1959-WesternAustraliaandNorthernTerritory,Australia.</p><p>H.a.naUamalaensis.Srinivasulu&amp;B.Srinivasulu,2006-EasternGhats,AndhraPradesh,India.</p><p>H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 -Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 35-45 mm, tail 17-28 mm, forearm 17-43 mm; weight 4-5-10 g. Forearm length variable between populations, 34-38 mm (Indian subcontinent) and 36-43 mm (Papua New Guinea). Noseleaf of the Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat has no supplementary leaflet. Shape of intemarial septum varies between populations, from triangular to parallel-sided, or a swollen bump. Pelage color is variable from dull yellow to golden-orange to gray to dark brown; base of hair is paler than tip. Skull is small; sagittal crest is present but not well developed. P4 is small and extruded from tooth row. Baculum is a very small, thin, straight shaft with simple blunt base and tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat The Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest gaps, understory of rainforest, dry evergreen forest, and secondary forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat combines aerial-hawking and foliagegleaning tactics to find insect prey. Its known diet includes beetles, moths, gnats, and mosquitoes.</p><p>Breeding. In India, females were found pregnant in mid-November to mid-December and gave birth to a single offspring from late May to June, continuing to lactate until mid-August. Females reach sexual maturity within one year. In Sri Lanka, pregnant females were captured in mid-March. In Papua New Guinea, pregnant females were found in late October, and a young was found in early December. In Australia, newborn young were observed in October-November. Individual males can be found at maternity roosts.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat emerges rather late in the evening and flies low down. It roosts in caves, rock crevices, houses, old buildings, abandoned mines or hollow trees. During the day, it spends time grooming and cleaning fur and membranes. Call frequency of F segment is 163-169 kHz in India, and 154-164 kHz in Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat roosts singly (particularly males), or in small groups, in caves, with numbers of up to a few hundred individuals; bats maintain a space of c.lO cm from each other. The species can share a roost with other bat species, but tends to hang apart from them.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat is a widespread species and is found in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Helgen, Bates, Gumal, Heaney eta/. (2008), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Satasook et al. (2011), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Murray et al. (2010), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C660A212F8A5FB65F7915168	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C660A212FF52F3F7F35547D7.text	03BD87A2C660A212FF52F3F7F35547D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros tephrus Cabrera 1906	<div><p>61.</p><p>Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros tephrus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine cendrée I German: Maghreb-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Magreb</p><p>Other common names: Ash Gray Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros [sic] tephrus a ­ brera, 1906,</p><p>Mogador, Morocco.</p><p>Hipposideros tephrus belongs to the ruber species group. It was previously considered a subspecies of H. coffer. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Extent of this species’ distribution is not yet known; recorded with certainty in Morocco, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. It is thought to be continuously distributed from Mauritania and Senegal E to South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. However, boundary between this species and the morphologically identical H. coffer is not known.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-50 mm, tail 27—35 mm, ear 12—15 mm, hindfoot 6-9 mm. The Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short, with large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is fine and fluffy, gray or brown gray dorsally, paler ventrally; an orange morph also occurs that is typically reddish golden.</p><p>Habitat. Inhabits riparian forest in arid savanna and woodland. Occurs in the Sahel zone and further south in Sudanian savanna.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat is likely to be insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. Based on observations in northern Nigeria (which probably refer to this species), a single young is bom in a restricted season: mating appears to take place in November at the end of the rainy season, with births in late April at the beginning of the rainy season. Females lactate for two months, until late June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in a variety of situations including caves, and holes in the ground. Echolocation call includes a F component at c.140-150 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bats may roost in large colonies of up to 1000 individuals. Roosting colonies include adult males and females. At one cave in Nigeria, males apparendy dispersed away from a large colony at the time of parturition, effectively resulting in the cave forming a maternity roost for the remaining females.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 7%♂ IUCN Red List. Due to its wide distribution and large populations, the Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat is unlikely to become threatened in the near future.</p><p>Bibliography. Aellen (1952), Bernard &amp; Happold (2013b), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Hill (1963a), Koopman (1989), Koopman et al. (1995), Nader (1982), Vallo et al. (2008), Van Cakenberghe et al. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C660A212FF52F3F7F35547D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C661A213FF37FEFFFBCE4F27.text	03BD87A2C661A213FF37FEFFFBCE4F27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros bicolor Temminck 1834	<div><p>63.</p><p>Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros bicolor</p><p>French: Phyllorhine bicolore / German: Zweifarb-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido bicolor</p><p>Other common names: Bicolored Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus bicolor Temminck, 1834, “ Java, Amboina en op Timor.” Restricted by G. H. H. Tate in 1941 to “ Java and Timor.”</p><p>Hipposideros bicolor was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now in the new ater species group. Seven subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. b. bicolor Temminck, 1834 -Borneo, Java, and W Lesser Sunda Is.</p><p>H.b.atroxK.Andersen,1918—SThailand,MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoandTiomanIs),Sumatra,andBangkaIs.</p><p>H.b.erigensLawrence,1939-Philippines(Luzon,Mindoro,andBoholIs)H.b.hilliKitchener,1996—TimorI,ELesserSundas.</p><p>.</p><p>H.b.majorK.Andersen,1918-NiasandEngganoIs,offWSumatra.</p><p>H.b.selatanKitchener,1996—SavuandRotiIs,ELesserSundas.</p><p>H. b. tanimbarensis Kitchener, 1996 — Tanimbar Is (Selaru).</p><p>Previous records from Taiwan I, Laos, and Vietnam may prove to be misidentifications and need further verification.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 43-48 mm. Noseleaf of the Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat has one thin supplementary leaflet on each side. Anterior leaf is somewhat rounded. Intemarial septum is parallel-sided. Pelage is grayish brown to dark brown, or reddish brown. Skull is small; sagittal crest is moderately developed. P3 is small and extruded from tooth row. Baculum is very small, c. 3 mm in length, with thin, curved shaft with blunt base and bifid tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest gaps, and the understory of primary rainforest, dry evergreen and mixed deciduous forests, and secondary forest. It can be found in orchards, rubber and oil-palm plantations near roosting caves. It is abundant in lowland forests in limestone karst habitat and can be found up to 600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on small insects in forest gaps and along trails or over water bodies; it feeds in the understory, c. 3 m aboveground.</p><p>Breeding. In peninsular Thailand, females were found pregnant in March-May and the young with lactating females were observed in late April-June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in limestone caves, rock crevices, houses, old buildings, underground pipes or hollow trees. Call frequency of the F segment is 127—135 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats roost in small to large groups, in caves; these can be shared with Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. kunzi), Least Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. cineraceus), Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. armiger), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. larvatus), Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats (W. diadema), Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bats { H. pendleburyi), and also various Rhinolophus species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat is fairly common and is found in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates &amp; Gumal (2008), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Satasook et al. (2010), Heaney et al. (1998), Kingston et al. (2006), Murray et al. (2018), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005), Tate (1941a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C661A213FF37FEFFFBCE4F27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C661A213FF2FF357F4E14030.text	03BD87A2C661A213FF2FF357F4E14030.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros breviceps Tate 1941	<div><p>64.</p><p>Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros breviceps</p><p>French: Phyllorhine des Mentawai / German: Kurzkopf-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Mentawai</p><p>Other common names: Short-headed Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros breviceps Tate, 1941,</p><p>“North Pagi [Island], Mentawi Islands, lowlands,” Sumatra, Indonesia .</p><p>Hipposideros breviceps was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the new ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Reported only from North Pagai I, Mentawai Is, off W Sumatra.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 42 mm, tail 23 mm, ear 15 mm, hindfoot 7 mm, forearm 43 mm. The Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat is very similar to Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. galeritus), with ears slightly less haired. Noseleaf is small and presents two pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets. Anterior leaflet is longer than posterior one. Anterior noseleaf has no medial emargination. Posterior leaf has semicircular upper margin with small projection, and has medial septum and two lateral septa forming four cells. Ears are large, triangular and haired for one-half of their length. Dorsal pelage is brownish-black, with paler color at base of each hair; ventral part is covered by grayish-brownish fur, with paler hair base.</p><p>Habitat. Presumably forest areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat is probably based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Generation length is thought to be c.5 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat presumably roosts in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat is only known from 37 specimens collected in 1941, and population size, trends, ecology, and threats are still unknown. It is thought that one of its possible threats might be habitat loss due to wood extraction. Further studies are required in order to assess the conservation status of this species accurately, and establish adequate management measures.</p><p>Bibliography. Hill (1963a), Huang &amp; Sigit (2016), Tate (1941a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C661A213FF2FF357F4E14030	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C661A213F87DFC7EF2EC4DE2.text	03BD87A2C661A213F87DFC7EF2EC4DE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth 1853	<div><p>65.</p><p>Least Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros cineraceus</p><p>French: Petite Phyllorhine / German: Aschgraue Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido pequeno</p><p>Other common names: Ashy Leaf-nosed Bat, Ashy Roundleaf Bat, Least Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth, 1853,</p><p>near Pind Dadan Khan, Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan.</p><p>Hipposideros cineraceus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the new ater species group. Taxonomic revision of specimens referred to this species is needed; it may prove to comprise more taxa, with at least one undescribed species. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H.c.cineraceusBlyth,1853—NPakistan,NIndia,mainlandSEAsia,MalayPeninsula(includingLangkawiI),Sumatra,KrakatauI,Borneo,andKangeanIs.</p><p>H. c. wrightiK. H. Taylor, 1934 -Luzon I, Philippines.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 32—36 mm. Noseleaf of the Least Leaf-nosed Bat is narrow, pink or pale brown in color, and lacks supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is parallel-sided. Pelage is buffy brown or pale brown, with whitish bases. Skull is small with rostral chambers not inflated. P3 is small and slightly or fully extruded from tooth row. Baculum is very small, 1-8-2, 5 mm in length, shaft being narrow and straight with blunt base and bifid tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Least Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest gaps or along trails in understory of various types of forest, from primary lowland rainforest at sea level to dry evergreen and mixed deciduous forests, mangrove or bamboo forests, secondary or disturbed forests, or hill forest up to 1480 m. It is common in limestone karst throughout its range.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Least Leaf-nosed Bat can be found commuting through orchards and rubber and oil-palm plantations from its roosts to its foraging grounds. It feeds on small insects in the forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. In Malay Peninsula, females were found pregnant in April, June and September. Females give birth to a single offspring in March; peak lactation is between April and June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Least Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, rock crevices, old buildings, abandoned mines, underground pipes or hollow trees. Call frequency of the F segment is 134—156 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Least Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small groups of a few individuals to a colony size of up to a few hundred, in caves. In large caves, it can be found together with Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. kunzi), Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. bicolor), Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. armiger), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. larvatus), Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. diadema), and Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bats (77. pendleburyi).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77w IUCN Red List. The Least Leaf-nosed Bat is a widespread species. Potential threats include habitat loss and unregulated tourism.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal &amp; Kingston (2008b), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Murray et al. (2010), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Satasook et al. (2010), Heaney et al. (1998), Kingston et al. (2006), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C661A213F87DFC7EF2EC4DE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C661A21CF87EF08BF6A640F5.text	03BD87A2C661A21CF87EF08BF6A640F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros coronatus (Peters 1871)	<div><p>66.</p><p>Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros coronatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Mindanao / German: Grosse Mindanao-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Mindanao</p><p>Other common names: Large Mindanao Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina coronata Peters, 1871,</p><p>Mainit, Surigao del Norte Province, Mindanao, Philippines.</p><p>Hipposideros coronatus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its taxonomy requires further study; its position in the phylogeny is uncertain. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Philippines, known only from scattered records on Luzon, Polillo, Bohol, Samar, and Mindanao Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 81-83 mm, tail 27-29 mm, ear 16-6 mm, hindfoot 9-3 mm, forearm 48-8 mm; weight 9-5 g. Ears of the Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat are short and slighdy concave below rounded tip. Tail is long. Noseleaf is simple without supplementary lateral leaflets. Upper margin of posterior leaf is semicircular and it has no vertical septa. Dorsal pelage is brownish and occasionally orange, with paler hair base; ventral part presents light brown or yellowish fur.</p><p>Habitat. Limestone caves and forest habitats, as well as more degraded areas, such as secondary lowland forests and agricultural land.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet is probably based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Maternity colonies of Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bats are located in caves. Generation length is thought to be c.5 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in limestone caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat has been found sharing roosts with other bat species (Miniopterus, Rhinolophus, Myotis, and Eonycteris).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List due to the lack of information about population size, trends, distribution, and ecology. Habitat loss and degradation, and disturbance at roosts are probably the main threats to the Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat. Further research is needed in order to assess the conservation status of this species adequately.</p><p>Bibliography. Bennett eta/. (2002), Cabauatan eta/. (2014), Ingle &amp; Heaney (1992), Phelps, Heaney &amp; Sedlock (2016), Sedlock, Jose eta/. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C661A21CF87EF08BF6A640F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66CA21EFF56FEF3FD8B4BA2.text	03BD87A2C66CA21EFF56FEF3FD8B4BA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros crumeniferus (Lesueur & Petit 1807)	<div><p>67.</p><p>Timor Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros crumeniferus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Timor / German: Timor-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Timor</p><p>Other common names: Timor Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus crumeniferus Lesueur &amp; Petit in Péron, 1807,</p><p>Timor Island.</p><p>The validity of this species, which was included in the bicolor species group, requires further study: Hipposideros crumeniferus is based only on an illustration that might actually represent H. cervinus; if so, the name crumeniferus, if considered identifiable, would have priority. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Timor I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. The Timor Leaf-nosed Bat is morphologically similar to the Fawncolored Leaf-nosed Bat { H. cervinus). It is known only from an illustration in a report written by. A. Lesueur and N. Petit about the voyage of F. Péron and Lesueur to Australia. Ears are triangular. Anterior noseleaf presents two supplementary lateral leaflets. In another picture of this species by E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, dating to 1813, three supplementary leaflets can be distinguished; however, this illustration may have been drawn from other specimens, even of other taxa. Upper margin of posterior leaf is semicircular and three vertical septa separate four different cells on frontal surface. A frontal sac is also present.</p><p>Habitat. Probably primary forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Probably feeds mainly on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Generation length is probably c.5 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List, due to the lack of information about its distribution, ecology, and conservation status, combined with its doubtful taxonomy. Further research on this species is needed, especially in order to carry out adequate taxonomic assessments.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1813b), Goodwin (1979), Hutson, Schütter, Struebig &amp; Csorba (2016), Laurie &amp; Hill (1954), Lesueur &amp; Petit (1807), Oey &amp; van der Feen (1958), Pavlinov et al. (1995), Simmons (2005), Tate (1941a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66CA21EFF56FEF3FD8B4BA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66CA21EFF54F6C8FB1F53FA.text	03BD87A2C66CA21EFF54F6C8FB1F53FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros doriae (Peters 1871)	<div><p>68.</p><p>Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros doriae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Doria / German: Borneo-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Doria</p><p>Other common names: Borneo Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina doriae Peters, 1871,</p><p>“ Sarawak auf Borneo,” Malaysia.</p><p>Hipposideros doriae was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its true position in the phylogeny is unknown and requires further study. Includes a junior synonym, H. sabanus, described by O. Thomas in 1898. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 34-37 mm. Noseleaf of the Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat is dark brown, very narrow, and lacks supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is short and parallel-sided. Posterior leaf lacks vertical septa. Pelage is grayish brown to dark brown.</p><p>Habitat. Collected in primary lowland forest to submontane forest and hill forest, up to 1500 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on small insects in the forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. In Malay Peninsula, females were found pregnant in March-April. Lactating females were caught in April-June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, rock crevices, and hollow trees. Call frequency of the F segment is 195-200 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat was caught in the same trap with Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bats (Ä kunzz), Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. bicolor), and Dayak Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. dyacorum), as well as other forest-dwelling Murèna and Kerivoula.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Bornean Leaf-nosed Bat is relatively rare, although widespread. The major risk is habitat loss.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Francis, Kingston, Gumal &amp; Walston (2008), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Murray eta/. (2010), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Satasook eta/. (2010), Kingston et al. (2006), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1898a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66CA21EFF54F6C8FB1F53FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66CA21EF89FFEEFF4484896.text	03BD87A2C66CA21EF89FFEEFF4484896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros durgadasi Khajuria 1970	<div><p>69.</p><p>Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros durgadasi</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Durga Das / German: Durga-Das-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Durga Das</p><p>Other common names: Khajuria's Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros cineraceus durgadosi Khajuria, 1970,</p><p>near Katungi village, Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India.</p><p>Hipposideros durgadasi was classified as a form of H. cineraceus, but is currently considered a distinct species. It was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unknown and requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from a few localities in N &amp; S India, including Mirzapur district in Uttar Pradesh,Jabalpur district in Madhya Pradesh, and Kolar district in Karnataka.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-4-41-2 mm, tail 21-2-24-5 mm, ear 12-7-15 mm, hindfoot 5-1— 7 mm, forearm 34-4—37-5 mm. Ears and forearm of Durga Das’s Leafnosed Bat are larger than those of the Least Leaf-nosed Bat { H. cineraceus). Noseleaf is simple with no supplementary leaflets. Anterior leaf has median emargination that presents short black hair. Intermediate leaf is smaller than anterior and posterior ones, and has a pair ofvibrissae on each side. Long black hair is present on convex upper edge of intermediate leaf. Posterior leaf has three septa that form three cells. Behind posterior leaf there are two pairs of vibrissae. Males present an unpronounced frontal sac, which is even less noticeable in females. On dorsum, fur is whitish or pale brown at base and brownish-reddish on distal portion; ventral pelage is creamcolored basally, pale brown distally.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical and subtropical dry forest habitats, at elevations of 347-1100 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to forage in dry deciduous and thorn forests. It is an insectivorous species that feeds mainly on beedes, crickets, and other small insects.</p><p>Breeding. Maternity colonies are probably composed of several tens of individuals. Generation length is probably c.5 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in underground caves and artificial cave systems in hills, and under large granite blocks.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious, forming colonies of several individuals (usually more than 100). It has been reported in monospecific colonies but also as sharing its roost with other bat species, such as the Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat (AE fulvus), the Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat (AE hypophyllus), Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. speoris), and the Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat ( Rhinopoma hardwickiî).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on 77zr IUCNRed List. Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat was previously classified as Endangered, but recent reports in new localities have extended its range and led to a change in its category. Its estimated range of occurrence is currently 114,335 km 2 and its area of occupancy is estimated at less than 2000 km 2. One of the major threats to this species is granite extraction through illegal mining.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Kamalakannan eta/. (2018), Kaur eta/. (2014), Khajuria (1970), Mishra &amp; Dookia (2016), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu, C. eta/. (2010),Topal (1975).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66CA21EF89FFEEFF4484896	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66CA21FF8A3F3A3FCC240C7.text	03BD87A2C66CA21FF8A3F3A3FCC240C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros dyacorum Thomas 1902	<div><p>70.</p><p>Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros dyacorum</p><p>French: Phyllorhine dayak / German: Dayak-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido dayak</p><p>Other common names: Dayak Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposiderus [sic] dyacorum Thomas, 1902,</p><p>“Mount Mulu, Baram District, Sarawak,” Borneo, Malaysia.</p><p>Hipposideros dyacorum was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the new tzter species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula and Borne©:-</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 38—43 mm. Noseleaf of the Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat is small and rounded, without supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is swollen and broader at base, and narrow in middle. Pelage is uniformly dark brown, with slightly paler tips.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland rainforest to semi-evergreen forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on small insects in forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. In peninsular Thailand, lactating females were captured in May-June.</p><p>Activity patterns. T he Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in limestone caves, under rocks, and in hollow trees. Call frequency of the F segment is 167-170 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat was caught in the same trap with Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bats { H. kunzî), Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats { H. bicolor), Bornean Leaf-nosed Bats { H. doriae), and other forest-dwelling Murino. and Kerivoula.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TTze IUCNRed List. The major threat to the Dayak Leaf-nosed Bat is habitat loss.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis &amp; Kingston (2008), Kingston et al. (2006), Payne et al. (1985), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66CA21FF8A3F3A3FCC240C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66DA21FFF2BFC71FE1B4872.text	03BD87A2C66DA21FFF2BFC71FE1B4872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros einnaythu Douangboubpha et al. 2011	<div><p>71.</p><p>House-dwelling Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros einnaythu</p><p>French: Phyllorhine des maisons! German: Myanmar-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Myanmar</p><p>Other common names: House-dwelling Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros einnaythu Douangboubpha et al, 2011,</p><p>“Kan TharYar Beach, Gwa Township, Rakhine State, Myanmar (17°44’00”N, 94°32’30”E).”</p><p>Hipposideros einnaythu is in the ater species group. Specimens of this species were previously referred to H. atratus and H.fulvus . Future surveys and revision of museum specimens may prove it to be more widespread than currently known. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Myanmar, known only from type locality (Rakhine State) and in Tanintharyi Region (Tharabwin Village, Myeik, and Tanintharyi Village).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 39-5—40-3 mm. Noseleaf of the House-dwelling Leaf-nosed Bat is relatively large with rounded anterior leaf. It has one pair of supplementary leaflets. Intemarial septum is distinctly swollen in middle with a narrow, bluntly pointed tip. Pelage is uniformly dark brown dorsally, slightly paler on ventral part. Braincase and sagittal crest are low. Zygomata are slender with moderate dorsal process.</p><p>Habitat. The House-dwelling Leaf-nosed Bat was originally discovered flying around a bathroom before dusk. Surrounding habitats included a beach, a patch of palm trees, and dense vegetation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activitypatterns. All known specimens of this species were collected from human habitation; e.g. a house roof.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. One of the specimens was found roosting alone in a human settlement.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNRed List due to its recent recognition as a species. This is a rare and very poorly known bat.</p><p>Bibliography. Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Satasook eta/. (2011), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Murray eta/. (2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66DA21FFF2BFC71FE1B4872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66DA21FF876FB5EF49B4DB7.text	03BD87A2C66DA21FF876FB5EF49B4DB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros fulvus J.E. Gray 1838	<div><p>73.</p><p>Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros fulvus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine fauve / German: Gelbrote Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido leonado</p><p>Other common names: Fulvus Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros fulvus], E. Gray, 1838,</p><p>“ India, (Madras.).”</p><p>Hipposideros fulvus was formerly included in the ZrâoZorspecies group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H. f. fulvus]. E. Gray, 1838 — Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Also recorded from W Yunnan in S China, but assignation to this subspecies uncertain.</p><p>H. f. paUidus K Andersen, 1918 -NE Afghanistan to NW India.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-50 mm, tail 24-35 mm, ear 19-26 mm, hindfoot 6-10 mm, forearm 38-44 mm; weight 8-9 g. Noseleaf of the Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat is without supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is somewhat flattened and slightly wider at base. Pelage is variable from dull yellow to pale gray, dull brown or golden-orange, sometimes with whitish-gray patch around shoulder. Rostrum is robust Braincase and sagittal crest are low. Zygomata are slender with moderate dorsal process. P2 is small, situated in the tooth row or slightly extruded. Baculum is small, with straight shaft and simple base and tip. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat is found in lowland forest, thorn scrub in arid regions, and hill forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat uses a slow fluttering flight to feed on insects close to the ground, but is also recorded feeding in the canopy. Preferred diet includes cockroaches and beetles. The species appears to favor medium-sized insects, perhaps to avoid competition with other Hipposideros .</p><p>Breeding. In Maharashtra, breeding occurs in mid-November. Gestation takes 150-160 days. Females give birth to a single young in late April and early May, and lactation was observed until late July. Young bats of both sexes take 18-19 months to reach sexual maturity.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat was observed leaving the roost long after dusk, and often revisiting the roost during the night. It roosts in caves, rock crevices, tunnels, old houses and other buildings, and wells.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small groups of a few individuals or in colonies of over 200. It is known to share roosts with Leschenault’s Rousettes { Rousettus leschenaultiî), Indian Leafnosed Bats { H. lankadiva), Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats { Rhinolophus rouxii), and Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats {Miniopterus schreibersii), but it remains separated from other species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The major threats to the Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat appear to be habitat loss and human disturbance.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Srinivasulu &amp; Molur (2008a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66DA21FF876FB5EF49B4DB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66DA21FFF2CF407F3FD471C.text	03BD87A2C66DA21FFF2CF407F3FD471C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros gentilis K Andersen 1918	<div><p>72.</p><p>Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros gentilis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine d’Andersen / German: Andersen-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Andersen</p><p>Other common names: Andersen's Roundleaf Bat, Exotic Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros gentilis K Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“Thayetmyo, Burma [= Myanmar].”</p><p>Previously considered a subspecies of H. pomona, but here considered distinct based on its larger size. Its true position in the phylogeny is unknown, and its taxonomy requires further study. Subspecific limits remain unclear, and they may prove to be two distinct species with an overlapping range. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H.g.gentilisKAndersen,1918-Nepal,NEIndia,Bangladesh,Myanmar,Thailand,PeninsularMalaysia,andAndamanIs.</p><p>H. g. sinensis K. Andersen, 1918 -S &amp; SE China (including Hainan I), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36 mm, tail 28-35 mm, ear 18-25 mm, hindfoot 6-9 mm, forearm 38-43 mm. Dorsal pelage of Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat is generally dark brown, with paler bases; ventral side is slightly paler. Noseleaf is wide and rounded, with no lateral supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is parallel-sided. Rostrum is narrow and poorly inflated. Baculum is very small, with straight shaft and simple blunt base and tip.</p><p>Habitat. Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat was captured in primary and secondary forests; also in orchards, and robber and oil-palm plantations. It is common in karst habitats throughout its range.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat was captured c.0-5-3 m aboveground in gaps in the forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. Females were found pregnant and lactating from March to June.</p><p>Activity patterns. Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, rock crevices, hollow trees, pipes, and old houses. Call frequency is 120-140 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small groups of a few individuals or in colonies of several hundreds. In Thailand, it shares the same caves—but different chambers—with Least Leaf-nosed Bats { H. cineraceus), Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. armiger), Thailand Leaf-nosed Bats (Ä halophyllus), Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bats (Ä ZyZri), Dobson’s Horseshoe Bats { Rhinolophus yunanensis), and Kitti’s Hog-nosed Bats { Craseonycteris thonglongyai).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The IUCN Red List, where it is included under the Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat (AE /jowcwzz) as Least Concern. Limestone mining, and quarrying may be threats for some populations outside protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Csorba, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008a), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Satasook eta/. (2010), Francis (2008a), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66DA21FFF2CF407F3FD471C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66DA218F870F0C0FE694488.text	03BD87A2C66DA218F870F0C0FE694488.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros halophyllus HM & Yenbutra 1984	<div><p>74.</p><p>Thailand Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros halophyllus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine deThaïlande / German: Thailand-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido deTailandia</p><p>Other common names: Thailand Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros halophyllus HM &amp; Yenbutra, 1984,</p><p>“Khao Sa Moa Khon [= Khao Samor Khon], Tha Woong, Lop Buri, Thailand.”</p><p>Hipposideros halophyllus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the new ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Scattered records in N, C &amp; S Thailand (Chiang Mai, Phitsanulok, Uthai Thani, Lop Buri, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Petchaburi, Sa Kaeo, Phang Nga, and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces) and N Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis State).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 36-39 mm. Noseleaf of the Thailand Leaf-nosed Bat lacks supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is kidney-shaped. Pelage is grayish brown. Rostrum is poorly inflated; anterior part is low and gradually slopes upward to pos-tenor part. P2 is small, situated the tooth row or slightly extruded. Baculum is very small, with straight shaft, slightly expanded base, and rounded tip.</p><p>Habitat. Thailand Leaf-nosed Bats forage in a variety of habitats, from shrubs near ricefields and plantations, to mangroves, bamboo and primary evergreen forests. Found from sea level up to 480 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Thailand Leafnosed Bat feeds on small insects over ricefields or by the edge of vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. Females were found pregnant in March-April. Lactating females were captured in May-June, which is the same period that groups of young were observed roosting in caves during the night.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Thailand Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves or rock crevices. Echolocation call frequency of 156-187 kHz has been reported.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Thailand Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small colonies of up to c.200 individuals in a single cave (e.g. Pha Daeng and Khao Singto caves); however, in Khao Samor Khon caves, a population size of c. 1000-1400 individuals was estimated. The species is commonly found coexisting with Least Leafnosed Bats { H. cineraceus), Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. bicolor), Andersen’s Leafnosed Bats (H. gentilis), Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bats { H. galeritus), Great Himalayan Leafnosed Bats { H. armiger), and Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. larvatus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The major threats to the Thailand Leaf-nosed Bat appear to be habitat loss due to limestone mining, habitat degradation by livestock and deforestation, and human disturbance. The species was reported as being hunted at Khao Samor Khon caves, and being disturbed by tourist activities in Ton Chan and Khao Yoi caves.</p><p>Bibliography. Douangboubpha &amp; Soisook (2016), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Murray et al. (2010), Francis (2008a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66DA218F870F0C0FE694488	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66AA218FF5CF7A2FD465305.text	03BD87A2C66AA218FF5CF7A2FD465305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat 1994	<div><p>75.</p><p>Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros hypophyllus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine du Kolar / German: Kolar-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Kolar</p><p>Other common names: Kolar Roundleaf Bat, Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock &amp; Bhat, 1994,</p><p>“Hanumanahalli village, 15 km E of Kolar Town, 13°09’N- 78°07’E, Kolar District]., Bangalore Region, Karnataka, India.”</p><p>Hipposideros hypophyllus was previously included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to S India (Kolar district, Karnataka), known only from type locality. Previously also on nearby Therahalli, where now absent.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-9—41-7 mm, tail 23-3-24-3 mm, ear 16-7-17-7 mm, hindfoot 6-7-6-9 mm, forearm 38-49 mm. Ears of the Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat are broad. Noseleaf has two lateral supplementary leaflets. Anterior leaf is smoothly rounded, with no emargination. Intemarial septum is broader at base and forms a narrow triangle at tip. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown or rufous brown; ventral area is white to fulvous-white. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical dry shrubland near villages and agricultural fields. The Kolar Leafnosed Bat can be found at elevations of up to 570 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant and lactating females were found in late summer.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat was documented to accumulate fat in winter, suggesting it may use torpor in colder months. Entire known population of this species roosts in a narrow, inaccessible, subterranean cave on a monolithic granite hill. Echolocation call frequency is 103-105 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat shares roosts with Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. durgadasi), Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bats { H. fulvus), and Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. speoris).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on IUCNRed List. The Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat is very rare and found in only one cave, with a population of less than 200 individuals. The major threat is habitat loss due to granite mining.</p><p>Bibliography. Chakravarty et al. (2016), Kock &amp; Bhat (1994), Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu &amp; Kaur (2016), Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu, Kaur, Shah et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66AA218FF5CF7A2FD465305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66AA218FF5DEF31F3984475.text	03BD87A2C66AA218FF5DEF31F3984475.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros khaokhouayensis Guillen-Servent & Francis 2006	<div><p>76.</p><p>Phou Khao Khouay Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros khaokhouayensis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine du Khao Khouay I German: Phou-Khao-Khouay-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Khao Khouay</p><p>Other common names: Phou Khao Khouay Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros khaokhouayensis Guillén-Servent &amp; Francis, 2006,</p><p>“ Tak Leukwaterfall, along Nam (river) Leuk, in Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Saisombun Special Zone, Central Lao PDR, 18°23’N, 103°04’E, 180 m elevation.”</p><p>Hipposideros khaokhouayensis was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the new ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Laos, known only from type locality and Ban Nampe, C.I 1 km NE of Vang Vieng, Vang Vieng district, Vientiane Province.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 24—26 mm, forearm 46-49 mm. Noseleaf of the Phou Khao Khouay Leaf-nosed Bat is narrow and without lateral supplementary leaflet Intemarial septum forms an intermediate-sized disk shape. Anterior leaf has narrow emargination. Dorsal pelage is generally mid-brown, with individual hairs white at base, brown in the middle, and pale at tip; ventral side is paler. Rostrum is inflated with large posterolateral chamber. Sagittal crest is moderately developed.</p><p>Habitat. The Phou Khao Khouay Leaf-nosed Bat was captured in patches of intact and disturbed evergreen forests both near and far from caves it is known to occupy. It can be found at elevations of 180—400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Lactating female was captured in May-June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Phou Khao Khouay Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in limestone caves. Echolocation call frequency is 87-91 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on IUCN Red List. The major threat to the Phou Khao Khouay Leaf-nosed Bat is habitat loss; this is aggravated by lack of law enforcement.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Francis (2008a), Francis (2008a), Guillén-Servent &amp; Francis (2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66AA218FF5DEF31F3984475	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66AA218F8ACF806F537533A.text	03BD87A2C66AA218F8ACF806F537533A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros kunzi Murray et al. 2018	<div><p>77.</p><p>Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros kunzi</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Kunz / German: Kunz-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Kunz</p><p>Other common names: Kunz's Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat, Kunz's Bicolored Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros kunzi Murray et al, 2018,</p><p>“Bukit Rengit, Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (... 03°35’45.6”N, 102°10’59.0”E — approximate elevation 72 m).”</p><p>Hipposideros kunzi was initially referred to as “Mbicolor-Y42. kHz” by T. Kingston and colleagues in 2001 and provisionally designated H. atrox by B. Douangboubpha and coworkers in 2010. It is in the ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 15-19 mm, forearm 38-45 mm. Noseleaf of the Kunz’s Leafnosed Bat is narrow and without lateral supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is wider at base and narrower at tip, in somewhat triangular form. Anterior leaf has deep emargination. Pelage color is variable from dark brown to bright orange, but always bicolored with white base. Rostrum is flattened. Sagittal crest is moderately developed. P2 is small and extruded from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bat was captured in primary or secondary forests, or disturbed habitats. It was found commuting from the roost to the feeding areas through rubber and oil-palm plantations. Common in karst areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on small insects in gaps in the understory.</p><p>Breeding. In peninsular Thailand, females were found pregnant in March-April, and lactating in late April-June.</p><p>Activity patterns. Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, rock crevices, old houses, and underground pipes. Echolocation call frequency is 138—144 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in small groups of a few individuals or in colonies of several hundred individuals in caves. It was observed sharing roosts with Least Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. cineraceus), Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. bicolor), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. larvatus), Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. armiger), Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bats (Ä pendleburyi), Malayan Horseshoe Bats { Rhinolophus malayanus), Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bats (A stheno), Himalayan Whiskered Myotis (Afyotis stZigormsis), Peters’s Myotis (M. ater), Intermediate Long-fingered Bats (Miniopterus médius), and Black-bearded Tomb Bats (Taphozous melanopogon).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List due to its recent recognition as a species. Kunz’s Leaf-nosed Bat is currently not at risk.</p><p>Bibliography. Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Satasook eta/. (2010), Francis (2008a), Kingston, Lara et al. (2001), Kingston, Lim &amp; Zubaid (2006), Murray et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66AA218F8ACF806F537533A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66AA219F8B6EF7FF92245DD.text	03BD87A2C66AA219F8B6EF7FF92245DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros macrobullatus Tate 1941	<div><p>78.</p><p>Big-eared Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros macrobullatus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Tate / German: Heinrich-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido orejudo</p><p>Other common names: Big-eared Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros bicolor macrobullotus Tate, 1941,</p><p>“Talassa (Maros), South Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia]; 300 meters.”</p><p>Hipposideros macrobullatus was described as a subspecies of H. bicolor, but is currendy considered a distinct species. It was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from three localities in Indonesia (SW Sulawesi, Kangean, and Seram Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 23 mm, forearm 40-42 mm. Ears of the Big-eared Leaf-nosed Bat are large. Pelage is brown or reddishbrown, with a whitish base to each hair. Skull is distinctly characterized by large bullae.</p><p>Habitat. Elevational range is not known: type specimen was collected at 300 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Big-eared Leaf-nosed Bat is believed to roost in caves and tree hollows, and to forage in woodland.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Other species collected from the same locality include Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat { Hipposideros galeritus) and the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat ( H diadema).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Bigeared Leaf-nosed Bat is a very poorly known species. Habitat loss and cave disturbance are considered the major threats to this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Hutson, Schütter &amp; Kingston (2016a), Simmons (2005), Tate (1941a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66AA219F8B6EF7FF92245DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66BA219FF23F89FFE325265.text	03BD87A2C66BA219FF23F89FFE325265.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros maggietaylorae J. D. Smith & Hill 1981	<div><p>79.</p><p>Maggie Taylor’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros maggietaylorae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Taylor / German: Maggie-Taylor-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Maggie Taylor</p><p>Other common names: MaggieTaylor's Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros maggietaylorae J. D. Smith &amp; Hill, 1981,</p><p>“Lengmebung Cave, 1.3 km south and 3 km east Lakuramau Plantation, 80 m, New Ireland Island, New Ireland Prov[ince]., Papua New Guinea (lat. 2° 54’S long. 151° 16’E).”</p><p>Hipposideros maggietaylorae is traditionally confused with H. calcaratus . It was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its true position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>H.m.maggietaylorae].D.Smith&amp;Hill,1981—BismarckArchipelago.</p><p>H. m. erroris]. D. Smith &amp; Hill, 1981 -New Guinea, mainland Papua New Guinea and Raja Ampat Is (Waigeo and Batanta); it probably occurs in other Indonesian West Papua areas.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 57-80 mm, tail 30-44 mm, ear 13-5-22 mm, hindfoot 9—17 mm, forearm 50-4-67-2 mm; weight 13-23 g. Maggie Taylor’s Leaf-nosed Bat is morphologically very similar to the Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat { H. calcaratus).Ears are relatively short, triangular and with rounded tips. Antitragus is short and slightly convex. Noseleaf is simple and supplementary leaflets are absent. Intermediate leaf has two ridges (which hold a vibrissa) lateral to medial ridge. Posterior leaf is relatively small and presents three vertical septa. There is a frontal sac, which is more pronounced in males. Pelage is long, shaggy, and grayish-brownish on dorsum, whitish-grayish on ventral part; fur covering head is darker; pelage can be orange-reddish in some cases. Juveniles are entirely gray.</p><p>.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical and subtropical dry forest and moist lowland forest. It can also occur in more degraded habitats such as surrounding rural areas. Altitudinal occurrence ranges from sea level up to 380 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Maggie Taylor’s Leaf-nosed Bat is thought to forage in dense vegetation of both primary and secondary tropical humid forest, sclerophyll woodlands and rural gardens. Its diet is based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Maggie Taylor’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, mines, galleries, tunnels, and even hollow trees. Characteristic F of its echolocation call is 121 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Maggie Taylor’s Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious, forming colonies of several individuals (usually more than 50).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List because it is a common species within its extensive range. In addition, it has a certain degree of tolerance to habitat degradation. Its population size is probably large and relatively stable. No important threats have been reported.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso &amp; Leary (2008c), Robson eta/. (2012), Smith &amp; Hill (1981), Whitmore (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66BA219FF23F89FFE325265	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66BA219FF1AEE0AF4234680.text	03BD87A2C66BA219FF1AEE0AF4234680.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros nequam K. Andersen 1918	<div><p>80.</p><p>Malayan Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros nequam</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Malaisie / German: Malaya-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido malayo</p><p>Other common names: Malayan Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros nequam K. Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“Klang, Selangor,” Malaysia.</p><p>Hipposideros nequam was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from type locality in Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 19 mm, forearm 46 mm. Noseleaf of the Malayan Leafnosed Bat is large, 6 mm in width and 8 mm in length. P2 is small, and is situated in tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. No information.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. The Malayan Leaf-nosed Bat is a very poorly known species, known only from a single specimen.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Senawi eta/. (2016), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66BA219FF1AEE0AF4234680	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66BA219F877F9AEF50A4F20.text	03BD87A2C66BA219F877F9AEF50A4F20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros nicobarulae G. S. Miller 1902	<div><p>81.</p><p>Nicobar Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros nicobarulae</p><p>French: Phyllorhine des Nicobar / German: Nikobaren-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Nicobar</p><p>Other common names: Nicobar Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros nicobarulae G. S. Miller, 1902,</p><p>“Little Nicobar Island,” India.</p><p>Hipposideros nicobarulae is in the ater species group, and was previously considered a subspecies of H. ater . Based on detailed morphometric and craniodental studies, it was raised to species level by B. Douangboubpha and colleagues in 2011. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Nicobar Is, India.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 15-19 mm, forearm 38-42 mm. Noseleaf of the Nicobar Leafnosed Bat is without lateral supplementary leaflet. Anterior leaf has deep emargination. Intemarial septum is swollen, broader at base and narrower at tip. Rostrum is inflated but only moderately. P2 is small and extruded. Baculum is very small, with a curved shaft and simple base and tips.</p><p>Habitat. No information.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Nicobar Leaf-nosed Bat has been found roosting in caves and deserted buildings.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List as a separate species from the Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat ( H. ater), which is classified as Least Concern.</p><p>Bibliography. Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Satasook et al. (2011), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Murray et al. (2010), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Simmons (2005)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66BA219F877F9AEF50A4F20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C66BA21AF877F349FDE14058.text	03BD87A2C66BA21AF877F349FDE14058.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros obscurus (Peters 1861)	<div><p>82.</p><p>Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros obscurus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine obscure / German: Philippinen-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido filipino</p><p>Other common names: Philippines Forest Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Phyllorhina obscura Peters, 1861,</p><p>“Paracali [= Paracali, Camarines Norte Province], Luzon,” Philippines.</p><p>Hipposideros obscurus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Philippines.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.53-58 mm, tail 19-24 mm, ear 18-22 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 42-48 mm; weight 7-12 g. Males are larger than females. On the dorsal side, pelage of the Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat is dark brown at tips and base, paler in middle of each hair; on ventral side, pelage is darker at base and paler at tips; pelage on head often has reddish hue. Noseleaf is broad; two pairs of leaflets are distinctly present, lateral to anterior noseleaf. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 24 and FN = 44.</p><p>Habitat. The Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat forages in primary and disturbed forest from lowland to montane and mossy forest up to 1100 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat is usually found feeding on insects, in the understory of lowland forest.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single offspring.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, mine shafts, hollow trees and logs, and among tree buttresses. Call frequency is 138-145 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Philippine Forest Leaf-nosed Bat is rather common throughout its range. Forest conversion may be causing the population to decrease but in general it is not currently at risk. It is found in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Heaney, Balete, Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza &amp; Gomez (2008), Sedlock (2001), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C66BA21AF877F349FDE14058	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C668A21AFF50FC16FEFE4ABD.text	03BD87A2C668A21AFF50FC16FEFE4ABD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros orbiculus Francis, Kock & Habersetzer 1999	<div><p>83.</p><p>Orbiculus Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros orbiculus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine à petit disque / German: Kleinblatt-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de disco pequeno</p><p>Other common names: Orbiculus Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros orbiculus Francis, Kock &amp; Habersetzer, 1999,</p><p>“Abai Siat, SE Kota Baru, 01°02’ S, 101°43’ E, Sumatera Barat, Sumatra, Indonesia.”</p><p>Hipposideros orbiculus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 26-34 mm, ear 20-23-5 mm, forearm 46-49 mm; weight 9-3-10-3 g. Ears of the Orbiculus Leaf-nosed Bat are large and rounded. Pelage is dark chocolate-brown. Noseleaf is broad and covers muzzle, with no lateral supplementary leaflet Intemarial septum is medium-sized and disk-shaped.</p><p>Habitat The Orbiculus Leaf-nosed Bat appears to be a lowland-forest species. It has been captured in rubber plantations, in primary forest, and in peat-swamp forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Orbiculus Leaf-nosed Bat has been found roosting in drainage pipes. In Peninsular Malaysia, call frequency of 80 kHz has been recorded.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The population status of the Orbiculus Leaf-nosed Bat is unknown, but is doubtless decreasing due to deforestation.</p><p>Bibliography. Francis (2008a), Francis, Bates et al. (2016), Francis, Kock &amp; Habersetzer (1999), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C668A21AFF50FC16FEFE4ABD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C668A21AFF48F5F3F8EB514E.text	03BD87A2C668A21AFF48F5F3F8EB514E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros papua Thomas & Doria 1886	<div><p>84.</p><p>Biak Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros papua</p><p>French: Phyllorhine papoue / German: Biak-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Biak</p><p>Other common names: Biak Roundleaf Bat, Geelvink Bay Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. PhyUorhina papua Thomas &amp; Doria, 1886,</p><p>“Rorido nell’ Isola di Misori [= Biak Island], Baja del Geelvink [= Cenderawasih Bay], nella N. Guinea [= Papua Province, Indonesia].”</p><p>Hipposideros papua was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Moluccas (Halmahera and Bacan), West Papuan Is (Gebe), Schouten Is (Numfor, Supiori, and Biak), and W New Guinea (Bird’s Head Peninsula).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-9—58-9 mm, tail 22-34-8 mm, ear 13-3—17-8 mm, hindfoot 6-5—7-7 mm, forearm 49-5—52-7 mm; weight 9-3—10-1 g. The Biak Leaf-nosed Bat has large triangular ears that are slighdy concave below tip. Anterior noseleaf is large, with three supplementary lateral leaflets (the third one very small or absent in some cases). Upper margin of posterior noseleaf is semicircular and has three vertical septa, which separate four cells on frontal surface. A frontal sac is present in males and absent in females. Pelage is dark brown on dorsum and paler on ventral part.</p><p>Habitat. The Biak Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported in primary tropical moist woodland habitats at elevations of 100-300 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Biak Leaf-nosed Bat probably forages in primary forests. Its diet is based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Biak Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves. Call frequency of the F segment is c.123 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Biak Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious and has been observed in caves roosting in small groups.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Although it occurs in a relatively small range, the Biak Leaf-nosed Bat is a relatively common species within this, and its population is thought to be stable. The main potential threats to this species might be roost disturbance and habitat degradation.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Rossiter eta/. (2007), Bonaccorso (1998), Helgen (2008b),Tate (1941a), Wiantoro (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C668A21AFF48F5F3F8EB514E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C668A21AF898FEA4F2CA4B5E.text	03BD87A2C668A21AF898FEA4F2CA4B5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros pomona K Andersen 1918	<div><p>85.</p><p>Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros pomona</p><p>French: Phyllorhine pomone I German: Pomona-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido pomona</p><p>Other common names: Pomona Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros pomona K Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“Haleri, N[orth]. Coorg [= Kodagu],” Karnataka State, south-western India.</p><p>Hipposideros pomona was formerly included in the bicolor species group but is now placed in the new ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 18—19 mm, forearm 38—39 mm. Pelage of the Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat is generally dark brown, with hairs paler at base; ventral side is slightly paler. Noseleaf is wide and rounded, with no lateral supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum is parallel-sided. Rostrum is narrow and poorly inflated. Baculum is very small, with straight shaft and simple blunt base and tip.</p><p>Habitat No information.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat feeds in gaps of the forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, rock crevices, or hollow trees. Call frequency is 123-128 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. As the revised species is now restricted to southern India, its population status needs to be re-assessed. The Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat is likely to qualify to be listed under threatened category and may require conservation measures.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Csorba, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008a), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Soisook, Satasook eta/. (2010), Francis (2008a), Simmons (2005), Wordley eta/. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C668A21AF898FEA4F2CA4B5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C668A21AF89AF71DF3CE5141.text	03BD87A2C668A21AF89AF71DF3CE5141.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros pygmaeus (Waterhouse 1843)	<div><p>86.</p><p>Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros pygmaeus</p><p>French: Phyllorhine pygmée / German: Kleine Philippinen-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido filipino pequeno</p><p>Other common names: Philippine Pygmy Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus pygmaeus Waterhouse, 1843,</p><p>“ Philippine Islands.”</p><p>Hipposideros pygmaeus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but its position in the phylogeny is unclear and its taxonomy requires further study. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Philippines (S Luzon, Polillo, Marinduque, Samar, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, and N Mindanao).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 57—73 mm, tail 18—27 mm, ear 11—15 mm, hindfoot 6—8 mm, forearm 37—41 mm; weight 4 g. Ears of the Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat are triangular, with a broad base, and concave below tip; they are haired for half of their length. Noseleaf is large and complex. Anterior noseleaf is broad and has two pairs of supplementary lateral leaflets. Unlike posterior pair of leaflets, anterior pair meets beneath anterior noseleaf. Inflated intermediate leaf has no median emarginations. Posterior leaf is broad, with semicircular upper margin and with three vertical septa, which from four cells. Frontal sac only present in males. Fur is dark brown with whitish bases on dorsum; on ventral part pelage is brown, darker at base of hairs.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forest. The Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported from sea level up to 200 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat probably forages in cluttered areas of forest Common prey of this species includes Araneae, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Blattodea, and Psocoptera.</p><p>Breeding. Maternity colonies are found in caves.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed bat has been reported roosting in limestone caves and other underground habitats. Call frequency of the F segment is c.95-5 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat is a gregarious species and has been observed in caves, usually roosting in small groups, although large numbers have been reported in some caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCNRed List. The Philippine Pygmy Leaf-nosed Bat has a relatively wide distribution and its population is thought to be large. In addition, it is considered to be tolerant of a degree of habitat degradation. Potential threats to this species could be disturbance at roosts, cave destruction, deforestation and mining, as well as local hunting in some areas. This species is hunted for food in parts of its range, although this does not seem to heavily harm the species.</p><p>Bibliography. Heaney, Balete, Dolar eta/. (1998), Heaney, Balete, Ong, Rosell-Ambal,Tabaranza &amp; Esselstyn (2008), Hill (1963a), Ingle &amp; Heaney (1992), Phelps, Jose eta/. (2016),Tate (1941a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C668A21AF89AF71DF3CE5141	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C669A21BFF29FED2FC1F4BD6.text	03BD87A2C669A21BFF29FED2FC1F4BD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros ridleyi H. C. Robinson & Kloss 1911	<div><p>87.</p><p>Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros ridleyi</p><p>French: Phyllorhine de Ridley / German: Ridley-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de Ridley</p><p>Other common names: Ridley's Roundleaf Bat, Singapore Roundleaf Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros ridleyi H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1911,</p><p>“Botanic Gardens, Singapore.”</p><p>Hipposideros ridleyi was formerly included in the bicolor species group but is now placed in the new ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula and N &amp; SW Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei); probably also occurs in the rest of Borneo (Kalimantan), but this has not yet been confirmed.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 25-29 mm, ear 24-28 mm, forearm 47-51 mm; weight 7-5-13-5 g. Ears of Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat is large. Pelage is uniformly dark brown, slightiy paler on ventral side. Noseleaf is wide and rounded, with deep emargination on anterior leaf. It has no lateral supplementary leaflet. Intemarial septum forms a large disk shape.</p><p>Habitat. Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat was captured in flat lowland primary rainforests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. In Peninsular Malaysia, females were found pregnant with one embryo in March-May, and lactating in May-October.</p><p>Activity patterns. Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat was captured c.0-5-3 m aboveground in gaps of lowland forest understory. It roosts in hollow trees, pipes, and old houses. Call frequency is 61-62 kHz (Malay Peninsula) and 65-67 kHz (Sabah).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bats roost in small groups of up to 15 individuals in very large fallen trees with deep hollows. The roost is sexually segregated for the most part. The species was reported to share a hollow tree with Malayan Tailless Leaf-nosed Bats ( Coelops robinsoni).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The population of Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat is generally declining. The major threat is deforestation.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis, Kingston &amp; Bumrungsri (2008), Kingston et al. (2006), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Simmons (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C669A21BFF29FED2FC1F4BD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
03BD87A2C669A21BF872FECBF5B74BD3.text	03BD87A2C669A21BF872FECBF5B74BD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros rotalis Francis, Kock & Habersetzer 1999	<div><p>88.</p><p>Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat</p><p>Hipposideros rotalis</p><p>French: Phyllorhine du Laos / German: Laos-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de Laos</p><p>Other common names: Laotian Roundleaf Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Hipposideros rotalis Francis, Kock &amp; Habersetzer, 1999,</p><p>“Ban Keng Bit, 18°15’ N, 104°34’ E, Nam (River) Kading, Bolikhamxai Prov[ince]., Laos.”</p><p>Hipposideros rotalis was formerly included in the bicolor species group but is now placed in the new ater species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to C Laos.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 31-2-39 mm, ear 24-3-26-7 mm, forearm 45-49 mm; weight 11 g. Ears of the Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat are broad and concave below tip. Anterior noseleaf is broad and its anterior margin is rounded. It has just one supplementary lateral leaflet. Intemarial disk is large. In posterior noseleaf, three vertical septa form four noticeable cells on frontal surface. Fur is brownish on dorsum, paler on ventral part; base of each hair is white, intermediate portion is brown, and tip lighter.</p><p>Habitat. Primary evergreen forests and dry evergreen-dipterocarp mixed forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat probably forages in forest habitats. Its diet is based on insects.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat has been reported roosting in limestone caves. Call frequency of the F segment is c.69-71 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat has usually been observed roosting in small groups.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Laotian Leaf-nosed Bat is only known from some registers. Population is thought to be relatively large, occupying a range of over 20,000 km 2 and is thought that it may tolerate a degree of disturbance. Very tittle is known about the ecology and status of this species, but to date no major threats have been detected.</p><p>Bibliography. Francis (2008b), Guillén-Servent &amp; Francis (2006), Murray eta/. (2012), Pader eta/. (2017),Thom as eta/. (2013), Thong Vu Dinh, Dietz eta/. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C669A21BF872FECBF5B74BD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (2019): Hipposideridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 227-258, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3739808
