identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BA87A7FFB4FFA5FF05FBC8E69FFA53.text	03BA87A7FFB4FFA5FF05FBC8E69FFA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespidae	<div><p>Key to the species of Vespidae occurring in Greater Puerto Rico</p><p>1. Scutum with parategula, a flattened lobe projecting from posterolateral corner (Fig. 1, 21, 23); claws bifid (cleft at tip; Fig. 5); clypeus ventrally emarginate or truncate (Fig. 6); solitary wasps ................................................................................................ Subfamily Eumeninae, 2</p><p>— Scutum without parategula, with vertical lamella along posterolateral edge (Fig. 8, 34�35); claws simple (Fig. 9 �10); clypeus ventrally pointed or rounded (Fig. 7); eusocial wasps.......... .......................................................................................................... Subfamily Polistinae, 16</p><p>2(1). Metasoma petiolate: width of segment I in dorsal view half or less that of II, and more than twice as long as wide (Fig. 4)...................................................................................................... 3</p><p>— Metasoma not petiolate: width of segment I more than half that of II, much less than twice as long as wide (Fig. 14 �15, 25, 27)................................................................................................. 5</p><p>3(2). Propodeal orifice narrowly acute dorsally (Fig. 19); propodeal valvula enlarged, free posteriorly from submarginal carina, extending posteriorly as a rectangular lamella (Fig. 19). Mona; Puerto Rico; Culebra; St. Thomas............................................ Zethus rufinodus (Latreille)</p><p>— Propodeal orifice broadly rounded dorsally (Fig. 13); propodeal valvula rounded and not extending posteriorly (Fig. 3)....................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>4(3). Pronotum with partial oblique humeral carina (Fig. 2), with complete pretegular carina (Fig. 2, 29, 30). Puerto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix. ............................. Zeta abdominale (Drury)</p><p>— Pronotum without oblique humeral carina (Fig. 18), without pretegular carina (Fig. 18, 29). Puerto Rico ............................................... Omicron aridum Carpenter and Genaro n. sp.</p><p>5(2). Anterior face of pronotum with two small, close set, deeply impressed medial foveae (Fig. 20); tegula abruptly expanded and broadly rounded posterolaterally (Fig. 21, 23)......................... ...................................................................................................... Genus Parancistrocerus, 6</p><p>— Anterior face of pronotum without two close set, deeply impressed foveae (Fig. 16); tegula longer than broad (Fig. 17). ................................................................................................................... 8</p><p>6(5). Pronotal carina absent; scutum without posteromesal yellow spot; legs black and yellow; punctation on disc of second metasomal tergum sparse with many punctures separated by more than a puncture diameter. Puerto Rico .......... Parancistrocerus obliquus (Cresson)</p><p>— Pronotal carina present, even if interrupted; scutum with or without posteromesal yellow spot; legs reddish or black and yellow; punctation on disc of second metasomal tergum sparse or dense............................................................................................................................................ 7</p><p>7(6). Pronotal carina continuous; scutum without posteromesal yellow spot (Fig. 21); legs reddish and yellow (Fig. 22); punctation on disc of second metasomal tergum dense, with many punctures closer than a puncture diameter. Puerto Rico ........ Parancistrocerus bacu (de Saussure)</p><p>— Pronotal carina medially interrupted; scutum with posteromesal yellow spot (Fig. 23); legs black and yellow (Fig. 24); punctation on disc of second metasomal tergum sparse with many punctures separated by more than a puncture diameter. Puerto Rico; Culebra. ..................... .................................................................................... Parancistrocerus dejectus (Cresson)</p><p>8(5). Pronotum with complete oblique humeral carina (Fig. 30); male antenna with apical two flagellomeres not hooked, greatly reduced, buttonlike, fused (Fig. 31). ................................... ............................................................................................................ Genus Pachodynerus, 9</p><p>— Pronotum without oblique humeral carina (Fig. 29); male antenna with apical two flagellomeres hooked, not greatly reduced and buttonlike (Fig. 28)............................................................. 13</p><p>9(8). First metasomal tergum with transverse carina at crest of anterior declivity (Fig. 15, 25 �26).. ................................................................................................................................................... 10</p><p>— First metasomal tergum without transverse carina (Fig. 14, 27). ............................................ 11</p><p>10(9). Shiny black; punctation fine, sparse, punctures separated by their diameter, or more; first metasomal tergum carina conspicuous, distinct; forewing weakly infuscate along costal margin; male clypeus yellow, at least medially. Puerto Rico; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. John; Guana; Virgin Gorda; Anegada ..................................... Pachodynerus atratus (Fabricius)</p><p>— Dull black; punctation dense, coalescent in part; first metasomal tergum carina inconspicuous, irregular; wings deeply infuscate, with violaceous shine; male clypeus black. St. Croix; St. Thomas................................................................... Pachodynerus cinerascens (Fabricius)</p><p>11(9). First metasomal tergum without apical yellow band; inner margins of posterior ocelli ridged, forming a more or less deep longitudinal groove in the ocellar area. Puerto Rico; Culebra; St. Thomas. ......................................................................... Pachodynerus nasidens (Latreille)</p><p>— First metasomal tergum with transverse apical yellow band; ocellar area without ridges or groove ........................................................................................................................................ 12</p><p>12(10). Pronotum with anterior and posterior yellow bands, or wholly yellow; posterolateral angles of propodeum not projecting; scrobal apophysis of mesopleuron finger-shaped. Puerto Rico. ..... ........................................................................ Pachodynerus guadulpensis (de Saussure)</p><p>— Dorsum of pronotum with anterior yellow band only; posterolateral angles of propodeum projecting into wedge-shaped process; scrobal apophysis of mesopleuron not finger-shaped. Mona ........................................................................... Pachodynerus tibialis (de Saussure)</p><p>13(8). First metasomal tergum with transverse carina at crest of anterior declivity (Fig. 25 �26). Puerto Rico. ............................................................................... Ancistrocerus isla Carpenter n. sp.</p><p>— First metasomal tergum without transverse carina (Fig. 27). .................................................. 14</p><p>14(13). Axillary fossa extremely narrow, slitlike; prestigma as long as pterostigma (measured along posterior border); second metasomal sternum without basomedian longitudinal sulcus. Puerto Rico. ................................................................................. Monobia puertoricensis Bequaert</p><p>— Axillary fossa broad, not slitlike; prestigma little more than half the length of pterostigma; second metasomal sternum with basomedian longitudinal sulcus............................................ .............................................................................................................. Genus Euodynerus, 15</p><p>15(14). Clypeus wider than long; second metasomal tergum punctate throughout. Mona ...................... .............................................................................................. Euodynerus apicalis (Cresson)</p><p>— Clypeus as wide as long; second metasomal tergum punctate only apically. Mona. ................... ............................................................... Euodynerus jeitita Carpenter and Genaro n. sp.</p><p>16(1). First metasomal segment in dorsal view petiolate, longer than wide (Fig. 11); propodeum with orifice rounded dorsally (Fig. 13); pronotum with dorsal carina not extending into ventral angle (Fig. 12). ............................................................................... Genus Mischocyttarus, 17</p><p>— First metasomal segment subsessile: evenly conical in dorsal view (Fig. 37 �38, 40); propodeum with orifice dorsally acute (Fig. 32); pronotum with dorsal carina extending into ventral angle (Fig. 33). ........................................................................................................ Genus Polistes,18</p><p>17(16). Hind tarsi with inner claw only slightly longer and thicker than outer claw (Fig. 9); first metasomal segment largely black. Mona; Puerto Rico; Virgin Is. ............................................. ................................................................................. Mischocyttarus phthisicus (Fabricius)</p><p>— Hind tarsi with inner claw longer and much thicker than outer claw (Fig. 10); metasoma ferruginous and yellow. Mona?; Puerto Rico ............................................................................... ................................................................... Mischocyttarus mexicanus cubicola Richards</p><p>18(16). First metasomal segment about as broad apically as long (Fig. 40), anteriorly nearly angular in profile (Fig. 39). Desecheo; Puerto Rico ................... Polistes major Palisot de Beauvois</p><p>— First metasomal segment longer than broad apically (Fig. 37-38), smoothly sloping in profile (Fig. 36). .................................................................................................................................... 19</p><p>19(18). Scutum black or with ferruginous spots (Fig. 34); metasomal terga with narrow apical yellow bands. Mona; Desecheo; Puerto Rico; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. John; Tortola; Guana; Anegada .............................................................................. Polistes crinitus (Felton)</p><p>— Scutum ferruginous (Fig. 35); metasomal terga with very wide apical yellow bands, covering most of terga. Puerto Rico. ........................................... Polistes minor Palisot de Beauvois</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB4FFA5FF05FBC8E69FFA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB7FFA4FF05FD44E0E9FC52.text	03BA87A7FFB7FFA4FF05FD44E0E9FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrocerus Wesmael 1836	<div><p>Genus Ancistrocerus Wesmael</p><p>This is a moderately large genus in the current taxonomic interpretation, with more than 100 described species. It is predominantly Holarctic, with species also occurring in the Ethiopian, Orien� tal and Neotropical Regions. In the Americas most of the species are Nearctic, with six species in the Neotropics. A key to the Nearctic species may be found in Bequaert (1944), although the nomenclature is out of date. Just one species has hitherto been known from the Caribbean, A. cingulatus (Cresson), described from Cuba. The new species most closely resembles it.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB7FFA4FF05FD44E0E9FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB7FFABFF05FC65E7EEFE72.text	03BA87A7FFB7FFABFF05FC65E7EEFE72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrocerus isla Carpenter 2011	<div><p>Ancistrocerus isla Carpenter, new species</p><p>(Fig. 25 �26, 41)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. Like A. cingulatus, and unlike other American Ancistrocerus, by having the punctation fine on the humeri and scutum, and nearly absent on metasoma; the metasomal pubescence is very reduced; the humeral angles are blunt; and the second metasomal sternum has a short longtitudinal basomedian furrow. The two species are separated by metasomal terga I-II shiny, with superficial punctures, ap� pearing almost impunctate in A. isla n. sp., while metasomal terga I-II are dull, with fine punctation in A. cingulatus . The transverse carina on the first metasomal tergum is blunt and thick in A. isla n. sp. (Fig. 26), while it is sharp and thin in A. cingulatus .</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female: holotype forewing length 9.6 mm. Structure � clypeus shallowly emarginate api� cally; vertex lacking tubercles; tempora not projecting; gena narrower than eye below emargination; pronotal carina absent;humeral angles blunt; humeri and scutum with punctation fine; scutum slightly longer than wide, not noticeably flattened posteriorly; notauli obliterated anteriorly; parategula narrow, weakly hooked; propodeum with lateral angles weakly pointed and concavity enclosed by low carinae, sides and concavity punctate; metasomal tergum I with transverse carina blunt, thick, well developed dorsally, tergum I crenate behind carina; terga I-II shiny, with superficial punctures, appearing almost impunctate, tergum II crenate basally, with few, sparse, superficial punctures apically; terga II-III not reflexed apically; metasomal sternum II lacking basomedian furrow, in lateral view evenly convex posterior to transverse furrow, with short longtitudinal basomedian furrow.</p><p>Color � black; yellow are most of clypeus except for rim, interantennal spot, antenna internally and most of base of scape, small spot on tempora, pronotum dorsally, parategula, tegula anteriorly and posteriorly, large mesepisternal spot dorsally, most of scutellum and metanotum, femora apically and most of tibiae, most of dorsal surface of metasomal tergum I, apical fascia on tergum and sternum II; wings hyaline, forewing narrowly infuscate anteriorly, veins and pterostigma brown.</p><p>Vestiture � abundant setae on head and mesosoma, longer than an ocellus diameter; reduced, sparse setae on metasoma.</p><p>Male: unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Puerto Rico. The holotype and one paratype were collected in a trap (for fruit flies?), while the label of the other paratypes, Río Abajo, could refer to a number of places in Puerto Rico.</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. ♀ holotype Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, trap, 17 May 1937, San Juan No 6860, Lot no. 37-16754 [deposited in USNM]. Paratypes: ♀ same label data [AMNH]; 3 ♀♀ Río Abajo, 3 June 1985 (J. Torres), #67 [LACM] .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. From the Spanish word for island, to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB7FFABFF05FC65E7EEFE72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB8FFABFF05FCA4E73BFB12.text	03BA87A7FFB8FFABFF05FCA4E73BFB12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus apicalis (Cresson 1865)	<div><p>Euodynerus apicalis (Cresson)</p><p>Odynerus apicalis Cresson, 1865: 161, male, female � “ Cuba ” (lectotype male ANSP). � Ashmead 1900:</p><p>312. � Cresson 1916: 103 (designation of lectotype). Odynerus spectabilis de Saussure, 1870: 60 (in subgenus Odynerus division Odynerus) � “ Cuba ” (MHNG).</p><p>� Ashmead 1900: 312. � van der Vecht 1977: 238, 242 (syn. of E. apicalis (Cresson)) . Rygchium sp.; Ramos 1946: 68. � Wolcott 1951: 862 . Euodynerus apicalis; Alayo 1971: 25. � Torres and Snelling 1992: 93.</p><p>This species was described from Cuba, and has been recorded only from Mona in Greater Puerto</p><p>Rico. We have not verified the identification of the Mona specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB8FFABFF05FCA4E73BFB12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB8FFABFF05FD84E2C7FC92.text	03BA87A7FFB8FFABFF05FD84E2C7FC92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus Dalla Torre	<div><p>Genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre</p><p>This is a moderately large genus, with more than 100 described species. It is cosmopolitan, with the greatest number of species found in the Palearctic. The American species have not been revised. Most of the American species are Nearctic, with three hitherto known from the Caribbean. The new species is most similar to E. haitiensis (Bequaert and Salt), described from Haiti, but that species is ferruginous and yellow, not black and yellow with limited reddish markings. Genaro (2004) described a new species from Cuba.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB8FFABFF05FD84E2C7FC92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB8FFAAFF05FB24E72CFB6E.text	03BA87A7FFB8FFAAFF05FB24E72CFB6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euodynerus jeitita Carpenter and Genaro 2011	<div><p>Euodynerus jeitita Carpenter and Genaro, new species</p><p>(Fig. 42)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. In the nominotypical subgenus. Distinguished from the three other species in the Antil� les by the punctation of the second metasomal tergum, which is present only apically, and sparser, with many punctures separated by more than a puncture diameter. In E. apicalis, E. haitiensis, and E. jimcarpenteri Genaro the second metasomal tergum is punctate throughout (in E. haitiensis it is superficial on the disc of the tergum), and it is denser apically, with many punctures separated by less than a puncture diameter.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female: holotype forewing length 12.3 mm. Structure � clypeus about as long as wide, trun� cate apically, punctate throughout, punctures medially slightly larger than those of eye emarginations; vertex densely punctate with many small punctures, not tuberculate; cephalic foveae distinct, in narrow pit; tempora rounded, not produced; mesosoma densely punctate, metapleuron smooth, posterior face of propodeum striate; humeri not prominent; tegula short, posterior outer margin prominent, posterior lobe not distinct; parategula small, straight; scutellum not bituberculate; metanotum transversely ir� regularly cristate; lateral angles of propodeum rounded, not dentiform, not carinate nor raised above, not crenulate below; all metasomal terga flat, without swellings, not reflexed or membranous apically; first metasomal tergum impunctate, with narrow hyaline border apically, in lateral view evenly curved; second metasomal tergum punctate only apically, with punctures small and many separated by more than a puncture diameter, not in depressed apical zone; second metasomal sternum with distinct lon� gitudinal basomedian sulcus, in lateral view smoothly curved basally.</p><p>Color � black with yellow markings; yellow are clypeus except for medial stripe, interantennal spot, most of eye emargination, most of gena, basal spot on mandible, anterior margin of pronotum broadly and posterior margin narrowly, pretegular carina, two longitudinal stripes on scutum, converging pos� teriorly, tegula largely, parategula, two spots on mesepisternum, two broad spots on scutellum, most of metanotum, lateral angles of propodeum, broad apical bands on metasomal terga I�II and sternum II, narrow bands on tergum III and sterna I and III, anterior face of coxae, apical spots on fore� and midfemora, outer face of tibiae; reddish are most of scape and pedicel, most of mandible, apical two metasomal segments, fourth metasomal sternum and tergum in part, forefemur and midfemur in part, inner face of tibiae, tarsi; forewing somewhat infuscate, yellowish anteriorly, anterior veins and pterostigma yellowish brown, other veins darker brown.</p><p>Vestiture � cephalic foveae without prominent tufts; with short brownish setae on mesosoma and posteriorly on metasoma; longer on head; hairs on scutellum about as long as ocellar diameter; meta� somal terga I�II with dense tomentum only on disc.</p><p>Male: last antennal article narrowly fingerlike; clypeal punctation superficial; subapical tooth of mandible only slightly larger than basal teeth; midfemur not depressed beneath basally; clypeus yel� low, scutum lacking the stripes found in the female; hindtarsus with last tarsomere not much darker than preceding segments.</p><p>REMARKS. The holotype has the metasoma detached and glued to the date�locality label.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. Mona Island and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. ♀ holotype Hispaniola, Dominican Republic: Puesto Escondido, Sierra de Bahoruco, Nov. 2008 (J. A. Genaro) [deposited in AMNH]. Paratypes: 3 ♂♂ same label data as holotype [AMNH, JAGA] ; 2 ♂♂ Mona Island, Puerto Rico: Punta Caigo o no Caigo, 22 Nov. 2007 (J. A. Genaro) [AMNH] ; 3 ♂♂ Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico: Camino del Uvero, 23 Nov. 2007 (J. A. Genaro) [AMNH] ; ♂ Mona Island (PR): near Playa Pájaros, general collecting, 18°03’52”N 67°52’06”W, 18 May 2008, 30 m (N. Franz) [UPRM]. One of the male paratypes from the Dominican Republic has an additional label “101�DR/ barcoding”. Its DNA sequence, under the name Euodynerus haitiensis, is in the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.86833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.064444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.86833/lat 18.064444)">Barcode of Life Data Systems</a> (BOLD) database. BOLD is an online workbench that aids collection, management, analysis, and use of DNA barcodes .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. Formed from two Taino words; jeiti meaning black and ita meaning red, referring to the metasomal colors (Fig. 42), and to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB8FFAAFF05FB24E72CFB6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB9FFAAFF05FAA9E1D7FA2E.text	03BA87A7FFB9FFAAFF05FAA9E1D7FA2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monobia de Saussure 1852	<div><p>Genus Monobia de Saussure</p><p>This is a moderately sized genus of somewhat more than 30 described species. Most are South American with a few species in North America. There are four species in the Greater Antilles, all part of the angulosa species group (Willink 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB9FFAAFF05FAA9E1D7FA2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB9FFAAFF05FA69E2F7F92E.text	03BA87A7FFB9FFAAFF05FA69E2F7F92E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monobia puertoricensis Bequaert	<div><p>Monobia puertoricensis Bequaert</p><p>Monobia puertoricensis Bequaert, 1941: 375, fig. 1, female - “ PUERTO RICO: Cayey ” (USNM). � Wolcott 1951: 862 .</p><p>This species is endemic to Puerto Rico, and remains known only from the holotype, which was col� lected gathering clay.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB9FFAAFF05FA69E2F7F92E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFB9FFA9FF05F969E6B1FF6E.text	03BA87A7FFB9FFA9FF05F969E6B1FF6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Omicron de Saussure 1855	<div><p>Genus Omicron de Saussure</p><p>This is moderately sized genus, with more than 50 described species, most of which are South</p><p>American. Just one species has been previously described from the Antilles, O. lacerum Giordani Soika</p><p>from Santo Domingo (Giordani Soika 1978). We have seen the holotype of O. lacerum in the MNHN, and it has metasomal terga I�II strongly punctate, whereas the new species has these terga smooth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFB9FFA9FF05F969E6B1FF6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBAFFA8FF05FEA9E2E4FCAC.text	03BA87A7FFBAFFA8FF05FEA9E2E4FCAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Omicron aridum Carpenter and Genaro 2011	<div><p>Omicron aridum Carpenter and Genaro, new species</p><p>(Fig. 43, 44A �H)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. The new species fails at couplet 29 of Giordani Soika’s (1978) key, coming closest to O. procellosum (Zavattari), which is known from Colombia and Venezuela. The male has the last anten� nal article robust, with the apex reaching base of article 11 when folded, as in O. procellosum, not as in O. furiosum Giordani Soika, which keys as the alternative. The female has the clypeus moderately emarginate, with the emargination deeper than in O. procellosum, however it is not as broad as the width of the interantennal space. The emargination in O. furiosum is shallower than in O. procellosum .</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female: holotype forewing length 7 mm. Structure � punctation of frons and mesosoma dense; vertex and tempora smooth; clypeus about as long as wide, moderately emarginate, with punc� tures small, superficial, sparse; pronotum with punctation largely absent just behind carina; scutum and lower part of mesepisternum regularly convex, with punctation uniform; scutellum weakly convex, with median impressed longitudinal line, coarsely punctate; metanotum with punctation more superfi� cial than that of scutellum; metasomal terga I�II and sternum II smooth, shiny, with small, scattered, nearly invisible punctures; tergum I narrow, more than three times as long as wide apically; tergum II conspicuously convex.</p><p>Color � black with yellow and reddish markings; yellow are two obscure spots dorsally on clypeus, interanntennal spot, spots in ocular emarginations, tempora, anterior and posterior borders of pronotum, dorsal spots on mesepisternum, parategula, anterior border of scutellum, metanotum, propodeum later� ally, apical fascia on metasomal terga I�II and partly developed on sternum II; pronotum, mesepister� num and propodeum tinged with reddish, tergum and sternum I extensively reddish; scape, pedicel and base of flagellum reddish brown; mandibles dark reddish brown apically; legs and metasoma becoming brownish apically; tegula brown; wings hyaline, forewing infuscate anteriorly, veins and pterostigma dark brown (Fig. 43).</p><p>Vestiture � short, silvery setae, longer on propodeum, dense tomentum dorsolaterally on clypeus, frons, gena, mespisternum and coxae, sparser tomentum on metasoma.</p><p>Male: last antennal article large, thick, not strongly arcuate, apex sharply pointed ventrally, reach� ing base of article 11 when antennal hook folded; clypeus yellow along dorsal margin.</p><p>Variation: many females have the clypeus entirely black, without yellow spots. Some of them have most of the clypeus covered with dense tomentum, indicating that the holotype has the clypeus rubbed. Some males have yellow spots on the femora and tibia.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Puerto Rico, occurring in the arid areas of the south.</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. ♀ holotype Puerto Rico: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.17528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.035833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.17528/lat 18.035833)">Boquerón</a>, 18°02’09”N 67°10’31”W, 28 Nov. 2008, 12 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson) [deposited in AMNH]. Paratypes: ♀ ♂ paratypes same label data ; 5 ♀♀ 6 ♂♂ Guayanilla, Ventana, 6 Aug. 2005 (J. A. Genaro) ; 3 ♀♀ 3 ♂♂ same locality, Aug. 2005 (J. A. Genaro and A. Pérez-Asso); ♂ same locality, 7 June 2007 (Amador López); ♀ same locality, 10 Nov. 2007 (J. A. Genaro); ♀ ♂ Ponce, Central Mercedita, 6 Aug. 2005 (J. A. Genaro) ; ♀ Ponce, Guayanilla, May 2006 (J. A. Genaro); ♀ Coto Laurel, Real Anan, Carretera 511 Km 9.5, Ponce, May 2008 (J. A. Genaro) ; 2 ♂ Boquerón, near Punta Melones, 1 Nov. 2008 (J. A. Genaro) ; 2 ♀♀ 13 ♂♂ Guánica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.87667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.94861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.87667/lat 17.94861)">Rta.</a> 333, 17°56’55”N 66°52’36”W, 22-28 Nov. 2008, 50 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson) ; 6 ♀♀ 9 ♂♂ La Parguera, 17°58’41”N 67°03’06”W, 24 Nov. 2008, 17 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson); 2 ♂♂ Guayanilla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.80945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.80945/lat 17.966667)">Boca</a>, 17°58’00”N 66°48’34”W, 25 Nov. 2008, 1 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson) ; ♀ 6 ♂♂ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.19028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.001667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.19028/lat 18.001667)">Peñones de Melones</a>, 18°00’06”N 67°11’25”W, 29 Nov. 2008, 31 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson) ; 4 ♀♀ 6 ♂♂ El Combate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.19361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.979445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.19361/lat 17.979445)">Rta.</a> 330, 17°58’46”N 67°11’37”W, 29 Nov. 2008, 5 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson) ; ♂ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.57694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.113611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.57694/lat 18.113611)">Rta.</a> 511 N Coto Laurel, 18°06’49”N 66°34’37”W, 2 Dec. 2008, 237 m (J. Carpenter &amp; A. Davidson) [all AMNH] .</p><p>Additional specimens, not paratypes: Guayanilla, Loma Ventana, 23 Apr. 2008 (J. A. Genaro) [JAGA] ; ♀ Campo Santiago, Salinas, Aug. 2010 (A. Sánchez) [JAGA] ; ♀ La Rita, Ponce, Nov. 2010 (J. A. Genaro) [JAGA] ; ♀ ♂ Lajas, laguna de Cartajena, 18°0040.28’’N 67°06’10.23’’W, 10 m (Biol. 4446SN and N. Franz) [UPRM] .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. From the Spanish word for arid, dry.</p><p>NESTING BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY. Observations on nesting behavior were made in Ventana, Guayanilla (23 Apr. 2008; 24 Jan. 2009, 23 Feb. 2009); Real Anón, Coto Laurel, Ponce (5 Sept. 2010) and La Rita, Ponce (25 Nov. 2010).</p><p>The species was observed commonly in dry areas (Fig. 44A and B). Females constructed the nests between 18� 63 cm above ground, consisting of one to three cells (Fig. 44C, E �H). Nests were attached to plant stems (Fig. 44F), concealed among spines of the cactus Pilosocereus royenii (L.) Byles and Rowley (Fig. 44E), or in altered habitats including the screen of a greenhouse (Fig. 44G) and a PVC plastic tube for water consumption (Fig. 44H). One columnar cactus had 13 nests attached to its spines. All cells were pear�shaped, and lacked partitions. Females provisioned with Microlepidoptera larvae (Fig. 44D). Open cells contained prey and small larvae, while closed cells contained pupae. One nest contained a small wasp larva and eight larvae belonging to two unidentified Microlepidoptera species (mean length= 3.80 mm; SD= 0.64; range: 3.00�4.10 mm). Some prey showed slight movements.</p><p>Dimensions of 14 nests: length, 6.90�8.92 mm (x=7.51 mm, SD=0.62); greatest width, 4.31�5.0 mm (x=4.80 mm, SD=0.27).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBAFFA8FF05FEA9E2E4FCAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBBFFA8FF05FB2AE7CCF88C.text	03BA87A7FFBBFFA8FF05FB2AE7CCF88C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachodynerus atratus (Fabricius)	<div><p>Pachodynerus atratus (Fabricius)</p><p>(Fig. 45)</p><p>Vespa atrata Fabricius, 1798: 262 [female, male] � “Americae meridionalis insulis” (lectotype male UZMC). � Menke 1986: 655 (designation of lectotype, type locality restricted to St. Thomas).</p><p>Rhynchium atratum; Dewitz 1881: 200. – Gundlach 1887: 159.</p><p>Monobiella atrata; Ashmead 1900: 312. � Wolcott 1924: 41; 1936: 568. � Miskimen and Bond 1970: 109 [recorded from St. Croix, probably misidentification].</p><p>“ Odynerus aethiops Cress. ”; Ståhl 1882: 201 (Puerto Rico). � Gundlach 1887: 160 (syn. of R. atratum (Fabricius)) . Nomen nudum .</p><p>Odynerus atratus; Zavattari 1912: 192 (in subgenus Ancistrocerus, division Euancistrocerus Dalla Torre, but perhaps in subgenus Pachodynerus).</p><p>Pachodynerus atratus; Bequaert 1929: 558. � Wolcott 1941: 156 (Pachodyneurus [!]; in subgenus Monobiella Ashmead); 1951: 861. � Medina Gaud and Martorell 1974: 270 (Caja de Muertos). � Menke 1986: 653 (key), 655 (Vieques; Guana; Virgin Gorda; Anegada). � Snelling 2005: 289.</p><p>Besides being widespread in Greater Puerto Rico, this species extends to Montserrat in the Lesser Antilles (Menke 1986). Wolcott (1941) recorded it nesting in a mud nest of the sphecid Sceliphron caementarium (Drury) auctt., and in 1951 presumed that this indicated that Pach. atratus was parasitic, which is certainly incorrect. Wolcott (1941, 1951) also published flower visiting records.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBBFFA8FF05FB2AE7CCF88C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBBFFA8FF05FCEBE239FBEC.text	03BA87A7FFBBFFA8FF05FCEBE239FBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachodynerus de Saussure 1870	<div><p>Genus Pachodynerus de Saussure</p><p>This is a moderately sized genus, with 45 species recognized in the revision by Willink and Roig� Alsina (1998). These are mostly neotropical, with five species in the Nearctic Region, and P. nasidens now widely adventive on oceanic islands in the Pacific. Regarding the five species treated here, in the cladograms presented by Willink and Roig�Alsina (1998) Pach. atratus and Pach. cinerascens (Fabric.) are sister�species. They are part of a clade of mostly Caribbean species that also includes Pach. tibialis . The remaining two species, Pach. guadulpensis and Pach. nasidens, are part of a more distantly related clade.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBBFFA8FF05FCEBE239FBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBCFFAFFF05FF4AE2C9FDAC.text	03BA87A7FFBCFFAFFF05FF4AE2C9FDAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachodynerus cinerascens (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>Pachodynerus cinerascens (Fabricius)</p><p>Vespa cinerascens Fabricius, 1775: 369 [female] � “America” (lectotype female UZMC). � Menke 1986:</p><p>657 (designation of lectotype; type locality restricted to St. Croix). Rhynchium carbonarium de Saussure, 1857: 317, female � “ Tranquebar ” (MHNG). � Willink and Roig �</p><p>Alsina 1998: 3, 53 (syn. of P cinerascens (Fabricius) . Odynerus cinerascens; Zavattari 1912: 221, fig. 53 (in subgenus Pachodynerus). Pachodynerus cinerascens; Bequaert 1929: 558. � Beatty 1944: 171 (Pachodyneurus [!]). � Miskimen</p><p>and Bond 1970: 110.</p><p>This species is restricted to St. Croix and St. Thomas (Menke 1986). Beatty (1944) recorded it tun� neling in limestone cliffs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBCFFAFFF05FF4AE2C9FDAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBCFFAFFF05FDEAE1E0F94D.text	03BA87A7FFBCFFAFFF05FDEAE1E0F94D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachodynerus guadulpensis (de Saussure 1853)	<div><p>Pachodynerus guadulpensis (de Saussure)</p><p>Odynerus guadulpensis de Saussure, 1853a: 154 (key), 182, female (in subgenus Leionotus) � “La Gua � deloupe” (lectotype MNHN). � Willink and Roig�Alsina 1998: 69 (designation of lectotype).</p><p>Odynerus praecox de Saussure, 1855: 254, pl. XI fig. 9, female (in subgenus Odynerus division Epsilon) � “L’Amerique du Sud depuis l’Uruguay jusqu’aux missions” (lectotype MNHN). � Willink and Roig� Alsina 1998: 69 (designation of lectotype), 70 (syn. of O. guadulpensis de Saussure).</p><p>Odynerus zonatus de Saussure, 1870: 57, male (in subgenus Odynerus division Pachodynerus) � “Cay� enna” (MHNG). � Willink 1972: 70, 72 (syn. of P. praecox (de Saussure)) .</p><p>Odynerus sancti-vincenti Ashmead, 1900: 233, 312 (list), female, male � “ St. Vincent � Kingstown (Windward side)” (lectotype female USNM). � Menke 1986: 659 (designation of lectotype; syn. of P. guadulpensis).</p><p>Odynerus grenadensis Ashmead, 1900: 234, 312 (list), female, male � “ Grenada �St. Georges (Leeward side)” (lectotype female USNM). � Bequaert 1948: 108 (syn. of P. guadulpensis (de Saussure)) . � Menke 1986: 659 (designation of lectotype).</p><p>Odynerus astraeus Cameron, 1905: 390, female, male (in subgenus Pachodynerus) � “ Mexico ” (BMNH). � Willink 1972: 69, 72 (female P. astraeus syn. of P. praecox (de Saussure); male P. astraeus described by Cameron is not a Pachodynerus).</p><p>Pachodynerus praecox; Brèthes 1906: 345, fig. 20, 24.</p><p>Pachodynerus zonatus; Bertoni 1911: 113.</p><p>Odynerus clavilinatus Cameron, 1912: 222, male non female.</p><p>Pachodynerus guadulpensis; Salt and Bequaert 1929: 258. – Snelling 1992: 13 (Puerto Rico).</p><p>Pachodynerus guadulpensis var. sanctivincenti; Bequaert 1948: 106 (key), 108.</p><p>Odynerus sp. near grenadensis; Callan 1954: 18, female. � Menke 1986: 659 (apparently P. praecox).</p><p>Pachodynerus astraeus; Davis 1964: 13. � Krombein 1967: 85 �87.</p><p>Pachodynerus guadulpensis sanctivicenti [!]; Willink 1972: 70, 71.</p><p>Snelling (1992) first mentioned this species from Puerto Rico, in a collecting note without providing further detail. The junior author collected a female at Ventana, Guayanilla, 10 Nov. 2007. The senior author collected a female at Guánica, carretera 333, 17°56’55”N 66°52’36”W, 50 m, 27 Nov. 2008, and A. Davidson collected a male at the same locality on 29 Nov. 2008. The species is widespread in the Lesser Antilles, Central and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.87667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.94861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.87667/lat 17.94861)">South America</a> (Menke 1986; Willink and Roig�Alsina 1998). It is perhaps rare in Puerto Rico, or recently established � or is another demonstration, along with the new species described herein, that Puerto Rico has been insufficiently collected .</p><p>This species has been recorded nesting in bagworm cases (Davis 1964), and Krombein (1967) has given an account of its biology in trap�nests.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBCFFAFFF05FDEAE1E0F94D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05FF40E3C2FB97.text	03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05FF40E3C2FB97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachodynerus nasidens (Latreille 1812)	<div><p>Pachodynerus nasidens (Latreille)</p><p>Odynerus nasidens Latreille, 1817: 112, pl. 15 fig. 1-2, female (MZST).</p><p>Odynerus brevithorax; de Saussure 1853a: pl. 17 fig. 9. Misidentification.</p><p>Odynerus simplicicornis de Saussure, 1855: 253, male (in subgenus Odynerus, division Epsilon) � “L’ile de Cuba ” (MNHN). � Willink 1972: 70, 72 (syn. of P. nasidens (Latreille)) .</p><p>Odynerus brachygaster; Lucas in Guérin-Méneville 1857: 771, pl. 19 fig. 6 (Cuba). Misidentification.</p><p>Odynerus auratus de Saussure, 1858: 166, female (in subgenus Odynerus, division Epsilon) � “Le Mex� ique” (type depository unknown); 1875: 233 (syn. of Odynerus nasidens).</p><p>Odynerus nasidens var. minor de Saussure, 1875: 233, male, female (MHNG). � Bohart 1951: 892 (syn. of P. nasidens (Latreille)) .</p><p>Odynerus magdalenae Kriechbaumer, 1900: 98, 105, pl. 1 fig. 8, female - “Columbien: Puerto Berrio am R. Magdalena ” (ZSMU). � Schulz 1904: 260 (syn. of Odynerus nasidens).</p><p>Pachodynerus nasidens; Brèthes 1906: 345 fig. 21. - Wolcott 1936: 568 (Pachodyneurus [!]); 1941: 156 (Pachodyneurus [!]); 1951: 861.</p><p>Pachodynerus simplicicornis; Bertoni 1911: 112.</p><p>Odynerus clavilinatus Cameron, 1912: 222, female non male � “ British Guiana ” (holotype female BMNH). � Willink 1972: 69, 72 ( O. clavilineatus [!]; female type is syn. of P. nasidens).</p><p>This species is widespread, occurring throughout South and Central America, and widely adventive in the Pacific Basin (Menke 1986; Yamane et al. 1996; Willink and Roig-Alsina 1998). Numerous pub� lications have dealt with the biology of this species, including detailed studies of population dynamics in Jamaica (Freeman and Jayasingh 1975a, b; Jayasingh and Taffe 1982). Its proclivity for nesting in pre�existing cavities is indicated by the common name “keyhole wasp” in Hawaii, and which has doubt� less aided its spread by humans. Wolcott (1941, 1951) published some flower visiting records in Puerto Rico.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05FF40E3C2FB97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05FBA0E76AF9F7.text	03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05FBA0E76AF9F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachodynerus tibialis (de Saussure 1853)	<div><p>Pachodynerus tibialis (de Saussure)</p><p>(Fig. 46)</p><p>Odynerus tibialis de Saussure, 1853a: 154 (key), 183, female (in subgenus Leionotus) � “La Colombie, Caracas” [corrected 1875: Venezuela] (MHNG); 1875: 230 (key), 241 (Venezuela label perhaps erroneous; Haiti). � Wolcott 1924: 42 (in subgenus Pachodynerus); 1936: 568 (in subgenus Pachodyneurus [!]). � Bequaert 1948: 109 (only Hispaniola and Mona). � Menke 1986: 663 (type locality restricted to Hispaniola).</p><p>Pachodyneurus [!] tibialis; Wolcott 1941: 156 . � Ramos 1946: 68. – Wolcott 1951: 861 ( Pachodynerus). � Torres and Snelling 1992: 93 ( Pachodynerus).</p><p>Pachodynerus tibialis var. (or. subsp.) barbouri Bequaert, 1948: 107 (key), 109, female � “ Bahamas: Great Inagua ” (MCZH). � Willink and Roig�Alsina 1998: 3, 100 (syn. of Pach. tibialis (de Saussure)) .</p><p>Pachodynerus tibialis barbouri; Menke 1986: 654 (key), 664.</p><p>Aside from Mona, this species is found in Hispaniola and the Bahamas (Menke 1986; Willink and Roig�Alsina 1998). The original description from Caracas is erroneous, as are records from Puerto Rico by Wolcott (1924; 1936); see Bequaert (1948), Wolcott (1951), and Menke (1986). The only published information on its biology is flower visitation records ( Wolcott 1941, 1951).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05FBA0E76AF9F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05F900E0DCF8D7.text	03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05F900E0DCF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parancistrocerus de Saussure	<div><p>Genus Parancistrocerus de Saussure</p><p>This is a moderately large genus, with nearly 100 described species. The majority of the species are New World, but there is a substantial number in the Oriental Region (see, e. g., Giordani Soika 1994). While there is a serviceable key to the species north of Mexico (Bohart 1952), the Neotropical species are unrevised. Genaro (2004) described a new species from Cuba.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBDFFAEFF05F900E0DCF8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FF4EE247FD29.text	03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FF4EE247FD29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parancistrocerus bacu (de Saussure 1852)	<div><p>Parancistrocerus bacu (de Saussure)</p><p>Odynerus bacu de Saussure, 1853a: 154 (key), 185, male (in subgenus Leionotus) � “L’ile de Cuba ” (? MNHN).</p><p>Odynerus bacuensis de Saussure, 1855: 232 (unnecessary emendation; in subgenus Odynerus, division Epsilon). � Ståhl 1882: 201 ( P. bucuensis [!]; Puerto Rico). � Gundlach 1887: 159 ( P. bucuensis [!]). � Wolcott 1924: 42 ( P. bucuensis [!]); 1936: 569 (Odyneurus bucuensis [!]); 1951: 861 ( P. bucuensis [!]).</p><p>Ancistrocerus variornatus Cameron, 1906: 283, male � “ Havana ” (? BMNH). � Bequaert 1925: 116 (type in coll. Pomona College); 1928: 172 (syn. of A. bacu (de Saussure) in subgenus Parancistrocerus).</p><p>Ancistrocerus bacu; Bequaert 1925: 110 (type possibly in Paris; should be placed in subgenus Parancistrocerus).</p><p>Stenodynerus bacu; Alayo 1976: 8 (key), 21.</p><p>Parancistrocerus bacu; Genaro 2004: 67.</p><p>This species was described from Cuba, and has also been recorded from Jamaica (Fox 1891), as well as Puerto Rico.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FF4EE247FD29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FD6EE233FB2A.text	03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FD6EE233FB2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parancistrocerus dejectus (Cresson 1865)	<div><p>Parancistrocerus dejectus (Cresson)</p><p>Odynerus dejectus Cresson, 1865: 164, female � “ Cuba ” (GUCO). � Dewitz 1881: 200 (Portorico). � Ståhl</p><p>1882: 201. � Gundlach 1887: 159. � Ashmead 1900: 312. � Wolcott 1924: 42 . “ Od. cressoni, Sauss. ”; Gundlach 1887: 159. Nomen nudum . Ancistrocerus dejectus; Bequaert 1925: 112 (in subgenus Parancistrocerus). � Wolcott 1936: 569; 1941:</p><p>156; 1951: 861. Ancistrocerus atkinsi Bequaert and Salt, 1931: 775, female (in subgenus Parancistrocerus) � “ Cuba:</p><p>La Milpa near Cienfuegos ” (MCZH). � Alayo 1976: 21 (suspect only a syn. of S. dejectus (Cresson)) . Stenodynerus dejectus; Maldonado Capriles and Navarro 1967: 61. Parancistrocerus dejectus; Genaro 2004: 67, 69.</p><p>This species was described from Cuba, and otherwise is known only from Puerto Rico and Culebra. The only published information on its biology concerns avian predation on this species ( Wolcott 1924, 1951).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FD6EE233FB2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FB6EE754F909.text	03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FB6EE754F909.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parancistrocerus obliquus (Cresson 1865)	<div><p>Parancistrocerus obliquus (Cresson)</p><p>Odynerus obliquus Cresson, 1865: 163, female, male � “ Cuba ” (lectotype female ANSP). – Ashmead 1900: 312. � Cresson 1916: 105 (designation of lectotype).</p><p>Nortonia obliquus; Bequaert 1925: 117.</p><p>Stenodynerus obliquus; Alayo 1976: 8 (key), 21.</p><p>Parancistrocerus obliquus; Genaro 2004: 67, 69 ( P. obliguus [!]).</p><p>This species was previously known only from Cuba. The junior author collected a female at La Rita, Ponce, in May 2008. It differs from Cuban specimens we have seen in being somewhat darker: it lacks lateral spots on the second metasomal tergum, the scape is black apically (not all yellow), the clypeus is black only at the very apical extremity (not most of apex), the gena has only small yellow spots (not mostly yellow), the mesepisternum lacks a small yellow spot below the large one, the fore� and mid� femora are largely black (not yellow), and the tarsi are black (not brownish).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBEFFADFF05FB6EE754F909	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBEFFACFF05F94DE254FF6C.text	03BA87A7FFBEFFACFF05F94DE254FF6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zeta de Saussure 1855	<div><p>Genus Zeta de Saussure</p><p>This is a small genus, with four described species. Two of them are endemic to the Antilles, Zeta abdominale, discussed below, and Zeta confusum (Bequaert and Salt), from Cuba. The other two species are respectively confined to Argentina ( Zeta mendozanum (Schrottky)), and widespread from Argentina to Mexico ( Zeta argillaceum (Linnaeus)) . The latter species is now adventive in Florida (Menke and Stange 1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBEFFACFF05F94DE254FF6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFBFFFACFF05FEABE2D7F96C.text	03BA87A7FFBFFFACFF05FEABE2D7F96C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zeta abdominale (Drury 1770)	<div><p>Zeta abdominale (Drury)</p><p>(Fig. 47)</p><p>Sphex abdominalis Drury, 1770: 108, pl. 45, fig. 2 - “ Jamaica ” (lost).</p><p>Vespa attenuata Fabricius, 1775: 372 � “Habitat in America” (lost). � de Saussure 1852: 70 (syn. of Eumenes abdominalis (Drury)) .</p><p>Sphex extensa Christ, 1791: 321, pl. 32 fig. 7- “ Jamaika ” (lost). - de Saussure 1875: 106 (syn. of Eumenes abdominalis (Drury)) .</p><p>Polistes attenuata; Fabricius, 1804: 279.</p><p>Eumenes abdominalis; Westwood 1837: 102, pl. 45 fig. 2. - Ashmead 1900: 312.</p><p>Eumenes colona de Saussure, 1852: 70, female � “La Jamaique; La Colombie ” (type depository unknown). � de Saussure 1875: 106 (syn. of E. abdominalis (Drury)) . � Kirby 1884: 409.</p><p>Eumenes ornatus de Saussure, 1855: 147, pl. 8 fig. 3, female (in division Zeta) � “Les Antilles” (lectotype MNHN). � de Saussure 1875: 106 (syn. of E. abdominalis (Drury)) . � Dewitz 1881: 200. � Ståhl 1883: 201. � Gundlach 1887: 159. � Ashmead 1900: 312 (ornata). � Wolcott 1924: 41; 1936: 568; 1941: 156; 1951: 860. � Giordani Soika 1975: 133 (designation of lectotype). REVISED STATUS.</p><p>Eumenes abdominalis var. ornatus; de Saussure 1875: 107 (in division Zeta).</p><p>Eumenes abdominalis var. colona; de Saussure 1875: 107 (in division Zeta).</p><p>Eumenes colonus var. ornatus; Zavattari 1912: 127 (in division Zeta).</p><p>Eumenes abdominalis var. hispaniolae Bequaert and Salt, 1931: 772, female, male � “Santo Domingo. Port�au�Prince, Haiti ” (holotype female MCZH). REVISED STATUS.</p><p>Zeta abdominale abdominale; Giordani Soika 1975: 131 (key), 130.</p><p>Zeta abdominale ornatum; Giordani Soika 1975: 131 (key), 133.</p><p>Zeta abdominale hispaniolae; Giordani Soika 1975: 131 (key), 132, fig. 2-4, 7.</p><p>This species was described from Jamaica, and recorded from Hispaniola and Greater Puerto Rico, as well as Antigua (Giordani Soika 1975). In the revision by Giordani Soika (1975), it was treated as a polytypic species with three subspecies. Zeta a. abdominale is the form from Jamaica, while Zeta abdominale ornatum is that from Greater Puerto Rico and Antigua, and Zeta abdominale hispaniolae is that from Hispaniola. The case with these forms is similar to that of the other polytypic Antillean taxa treated here: the subspecies are distinguished by minor color differences, which show continuous variation. In this case, the subspecies are distinguished by the relative amounts of black versus ferru� ginous and yellow on the mesosoma and second metasomal segment. The senior author has previously (Carpenter 1988) studied the subspecies recognized by Giordani Soika (1975) for Zeta argillaceum (Linnaeus), all of which are based on color alone, and showed that the distinctions claimed for them did not hold up. All of the subspecies of Zeta argillaceum were accordingly synonymized, but the Antillean species were not studied at that time. They have been now, and also do not merit recognition.</p><p>It should be noted that Giordani Soika (1990: 166 �170) took issue with Carpenter’s (1988) paper, wish� ing to maintain the validity of his subspecies. As Carpenter (2003) showed, his arguments ranged from inconsistent to unintentionally ironic, and his taxonomic approach is simply outmoded. Subspe� cies have no place in a phylogenetic system, whether considered from the viewpoint of evolutionary taxonomy (Wilson and Brown 1953) or cladistics (Nixon and Wheeler 1990). Even if one were to argue that subspecies should be recognized so as to assist conservation efforts, the taxa in question here are not well distinguished.</p><p>Wolcott (1951) provided flower records and described the mud cells of the nest. The nesting behavior of this species has been extensively studied in Jamaica (Freeman and Taffe 1974; Taffe and Ittyeipe 1976; Taffe 1978, 1983).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFBFFFACFF05FEABE2D7F96C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA0FFB3FF05FF4BE188FEEC.text	03BA87A7FFA0FFB3FF05FF4BE188FEEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus Fabricius 1804	<div><p>Genus Zethus Fabricius</p><p>This is by far the largest genus of Eumeninae, with nearly 250 described species. The Puerto Rican species is placed in the subgenus Zethusculus Saussure, which presently contains 25 species. Bohart and Stange (1965) included Zethus rufinodus in their arietis species group, which contains several other Caribbean species, and one from Florida.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA0FFB3FF05FF4BE188FEEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA0FFB2FF05FE2AE2DBFF4B.text	03BA87A7FFA0FFB2FF05FE2AE2DBFF4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus rufinodus (Latreille 1806)	<div><p>Zethus rufinodus (Latreille)</p><p>(Fig. 48)</p><p>Eumenes rufinoda Latreille, 1806: Tab. 14 fig. 4; 1809: 137 - “in Americae insulis” (lectotype male MNHN). � Bohart and Stange 1962: 31 (designation of lectotype) .</p><p>Zethus rufinodis; Lamarck 1817: 85.</p><p>Zethus rufinodus; Dewitz 1881: 200 (Portorico). � Ståhl 1882: 201. � Gundlach 1887: 158. � Ashmead 1900: 312. � Zavattari 1912: 11 (key), 23 (in division Zethusculus). � Wolcott 1924: 41; 1936: 568; 1941: 156; 1951: 860. � Torres and Snelling 1992: 93.</p><p>Zethus rufinodus monensis Bohart and Stange, 1965: 138 (key), 147, fig. 98, male, female (in subgenus Zethusculus) � “West Indies: Mona Island” (holotype male MCZH). REVISED STATUS.</p><p>Zethus rufinodus virginicus Bohart and Stange, 1965: 138 (key), 147, male (in subgenus Zethusculus) � “S. Thomas” (UZMC). REVISED STATUS.</p><p>Aside from Greater Puerto Rico, this species is recorded from Antigua (Bohart and Stange 1965). In the revision by Bohart and Stange (1965), it was treated as a polytypic species with three subspe� cies, two of them described in that revision. The subspecies Zethus rufinodus monensis, from Mona, and Zethus rufinodus virginicus, from St. Thomas, are very minor color variants, differing in relative amounts of pale markings on the scutellum and metanotum, and the shading of red and yellow. We see no useful reason to maintain these subspecies, and herewith synonymize them.</p><p>Wolcott (1941, 1951) has recorded this species nesting in rotten fenceposts, and provided flower records. According to Wolcott (1951) its burrows may be so numerous as to require replacement of the fencepost.</p><p>SUBFAMILY POLISTINAE</p><p>The two genera recorded here are each the only member of their respective tribe (Carpenter 1991). Polistes is cosmopolitan, but has more species described from the Neotropics than any other Region, while Mischocyttarus is primarily Neotropical, with a few species in the Nearctic Region. Species of the two genera form nearly the entirety of the social wasp fauna in the Caribbean.</p><p>A recent key to the polistine genera in the New World is provided by Carpenter (2004b), and species keys are to be found in Richards (1978).</p><p>The concept of the phylogenetic relationships among polistine genera has varied in recent analy� ses. In the analysis of adult morphology by Carpenter (1991), Polistes was the sister�group of all other polistine genera, with the position of Mischocyttarus not resolved relative to the tribes Ropalidiini and Epiponini . The position of both Polistes and Mischocyttarus was unresolved in the analysis of nest archi� tecture by Wenzel (1993). Polistes was the sister�group of all other polistine genera, with Mischocyttarus sister�group of the remaining genera in turn in the combined analysis of adult and larval morphology and nest architecture by Wenzel and Carpenter (1994). With the addition of molecular data (Arévalo et al. 2004) Polistes was still the sister�group of all other polistine genera with the position of Mischocyttarus unresolved again. But the relationships of the tribes were different in the combined analysis of molecular and morphological data by Pickett and Carpenter (2010), with Polistes the sister�group of Epiponini, and Mischocyttarus the sister�group of this clade. The matter is far from settled.</p><p>TRIBE MISCHOCYTTARINI</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA0FFB2FF05FE2AE2DBFF4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA1FFB2FF06FE8DE090FE09.text	03BA87A7FFA1FFB2FF06FE8DE090FE09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mischocyttarus de Saussure 1853	<div><p>Genus Mischocyttarus de Saussure</p><p>This is the largest genus of social wasps, with nearly 250 described species, all from the New World. The two species occurring in Puerto Rico are both placed in the subgenus Phi Saussure, and are closely related, being part of the mexicanus group of Silveira (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA1FFB2FF06FE8DE090FE09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA1FFB2FF06FE4DE072FB49.text	03BA87A7FFA1FFB2FF06FE4DE072FB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mischocyttarus mexicanus subsp. cubicola Richards 1978	<div><p>Mischocyttarus mexicanus cubicola Richards</p><p>Polybia cubensis var. obscura; Ståhl 1882: 201 (Puerto Rico). Nomen nudum .</p><p>Polybia cubensis; Ashmead 1900: 311 [partim]. Misidentification.</p><p>Megacanthopus cubensis; Wolcott 1924: 41 . Misidentification.</p><p>Mischocyttarus cubensis; Bequaert 1933: 115 (key), 118 (nest), 135, fig. 4, pl. XXIX fig. 5-6. - Wolcott 1936: 568; 1941: 156. � Ramos 1946: 68 (Mona). � Wolcott 1951: 864 . � Medina Gaud and Martorell 1974: 270 (Caja de Muertos). Misidentification.</p><p>Mischocyttarus cubensis var. cubensis; Bequaert 1933: 135, fig. 4, pl. 29 fig. 5-6. Misidentification.</p><p>Mischocyttarus cubensis cubensis; Bohart 1951: 880. Misidentification.</p><p>Mischocyttarus mexicanus; Litte 1977: 229 �246.</p><p>Mischocyttarus mexicanus cubicola Richards, 1978: 309 (key), 318, female, male (in subgenus Monocyttarus Richards) � “ Cuba: Mts near Guantanamo ” (holotype male BMNH); also from elsewhere in Cuba; and U. S. A.: FL. � Hermann and Chao 1984: 516 �520 (distr.; U. S. A.: SC, Puerto Rico).</p><p>This subspecies was described from Cuba, and recorded from the southeastern United States as well as Puerto Rico. It was previously misidentified as Misch. cubensis (de Saussure) . Wolcott (1941) and Ramos (1946) recorded Misch. cubensis from Mona, but Torres and Snelling (1992) suggested this was actually Misch. phthisicus . However, Wolcott (1951) recorded both Misch. phthisicus and Misch. cubensis from Puerto Rico, and his brief description of the latter could correspond to Misch. mexicanus cubicola. Hermann and Chao (1984) have definitely recorded Misch. mexicanus cubicola from Puerto Rico.</p><p>Wolcott (1941, 1951, as M. cubensis) noted caterpillar prey, and cases of attack by Cordyceps fungus attaching wasps to citrus leaves. The biology of Misch. mexicanus cubicola has been extensively studied in Florida (e. g. Litte 1977; Clouse 1995, 1997, 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA1FFB2FF06FE4DE072FB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA1FFB1FF06FA8DE2BDFECB.text	03BA87A7FFA1FFB1FF06FA8DE2BDFECB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mischocyttarus phthisicus (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Mischocyttarus phthisicus (Fabricius)</p><p>(Fig. 49)</p><p>Vespa phthisica Fabricius, 1793: 281 � “America” (UZMC).</p><p>Polistes phthisica; Fabricius 1804: 278.</p><p>Polybia indeterminabilis de Saussure, 1854: 201 (in division My) � “Amérique du Sud. Ile Sainte�Lucie” (lectotype female MNHN). � Ducke 1913: 331 (syn. of M. phthisicus (Fabricius)) . � Richards 1978: 316 (designation of lectotype).</p><p>Polybia phthisica; Dewitz 1881: 199 (Portorico). � Gundlach 1887: 158. � Ashmead, 1900: 311. � Wolcott 1924: 41 .</p><p>? Polybia fulvofasciatus; Ashmead 1900: 311. Misidentification.</p><p>Polybia mexicana; Ashmead 1900: 311. Misidentification.</p><p>Megacanthopus indeterminabilis; Ducke 1910: 540. � Wolcott 1924: 41; 1936: 568.</p><p>Mischocyttarus phthisicus; Ducke 1913: 331. � Bequaert 1933: 116 (key), 139. � Wolcott 1936: 568 . � Be� atty 1944: 171 (St. Croix). � Wolcott 1951: 864 . � Miskimen and Bond 1970: 110. � Snelling 1992: 13 (Guana), 14 (Mona). � Torres and Snelling 1992: 93 (Mona). � Snelling 2005: 289 (Guana).</p><p>Mischocyttarus indeterminabilis; Overal 1978: 10.</p><p>This species is widespread in the Antilles, and is known from Florida, and there are dubious records from Central and South America. Wolcott (1951) mentioned caterpillar prey in Puerto Rico, but little has been published on the biology of this species.</p><p>TRIBE POLISTINI</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA1FFB1FF06FA8DE2BDFECB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA2FFB0FF05FD6DE61EFCCC.text	03BA87A7FFA2FFB0FF05FD6DE61EFCCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes crinitus (Felton 1765) , Misch.	<div><p>Polistes crinitus (Felton)</p><p>(Fig. 50)</p><p>Vespa crinita Felton, 1765: 54, pl. VI right fig. - “Island of Jamaica ” (lost).</p><p>Vespa tricolor Fabricius, 1775: 369 � “ Jamaica ” (type depository unknown) [junior primary homonym of Vespa tricolor Pallas, 1771]. � de Saussure 1853a: 93 (syn. of P. americanus (Fabricius)) .</p><p>Vespa americana Fabricius, 1775: 370 � “America” (UZMC). REVISED STATUS.</p><p>Vespa multicolor Olivier, 1792: 691 � “Cayenne” (type depository unknown). � de Saussure 1853a: 94 (syn. of P. americanus (Fabricius)) . REVISED STATUS.</p><p>? Vespa dominicensis Vallot, 1802: 168 � “Saint�Domingue” (probably lost). � de Saussure 1854: 103 (species dubiae; in subgenus Polistes, possibly P. americanus).</p><p>Polistes americana; Fabricius, 1804: 275. � Dewitz 1881: 199 ( P. americanus; Portorico). � Ståhl 1882: 201 ( P. americanus). � Gundlach 1887: 158 ( P. americanus). � Ashmead 1900: 311 ( P. americanus). � Wolcott 1951: 862 �864 ( P. americanus). � García Tudurí et al. 1974: 130 ( P. americanus; Desecheo). � Medina Gaud and Martorell 1974: 270 ( P. americanus; Caja de Muertos).</p><p>Polistes media Palisot de Beauvois, 1818: 207, pl. VIII fig. 2 - “Sainte-Domingue” (type depository un-un� known). � de Saussure 1853a: 94 (syn. of P. americanus (Fabricius)) .</p><p>Polistes madoci Kirby, 1884: 411, female � “St. Thomas” (BMNH). � Richards 1978: 515 (syn. of P. crinitus americanus (Fabricius)) .</p><p>Polistes canadensis; Wolcott 1924: 41; 1936: 567. Misidentification.</p><p>Polistes crinitus; Wolcott 1924: 41; 1936: 567; 1941: 155 (record of P. canadensis from Puerto Rico belongs here). � Ramos 1946: 68. � Miskimen and Bond 1970: 109. � Snelling 1992: 13 (Guana), 14 (Mona); 2005: 289 (Guana).</p><p>Polistes crinitus var. americanus; Salt 1927: 185.</p><p>Polistes crinitus var. insulicola Bequaert and Salt, 1931: 793, female � “ St. Kitts (or St. Christopher) ... Basseterre” (Cornell University, Ithaca). � Richards 1978: 515 (syn. of P. crinitus multicolor (Olivier)) .</p><p>Polistes crinitus insulicola; Beatty 1944: 171.</p><p>Polistes crinitus var. multicolor; Richards and Richards 1951: 96.</p><p>Polistes crinitus crinitus; Richards 1978: 471 (key), 514 (in subgenus Aphanilopterus).</p><p>Polistes crinitus americanus; Wolcott 1951: 864</p><p>Polistes crinitus multicolor; Richards 1978: 471 (key), 515 (in subgenus Aphanilopterus).</p><p>Polistes tricolor; Overal 1978: 10.</p><p>This species was described from Jamaica, and is widespread in the Antilles. In the revision by</p><p>Richards (1978), it was treated as a polytypic species with three subspecies. The forms concerned were originally described as separate species, then synonymized by de Saussure (1853�1858). In the last century the names were revived as varieties, with another variety then described by Bequaert and Salt (1931), which later came to be treated as subspecies. In Richards’ conception, P. crinitus americanus is the subspecies predominant in Greater Puerto Rico, with P. c. crinitus restricted to Jamaica, Hispaniola and Montserrat, while P. crinitus multicolor is found in St. Croix and the Lesser Antilles, as well as Montserrat. In Richards’ key these subspecies differ in the relative amounts of black, ferruginous and yellow coloration. The differences are not large: there is more black on the metasoma and more yellow on the mesosoma in P. crinitus americanus, while the scutum is ferruginous in P. crinitus crinitus but is black or with reddish spots in P. crinitus multicolor . However, as his key stated of the latter “(speci� mens from Martinique approach P. c. crinitus).” These latter forms, then, are not well distinguished, nor is the form Polistes crinitus var. insulicola, which Richards treated as a synonym of P. crinitus multicolor . And in fact P. crinitus americanus is not as distinct as portrayed in the key: Richards gave “Humeri almost entirely yellow” for P. crinitus americanus versus “Humeri with only front and hind margins yellow, disk black and ferruginous,” but P. crinitus americanus we have collected in Puerto Rico typically have the front and hind margins yellow, and just part of the dorsal surface black; the lateral surface is black with occasional reddish tinge. The variation among these forms is continuous, with the more melanistic extreme found in Puerto Rico. Dividing such variation into named subspecies is a poor way to treat it, and it does not work well in any case. We are therefore sinking these subspecies. Wolcott (1924) mentioned caterpillar prey, and avian predation on this species in Puerto Rico. Wolcott (1951) elaborated on the ethology of the species, and mentioned Cordyceps attack. There are otherwise just isolated description of nests from elsewhere in its range (Richards and Richards 1951).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA2FFB0FF05FD6DE61EFCCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA2FFB1FF05FE0DE69FFD29.text	03BA87A7FFA2FFB1FF05FE0DE69FFD29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes Latreille 1802	<div><p>Genus Polistes Latreille</p><p>There are more than 200 species in the genus, with more than 90 described from the New World. The three species recorded here are now placed in the subgenus Aphanilopterus Meunier in the broad sense (Carpenter 1996). In the subgeneric classification of Richards (1978), P. major was placed in a different subgenus, Palisotius Richards, from the other two species, which were both included in the same species group, the crinitus group, or Group 5, of the subgenus Aphanilopterus in the restricted sense. In the cladistic analysis by Pickett and Wenzel (2004), P. major and P. crinitus americanus were sister�groups, with P. minor distantly related. More recent analyses have shown P. major and P. crinitus as not closely related (Pickett et al. 2006; Pickett and Carpenter 2010), but P. minor was not included.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA2FFB1FF05FE0DE69FFD29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA3FFB0FF05FC0AE773F92C.text	03BA87A7FFA3FFB0FF05FC0AE773F92C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes major subsp. major Palisot de Beauvois	<div><p>Polistes major major Palisot de Beauvois</p><p>Polistes major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818: 206, pl. VIII fig. 1 - “Sainte-Domingue” (type depository un� known). - Wolcott 1936: 567, fig.; 1941: 155. - Ramos 1946: 68 (Mona). - Wolcott 1951: 864 . - García Tudurí et al. 1974: 130 (Desecheo). � Medina Gaud and Martorell 1974: 270 (Caja de Muertos).</p><p>Polistes carnifex; Ashmead 1900: 311. Misidentification.</p><p>Polistes major var. major; Bequaert 1937: 174.</p><p>Polistes major var. (or subsp) bakeri Bequaert, 1940: 15, male, female � U. S. A.: “San Antonio, Bexar Co., TEXAS ” (MCZH). – Snelling 1974: 477 (syn. of P. major Palisot de Beauvois).</p><p>Polistes major major; Bohart 1951: 879.</p><p>Polistes major bakeri; Bohart 1951: 879.</p><p>This species was described from Hispaniola, and is widespread in mainland America. It has been considered to have been introduced into Puerto Rico (Bequaert 1936), as the first collecting record dates from 1930, after the hurricane of 1928 that was suggested to have brought it to Puerto Rico, as well as to Mona, where the first collecting record dates from 1939 ( Wolcott 1951). Wolcott (1951: 864) stated: “It now occurs in all parts of Puerto Rico, but is not especially abundant” which is the case today (pers. obs. of the junior author). It is mentioned in the list for Mona by Ramos (1946) but not the later list by Torres and Snelling (1992), and the junior author did not observe the species on two trips to Mona, in 2000 and 2007. However, given our discovery of two undescribed endemic species of Vespidae, and confirmation of the occurrence of another species that is otherwise widespread in the Lesser Antilles, we must question the premise underlying the suggestion that the species is introduced, namely that previous collecting was really sufficient to establish absence. It could have been present all along, rare perhaps but in any case overlooked. We also think that the speculation that this species was blown in on the wind should be set aside.</p><p>Wolcott (1941, 1951) gave some details about nesting and prey. There is otherwise rather little published on the biology of this widespread species (e. g. Rau 1940, 1943).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA3FFB0FF05FC0AE773F92C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
03BA87A7FFA3FFB7FF05F96AE0F9FE0C.text	03BA87A7FFA3FFB7FF05F96AE0F9FE0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polistes minor Palisot de Beauvois	<div><p>Polistes minor Palisot de Beauvois</p><p>Polistes minor Palisot de Beauvois, 1818: 207, pl. VIII fig. 3 - “Sainte-Domingue” (type depository un-un� known). � Ashmead 1900: 311.</p><p>Polistes versicolor; Ashmead 1900: 311. Misidentification.</p><p>Polistes hertwigi Schulz, 1903: 486, female � “Westindien ... Haiti ” (ZSMU). � Richards 1978: 517 (syn. of P. minor Palisot de Beauvois).</p><p>This species was described from Hispaniola, and is recorded from Tortuga as well as Puerto Rico (Richards 1978).</p><p>The nest was figured by Palisot de Beauvois (1818: pl. VIII fig. 3) with the original description, but nothing has been published on the biology of this species since.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FFA3FFB7FF05F96AE0F9FE0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genaro, Julio A.	Genaro, Julio A. (2011): Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Puerto Rico, West Indies. Insecta Mundi 2011 (202): 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161518
