identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BD87FF49669E7C069DFDEAFA09F941.text	03BD87FF49669E7C069DFDEAFA09F941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scardia amurensis Zagulajev 1965	<div><p>1. Scardia amurensis Zagulajev, 1965 ( Tineidae: Scardiinae)</p><p>Scardia amurensis Zagulajev, 1965: 411 . Type locality: Russia: Primorskii Territory, Spassk-Dalny.</p><p>BOLD:AAG4818</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Amur and Primorskii Regions in far-eastern Russia, Japan, possibly adjacent parts of China (Robinson 1986; Baryshnikova 2008).</p><p>New North American records. USA: Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Texas, West Virginia (CNC, USNM). Many specimens in the USNM and in the James Adams Collection in Athens, Georgia were examined but not barcoded.</p><p>Diagnosis. The forewing cream marking are extended along the entire length of the dorsal margin and over the terminal area; the terminal margin has a few rusty-brown spots. In the native North American species, Scardia anatomella (Grote), the forewing cream markings form three irregular, disjointed spots along the hind margin (somewhat confluent in some specimens), and the terminal cream area is variegated with dark brown; there are also small cream spots along the anterior margin, which are lacking in amurensis . Though highly variable in size, amurensis specimens are very large with a wingspan of up to 40 mm. The differences in both male and female genitalia between amurensis and anatomella are striking: in amurensis male, the uncus lobes are long and prominent, extended to two-thirds of the valvae, the valvae are elongate with the distal portion rounded and spatulate, the claw-like juxta lobes are arcuate, the abdominal T8 is roundly conical, and the abdominal coremata are smaller than the 8 th segment; in anatomella male, the uncus lobes are very short, about one-quarter the length of valvae, with long setae, the valvae are proportionally short and caudally emarginate, the claw-like juxta lobes are straight with a hooked apex, T8 is tongue-like, and the abdominal coremata are much larger than the 8 th segment. In amurensis female, the distal margin of both S8 and T8 is bilobate; in anatomella female, the distal margin of both S8 and T8 is only slightly emarginate.</p><p>Larval host. Fomes fungi (Robinson 1986) and possibly other bracket fungi. One specimen from Maryland reared from Globifomes graveolens growing on fallen Fagus grandifolia (USNM) .</p><p>Note. This species was initially discovered mixed among specimens of the Nearctic Scardia anatomella (Grote, 1881) in the USNM, while selecting specimens of the latter for barcoding. Careful examination of additional anatomella revealed several older records of S. amurensis from the southeastern U.S., with the earliest from eastern Texas in 1967 (USNM). Thus the introduction of this species into North America took place several decades ago, but the species has remained unrecognized. The species may be common in other U.S. collections, though misidentified, as evidenced by series collected in the 2000s in Georgia (ADAM) and in Maryland (USNM). No specimens from the Palearctic region were barcoded as few specimens are available, none recent. However, our identification was verified by genitalia examination and comparison with those of the type material, illustrations of which were kindly supplied by Reinhard Gaedike. The species appears to be widespread in the southeastern U.S.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49669E7C069DFDEAFA09F941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49669E70069DF8C9FE96F8C6.text	03BD87FF49669E70069DF8C9FE96F8C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triaxomera parasitella (Hubner 1796)	<div><p>2. Triaxomera parasitella (Hübner, 1796) ( Tineidae: Nemapogoninae)</p><p>Tinea parasitella Hübner, 1796: 16 . Type locality: [Germany].</p><p>BOLD:AAD9379</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widespread in Europe (Karsholt &amp; Razowski 1996) .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, Port Coquitlam ( Vancouver area), in an urban backyard , 29 May 2005, 1 ♀; 11 Jun 2006, 1 ♂; 3 Jun 2007, 1 ♀; 1–4 Jun 2009, 2 ♀ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. A medium-sized tineid (wingspan 15–19 mm) with ciliate antenna, and the forewing with dark brown irrorations over a dirty white ground colour. The male genitalia have the valvae fused to the vinculum, with a straight outer margin, an inner margin with a dentiform notch in the distal third, the saccus shorter than the vinculum, and the gnathos arms recurved and finger-like. In the female genitalia the ductus bursae is finely spinulose and slightly longer than the anterior apophyses, the signum is a finely serrate plate attenuate caudally and with a indistinct edge on one side, the ostium is set at the apex of a short, cylindrical projection, and S8 has a pair of kidney-like lateral lobes on each side of the ostium.</p><p>Larval host. Bracket fungi (Pelham-Clinton 1985).</p><p>Note. This is likely an introduced species. It is quite distinct in size and colouration and should be easily recognized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49669E70069DF8C9FE96F8C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF496B9E71069DFF6AFCFFFB0B.text	03BD87FF496B9E71069DFF6AFCFFFB0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemapogon cloacella (Haworth 1828)	<div><p>3. Nemapogon cloacella (Haworth, 1828) ( Tineidae: Nemapogoninae)</p><p>Tinea cloacella Haworth, 1828: 563 . Type locality: England.</p><p>BOLD:ABY6823</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widespread in the Palaearctic Region .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, Port Coquitlam ( Vancouver area), at light in an urban backyard , 26 Jun 2006, 1 ♂; 7 Jun 2007, 1 ♀; 28 Jun 2008, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Externally this species is similar to N. granella (L.) and N. variatella (Clemens), which also have a predominantly brown ground colour variously irrorated with dirty white patches on the forewings. However, cloacella has generally darker forewings and deeper yellow head tufts. In Europe, cloacella is most similar to N. wolffiella . The genitalia of cloacella are similarly configured to those of other Nemapogon with differences in details. In the male genitalia, the caudal margin of the uncus is slightly produced into two small, setose lobes (broadly concave in variatella, straight in granella), the gnathos arms are L-shaped with pointed “elbows” and apices (resemble a pair of sharp boots) (in variatella, apices dentate and resembling a pair of small hands; in granella, apices and “elbows” rounded); inner lobe of valva blunt with apex outwardly oriented, and shorter than outer lobe (in variatella, inner lobe sharply incurved; in granella, inner lobe apically emarginate) phallus slightly sinuate with apex unarmed (in variatella and granella, phallus shaft with two sections and appearing “broken” in middle, apex toothed). In female genitalia, the ostium bursae is situated at the anterior margin of S8 on a short conical, medial sterigma, the posterior margin of S8 has a transverse band with a medial notch, and the distal half of the ductus bursae is sclerotized (in variatella and granella, the sterigma is a transverse plate about as wide as S8 and the caudal margin of S8 is differently configured).</p><p>Larval host. Primarily bracket fungi outdoors, but also a wide range of food materials indoors including dryrot fungi on decayed wood, stored vegetable products, grain and dry fruit, similar to those of N. granella (Pelham- Clinton 1985).</p><p>Note. This species was included in earlier North American checklists (Dyar 1903 with a question mark, McDunnough 1939). It was not repeated in the more recent checklist (Hodges 1983), possibly because its occurrence was never confirmed or was based on misidentifications. It is easily confused with variatella and granella and genitalia should be examined to confirm identifications. This is most likely an introduction and it is probably more common than the few confirmed records indicate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF496B9E71069DFF6AFCFFFB0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF496B9E6A069DFAFEFDAFFD14.text	03BD87FF496B9E6A069DFAFEFDAFFD14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elatobia montelliella (Schantz 1951)	<div><p>4. Elatobia montelliella (Schantz, 1951) ( Tineidae: Tineinae)</p><p>Tinea montelliella Schantz, 1951: 18 . Type locality: Finland: Lapponia kemensis, Muonio.</p><p>BOLD:AAG0142</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Finland.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Alberta, Kootenay Plains, 20 Jul 2009, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (CNC) ; Waterton National Park, Jul 2008, 1 ex. (BIOUG) ; Jasper National Park, 2010, 1 ex. (BIOUG) . United States: Utah, Ephraim Canyon, 20 Jul 2006, 1 ♂ (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis. A medium-sized (forewing span 16–22 mm), slender, blackish tineid with proportionally slender wings and abdomen. The type is described by Bengtsson et al. (2008) as follows: “Wingspan 16 mm. Head greyish black. Forewing greyish black with brownish hue, sparsely strewn with pale scales and with a blackish spot at the outer margin of the discal cell.” In male genitalia, the uncus is elongate and bilobate; the tegumen is transversely narrow and has a pair of large, prominent labetal lobes; the vinculum is posteriorly deeply incised and the saccus is somewhat longer than the valvae; the valva is apically incurved and bifid with sharp points; the phallus has three short, stout cornuti. The only other described North American species, E. carbonella Dietz, differs in the proportionally shorter lateral lobes of the tegumen, the straight and truncate apex of the valva, and phallus with four very long and slender cornuti. The female genitalia is here described and illustrated for the first time for the species from North American specimens: Sterigma somewhat U-shaped with posterior margin protruded into a pair of rounded lobes that are shorter than S8 but posteriorly projected beyond ostium; surface transversely wrinkled; medial area above ostium longitudinally elevated, ridge-like; ductus bursae proportionally short, about the same length as S8, with straight sclerotized walls and internally ridged, with a distal swelling, short posteriormost section anterad of ostium membranous; membrane inside ostium bursae with patch of very fine spinules; corpus bursae elongate-ovoid, with a single tooth-like signum in the middle, posterior half wrinkled; ovipositor slender, about twice as long as S8. Elabotia carbonella differs in the shape and length of the sterigma and its lobes which are thin and about as long as S8, the deeply emarginate S8, the longer and thicker sclerotized section of the ductus bursae, and the signum which is either tiny or absent.</p><p>Larval host. Unknown. However, the related E. fuliginosella, which is sympatric in Europe, is associated with forest fires and prefers burnt, sun-exposed trees. It has been bred from the thick bark of old, live pine trees; larvae were observed living in bark with a lot of insect holes and were detected by the presence of silk and protruding frass (Saarela 1995). Many adults have been collected on partially burnt pine trees which clearly are preferred, but species associated with burnt forests typically occur in lower numbers on trees that are not burnt, but are sunexposed and preferably in bad condition (MM, pers. obs.). This is likely the case also with montelliella .</p><p>Note. In Europe, the species remains known only from the holotype male (barcoded) collected in Muonio, Finland, despite intense collecting activity in the area of the type locality since its discovery, which is dominated by xeric pine forest. Because forest fires are now very rare and restricted in Finland, it is possible that montelliella has vanished through habitat loss. In North America, the name carbonella has been applied to all Elatobia without checking genitalia. Although we did not conduct a thorough verification of North American material, at least two undescribed species are represented including one that is barcoded (BOLD:AAG0124) (specimens in CNC and USNM), in addition to monteliella.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF496B9E6A069DFAFEFDAFFD14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49709E6A069DFD1EFC15F92C.text	03BD87FF49709E6A069DFD1EFC15F92C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tinea svenssoni Opheim 1965	<div><p>5. Tinea svenssoni Opheim, 1965 ( Tineidae: Tineinae)</p><p>Tinea svenssoni Opheim, 1965: 54 . Type locality: Norway: Oslo.</p><p>BOLD:AAG0125</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern Europe and Russia .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Québec, Sainte-Agathe des Monts, 3 Jul 2006 at light at the edge of a mixed forest, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. In external appearance, this species resembles a few other species of Tinea, notably T. columbariella Wocke and, to a lesser extent, the case-bearing clothes moth, T. pellionella L., both of which have also been introduced to North America. The head vestiture is golden-yellow in svenssoni whereas it is rusty brown in columbariella and pellionella . In svenssoni, the forewings are uniformly golden brown with a black spot in the distal third and a translucent bare patch near the costa at the base; pellionella has one or two ill-defined discal spots in addition to the subapical one. Slightly worn specimens of these three species are often difficult to identify externally. In genitalia, svenssoni is most similar to columbariella, from which it was distinguished (Opheim 1965, 1973): in the male, the small conical projection on the distal part of the valva is located slightly beyond the middle and directed inwardly (in columbariella, the projection is in the distal quarter and touching the ventral edge of the valva, and directed upwardly); in the female, the sterigma has sinuate lateral edges and appears bottle-shaped (in columbariella, straight edges with a triangular aspect).</p><p>Larval host. In bird nests (Opheim 1965, 1973). Based on Finnish observations, typically in cavity-nesting species, such as tits and owls.</p><p>Note. The barcode of the single Canadian specimen matches those from Finland. It seems unlikely that this species has been introduced, considering its biology and the locality where it has been found, as well as its northern distribution in the Palearctic Region. However, the absence of previous Nearctic records is puzzling. It seems likely that it is native, but has been overlooked. The Palearctic distribution suggests a boreal species. In general, records of tineids from the boreal zone are sparse in North American collections and these need to be checked through genitalia examination for the possible occurrence of unreported taxa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49709E6A069DFD1EFC15F92C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49709E6B069DF91BFC23FACB.text	03BD87FF49709E6B069DF91BFC23FACB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caloptilia suberinella (Tengstrom 1848)	<div><p>6. Caloptilia suberinella (Tengström, 1848) ( Gracillaridae: Gracillariinae)</p><p>Gracilaria suberinella Tengström, 1848: 145 . Type locality: Russia ( South Karelia).</p><p>BOLD:AAF8460</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern and Central Europe, Russia and China .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, Hazelton (in northwest central area of the province), 30 Jul 2009, 1 ♀ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. The forewing ground colour is brown with dark brown and dirty white variegations. In North Europe, the forewing coloration varies from plain white or ochreous to plain black, but a majority of specimens have wings mottled with dark and light (Mutanen &amp; Välimäki 2012). In North America, it is quite similar to C. strictella (Walker), both in colouration and in genitalia. In male genitalia, the saccus is very long, longer than the length of valvae, the valvae have the ventral margin medially bulged and distally sinuate, and the phallus has a row of short, stout, closely set spines extended over nearly its entire length, the spines being smaller in the distal section. In female genitalia, the distal two-thirds of the ductus bursae are smoothly sclerotized, without spinulations nor microsculpture, twisted at mid-length, the membranous anterior section is looped before entering the bursa; the inception of the ductus spermathecae is situated a short distance anterad of the ostium and has a short but distinctly sclerotized section that juts out of the ductus bursae; the sterigma is suboval.</p><p>The European populetorum (Zeller), also living on Betula spp., closely resembles pale specimens of suberinella, but can be separated externally by the almost unicolorous pale tarsal segments in the fore- and mid-leg (dark and more clearly ringed in suberinella). The male genitalia of populetorum differ by having a proportionally much shorter saccus, only a few cornuti in the phallus, and less elongated valvae. The female genitalia of populetorum differ in the smaller ostium, and weakly sclerotized and thinner ductus bursae (Bengtsson &amp; Johansson 2011). Caloptilia suberinella is obligatorily univoltine, whereas populetorum usually has a mid-summer generation in addition to the overwintering one.</p><p>Larval host. Birch, Betula spp., according to Bengtsson &amp; Johansson (2011) in open habitats, but actually preferring birches growing in mixed forests.</p><p>Note. This species is possibly native. If so, it is surprising that it has not been reported previously. Possibly it has been reported or recorded previously under the name C. strictella, to which it is very similar. The single Canadian specimen was collected in the interior of British Columbia, but the area is managed with tree plantations which include some non-indigenous species. Like many microlepidoptera, it is probably undercollected and may be more widely distributed than the single present record suggests. Because North American species of Caloptilia have never been the object of a taxonomic treatment, several existing names remain unrecognized or inadequately diagnosed. The majority of the species were described from Eastern North America, but many unnamed species are known from reared adults or larval shelters (Powell &amp; Opler 2009). There is a possibility that it is synonymous with C. strictella (Walker, 1864): we failed to see significant differences between that Nearctic species and suberinella . However, the identification of strictella remains in doubt because the type has never been studied and the original description does not allow for clear placement, even at the family level. The species was originally described as a Gelechia and subsequently transferred to Caloptilia by Dyar (1903) without explanation. McDunnough (1946b) discussed the identity issue with strictella, and the identification of all subsequent specimens appears to have been based on his tentatively named material in the CNC. We did not pursue the investigation of the type of strictella, which is likely in the BMNH, because this would have entailed time and resources that were not available within the scope of the present work.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49709E6B069DF91BFC23FACB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49719E68069DFA3EFBA9FDA4.text	03BD87FF49719E68069DFA3EFBA9FDA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parornix betulae (Stainton 1854)	<div><p>7. Parornix betulae (Stainton, 1854) ( Gracillaridae: Gracillariinae)</p><p>Ornix betulae Stainton, 1854: 205 . Type locality: England.</p><p>BOLD:AAE3418</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Europe to Korea. Barcoded specimens from Finland, Austria, UK, and Germany.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Québec, Saint-Hyacinthe, 9 May 2006, 1 ♀ (CNC) ; Ontario, Puslinch Township, 17 Jul 2010, 6 exx. (BIOUG) ; 29 May 2010, 1 ♀ (CNC); British Columbia, Mount Revelstoke National Park, 25 Jul 2005, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Species of Parornix are very difficult to distinguish on external morphology, particularly if specimens are worn, but they do have distinctive genitalia. In male betulae, the vinculum is transverse with the anterior margin extending to the saccus broadly concave, the vincular processes are sickle-shaped and extended slightly beyond the dorsal edge of the valva, the saccus is narrow and slightly longer than the vinculum, the valvae are securiform without spiniform ornamentation, and the phallus has the basal two-thirds straight and is distally attenuate and slightly curved; the other three North American birch-feeding species have either a reduced (vicinella (Dietz)) or wide saccus (conspicuella (Dietz), obliterella (Dietz)), thick vincular processes, rounded, spoon-shaped valvae, and a basally arched phallus. In female betulae, the ductus bursae is slightly longer than the bursa and finely spiculose, the signa are a pair of elongate, spinulate patches at the posterior end of the bursa, there is a digitiform lobe projecting out of the ductus bursae near the inception of the bursa, and both pairs of apophyses are vestigial.</p><p>Larval host. Birch, Betula spp. (Betulaceae) .</p><p>Note. This species of Parornix is undoubtedly undercollected and likely more widely distributed than the few records indicate. The North American species of Parornix have never been the subject of a modern taxonomic treatment. Several of the existing names remain unrecognized or undiagnosed and undescribed species are known. More synonymies may exist; for example, the birch-feeding Palearctic loganella, which is a taiga species, may occur in northern Canada. Three Nearctic species reportedly feed on birch, conspicuella (Dietz, 1907), obliterella (Dietz, 1907), and vicinella (Dietz, 1907), and all differ in genitalia from betulae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49719E68069DFA3EFBA9FDA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49729E69069DFD9EFC8DFE40.text	03BD87FF49729E69069DFD9EFC8DFE40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllonorycter maestingella (Muller 1764)	<div><p>8. Phyllonorycter maestingella (Müller, 1764) ( Gracillaridae: Lithocolletinae)</p><p>Tinea maestingella Müller, 1764: 58 . Type locality: [Denmark], [ Frederiksdal].</p><p>BOLD:AAH8496</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widespread in Europe, Russia .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, Port Coquitlam (greater Vancouver area), 22 Jul 2006, at light, 1 ♀ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. The pattern of forewing markings of maestingella is shared by several species of Phyllonorycter and includes the following elements over an orange-brown ground colour (terms from Emmet et al. 1985): a basal streak (without black edging), four white costal strigulae with anterior black edge, an unedged basal patch, three white dorsal strigulae with anterior black edge, and a black apical spot. Within this general pattern there is variation in details such as the shade of the orange-brown ground colour, extent of black edging of white marks, and black suffusion in the terminal area and terminal fringe. Superficially maestingella is closely similar to restrictella (Braun), and to a lesser extent to some well-known and widespread species such as blancardella (F.), crataegella (Clemens), and mespilella (Hübner). However, the latter three species have the basal streak edged with black, usually on both sides. Examination of genitalia is necessary for positive identification, particularly for worn adults collected on the wing. In male genitalia, the valvae and filaments are symmetrical; the filaments are sigmoid, extended nearly to the apex of the valvae, and with a slim, tapered base about one-fifth the length of valva; the tip of the phallus is pod-like (as opposed to variously hooked in many Phyllonorycter); and S8 is elongate-conical, apically tapered and rounded. In female genitalia, the sterigma is subcylindrical, about half the length of S8, with a straight, transverse posterior margin, and anteriorly abruptly constricted where it extends into the ductus bursae, the ductus is about 2.5 x the length of S8, the corpus bursae is subspherical, and the signum tiny, double-horned and not surrounded by a weakly sclerotized zone.</p><p>Specimens of restrictella are indistinguishable from those of maestingella both externally and possibly also in genitalia: subtle differences in genitalia were observed but their significance could not be assessed, in view of the lack of taxonomic treatment of the Nearctic fauna.</p><p>Larval host. Beech ( Fagus spp., Fagaceae).</p><p>Note. This could be an introduction in North America. However, the species is difficult to recognize based on external characters and is easily confused with several North American species. It could also be an overlooked species that has been present for a long time, especially if confused with restrictella, which also uses Fagus as host plant. The single specimen reported here is quite worn and would have probably remained unrecognized without barcoding. The taxonomy of North American Phyllonorycter is inadequately known. Also it should be noted that there is no native species of Fagus in western North America but species of beeches are planted.</p><p>DNA barcodes show two haplotype clusters among European maestingella . The specimen from British Columbia reported here belongs to a haplotype cluster (BOLDAAH8496) with specimens from Belgium, Germany, U.K., Czech, Turkey, Austria, Sweden, and France. All specimens are recorded from Fagus sylvatica except three Turkish specimens reared by Gerfried Deschka from Fagus orientalis . Two additional barcoded specimens from the U.S. (Tennessee) (sample IDs: CLV280711 &amp; CLV280811) match the second European haplotype cluster of maestingella (BOLD: AAL6962). They were reared from Fagus americana and identified by G. Deschka as Phyllonorycter maestingella (Fig. MG8). European specimens in this haplotype cluster are from Austria, Croatia, Finland, France, Italy, Slovenia, U.K. There appears to be no genitalia differences between specimens belonging to the two clusters.</p><p>Currently maestingella has six junior synonyms. A detailed morphological analysis as well as study of type material will be needed to assess whether the two haplotype clusters represent different species, and, if they do, which of them represents the “true” P. maestingella, and which name, if any, may apply to the other.</p><p>As for restrictella no specimens have been barcoded and its type could not be examined, thus comparisons with maestingella haplotypes and genitalia cannot be made at this time. Given these difficulties and the inadequate state of North American Phyllonorycter taxonomy, we did not pursue the investigation of possible synonymies which would have been beyond the scope of this paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49729E69069DFD9EFC8DFE40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49739E69069DFDBAFB90FA90.text	03BD87FF49739E69069DFDBAFB90FA90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraswammerdamia albicapitella (Scharfenberg 1805) Yponomeutidae	<div><p>9. Paraswammerdamia albicapitella (Scharfenberg, 1805) (Yponomeutidae)</p><p>Phalaena albicapitella Scharfenberg, 1805: 803 . Type locality: [Germany].</p><p>BOLD:AAN2906</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Europe.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, Victoria, 3 Aug 2006, at light, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. The head and dorsum of the thorax are white; the forewing is grey with irregular rows of small black dots, a white patch on the costa near apex and a black patch medially on the hind margin. Superficially it resembles dark specimens of P. conspersella and species of Swammerdamia, particularly if specimens are rubbed. The genitalia of both sexes are highly diagnostic. In the male, the socius lobes are markedly developed, sickleshaped and longer than the tegumen, with a medial tuft of long setae on the inner side; the valva has a large sacculus arising from the middle and with the distal half projecting off the ventral margin of the valva, the latter of which is basally lobate; the phallus is simple with smooth walls, the vesica with very small, fine, indistinct spinules in lieu of cornuti. In the female, the sterigma is a pair of apical digitiform, setose lobes projecting from the posterior margin of S8 and longer than the segment itself, which is shaped as two transversely crescentic halves on each side of the ostium, and the signum is lacking.</p><p>Larval host. Prunus spinosa, which is introduced in North America.</p><p>Note. There is little doubt that this is a recent introduction. There is barcode variation in European populations of this species. German specimens are somewhat divergent although all within the same BIN. The Canadian specimen shows closer barcode congruence to specimens from Finland and U.K.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49739E69069DFDBAFB90FA90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49739E6E069DFA8AFE8FFD8E.text	03BD87FF49739E6E069DFA8AFE8FFD8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraswammerdamia conspersella (Tengstrom 1848) Yponomeutidae	<div><p>10. Paraswammerdamia conspersella (Tengström, 1848) (Yponomeutidae)</p><p>Tinea conspersella Tengström, 1848: 112 . Type locality: Finland.</p><p>BOLD:AAC7755</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Québec: Îles de la Madeleine, Île Grande-Entrée, two series (30 specimens) reared from Empetrum nigrum in 1998 and 1999 from the same location (CNC); Havre-Saint-Pierre, 26 Jul 2012, 1 ♂; Parc national de l'Archipel de Mingan, 3–13 Aug 2012, 2 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Superficially somewhat similar to the preceding species, with the head and dorsum of thorax with a variable mixture of whitish grey and brown; the forewing has a pale grey ground colour mottled with dark brown nearly coalescing with the medial dark-brown patch of the hind margin to form a diffuse transverse fascia; the white subapical patch is somewhat inconspicuous. The colouration varies significantly among the Quebec specimens, the majority resembling the one illustrated, but some specimens are darker, similar to Swammerdamia caesiella (Hübner) . European specimens are paler, predominantly pale grey with a more conspicuous median transverse fascia. In male genitalia, conspersella is easily distinguished from albicapitella: the socius lobes are bifurcate with stout spines at the apices and in the middle of the bifurcation, the valva has a proportionally smaller sacculus and the apical margin set with several stout spiniform setae, and the phallus has a row of fine spinules on one side. In female genitalia, the sterigma lobes are broad, subtriangular and subequal in length to S8, and that segment is narrowly transverse, and the bursa has a signum.</p><p>Larval host. Empetrum nigrum (Empetraceae), a widespread circumpolar plant. In Québec the plant occurs along the lower St. Lawrence River and around the Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p><p>Note. The species was first found in 1998–1999 in the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence by conservation biologists monitoring coastal habitats who noted heavy larval damage at a single location in a small area. There was no evidence of similar signs of damage at other locations despite the host plant being widely distributed in the islands. This pattern suggested a recent introduction, but given its larval host, the species seemed an unlikely candidate for human-mediated introduction. JFL suspected that it could be more widespread around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but overlooked, given that there are relatively few records of any Microlepidoptera from that region. Specimens collected on the northern coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2012 by Carle Bélanger confirmed the latter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49739E6E069DFA8AFE8FFD8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49749E6E069DFD62FC62F903.text	03BD87FF49749E6E069DFD62FC62F903.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutella hyperboreella Strand 1902	<div><p>11. Plutella hyperboreella Strand, 1902 (Plutellidae)</p><p>Plutella hyperboreella Strand, 1902: 63 . Type locality: Norway: Alta, Kåfjord.</p><p>BOLD:AAC3387</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern Europe and Arctic Russia .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Nunavut, Sirmilik National Park, 12 Jul 2007, 1 ♂ ; 13 Jul 2007, 3 ♂, 1 ♀; 18 Jul 2007, 2 ♂, 1 ♀; 29 Jul 2007, 1 ♂ (CNC) . The nine barcoded specimens are from Bylot Island at the northern tip of Baffin Island, high above the Arctic Circle. They were collected in mid-July on and around flowers during day time. The CNC also contains several older records from the Canadian Arctic ( Baffin Island, Banks Island, Northwest Territories, as well as the high boreal Schefferville, Québec) , collected between 1935 and 1968, which were previously unidentified among protem material. They were not barcoded, but examination of genitalia confirmed their conspecificity.</p><p>Diagnosis. Externally, hyperboreella has the forewing predominantly pale grey brown with hints of pale yellow and a dirty white, wavy band along the hind (dorsal) margin somewhat akin to that of xylostella (L.) but dotted with dark brown along the margin; the head and dorsum of thorax are mostly grey brown (white to pale yellow in xylostella). The male genitalia are similar to those of other species of Palearctic Plutella (Plutelloptera), with small differences in shape and proportions of the socii, vinculum, and valvae; but are distinctive among Nearctic plutellids. (The male genitalia were mounted laterally for better comparison with the figures in Baraniak (2007)) The female genitalia are also distinctive with the corpus bursae with an accessory bulla seminalis and lack of signum. It is the only known representative of the genus in the high North American Arctic.</p><p>Larval host. Arabis alpina and Draba spp. (Brassicaceae) in Europe. The questionable report of Ribes (Grossulariaceae) as a probable host in northern Europe (Baraniak 2007) is puzzling because, if true, it would represent an exceptional case of oligophagy across plant orders within Plutella . Most species are restricted to a single plant family ( Brassicaceae) or even a single host genus within this family.</p><p>Note. Baraniak (2007) proposed the new genus Plutelloptera for this and six other Palearctic species of Plutella; although supported by a phylogenetic analysis, the characters used to define this and two other genera ( Plutella, Pseudoplutella) were minor and the study only examined Palearctic species. No European authors have adopted these genera. Fauna Europaea (2012) treats Plutelloptera and Pseudoplutella as subgenera of Plutella, but we are not aware of a publication where this change in rank was formalized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49749E6E069DFD62FC62F903	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49749E62069DF8F6FD36FED6.text	03BD87FF49749E62069DF8F6FD36FED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyonetia pulverulentella Zeller 1839	<div><p>12. Lyonetia pulverulentella Zeller, 1839 (Lyonetiidae)</p><p>Lyonetia pulverulentella Zeller, 1839: 216 . Type locality: “Böhmen” (Czech Republic).</p><p>BOLD:AAH6132</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Europe and Russia to Ukraine.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, near Hazelton, 30 Jul 2009, 5 ♂, 4 unsexed (CNC, PFRC, RBCM, SEM) .</p><p>Diagnosis. BC specimens are predominantly dark, the forewings with a grey ground colour and suffused with brown-tipped scales; there are two transversely oblique fuscous brown fasciae in the basal half, and in the apical portion two short, fuscous subapical bars, one subapical fuscous spot and a projecting fuscous pencil in the terminal white cilia typical of Lyonetia . In Europe pulverulentella has variable colouration, like most species of Lyonetia, with the majority being predominantly pale. North American specimens are superficially similar to saliciella . In male genitalia, the paired caudal extensions of T8 are parallel to each other with straight apices (incurved, outcurved, or attenuate in other species), the apex of the uncus is upcurved with a sharp but shallow notch (pointed or deeply notched in others), and the apex of the valva is truncate (rounded in others). In female genitalia (not illustrated), the corpus bursae is narrowly elongate, without signum.</p><p>Larval host. Willows ( Salix spp.) (Bengtsson &amp; Johansson 2011).</p><p>Note. The Canadian specimens of pulverulentella were initially identified by default as L. saliciella Busck, 1904, which was described from British Columbia (type locality: Kaslo). There is a possibility that saliciella is conspecific with pulverulentella . Examination of the type of saliciella Busck will be necessary to ascertain whether this could be a synonym, but this could not be done within the scope of this work. The CNC has a series under saliciella that was reared from Salix as well as from Populus . There is no taxonomic treatment of North American Lyonetia but L. prunifoliella was treated in detail by Schmitt et al. (1996). The collecting locality of the pulverulentella records is the same as for Caloptilia suberinella (see note about that species above) and the issue with a possible case of synonymy is also similar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49749E62069DF8F6FD36FED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49789E63069DFE4AFEA7FF66.text	03BD87FF49789E63069DFE4AFEA7FF66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oegoconia deauratella (Herrich-Schaffer 1855)	<div><p>13. Oegoconia deauratella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) ( Autostichidae: Symmocinae)</p><p>Lampros deauratella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855: 135 . Type locality: Austria, Vienna.</p><p>BOLD:AAB8271</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Both species are widespread in Europe (Gozmány 2008).</p><p>New North American records. O. deauratella: Canada: Québec, barcoded records and several additional specimens from Gatineau, Ste-Agathe des Monts, St-Hyacinthe (CNC) ; Ontario, Ottawa, Carp, Port Franks, Manitoulin Island (series), Puslinch Township; various collecting dates in July and August (all CNC) . USA: Michigan, Presque Isle Co., Ocqueoc Lake, July 1987 (USNM) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Most species of Oegoconia have no reliable external differences and genitalia must be examined for identification. In males, deauratella is distinguished from novimundi by the indented apex of the uncus, the apex of the sacculus is slightly narrower than the base, the distal portion of the valva is not distinctly narrowed, and there is a large patch of densely set, stout spines subapically on the vesica anterad of the terminal bundle of thin spines; in novimundi, the apex of the uncus is straight or truncate, the apex of the sacculus is slightly broadened, the distal portion of the valva is slightly narrowed, and the vesica has only a terminal bundle of thin spines. In females, deauratella has a smooth-walled ductus bursae with finely spinulose microsculpture, and the signum has a rounded, asymmetrical base and a short terminal spine; in novimundi, the ductus bursae has sclerotized wrinkles without microsculpture, and the signum has a subsymmetrical, deeply notched base and a long terminal spine.</p><p>Larval host. Not known, but presumed to be decaying vegetable matter similar to the hosts for other Oegoconia species. JFL has collected adults of deauratella emerging from a paper bag of decaying dead leaves and garden plant clippings in Gatineau, Québec (CNC). One novimundi specimen from Maine with the label “emerged from old elm leaves” (USNM).</p><p>Note. North American specimens of Oegoconia have long been reported under O. quadripuncta (Haworth, 1828) (Hodges 1983, Powell 1992, Lee &amp; Brown 2010). Oegoconia novimundi (Busck, 1915), described from Pennsylvania, has long been considered a junior synonym of O. quadripuncta (McDunnough 1939, Hodges 1983, Lee &amp; Brown 2010). However, the synonymy is unwarranted as the two species are clearly distinct both in genital morphology and DNA barcodes ( novimundi: BOLD:AAH4681). Specimens in many North American collections are misidentified and represent a mixture of two distinct species, O. novimundi and O. deauratella . No confirmed record of quadripuncta could be found, hence we conclude that quadripuncta does not occur in North America. Both novimundi and deauratella also occur in Europe. Their status and taxonomy in Europe was clarified by Huemer (1998) and additional European records provided by Sutter (2003) and Gozmány (2008), but overlooked by Lee &amp; Brown (2010) in their recent review of North American Symmocinae . The species discussed and illustrated by Lee &amp; Brown (2010) is insufficiently diagnosed and illustrated to determine whether they had one or both species under the European quadripuncta . Details of specimens examined by these authors were not provided but several records in the USNM, examined by JFL, were presumably used by them, including a damaged male genitalia dissection of novimundi (USNM slide 94293) from Massachusetts which they illustrated (their figure 6 of “ quadripuncta ”). The earliest records of deauratella that we found are from Ontario (Manitoulin Island) in 1984 (CNC) and northern Michigan (Presqu’Ile Co.) in 1987 (USNM) (not barcoded but genitalia dissected). The earliest Québec record is in 1994 from Gatineau (near Ottawa, Ontario) (Landry 1995, reported as quadripuncta, CNC). We have not seen specimens of novimundi from eastern Canada although there is one record from Burlington, VT in 1992 (female, genitalia slide USNM 130389), which is only 130 km from localities in southern Quebec where deauratella was collected (barcoded); another record of novimundi is from Augusta, Maine in 1976 (female, genitalia slide USNM 130388). Both the CNC and USNM have specimens of Oegoconia collected at various times over the past 100 years, yet they contain no deauratella specimens collected before the 1980s. Even though we did not check collections widely, the lack of old records of deauratella suggests a relatively recent introduction.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49789E63069DFE4AFEA7FF66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49799E63069DFEDAFB80FAD4.text	03BD87FF49799E63069DFEDAFB80FAD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blastobasis glandulella (Riley 1871)	<div><p>14. Blastobasis glandulella (Riley, 1871) ( Blastobasidae: Blastobasinae)</p><p>Gelechia glandulella Riley, 1871: 118 . Type locality: USA: Missouri.</p><p>= Blastobasis huemeri Sinev, 1993: 369 . Type locality: Croatia: Krk Island . New synonymy.</p><p>BOLD:AAB1096</p><p>Palearctic records. Central Europe, including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia , and Switzerland.</p><p>Nearctic distribution. Widespread in the East from Québec and Ontario south to Florida, west to Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains, Arizona, and as far south as Brownsville, Texas; probably occurs also in northern Mexico (D. Adamski, pers. comm.). In Canada known only from Québec, Ontario, and Manitoba (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is highly variable in size and forewing colouration. Among the North American specimens barcoded, forewing span varies from 12–25 mm, seemingly irrespective of sex. Most specimens are grey with a darker grey chevron-shaped transverse band in the basal third of the forewing inwardly lined with a paler, variously contrasting band (as shown in Fig. 14); in some specimens the dark band is nearly black and the distal third beyond it is more contrastingly very pale grey. Many specimens have one or two dark dots in the distal third of the forewing. There is enough variation in external appearance of the moths to give the impression that there could be more than one species. Genitalia must be examined for positive identification. In male genitalia, the uncus is conical, the gnathos has the medial process bifid and wide lateral arms, the cucullar lobe of the valva is evenly digitiform, the saccular lobe is very slightly upcurved and extended to, but not exceeding, the apex of the cucullus, the base of the dorsal margin of the valva is thickened to about one-third the width of the valva, and the proximal flange is wide, half the width of the valva with a rounded ventral expansion covered with a zone of dense microtrichia mesially and coarse spinules posteriorly. In female genitalia, the ovipositor is about 1.5 x the length of S1-S7, the S7-S8 intersegmental membrane is longer than S7 and laterally covered with dense, coarse microtrichia in the basal two-thirds which gradually thin out in the posterior third, the anterior half of the ductus bursae is finely spinulate and with one loop, and the corpus bursae has a lateral lobe near the inception of the ductus bursae and a thorn-like signum. Other species of Blastobasis show variation and differences in all these aspects. However, the lack of revision of the Nearctic species makes it difficult to present a more comparative diagnosis.</p><p>Larval host. Various acorns ( Quercus) and chestnuts ( Castanea) ( Fagaceae).</p><p>Note. This native North American species was first found in Croatia in the 1980s and has since spread to much of temperate Central Europe showing the typical pattern of an invasive species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49799E63069DFEDAFB80FAD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49799E5A069DFA49FA93FF4B.text	03BD87FF49799E5A069DFA49FA93FF4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blastobasis maroccanella (Amsel 1952)	<div><p>15. Blastobasis maroccanella (Amsel, 1952) ( Blastobasidae: Blastobasinae)</p><p>Blastobasis maroccanella Amsel, 1952: 70 . Type locality: Morocco: Meknes .</p><p>BOLD:AAC4091</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widely distributed in Macaronesia and Western Mediterranean (Karsholt &amp; Sinev 2004) .</p><p>North American records. USA: California, Berkeley area (series in CNC, USNM, EMEC).</p><p>Diagnosis. Like glandulella, this species is variable in size and colouration, with forewings with a peppered appearance of dark brownish grey over a paler ground colour and with a dark transverse band near middle and two short dark transverse streaks in the distal third, one near costa and one chevron-like near termen (Fig. 15a); some specimens lack distinct transverse bands (Fig. 15b). The variable maculation is not diagnostic and genitalia should be examined. In male genitalia, the uncus is recurved and comma-like, the gnathos medial process is protruded and truncate, the cucullar lobe of the valva is medially slightly constricted, the saccular lobe is upcurved, with the apex sharply pointed and slightly exceeding the apex of the cucullus, the base of the dorsal margin of the valva is thin, the proximal flange is narrow and less than half the width of the valva with a narrow, linear mesial zone of microtrichia spinules and posteriorly with a few coarse spinules covering an area proportionally much smaller than in glandulella . In female genitalia, the ovipositor is slightly longer than S1–S7, the S7–S8 intersegmental membrane is slightly longer than S7 and laterally covered with very fine microtrichia, the anterior half of the ductus bursae is finely spinulate and with one loop, and the corpus bursae has a lateral lobe near the inception of the ductus bursae and a thorn-like signum. The configuration of the ductus and corpus bursae is much like in glandulella but proportionally shorter.</p><p>Larval host. Reported to feed on widely differing host materials —cultivated grapes and peas, decaying wood (Karsholt &amp; Sinev 2004). The adults may fly the year around in suitable climate.</p><p>Note. This species, cited as Holcocera maroccanella, was first reported as present in Berkeley, California in 2002, without further details (Brown et al. 2010). Jerry Powell (email of 13 May 2013 to JFL) “first noticed it [in Berkeley] in 2000 (1 record) and 2002 (1 record), before it began to appear frequently —2003 (4 records), 2005 (48 dates) and numerous per date in 2006. Since that time it has been the most frequent moth at his blacklight, present nearly every night year around, sometimes very numerous”. Barcoded specimens are from that locality .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49799E5A069DFA49FA93FF4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49409E5A069DFEBEFEA4F9ED.text	03BD87FF49409E5A069DFEBEFEA4F9ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blastobasis tarda Meyrick 1902	<div><p>16. Blastobasis tarda Meyrick, 1902 ( Blastobasidae: Blastobasinae)</p><p>Blastobasis tarda Meyrick, 1902: 169 . Type locality: Australia, Queensland.</p><p>= Neoblastobasis ligurica Nel, &amp; Varenne, 2004: 25 . Type locality: France, Alpes Maritimes: Cagnes-Sur-Mer, Moulin du Loup. New synonymy.</p><p>BOLD:AAJ8258</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Possibly native to Australia where it was first described (Meyrick 1902); introduced to North America where it was found in southern California; also introduced in New Zealand (Dugdale 1988), as well as Europe (where it was unwarrantedly re-described as Neoblastobasis ligurica). The recent discoveries in Europe and North America likely indicate recent introductions.</p><p>New North American records. USA: California, San Diego area (USNM, CNC), at light on several dates between April and September 2009 .</p><p>Diagnosis. This is a pale grey species with a couple of dark dots in the distal third of the forewing. Like many Blastobasinae it is not easily recognizable on external features and genitalia must be examined. The male genitalia is unique among the North American fauna with the greatly enlarged and rounded dorsal (membranous) lobe of the valva with a long, slender, inwardly directed spine extended from its dorsal margin to its base, markedly recurved apical process of the sacculus, and proximal flange with a row of short, stout setae and without microtrichia; in glandulella, maroccanella, and other Blastobasinae, the dorsal (membranous) part of the valva is narrowly digitiform, and the apical process of the sacculus is less recurved, and the proximal flange bears patches or rows of microtrichia and spinules. The female genitalia is not so distinctive and has the anterior section of the ductus bursae looped and finely spinulate like many species of Blastobasis, but the ovipositor is slightly shorter than S1–S7 and the S7–S8 intersegmental membrane has zones of coarse microtrichia laterally.</p><p>Larval host. unknown.</p><p>Note. Meyrick stated that the type series from Australia comprised specimens from Rosewood and Brisbane, Queensland, and Newcastle and Sydney, New South Wales. Only specimens from Sydney are in BMNH. Meyrick did not state the number of specimens in the type series. The type material of tarda was studied by David Adamski, who generously provided the data and lectotype designation below, and confirmed the species identity as well as the synonymy of ligurica . Probably suspecting an alien species newly introduced in France, Nel &amp; Varenne (2004) hesitated before describing N. ligurica as a new species, but finally did so after consultations with several taxonomists failed to establish a match to any known species.</p><p>Lectotype designation for Blastobasis tarda Meyrick, 1902 . Lectotype, ♂, present designation by D. Adamski, “ Lectotype ” [round purple-bordered label]; “Sydney, N[ew] S[outh] Wales, 25−10−[18]79”; “ Blastobasis tarda Meyr., 1/8, Meyrick det., in Meyrick Coll [ection]”; “ Meyrick Coll [ection], B.M. 1938−270”; “ tarda Meyr.,”; “ BM ♂ Genitalia Slide No. 31958”, [BMNH]. A lectotype is being designated in order to maintain stability of usage of the name of a taxon with congeners that look similar . Paralectotypes, 4 ♂, 3 ♀, all from New South Wales .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49409E5A069DFEBEFEA4F9ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49409E5B069DF943FA8CFD36.text	03BD87FF49409E5B069DF943FA8CFD36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agonopterix conterminella (Zeller 1839) Depressariidae	<div><p>17. Agonopterix conterminella (Zeller, 1839) (Depressariidae)</p><p>Depressaria conterminella Zeller, 1839: 196 . Type locality: [Germany], Augsburg .</p><p>BOLD:AAE7213</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Europe to Japan.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: British Columbia, Mount Revelstoke National Park, 26 Jul 2005, 1 ♀ (CNC) ; Sheridan Lake, 29 Jul 2006, 1 ♂ (CNC) ; Ontario, Thunder Bay area, 24 Jul 1981, 1 ♀ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. North American specimens have brownish grey forewings with a discal black chevron-like mark and a distally adjacent dirty white spot. They are very similar both in maculation and genitalia to the Nearctic gelidella (Busck), which is also reported to feed primarily on willow (Hodges 1974). The similarity in pattern between the two was noted by Clarke (1941). The male genitalia of both species has the digitiform process of the sacculus straight, relatively thick, apically rounded and extended to about three-quarters the height of the valva, and the cucullus of the valva is broadly rounded; differences between the two species appear subtle and have not been studied. In the female genitalia of conterminella, the signum is near the posterior third of the corpus bursae or near the constriction of the ductus bursae, whereas in gelidella it is in the anterior third of the corpus bursae; as in male genitalia, differences are subtle and have not been studied in relation to individual variation. The two species are more than 5% barcode divergent.</p><p>Larval host. Willows ( Salix spp., Salicaceae).</p><p>Note. The three North American records were collected in relatively remote locations and probably indicate that the species is native, hence Holarctic in distribution. The very close similarity in morphology with the North American gelidella means that the two species would be very difficult to distinguish without the help of barcodes, and there could be unrecognized specimens of conterminella among gelidella material in collections.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49409E5B069DF943FA8CFD36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49419E5B069DFD2AFED1F903.text	03BD87FF49419E5B069DFD2AFED1F903.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Depressaria depressana (Fabricius 1775) Depressariidae	<div><p>18. Depressaria depressana (Fabricius, 1775) (Depressariidae)</p><p>Tinea depressana Fabricius, 1775: 655 . Type locality: Sweden.</p><p>BOLD:AAE7397</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widely distributed from Europe to China and the Russian Far East.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Québec, Gatineau, 27 Oct 2012, 1 ♂ (CNC) ; Ontario, Port Franks, 2 Aug 2008, 1 ♂ (CNC) . We also barcoded one female from Ontario that was found live in a garlic shipment from China (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Externally depressana is grey with head, labial palps, mesothorax and tegulae contrastingly pale, cream-white. It resembles alienella with similarly contrasting head and thorax but the tegulae are entirely dark brown and the forewings are predominantly rufous brown with very short dark brown streaks along the veins. North American specimens of depressana have the forewings almost uniformly dark grey with a little bit of pale grey suffusion in the distal half, contrasting markedly with the pale head and thorax. The two species are easily separable on genitalia. In male depressana, the sacculus has a short, smooth recurved process protruded from its apical end about one-third the height of the valva, and the endophallus has a bundle of long, thin cornuti tightly packed together; in male alienella, the sacculus has an elongate, digitiform, spinulate, and straight apical process extended about three-quarters the height of the valva, and the endophallus is finely spinulate and without large cornuti. In female depressana, S8 is elongate-trapezoid, the antrum is more or less square with a slightly indented posterior margin, and the ductus bursae is thickly sclerotized with one loop; in female alienella, S8 is narrowly transverse, the antrum is slightly rounded, and the ductus bursae is entirely membranous with an abrupt bend at the entrance of the corpus bursae.</p><p>Larval hosts. Apiaceae: mainly wild carrot, Daucus carota, but in Europe also Carum carvi, Pimpinella, Pastinaca, Seseli and Peucedanum oreoselinum .</p><p>Note. This species is almost certainly introduced in North America. The lack of earlier records despite two revisions of the North American Depressariinae (Clarke 1941, Hodges 1974) suggests that the introduction is recent. As in Europe (Harper et al. 2002), it probably overwinters in the adult stage as the Québec record in late October suggests.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49419E5B069DFD2AFED1F903	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49419E58069DF8F6FABEFBCE.text	03BD87FF49419E58069DF8F6FABEFBCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleophora atriplicis Meyrick 1928	<div><p>19. Coleophora atriplicis Meyrick, 1928 (Coleophoridae)</p><p>Coleophora atriplicis Meyrick: 763. Type locality: England.</p><p>= Coleophora cervinella McDunnough, 1946a: 59 . Type locality: Canada: Nova Scotia: Parrsboro. New synonymy. BOLD: AAD7734</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern and Central Palaearctic region.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Nova Scotia, Parrsboro, 3–4 Jul 1944, 2 ♀ (holotype and paratype of cervinella) (CNC) ; Alberta, Erskine, 15 Jul 2001, 1 ♀ (BIRD) ; Buffalo Lake Conservation Area, 2 Aug 2000, 1 ex. (BIRD) ; Tolman Bridge, 9 Jul 1984, 2 ♂ (CNC) ; Lac La Biche, 26 Jul 1994, 1 ♀ (CNC) ; British Columbia, Peachland, 28 Aug 1935, one ♀ (CNC) . USA: Washington, Wilapa Bay, 26 Jul 2011, one ♀ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species has ochreous-buff forewings with veins somewhat highlighted with creamy white, and sparsely peppered dark brown scales, especially in the distal half. It is confusingly similar to several other Coleophora, especially among the seed-feeding groups and including several undescribed species (JFL pers. obs.) and can be recognized with certainty only through examination of the genitalia. In male genitalia, the tegumen is pyramidal, the gnathos ellipsoid and laterally compressed, the transtilla arms are markedly developed and outwardly upcurved, nearly joined medially, the apex of the sacculus has a few short dentate projections, the cucullus is broadly rounded, the valvula markedly sclerotized and digitiform, and the juxta rods each have one tooth, subapical on the right arm, medial on the left one; the overall configuration of the phallotheca with its long and curved outer tube, long, multi-coiled appendix, and long cluster of small, closely set cornuti, is very similar to that of several other seed-feeding species exemplified by duplicis Braun. (For genital terms of Coleophora, see Landry &amp; Wright 1993.) In female genitalia, S8 is roundly trapezoidal with a notched posterior margin, the colliculum is as long as S8 with a blind sac at its anterior right extremity, the ductus bursae is very long with at least six coils in its anterior section, the spinulate section of the ductus is anteriorly curved and about as long as the membranous looped section, and the signum is double, one typical thorn-like with a short, stubby point, the other rasp-like and very small. This type of double signum is found in several seed-feeding species, such as the duplicis complex, with differences in size.</p><p>Larval host. Halimione portulacoides, Suaeda, Salicornia, Atriplex spp., Chenopodium spp. (Chenopodiaceae) in saline habitats.</p><p>Note. The type series of C. cervinella which consisted of two females was collected in a salt marsh (where several of the host plants of atriplicis occur). McDunnough suspected the synonymy of this species and wrote in an undated note placed in the CNC collection tray with the type: “Possibly falls to atriplicis descr. from Europe”. This species is undoubtedly more widely distributed than current records indicate but it is not recognizable without examining the genitalia. The occurrence on both the east and west coasts of North America as well as deep in the Okanagan valley of British Columbia and scattered localites in Alberta suggest that it could be Holarctic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49419E58069DF8F6FABEFBCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49429E59069DFB22FECCFE3B.text	03BD87FF49429E59069DFB22FECCFE3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleophora glitzella Hofmann 1869	<div><p>20. Coleophora glitzella Hofmann, 1869 (Coleophoridae)</p><p>Coleophora glitzella Hofmann, 1869: 119 . Type locality: Germany and Poland.</p><p>BOLD:ABZ4058</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Palaearctic: Western, Central and Northern Europe (Baldizzone et al. 2006).</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Yukon, marsh 31 km E of Dawson, 5 ♂, 2 ♀ ; bog 60 km E of Dawson, 2 ♂ ; km 30 on Dempster Hwy, 2 ♂ ; 16 km southeast of Whitehorse, 1 ♂ ; all specimens collected in early July 1994 (CNC, MZH) .</p><p>Diagnosis. A species with an ochreous-buff or pale grey external appearance and forewings lacking irrorations or variegations, and markedly annulated antennae. Some of the Yukon specimens are very pale, almost whitish buff. Superficially this species is very difficult to distinguish from other similarly coloured Coleophora and variation in the ground colour intensity enhances this confusion, but it is easily recognized on genitalia. Male genitalia resemble those of murinella Tengström. In male glitzella, the apex of the sacculus is distinctly notched to form a small tooth-like process; the cucullus is as long as the valvula and digitiform, the juxta rods are short, stubby with an unarmed, weakly sclerotized apex, the outer tube of the phallus is 2x the length of the juxta, and the vesica has a single slender cornutus. In male murinella, the apex of the sacculus is pointed but not toothed, the cucullus is broad, stubby and shorter than the valvula, the outer tube of the phallotheca is proportionally shorter, less than 1.5x the length of the juxta complex, and there are 5–6 slender cornuti. In female glitzella, S8 is a simple transversely rectangular plate, the ostium bursae is crescentic, the colliculum is longer than S8 and medially constricted, the spinulate section of the ductus bursae is about half the length of the ductus and nearly straight except for a short distal twist, and the ovipositor is very short with broad papillae anales; in murinella the spinulate section of the ductus bursae is proportionally much shorter and broader.</p><p>Larval host. Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae) . Razowski (1990) reported Vaccinium uliginosum, which appears incorrect because it is not an evergreen species like vitis-idaea . The larva of glitzella overwinters within the mine (MM, pers. obs.).</p><p>Note. It is likely that this species shares a northern Holarctic distribution together with its host plant. In North America the related murinella Tengström, which reportedly also feeds on Vaccinium vitis-idaea, is recorded only from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Both species are probably more widely distributed in northern Canada but undercollected.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49429E59069DFB22FECCFE3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49439E59069DFE2EFAE6F9F6.text	03BD87FF49439E59069DFE2EFAE6F9F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleophora granulatella Zeller 1849	<div><p>21. Coleophora granulatella Zeller, 1849 (Coleophoridae)</p><p>Coleophora granulatella Zeller, 1849: 371 . Type locality: Poland and Austria.</p><p>BOLD:AAB3655</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Europe to China.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Alberta, Dunvegan Prov Pk, 18 Jul 2003, 10 ♂, 2 ♀ (CNC) . British Columbia, Tranquille Ecological Reserve, 17 Aug 2007, 1 ♂ (CNC) . Ontario, Presqu’Ile Prov Pk, 25 Jul 1985, 7 ♂, 6 ♀ (CNC, MZH) . Yukon, Carcross sand dunes, 12 Jul 1994, 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (MZH) ; Whitehorse, 11 Jul 2006 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (CNC) ; Kusawa Lake, 16 Jul 2006, 1 ♀ (CNC) . USA: Arizona, Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts, Miller Canyon, 4 Aug 1999, 1 ♀ (CNC) . Colorado, Chaffee Co., nr Buena Vista, 8–17 Jul 1982, 4 ♂ 1 ♀ (CNC, USNM); nr Central City, 13 Jul 1993, 1 ♂ (MZH) . Michigan, Mackinac County, ex Artemisia campestris, em 8 Jun 1998, 1 ♀ (CNC) . Wyoming, Laramie Co., Gowdy State Pk, 7 Jul 1993, 1 ♂ (CNC) . Washington, Hanford Reach National Monument, 30 Aug 2002, 1 ♂ (CNC) . Widely distribution from Ontario west to Colorado and north to the Yukon. Most records are from the West .</p><p>Diagnosis. An overall pale species with pale ochreous-buff forewings with the veins highlighted in white and a fine peppering of dark brown scales arranged into very indistinct thin, dotted streaks, and antennae mostly white or indistinctly annulated. Several specimens have the ochreous-buff of the forewings very pale giving them a dirty white appearance. Superficially it is confusingly similar to many species found in the West, including several that are undescribed (JFL, unpublished data) and genitalia must be examined for identification. In male genitalia, the tegumen is rather similar to that of atriplicis but less constricted at the pedunculus, and the gnathos is wider; the vinculum is broadly U-shaped and not antero-ventrally protruded, the sacculus is widely angulate with a rounded ventral process and a strong finger-like dorsal process extended to the dorsal margin of cucullus, and proportionally small tongue-like cucullus; the juxta rods are subequal each with a subapical hump; and the outer tube is subequal in length to the juxta rods with a single thick cornutus. In female genitalia, S8 is elongate-trapezoidal with a roundly indented posterior margin, colliculum heavy and slightly longer than S8, ductus bursae with a commashaped spinulate section and unlooped membranous section, and proportionally small corpus bursae with a single, small thorn-like signum.</p><p>Larval host. Artemisia campestris (Asteraceae); the larva develops in the seeds.</p><p>Note. This overlooked species is most likely native to North America with a Holarctic distribution. This conclusion is supported by its predominantly interior western distribution, its occurrence in the Yukon and in the Peace River grasslands in northern Alberta, and association with the presence of sage at all reported localities.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49439E59069DFE2EFAE6F9F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49439E5F069DF96AFED3FDAB.text	03BD87FF49439E5F069DF96AFED3FDAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleophora texanella Chambers 1878	<div><p>22. Coleophora texanella Chambers, 1878 (Coleophoridae)</p><p>Coleophora texanella Chambers, 1878: 93 . Type locality: USA, Texas, [Bosque Co.].</p><p>= Coleophora vagans Walsingham, 1907: 217 . Type locality: USA, New York, New York City. New synonymy.</p><p>= Coleophora coxi Baldizzone &amp; van der Wolf, 2007: 91 . Type locality: Italy: Sicily, Catania Fondachello. New synonymy. BOLD: AAB7072</p><p>Palearctic records. Evidently this species was recently introduced in Europe where it was unknowlingly redescribed as coxi . Reported from Italy, Greece, and France, and adventive.</p><p>Nearctic distribution. Widespread in the continental United States, especially in the southern half from</p><p>Florida to California, north to New York, Michigan, and Ohio, west to Kansas; also in Mexico (Baja California Sur) and Bermuda (USNM). Specimens were examined from California (several localities) (EMEC, USNM), Colorado (CNC), Florida (CNC, MZH, USNM), Indiana (CNC), Kansas (CNC), Maryland (CNC), Massachusetts (USNM), Michigan (USNM), New York (USNM), North Dakota (USNM), Ohio (CNC), Virginia (USNM). Not recorded from Canada despite the presence of its host plant.</p><p>Diagnosis. The forewings are grey brown or ochreous brown, the costa and veins faintly highlighted with dirty white and a thin scattering of dark brown scales; the antenna have alternating pale-dark annulations. In superficial aspect it can be confused with several other Nearctic Coleophora, although the fauna of the southern half of North America is insufficiently known to make more precise statements about similar species. Genitalia must be checked for positive identification. The only other Nearctic species known to feed on Portulaca is portulacae Cockerell, which was described from Texas, but it has very different genitalia (JFL, unpubl. obs.). Male genitalia have the gnathos suborbicular, the transtilla short and wide, the valvula linguiform with short and stiff setae, the sacculus with an angulate ventral margin and an outwardly curved dorsal process that is shorter than the cucullus, short and equal juxta rods that are distally attenuate and unarmed, the basal plate of the juxta is extended anteriorly under the outer tube, the latter is longer than the juxta complex, the appendix has four loops, and there is a single thick cornutus with an asymmetrically widened base. Female genitalia have S8 transverse with the posterior margin deeply and broadly U-indented, a thickened crescentic border along the ostium bursae; the colliculum is longer than S8 and narrowly funnel-shaped with a median chitinized band, its anteriormost portion with a half-twist; the ductus bursae lacks a spiculate section, its anterior half has 3–4 loops; and the corpus bursae is elongate-ovoid with a single thorn-like signum.</p><p>Larval host. A leaf miner on pigweed ( Portulaca oleracea, Portulacaceae).</p><p>Note. Probably more widespread and common than current records show, but unrecognized. The food plant is a common weed that has been spread by human activity. Even though the type material of coxi was not examined, the high-quality illustrations in the original description of this species leave no doubt that it is a synonym of the Nearctic texanella . Barcodes from European specimens, including some reared from France referred to by Baldizzone &amp; Nel (2009), matched North American ones. According to Baldizzone (pers. comm. to JFL, 2012) this species has become very common in Italy.</p><p>The synonymy of vagans is here established based on examination of its type and female genitalia matching those of the texanella type (both examined by JFL). The type of vagans eclosed from a larval case that was found attached to a grass blade, evidently not a larval host plant but an attachment site for pupation. Attempts to gain a barcode record from the type yielded a low-quality 94-bp sequence with four ambiguous positions (qualified as a ‘fail’ in BOLD), which is insufficiently informative for a clear barcode match. A comparison of that 94bp region with texanella-coxi barcodes shows one unique 3rd position substitution (a fixed difference with the data available) that sets vagans apart from texanella / coxi, plus 0 to 2 more, depending on the haplotype comparison. This amounts to 1.1–3.3% divergence between them, based on this small fragment. Despite failure to obtain an adequate barcode match, we are confident to synonymize vagans based on morphological similarity of its holotype, which we consider sufficient in this case. The barcode outgroup species labelled ‘n.sp. nr texanella ’ in Fig. 22 are both very distinct in morphology and barcode. The type of vagans was collected in New York, whereas that of texanella was from Texas.</p><p>Type material examined. Coleophora texanella: Lectotype female, present designation by J.-F. Landry, labelled: “Type 1598” [red except for white band at top]; “83” [handwritten]; “Tex.” [printed]; “Chambers.” [printed]; “texanella| Chb.” [handwritten]; “ Holotype | Coleophora | texanella Ch. | B. Wright” [red, part printed, part handwritten]; “Photo| 4 March 69| B. Wright” [beige, handwritten]; “genitalia slide| BW 188 ♀ ” [pale green, printed]; “ Lectotype ♀ | Coleophora | texanella| Chambers, 1878 | by J.-F. Landry 2013” [orange, part printed, part handwritten]. (MCZ) The uncertainty about the authenticity of many of Chambers ‘types’ was discussed by Miller &amp; Hodges (1990). In this case the original description contains no indication if there was only one or more specimens, although McDunnough (1944) stated that the ‘type’ was a unique female which matched the description well. The ‘holotype’ label inserted by Barry Wright, presumably in the late 1960s, was never published. A lectotype is here designated to maintain stability of usage of the name of a taxon with congeners that look similar.</p><p>Coleophora vagans: Holotype female, labelled: “ N. York City | on grass| Aug. 1888 ” [handwritten]; “Collection| Beutenmueller” [printed]; “487” [handwritten]; “181” [pink, handwritten]; “4928| Wlsm. 1906” [black-bordered, handwritten with ‘Wlsm.’ printed]; “Type| No. 10349| U.S. N.M.” [red, printed with number handwritten]; “ Coleophora | vagans, Wlsm. | Type ♀ descr.” [black-bordered, handwritten except ‘Type’ printed]; “genitalia slide| BW 152 ♀ ” [pale green, printed except female symbol handwritten]; “Database #| CNCLEP00061092” [printed]; “Barcode of Life Project| Leg removed| DNA extracted” [blue, printed]. (USNM). Examined by JFL. Genitalia slide prepared by Barry Wright in 1975, here renumbered USNM 130,228. A larval case is pinned on the same block as the type but evidently this is not the one from which the moth issued. Another case attached to a piece of grass is mounted on a separate pin and labelled “N York| on grass| Aug. 1888 ”; “Collection| Beutenmueller” [printed]; “487” [handwritten]; “181” [pink, handwritten]; all in the same hand as the holotype. The following labels were added by Barry Wright: “accompanies| HT. vagans| Wlsm.”; “ Coleophora | texanella| Cham.| det. B. Wright ‘90”. This separate larval case is the one from which the type eclosed as evidenced by the presence of adult scales and empty pupal shell inside the case. Walsingham (1907) indicated that he had a unique specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49439E5F069DF96AFED3FDAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49459E5F069DFD9EFE05FA6B.text	03BD87FF49459E5F069DFD9EFE05FA6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleophora vitisella Gregson 1856	<div><p>23. Coleophora vitisella Gregson, 1856 (Coleophoridae)</p><p>Coleophora vitisella Gregson, 1856: 5167 . Type locality: Great Britain: Lancashire.</p><p>BOLD:AAE1198</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Western, Central and Northern Europe to Russian Far East.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Yukon, Whitehorse, 11 Jul 2006, 1 ♀ (CNC) ; 60 km east of Dawson, 5 Jul 1994, 1 ♂ (MZH) ; Manitoba, Churchill, 30 Jul 2009, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Males have the forewings greyish fuscous, whereas females have them ochreous with a slight grey tinge (males have a darker, greyer appearance than females). Superficially they can be confused with several other Coleophora with little or no forewing variegation and annulated antennae, like glitzella (see above). Specimens in less than mint condition (such as the new records here reported) are virtually impossible to recognize on external appearance and genitalia examination is necessary for identification. Male genitalia resemble those of ledi Stainton (cf. Landry &amp; Wright 1993), but are distinguished by the sacculus with an angular ventral margin and a terminal process extended to the apex of the cucullus, and phallus with a single small cornutus; in ledi, the ventral margin of the sacculus is evenly rounded and the terminal process shorter than the cucullus, and there is a row of multiple, very small cornuti. In female genitalia, vitisella has a heavily sclerotized sterigma with a rough and concave surface and a posterior margin entire, and the spinulate section of the ductus bursae is at least twice the length of S8; in ledi, the sterigma has a smooth surface and a notched posterior margin, and the spinulate section of the ductus bursae is no more than about 1.5 times the length of S8. Specimens of ledi have a lustrous, metallic dark purplish sheen whereas vitisella specimens are dull.</p><p>Larval host. Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae) .</p><p>Note. This is likely a Holarctic species, but it may be restricted to northern regions of North America where collecting is deficient. The Yukon specimens derive from an area that was part of Beringia. The Manitoba record is from a tundra habitat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49459E5F069DFD9EFE05FA6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49459E5C069DF9DEFBCCFC8B.text	03BD87FF49459E5C069DF9DEFBCCFC8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scythris sinensis Felder & Rogenhofer 1875	<div><p>24. Scythris sinensis Felder &amp; Rogenhofer, 1875) ( Scythrididae)</p><p>Butalis sinensis Felder &amp; Rogenhofer, 1875: pl. 140, fig. 11. Type locality: China, Shanghai.</p><p>BOLD:ABA2267</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Eastern Asia, Europe, Central Russia, southern Siberia (Bengtsson 1997, Passerin d’Entrèves &amp; Roggero 2007).</p><p>New North American records. USA: Pennsylvania, Montour Co., near Danville, 10 specimens reared from larvae feeding on Chenopodium album in July 2011 (CNC). This is the only reported locality for North America .</p><p>Diagnosis. This is a strikingly coloured species that is unlike any North American scythridid. The pair of yellow patches on the forewings and bright yellow abdominal segments immediately distinguish it. The abdominal yellow is more extensive in females than in males. In Europe, most individuals lack the yellow spots on wings, but yellow abdominal segments are present (Bengtsson 1997). The male genitalia are also highly distinctive with large, pincer-like valvae that are fused to the vinculum, the uncus is pointed, T8 is small and trapezoid, and S8 is broadly crescentic and has the caudal margin medially incised, the sides of the incision forming an internal ridge. In the female genitalia, the ostium is positioned slightly off on the left side of the sclerotized S8 (sterigma); the anterior edge of S8 is tightly attached to the hind margin of S7 (separated in the preparation shown).</p><p>Larval host. Chenopodium album, Atriplex patula (Chenopodiaceae) (Passerin d’Entrèves &amp; Roggero 2007), both of which are widespread weeds in North America.</p><p>Note. The species was first discovered in Pennsylvania in 2011 by Jesse Babonis and Steve Johnson who reared it from Chenopodium album growing alongside a house. It was easily identified from its external morphology and confirmed by genitalia examination and comparison with specimens from Japan (CNC). Currently there are no barcoded specimens of sinensis from the Old World. However, the species, which is native to Asia and the East Palearctic, has been reported in Europe since the early 1970s (Sattler 1971) and is now known from several parts of Europe (Bengtsson 1997; Malkiewicz &amp; Dobrzanski 2011). It is not known whether North American occurrences originated from Europe or Asia; however, the fact that they have yellow forewing spots, which are lacking in European specimens, suggests that they may have originated from Asia.</p><p>The larvae feed on the same food plant as S. limbella (F.), which was also introduced in northeastern North America several decades ago and has since spread as far west as Montana (Landry 1991; Powell pers. comm. to JFL, 2010). There are five junior synonyms under S. sinensis (Bengtsson 1997; Passerin d’Entrèves &amp; Roggero 2007). The species is apparently thermophilous and in Europe has been reported in warm spots such as along house walls and in cities (Nupponen &amp; Nupponen 2001; Malkiewicz &amp; Dobrzanski 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49459E5C069DF9DEFBCCFC8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49469E5C069DFC7EFE41F9F0.text	03BD87FF49469E5C069DFC7EFE41F9F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Altenia perspersella (Wocke 1862)	<div><p>25. Altenia perspersella (Wocke, 1862) ( Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae)</p><p>Gelechia perspersella Wocke, 1862: 236 . Type locality: Norway.</p><p>BOLD:AAE2251</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern Europe, from Scandinavia and the Baltic republics to Russia (Huemer &amp; Karsholt 1999).</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Manitoba, Churchill, 30 Jul 2009, 1 ♂ (CNC) ; Yukon, summit of Grey Mountain, alpine zone, swept from alpine vegetation in afternoon, 14 Jul 2006, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Externally the forewings have three irregular transverse bands of pale grey over a darker brown ground colour. The male genitalia are highly distinctive: the tegumen is narrowly transverse; the uncus is bifid with long, incurved digitiform lobes; the gnathos is absent; the valva is shorter than the uncus lobes and acuminate; the vinculum is narrowly transverse; the phallus is broad, short, stubby. The female genitalia are not especially distinctive compared to many other Gelechiidae: the ostium is ill-defined, weakly sclerotized, crescentic; the ductus bursae is membranous, longer than the ovipositor; and the signum is suboval, sub-divided, with serrate edges.</p><p>Larval host. Empetrum nigrum (Empetraceae), a circumpolar plant.</p><p>Note. The species was listed by Lee et al. (2009) based on a communication from JFL about the Yukon record here reported. The species is undoubtedly Holarctic and likely distributed in the northern parts of North America where its food plant occurs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49469E5C069DFC7EFE41F9F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49469E5D069DF96AFAC1FE63.text	03BD87FF49469E5D069DF96AFAC1FE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gnorimoschema jalavai Povolny 1994	<div><p>26. Gnorimoschema jalavai Povolný, 1994 ( Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae)</p><p>Gnorimoschema jalavai Povolný, 1994: 58 . Type locality: Russia, SW Altai, Katun valley, 10 km W Katanda, 1200 m. BOLD: AAI5491</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Known from southern Russia (Altai Krai, Tuva, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, and Zabaykalsky Krai), as well as Chukotka Peninsula in the north-eastern far east of Russia (Sinev 2008) .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Yukon, Carcross sand dunes, 25 Jun 2004, 2 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species of Gnorimoschema has dark brown forewings with a pair of large subterminal white spots that nearly touch and appear to form an interruped band. This is a very unusual pattern for Gnorimoschema and Gnorimoschemini in general, but otherwise there are other Gelechiidae with somewhat similar forewing maculation, particularly among Chionodes . In male genitalia, the broadly triangular and truncate saccus, configuration of the distal margin of the vinculum, slightly bent and distally swollen valva, linguiform gnathos and unhooked apex of phallus are collectively distinctive. The female is unknown.</p><p>Larval host. Unknown.</p><p>Note. The Canadian specimens were reported as “ G. nordlandicolella -complex sp. 4” by Nazari &amp; Landry (2009). The species identification was accomplished later after the holotype of G. jalavai (ZMH, Finland) was barcoded and its sequence was placed in the same BIN cluster. This was confirmed by the male genitalia which match. The female is unknown. The Yukon occurrence suggests that the species is native in North America .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49469E5D069DF96AFAC1FE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49479E5D069DFDEBFD30FA35.text	03BD87FF49479E5D069DFDEBFD30FA35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scrobipalpa acuminatella (Sircom 1850)	<div><p>27. Scrobipalpa acuminatella (Sircom, 1850) ( Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae)</p><p>Gelechia acuminatella Sircom, 1850: 72 . Type locality: England.</p><p>BIN21644 (BOLD:AAC1644)</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widespread in Europe, western and Central Asia, Siberia and Eastern China (Huemer &amp; Karsholt 2010).</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Ontario, Puslinch Township, 30 May 2002, 1 ex. (BIOUG); Québec, Pontiac, Breckenridge 14 Jul 1999, 1 ♀ (CNC); Pontiac, Eardley, 20 May 2005, 1 ♂ (CNC); Gatineau, 5 May 1987, 1 ♂, 14 Jun 1988, 1 ♂, 21 May 1995, 1 ♂, 14 May 1998, 1 ♀, 13 Jul 1999, 1 ♀, 20 May 2011, 1 ♂ (CNC); Sainte- Christine, 30 May 2008, 1 ♂ (CNC); Manseau, 30 May 2005, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. A species with variable forewing colouration and pattern, diagnosable only through genitalia examination. The forewings vary from pale yellow-brown (as illustrated in Fig. 27) to blackish grey and may be variegated with small black dots or not. On the other hand, the genitalia in both sexes are distinct although showing overall similarity to some other Scrobipalpa . In male genitalia, the configuration of the posterior margin of the vinculum which is shallowly V-emarginate, the short vincular process subequal in length to the stubby sacculus, the thin and very slightly curved valva, conical apex of uncus, and terminal hook of the phallus together are distinctive. In female genitalia the medial depression of S8 just posterad of the ostium is covered with microtrichia and bordered with a pair of oblique lateral folds, the collicular sclerotized ring is short, the corpus bursae is elongateovoid, gradually tapered without constriction posterad of the signum, and the signum is situated on the right side of the middle of the bursa and has an angular bend; these features are collectively diagnostic although differences among species of Scrobipalpa tend to be slight.</p><p>Larval host. Several species of Asteraceae in Europe, including Cirsium spp., Carduus spp., Centaurea spp. (Huemer &amp; Karsholt 2010).</p><p>Note. Possibly introduced in North America.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49479E5D069DFDEBFD30FA35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49479E52069DFA3BFE2EFED0.text	03BD87FF49479E52069DFA3BFE2EFED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sophronia gelidella Nordman 1941	<div><p>28. Sophronia gelidella Nordman, 1941 ( Gelechiidae: Gelechiidae)</p><p>Sophronia gelidella Nordman, 1941: 21 . Type locality: Finland.</p><p>BOLD:AAF4739</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Northern Europe, Russia .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Yukon, summit of Grey Mountain, alpine zone, swept from alpine vegetation with extensive patches of Dryas in afternoon 14 Jul 2006, 2 ♂ (CNC, POHL) .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species has the forewing with a slightly arcuate tip which is quite distinctive. In the forewing the apex is dark brown contrasting with the paler disc and is preceded by a paler transverse, chevron band. In male genialia, the uncus is slightly indented apically, the gnathos is a large hook, the valvae are thin, straight rods with a clubbed apex, the saccular processes are very thin and less than half the length of the valvae, and the phallus distal half has a sclerotized rod and a subapical dentiform process. In female genitalia, the posterior apophyses are longer than the ductus bursae, S8 including the ostium weakly sclerotized, smooth, the narrowly funnel-shaped antrum is well sclerotized and reaches about three-quarters the length of anterior apophyses, and the signum is a sublinguiform plate with irregular edges and more darkly melanized extremities.</p><p>Larval host. Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) . No specimens have apparently been reared from larvae, but one specimen in the Zoological Museum of Oulu, Finland, was reared from a pupa found between two leaves of Dryas (MM) . Also, the adult occurrence is always restricted to sites with Dryas .</p><p>Note. This is likely another Holarctic species with an arctic-alpine distribution in North America where its food plant occurs. The Yukon records (two male specimens) were collected on a mountain in the alpine zone with an abundance of Dryas .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49479E52069DFA3BFE2EFED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49489E52069DFE5AFB5CFBEC.text	03BD87FF49489E52069DFE5AFB5CFBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthophila fabriciana (Linnaeus 1767) Choreutidae	<div><p>29. Anthophila fabriciana (Linnaeus, 1767) (Choreutidae)</p><p>Phalaena fabriciana Linnaeus, 1767: 880 . Type locality: [Europe].</p><p>BOLD:AAC8582</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Widespread in the Palaearctic region .</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Manitoba, Churchill, 8 Aug 2006, 1 ♀ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. In wing maculation this species resembles plenicanata Heppner, and to a lesser extent alpinella (Busck) (Heppner 2011). In male genitalia, the valva has a pointed dentiform projection in the middle of its dorsal margin, the phallus is shorter than the uncus-tegumen-vinculum and has a short dentiform median lateral projection (shown in lateral view in Fig. 29); it is more similar to alpinella (Busck) but in the latter both the medio-dorsal tooth of the valva and that of the phallus are larger, and its phallus is longer than the uncus-tegumen-vinculum. The female genitalia is distinctive, though overall similar to those of alpinella, with its long, tightly coiled ductus bursae and heavily sclerotized, roundly conical, wrinkled sternum 8 and ostial area.</p><p>Larval host. Urtica, Parietaria (Urticaceae) .</p><p>Note. Undoubtedly more widespread than the single record indicates. Like other Choreutidae, this species is diurnal. In Europe this species occurs in backyards where its host plants grow. The host plants are frequently associated with anthropogenic habitats thus it is conceivable that fabriciana may be a recent introduction. Although the locality of Churchill is remote, it is accessible by train and it is a shipping port. Railroads are often lined with introduced plants and can provide a pathway for alien species to disperse deep into natural areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49489E52069DFE5AFB5CFBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
03BD87FF49489E52069DFB5EFC54F846.text	03BD87FF49489E52069DFB5EFC54F846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phiaris bipunctana (Fabricius 1794)	<div><p>30. Phiaris bipunctana (Fabricius, 1794) ( Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)</p><p>Pyralis bipunctana Fabricius, 1794: 250 . Type locality: Italy.</p><p>BOLD:AAC2476</p><p>Palearctic distribution. Central and northern parts of Europe to Eastern Palaearctic and Russian Far East.</p><p>New North American records. Canada: Manitoba, Churchill, 8–27 Jul 2007, 1 ♂ (CNC) .</p><p>Diagnosis. In wing maculation bipunctana resembles Olethreutes glaciana (Möschler), O. carolana (McDunnough), O. polluxana (McDunnough), and O. heinrichana (McDunnough) . In bipunctana, the broad dark median fascia has a small white dot at the level of the radial vein; in the other species this dot is black or tends to be darker than the surrounding median fascia; in bipunctana, the distal white fascia is narrower than the median dark fascia, whereas in heinrichana, it is wider. In male genitalia, it is most similar to glaciana from which it is distinguished by the narrower uncus, narrower cucullus, deeper emargination of the ventral margin of the valva, and small cluster of spines at the apex of the phallus (absent in glaciana). In female genitalia it is also most similar to glaciana but the lateral lobes of the sterigma have their apices at the level of the ostium (markedly extended posterad of the ostium in glaciana), the ostium margin is notched (straight in glaciana), and the sclerotized distal section of the ductus bursae is twice the length of the sterigma (subequal in glaciana).</p><p>Larval host. Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae) .</p><p>Note. Undoubtedly more widespread, especially in the North, than the single record indicates. The barcode and genitalia similarity suggests that glaciana, long placed in Olethreutes, is a member of Phiaris . At some point the latter genus was considered a synonym of Olethreutes (Brown 2005) but more recently has been restored to full generic status (Fauna Europaea 2013; Gilligan et al. 2012). Obviously the two genera are closely related and one could even be paraphyletic to the other. However, we refrain from proposing a formal transfer of glaciana as we believe that this is best done in the context of a proper taxonomic revision.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87FF49489E52069DFB5EFC54F846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Landry, Jean-François;Nazari, Vazrick;Dewaard, Jeremy R.;Mutanen, Marko;Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos;Huemer, Peter;Hebert, Paul D. N.	Landry, Jean-François, Nazari, Vazrick, Dewaard, Jeremy R., Mutanen, Marko, Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Huemer, Peter, Hebert, Paul D. N. (2013): Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749 (1): 1-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1
