identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BD9D7A3763FFADFF70F42EFE130BBE.text	03BD9D7A3763FFADFF70F42EFE130BBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bufo lugubrosus Girard 1853	<div><p>Bufo lugubrosus Girard, 1853</p><p>(Figs. 1–2)</p><p>Although no name-bearing type was formally designated, the specimen UNSNM 16359 was considered as such by Cochran (1961). Included data indicate that it was collected in January of 1839 in Valparaíso, Chile, by J. Drayton (Joseph Drayton, one of the two illustrators that accompanied the expedition). The date in the catalogue is clearly wrong: By the end of January, 1839 the expedition was still in Tierra del Fuego, preparing the leg to Antarctica (Wilkes 1844). Although Article 72.4.7 of the International Commission Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999 (ICZN 1999) indicates that mention of “ type ” or equivalent in a museum catalog or label is not evidence that the specimen correspond to type material, still circumstantial evidence suggest that this individual was the one on which the description was based, including its provenance, collector, year of collection, coincidences with Girard’s (1853) description and its redescription (Girard 1858a), and with the illustration contained in the atlas (Girard 1858b, Plate 6, figs. 10–15).</p><p>The species was synonymized with Bufo spinulosus Wiegmann 1834 by Boulenger (1882), who had at hand, among several other specimens, one male collected by Charles Darwin in Valparaíso. Boulenger’s synonymy also included Bufo chilensis Tschudi, 1838, whose synonymy with Rana arunco Molina, 1782 was noted by Cei in several occasions (i.a. 1962b, c) and finally accepted since Ortiz and Lescure (1990). Nowadays three species of Rhinella are recorded in Valparaíso area, Rhinella arunco, R. atacamensis, and R. spinulosa, apparently occupying different altitudinal levels. The exosomatic characters and coloration of UNSNM 16359 (fig. 1), the re-description by Girard (1858a) and its illustration in Girard (1858b) show enough similitudes with the species currently known as Rhinella atacamensis . Thus, Girard’s species, under the new combination, Rhinella lugubrosa, is a senior synonym of Bufo spinulosus atacamensis Cei, 1962b (today Rhinella atacamensis), and not a junior synonym of what today is known as Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834) . However, here it is convenient to follow the mandates of Article 23.9 of the Code (IZCN, 1999) and reverse the precedence of names. Indeed, the name Bufo lugubrosus Girard, 1853 was not used as valid since 1882, when Boulenger synonymized it with Rhinella spinulosa (article 23.9.1.1), while the name Rhinella atacamensis (as such, or as Bufo spinulosus atacamensis or Bufo atacamensis) was cited by more than 10 authors in at least 25 works in the last 56 years (article 23.9.1.2), including, among others, Cei (1962b, c), Correa et al. (2008; 2010; 2012), Da Silva &amp; Mendelson (1999), De la Riva et al. (2005), Di Tada et al. (2001), Díaz-Páez &amp; Ortiz (2003); Donoso-Barros &amp; Cei (1962), Gallardo (1992) Lutz (1971), Martin, R.F. (1972) Moreno et al. (2002), Ortiz &amp; Díaz-Páez (2006), Penna &amp; Veloso (1981), Pramuk (2006), Ramírez de Arellano et al. (2008), Ruiz et al. (1987), Urra (2013), Veloso (1973; 2006), Veloso &amp; Núñez (1998) and Vidal et al. (2009). Thus, Rhinella atacamensis is a nomen protectum, while Bufo lugubrosus is considered a nomen oblitum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD9D7A3763FFADFF70F42EFE130BBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lavilla, Esteban O.;Rabanal, Felipe E.;Langone, José A.;Vásquez, Dayana;Castro-Carrasco, Camila	Lavilla, Esteban O., Rabanal, Felipe E., Langone, José A., Vásquez, Dayana, Castro-Carrasco, Camila (2019): The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition. Zootaxa 4567 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.11
03BD9D7A3763FFACFF70F31BFBED0ED5.text	03BD9D7A3763FFACFF70F31BFBED0ED5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bufo thaul , Lesson 1830	<div><p>Bufo thaul, Lesson 1830</p><p>(Figs. 3–4)</p><p>Girard (1858a) pointed out in the synonymy that the Bufo thaul he was redescribing was that of Lesson (1831) and not the Rana thaul described by Molina (1782). To add confusion to the intricacies of the name and its synonymy (see Ferraro &amp; Lavilla 2013), what Girard (1858a, b) characterized and illustrated were juveniles. In fact, the redescription (Girard 1858a: 88) starts: “ Out of nine specimens, collected by the Expedition, the largest was but one inch in total length, the legs excluded ...”. As far as we know, no species of amphibians with adults of such a small size were ever recorded in Valparaíso Region, and the description and illustration (Girard 1858a; b, Plate 5, Figs. 15–19) clearly shows a juvenile Rhinella .</p><p>It is not possible to identify the specimens attributed by Girard to Bufo thaul . As noted above, three species of Rhinella inhabits Valparaíso area, R. arunco, R. atacamensis, and R. spinulosa, and the characterization itself matches with the characteristics of the juveniles of all of them. Inductive identification by altitudinal distribution is set aside, because botanical collections were made from the sea-shore near Valparaíso to the snowline up in the Andes (Gray 1854) and we may suppose that zoologists followed the same roads.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD9D7A3763FFACFF70F31BFBED0ED5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lavilla, Esteban O.;Rabanal, Felipe E.;Langone, José A.;Vásquez, Dayana;Castro-Carrasco, Camila	Lavilla, Esteban O., Rabanal, Felipe E., Langone, José A., Vásquez, Dayana, Castro-Carrasco, Camila (2019): The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition. Zootaxa 4567 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.11
03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F42EFCF70C5F.text	03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F42EFCF70C5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cystignathus nebulosus Girard 1853	<div><p>Cystignathus nebulosus Girard, 1853</p><p>(Figs. 5–6)</p><p>The original description was based on an unknown number of specimens. The explicited character states (Girard 1853; 1858a) have led various authors to include it in the synonymies of what we know today as Alsodes nodosus or Batrachyla taeniata, as indicated in the Introduction. We support here the latest available contribution, the unpublished doctoral thesis by Cuevas (2013), who considers Cystignathus nebulosus as a junior synonym of Alsodes nodosus, based on the detailed redescription and the figures presented by Girard (1858a, b, pl. III, figs. 19– 23), and the striking similitudes between the figures 5 and 6.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F42EFCF70C5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lavilla, Esteban O.;Rabanal, Felipe E.;Langone, José A.;Vásquez, Dayana;Castro-Carrasco, Camila	Lavilla, Esteban O., Rabanal, Felipe E., Langone, José A., Vásquez, Dayana, Castro-Carrasco, Camila (2019): The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition. Zootaxa 4567 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.11
03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F7BBFAFC0DA2.text	03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F7BBFAFC0DA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi 1838	<div><p>Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838</p><p>(Figs. 7–8)</p><p>The characterization of the material at hand by Girard (1858a: 38) and its illustration (Girard 1858b, Pl. IV, Figs. 33–38) match with what is currently known as Pleurodema thaul . This synonymy was first suggested by Donoso- Barros and Cei (1962c), while Donoso-Barros (1969) restricted the name P. bibroni for the Uruguayan populations and P. thaul for the Chileans; for an overview of the nomenclatorial history, see Ferraro &amp; Lavilla (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F7BBFAFC0DA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lavilla, Esteban O.;Rabanal, Felipe E.;Langone, José A.;Vásquez, Dayana;Castro-Carrasco, Camila	Lavilla, Esteban O., Rabanal, Felipe E., Langone, José A., Vásquez, Dayana, Castro-Carrasco, Camila (2019): The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition. Zootaxa 4567 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.11
03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F6FCFC310B74.text	03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F6FCFC310B74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleurodema elegans Bell 1843	<div><p>Pleurodema elegans Bell, 1843</p><p>(Figs. 9–10)</p><p>When redescribing Pleurodema elegans, Girard (1858a: 40) noted that “Although this species may easily be distinguished from the preceding one by the light line extending all along the dorsal region, still it is very closely related to it by all the characters of its structure...”. Furthermore, in the diagnosis Girard pointed out the presence of a very small tympanum (not apparent in the diagnosis of the previous). The species was included in the synonymy of Pleurodema bibroni by Boulenger (1882) (in turn, as previously noted, in the synonymy of Pleurodema thaul), and the differences quoted by Girard are due to the recognized variation of the species. In fact, the variability of the species lead Duellman &amp; Veloso (1977) to considered that this taxon was conformed by three forms, a hypothesis rejected by Rosset et al. (2001) and not confirmed by Faivovich et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD9D7A3762FFACFF70F6FCFC310B74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lavilla, Esteban O.;Rabanal, Felipe E.;Langone, José A.;Vásquez, Dayana;Castro-Carrasco, Camila	Lavilla, Esteban O., Rabanal, Felipe E., Langone, José A., Vásquez, Dayana, Castro-Carrasco, Camila (2019): The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition. Zootaxa 4567 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.11
03BD9D7A3762FFA9FF70F0CEFC850898.text	03BD9D7A3762FFA9FF70F0CEFC850898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaeus timidus Girard 1853	<div><p>Metaeus timidus Girard, 1853</p><p>(Figs. 11–16)</p><p>Described among the Bufonidae, Metaeus timidus was seldom cited in the herpetological literature (the few available papers include, among others, De Marschall 1873; Neave 1940; Plötz 1855; Scuddar 1882, and Troschel 1854). In its redescription, Girard (1858a: 97) pointed out that this was a particularly small species, in which the sum of head and body lengths did not exceed one inch. As discussed under Bufo thaul (see above), in the Valparaíso Region there are no amphibians with adults of such small size. This fact led us to consider that Girard based his new genus and species on a juvenile. In analyzing immature specimens of the various species recorded in the area, we saw that the extensive redescription of Metaeus timidus by Girard (1858a) differs from the juveniles of all except one species of Valparaíso Region. In fact, Metaeus timidus differs from (only key characters are noted): Rhinella arunco, R. atacamensis, and R. spinulosa due to absence of parotid glands, non-visible tympanum and the presence of a dark band from snout to shoulder.</p><p>Pleurodema thaul due to absence of lumbar glands; in certain populations the non-visible tympanum can also be a discriminating character.</p><p>Calyptocephalella gayi due to the presence of the dark band on the sides of the head, the non-visible tympanum, the lack of a cranial co-ossifications and the texture of the dorsal skin.</p><p>Batrachyla taeniata due to the non-visible tympanum, the pointed shape of the tip of the digits, and because the black band does not involve the eye.</p><p>In turn, coincidences between Metaeus timidus and the juveniles of what we currently known as Alsodes nodosus are overwhelming. The following paragraph is a verbatim transcription of Girard’s (1858a) redescription, in which the coincident character states are referred to photographs of the specimen SSUC-AM 261 (see appendix):</p><p>Descr. The head forms the third of that length (fig. 11); it is depressed, almost flat upon its upper surface, and rounded upon the snout (fig. 13). It is a little longer than broad, and, when viewed from above, has an ovoid appearance (fig. 11). The body, itself, is elongated, narrowest posteriorly, the general aspect being more ranine than bufonine. The legs are proportionally small, though quite as much developed as in many ranoids (figs. 11; 12). The entire absence of both palatine and maxillary teeth entitles it to a place amongst bufonoids (fig. 14). The inner nostrils are very large, oblong-shaped, in the longitudinal direction of the head (fig. 14). The openings of the Eustachian tubes are exceedingly minute. The tongue is of medium size, subcircular, or subelliptical, entire posteriorly, and free upon the half of its length (fig. 15). The eyes are of medium size, elliptical in form, their longitudinal diameter being equal to the distance between their anterior rim and the extremity of the snout (fig. 13). The inter-ocular space is broader than the eyelid (fig. 11). The nostrils are elevated, situated at the upper, terminal end of the snout, though equidistant between the eyes and the margin of the upper jaw. There are no parotid glands. The tympanum is entirely hidden under the skin (fig. 13).</p><p>The forelegs are almost exiguous, and, though short, reach the groins when brought backwards alongside with the body. The fingers are subcylindrical; the first one longer than the second, which is nearly equal to the fourth; the third being the longest. The articulations are all provided beneath with conspicuously developed tubercles, and the tip of the fingers slightly swollen beneath, into a tuberculous-like knob. Smaller tubercles may be seen on the palm of the hand, arranged in series in the direction of the fingers, each series composed of at least two tubercles. There is a comparatively large, horny, metacarpal disk, and a horny knob at the base of the first finger (fig. 12). The hind legs are slender but not very long; measured from their origin to the base of the fifth toe, they equal in length the head and body together. The toes exhibit the same structure as the fingers; there are but a few small granules on the sole of the feet, situated towards the base of the toes. The inner metatarsal tubercle is elongated; the outer one is rounded. The inner edge of the tarsus exhibits a very inconspicuous horny ridge (fig. 12).</p><p>The skin is smooth, although provided above with small pustules, spread over the head, body, and legs, though fewer on the latter (fig. 11).</p><p>The ground color above is greenish-brown. A deep chestnut-brown vitta starts from the margin of the upper jaw, ascends the snout towards the nostrils, thence along the line of the canthus rostralis to the eye, and passing over the latter, extends obliquely down to near the insertion of the anterior limbs. A transverse brown patch is observed upon the occiput, between the eyes. A larger patch of the same color is seen on the anterior portion of the trunk, and another still smaller, upon its posterior portion. These three patches are united together by means of diverging, narrow branches, giving the back a stellated appearance. Transverse narrow bars of brownish-black are observed upon the legs, more conspicuously on the posterior than on the anterior ones, where two such bars only are seen. The hands and feet above are maculated (fig. 16). Underneath, the color is dull-yellow, under the head and abdomen, with a few small black spots on the latter region. The legs being reddish, with indistinct yellowish dots.</p><p>As noted above, the identity of Metaeus timidus with Alsodes nodosus is evident and unquestionable. Consequently, Metaeus timidus Girard, 1853 is a junior synonym of Cystignathus nodosus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, and Metaeus is a junior synonym of Alsodes Bell, 1843 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD9D7A3762FFA9FF70F0CEFC850898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lavilla, Esteban O.;Rabanal, Felipe E.;Langone, José A.;Vásquez, Dayana;Castro-Carrasco, Camila	Lavilla, Esteban O., Rabanal, Felipe E., Langone, José A., Vásquez, Dayana, Castro-Carrasco, Camila (2019): The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition. Zootaxa 4567 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.11
